# NVE Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Mar 31, 2013

- Company: [NVE Corp](/companies/nvec.md) (CIK 724910)
- Form: 10-K
- Filed: 2013-05-01
- Accepted by EDGAR: May 1, 2013, 20:30 ET
- Period: 2013-03-31
- Accession: 0000724910-13-000009
- Inline XBRL: yes
- Main document: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/724910/000072491013000009/NVE_2013_10K.htm
- All documents and exhibits: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/724910/000072491013000009/

## Figures reported in this filing

Standardized XBRL line items for the period ended 2013-03-31.

| Line item | Period | Value | XBRL concept |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $27.0m | us-gaap:Revenues |
| Cost of revenue | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $7.0m | us-gaap:CostOfRevenue |
| Gross profit | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $20.0m | us-gaap:GrossProfit |
| Research and development | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $2.6m | us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense |
| Selling, general and administrative | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $2.2m | us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense |
| Operating income | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $15.2m | us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss |
| Income tax | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $5.7m | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Net income | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $11.8m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Diluted EPS | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $2.43 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Basic EPS | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $2.44 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | 4,863,546 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Operating cash flow | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $12.6m | us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities |
| Capital expenditure | 12 months, 2012-04-01 to 2013-03-31 | $1.8m | us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment |
| Cash and equivalents | at 2013-03-31 | $2.5m | us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue |
| Current assets | at 2013-03-31 | $19.0m | us-gaap:AssetsCurrent |
| Total assets | at 2013-03-31 | $95.8m | us-gaap:Assets |
| Current liabilities | at 2013-03-31 | $1.8m | us-gaap:LiabilitiesCurrent |
| Shareholders' equity | at 2013-03-31 | $94.0m | us-gaap:StockholdersEquity |

## Business

As filed, 20,346 characters.

### In General

NVE Corporation, referred to as NVE, we, us, or our, develops and sells devices that use spintronics, a nanotechnology that relies on electron spin rather than electron charge to acquire, store and transmit information. We manufacture high-performance spintronic products including sensors and couplers that are used to acquire and transmit data. We have also licensed our spintronic magnetoresistive random access memory technology, commonly known as MRAM.

### NVE History and Background

NVE is a Minnesota corporation headquartered in a suburb of Minneapolis. We were founded in 1989 by James M. Daughton, Ph.D., a spintronics pioneer. Our common stock became publicly traded in 2000 through a reverse merger and became NASDAQ listed in 2003. Since our founding, we have been awarded more than $50 million in government research contracts, including more than 30 MRAM development contracts. These contracts have helped us build our intellectual property portfolio. Over the years our product sales have increased and we have reduced our dependence on research contracts. Fiscal years referenced in this report end March 31.

### Industry Background

Much of the electronics industry is devoted to the acquisition, storage, and transmission of information. We have focused on three applications for our spintronic technology: magnetic sensors, couplers, and memories. Sensors acquire information, couplers transmit information, and memories store information. In that sense, our technology can provide the eyes, nerves, and brains of electronic systems.

Magnetic sensors can be used for a number of purposes including detecting the position or speed of robotics and mechanisms, or for communicating with implantable medical devices. We believe our spintronic sensors are smaller, more precise, and more reliable than competing devices.

Couplers are widely used in factory automation, providing reliable digital communication between electronic subsystems in factories. For example, couplers are used to send data between robots and central controllers at very high speed. As manufacturing automation expands, there is a need for higher speed data and more channel density. Because of their unique properties, we believe our couplers transmit more data at higher speeds and over longer distances than conventional devices.

Near-term potential MRAM applications include mission-critical storage such as military, industrial, and anti-tamper applications. Long term, MRAM could address the market for ubiquitous high-density memory.

### Our Enabling Technology

Our designs are generally based on either giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance. These structures produce a large change in electrical resistance depending on the electron spin orientation in a free layer.

In giant magnetoresistance (GMR) devices, resistance changes due to conduction electrons scattering at interfaces within the devices. The GMR effect is only significant if the layer thicknesses are less than the mean free path of conduction electrons, which is approximately five nanometers. Our critical GMR conductor layers may be less than two nanometers, or five atomic layers, thick. Technological advances in recent years have made it practical to manufacture such small dimensions.

The second type of spintronic structure we use is based on tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR). Such devices are known as Spin-Dependent Tunnel (SDT) junctions, Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs), or Tunneling Magnetic Junctions (TMJs). SDT junctions use tunnel barriers that are so thin that electrons can “tunnel” through a normally insulating material to cause a resistance change. SDT barrier thicknesses can be in the range of one to four nanometers (less than ten molecular layers).

In our products, the spintronic elements are connected to integrated circuitry and packaged in much the same way as conventional integrated circuits.

### Our Strategy

Our vision is to become the leading developer of practical spintronics technology and devices. We plan to do that by selling the products described below and licensing our MRAM technology. To grow product sales, we plan to broaden our sensor and coupler product lines, and longer-term to target larger markets such as consumer electronics.

### Our Products and Markets

We operate in one reportable segment. For financial information concerning this segment see “Note 8 – Segment Information” of the Financial Statements included in this report.

### Sensor Products and Markets

Our sensor products detect the strength or gradient of magnetic fields and are often used to determine position or speed. The GMR changes its electrical resistance depending on the magnetic field. In our devices, GMR is combined with conventional foundry integrated circuitry and packaged in much the same way as conventional integrated circuits. We sell standard or catalog sensors, and custom sensors designed to meet customers’ exact requirements. Our sensors are quite small, very sensitive to magnetic fields, precise, and reliable.

#### Standard sensors

Our standard, or catalog, sensors are generally used to detect the presence of a magnetic or metallic material to determine position or speed. We believe our spintronic sensors are smaller, more precise, and more reliable than competing devices. Our major market for standard sensors is factory automation.

#### Custom and medical sensors

Our primary custom products are sensors for medical devices, which are customized to our customers’ requirements and manufactured under stringent medical device quality standards. Most are used to replace electromechanical magnetic switches. We believe our sensors have important advantages in medical devices compared to electromechanical switches, including no moving parts for inherent reliability, and being smaller, more sensitive, and more precise. Our sensors can be customized using customer-specific integrated signal processing and design variations that can include the range and sensitivity to magnetic fields, electrical resistance, and multisensor elements configuration. Future custom sensor target markets include consumer electronics, automotive electronics, and biosensors.

### Coupler Products and Markets

Our spintronic couplers combine a GMR sensor element and an “IsoLoop” integrated microscopic coil. The coil creates a small magnetic field that is picked up by the spintronic sensor, transmitting data almost instantly. Couplers are also known as “isolators” because they electrically isolate the coupled systems. Our IsoLoop couplers are faster than the fastest optical couplers.

We have four lines of coupler products: cost-effective IL500-Series couplers; IL600-Series passive-input couplers; IL700/IL200-Series high-speed couplers; and IL4/IL3-Series isolated network couplers.

### MRAM Products and Markets

MRAM uses spintronics to store data. It has been called the ideal or universal memory because of its potential to combine the speed of SRAM, the density of DRAM, and the nonvolatility of flash memory. Data is stored in the spin of the electrons in thin metal alloy films, and read with spin-dependent tunnel junctions. Unlike electrical charge, the spin of an electron is inherently permanent. We have invented several types of MRAM memory cells including inventions related to advanced MRAM designs and MRAM for tamper prevention or detection.

Our strategy is to develop, manufacture, and sell low bit-density MRAM for applications such as tamper prevention and detection. For high bit-density MRAM, our strategy is to license our technology to companies with large-scale memories manufacturing capabilities.

### Product Manufacturing

The heart of our fabrication facility is a cleanroom area with specialized equipment to deposit, pattern, etch, and process spintronic materials. Most of our products are fabricated in our facility using either raw silicon wafers or foundry wafers. Foundry wafers contain conventional electronics that perform housekeeping functions such as voltage regulation and signal conditioning in our products.

Each wafer may include thousands of devices. We build spintronics structures on wafers in our fabrication facility. We either saw wafers to be sold in die form, or send wafers to Asia for dicing and packaging. Other production operations include wafer-level inspection and testing. Packaged parts are returned to us to be tested, inventoried, and shipped.

### Sales and Product Distribution

We rely on distributors who stock our products and sell them in more than 75 countries. Distributors of our products include Digi-Key Corporation, Premier Farnell plc companies, and Rhopoint Components Ltd. Our distributor agreements generally renew annually. In addition, Avago Technologies, a leading supplier of solid-state couplers, distributes private-branded versions of some of our couplers under an agreement that expires June 27, 2013. We may add other private-brand coupler partners in the future.

### New Product Status

In the past year we began marketing a number of new products including lines of:

- higher-performance network couplers;
- smaller network couplers; and
- lower-priced network couplers.

Long-term product development programs in fiscal 2013 included:

- couplers for battery management systems and in-car networks;
- low-power couplers;
- isolated power convertors;
- current sensors for factory automation;
- low-field sensors applicable to consumer and industrial electronics; and
- high-field sensors applicable to medical devices.

### Our Competition

### Industrial Sensor Competition

Several other companies claim to either make or have the capability to make GMR and TMR sensors. Also, several competitors make solid-state industrial magnetic sensors including silicon Hall-effect sensors and anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors. We believe those types of sensors are not as sensitive as our GMR or TMR sensors.

### Medical Sensor Competition

Our sensors for medical devices face competition from electromechanical magnetic sensors and from other solid-state magnetic sensors. Electromechanical magnetic sensors such as reed and micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches have been in use for several decades. Electromechanical competitors include Hermetic Switch, Inc., Meder Electronic AG (Engen/Welschingen, Germany), and Memscap SA (Grenoble, France). Because our sensors have no moving parts, we believe they are inherently more reliable than electromechanical magnetic sensors. We also believe our sensors are smaller than the smallest electromechanical magnetic sensors, more precise in their magnetic switch points, and more sensitive. Compared to other solid-state sensors, our medical sensors may have advantages in size, sensitivity to small magnetic fields, or electrical interface simplicity.

### Coupler Competition

Competing coupler technologies include optical couplers, inductive couplers (transformers), capacitive couplers, and radio-frequency modulation couplers. In addition to being a customer, Avago is a leading producer of high-speed optical couplers. Other prominent optical coupler suppliers are Fairchild Semiconductor International, Lite-On Technology Corporation, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, and Vishay Intertechnology.

Our strategy is to compete based on product features rather than to compete solely on price. IsoLoop couplers are smaller and therefore require less circuit board space per channel than most competing couplers. Our other advantages over competing technologies may include less signal distortion, longer product life, and lower power consumption.

### MRAM Competition

A number of companies compete or may compete with us for MRAM research and development or service business, or may be attempting to develop MRAM intellectual property for licensing to others. Emerging technologies that could compete with MRAM include graphene and carbon nanotubes, phase-change memory (PCM; also known as PRAM, PCRAM, chalcogenide, CRAM, or Ovonic memory), resistive RAM (ReRAM or RRAM), memory resistors (“memristors”), and conductive metal oxide (CMOx) memory. MRAM may have advantages over these technologies in either manufacturability, speed, bit density, data retention, or endurance.

### Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

Our principal sources of raw materials include suppliers of raw silicon and semiconductor foundry wafers that are incorporated into our products, and suppliers of device packaging services. Our wafers sources are based around the world; most of our packaging services take place in Asia.

### Intellectual Property

### Patents

As of March 31, 2013 we had more than 50 issued U.S. patents assigned to us. We also have a number of foreign patents, a number of U.S. and foreign patents pending, and we have licensed patents from others. There are no patents we regard as critical to our current business owned by us or licensed to us that expire in the next 12 months.

Much of our intellectual property has been developed with U.S. Government support. Under federal legislation, companies normally may retain the principal worldwide patent rights to any invention developed with U.S. Government support.

Certain of our patents cover inventions we believe may be necessary for successful high-density, high-performance MRAMs. We believe U.S. patents 6,275,411 and 6,349,053, both titled “Spin Dependent Tunneling Memory,” and patent 6,538,921 titled “Circuit Selection of Magnetic Memory Cells and Related Cell Structures,” are particularly important. The 6,275,411 and 6,349,053 patents expire July 23, 2013 and the 6,538,921 patent expires August 14, 2021. The United States Patent and Trademark Office granted requests by Everspin for *inter partes* reexaminations of U.S. patent 6,349,053 on May 16, 2012, and of U.S. patent 6,538,921 on September 16, 2012.

We also have patents on advanced MRAM designs that we believe are important, including patents that relate to magnetothermal MRAM, spin-momentum MRAM, and synthetic antiferromagnetic storage.

### Trademarks

“NVE” and “IsoLoop” are our registered trademarks. Other trademarks we claim include “GMR Switch” and “GT Sensor.”

### Licenses

We have licensed certain of our MRAM intellectual property to several companies, including Honeywell International Inc. and Motorola, Inc.

#### Agreements with Honeywell

We have agreements and amendments to agreements with Honeywell dating approximately to our founding. Under these agreements we are not required to pay royalties to Honeywell for the use of their intellectual property, and Honeywell has intellectual property rights to certain of our earlier-developed MRAM technology.

#### Motorola License

We granted Motorola a nonexclusive, nontransferable, and nonassignable license to our MRAM intellectual property and received advance payments in conjunction with the agreement. Motorola has since separated Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Motorola and Freescale asked us to consent to Motorola’s assignment of the Patent License Option Agreement to Freescale. We have declined to provide such consent without additional consideration. We believe the Motorola agreement likely terminated in 2005 because Motorola transferred manufacturing to Freescale. Freescale later announced the formation of Everspin Technologies, Inc., an independent company that would take ownership of Freescale’s MRAM manufacturing assets. In January 2012 we filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Everspin.

### Seasonality

In some years we have observed product sales weakness for quarters ending December 31. This seasonality may have been due in part to distributor ordering patterns or customer vacations and shutdowns late in calendar years. We cannot predict whether this seasonal pattern will return in future fiscal years.

### Working Capital Items

Like other companies in the electronics industry, we have historically invested in capital equipment for manufacturing and testing our products, as well as research and development equipment. We have also deployed significant capital in inventories to have finished products available from stock, to receive more favorable pricing for raw materials, and to guard against raw material shortages.

### Dependence on Major Customers

We rely on several large customers for a significant percentage of our revenue, including Avago Technologies; Phonak AG; St. Jude Medical, Inc.; certain other medical device manufacturers; and certain distributors. The loss of one or more of these customers could have a material adverse effect on us.

### Firm Backlog

As of March 31, 2013 we had $194,416 of contract research and development backlog we believed to be firm, compared to $1,059,686 as of March 31, 2012. We expect the firm backlog as of March 31, 2013 to be filled in fiscal 2014. Approximately 59% of our backlog as of March 31, 2012 was from agencies of the U.S. Government. U.S. Government orders that are not yet funded, or contracts awarded but not yet signed, are not included in firm backlog. We do not believe any material portion of our business is subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts or subcontracts at the election of the U.S. Government. There can be no assurance of additional contracts or follow-on contracts for expired or completed U.S. Government or other contracts.

Our product sales are made primarily under standard purchase orders. Only a small portion of our product order backlog is noncancelable and the dollar amount associated with the noncancelable portion is not significant, therefore product order backlog is not included in “firm backlog,” and product sales backlog as of any particular date may not be indicative of future results. We also have certain agreements that require customers to forecast purchases; however, these agreements do not generally obligate the customer to purchase any particular quantity of products. Based on semiconductor industry practice and our experience, we do not believe that such agreements are meaningful for determining backlog amounts.

### Research and Development Activities

Over the past three fiscal years our research and development activities have included development of new sensors, couplers, and memories, as well as related underlying technologies. We spent $2,304,710 for fiscal 2013, $1,887,297 for fiscal 2012, and $1,062,694 for fiscal 2011 in company-sponsored research and development activities. Additionally, we spent $2,040,640 during fiscal 2013, $3,261,191 during fiscal 2012, and $4,371,852 during fiscal 2011 on customer-sponsored research and development contract activities. These research and development contracts were with various agencies of the U.S. Government as well as non-government entities.

### Environmental Matters

We are subject to environmental laws and regulations, particularly with respect to industrial waste and emissions. Compliance with these laws and regulations has not had a material impact on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position to date. Existing and future environmental laws and regulations could result in expenses related to emission abatement or remediation, but we are currently unable to estimate such expenses.

### Number of Employees

We had 54 employees as of March 31, 2013. Our employment can fluctuate due to a variety of factors. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or are subject to a collective bargaining agreement, and we believe we maintain good relations with our employees.

### Financial Information About Geographic Areas

Foreign sales accounted for approximately 56% of our revenue in fiscal 2013. More information about geographic areas is contained in “Note 8 – Segment Information” to the Financial Statements included in this report

### Available Information

All reports we file with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and proxy statements and additional proxy materials on Schedule 14A, as well as any amendments to those reports and schedules, are accessible at no cost through the “Investors” section of our Website (www.nve.com). We make those filings available as soon as reasonably practicable after filing. These filings are also accessible through the SEC’s Website (www.sec.gov).

## Risk factors

As filed, 24,108 characters.

We caution readers that the following important factors, among others, could affect our financial condition, operating results, business prospects or any other aspect of NVE, and could cause our actual results to differ materially from that projected or estimated by us in the forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. Although we have attempted to list below the important factors that do or may affect our financial condition, operating results, business prospects, or any other aspect of NVE, other factors may in the future prove to be more important. New factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all of such factors. Similarly, we cannot necessarily assess or quantify the impact of each such factor on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements.

***We may lose revenue if any of our large customers cancel, postpone, or reduce their purchases.***

We rely on several large customers for a significant percentage of our revenue. These large customers include Avago Technologies; Phonak AG; St. Jude Medical, Inc.; certain other medical device manufacturers; and certain distributors. Although we have agreements with certain large customers, these agreements do not obligate customers to purchase from us and may not prevent price reductions. Furthermore, orders from our large customers can generally be reduced, postponed, or canceled. Any decreases in purchase quantities or purchase prices, or the loss of any of our large customers, could have a significant impact on our revenue and our profitability.

### We risk losing business to our competitors.

Known product competitors include Avago Technologies; Analog Devices, Inc.; Fairchild Semiconductor International; Hermetic Switch, Inc.; Linear Technology Inc.; Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.; Meder Electronic AG; Memscap SA; NEC Corporation; Sharp Corporation; Silicon Laboratories, Inc.; Texas Instruments Incorporated; Toshiba Corporation; Vishay Intertechnology; and others. Many of our competitors and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, and marketing resources than us. We believe that our competition is increasing as the technology and markets mature. This has meant more competitors and more severe pricing pressure. In addition, our competitors may be narrowing or eliminating our performance advantages. We expect these trends to continue, and we may lose business to competitors or it may be necessary to significantly reduce our prices in order to acquire or retain business. These factors could cause a material adverse impact on our financial condition, revenue, gross profit margins, or income.

***We are dependent on customers to integrate our products into next-level assemblies.***

We are dependent on customers to integrate our products into next-level assemblies with other components in order for some of our products to be commercially viable. There can be no assurance that such customers will manufacture appropriate assembly products or, if they do manufacture such products, that they will choose to use our products. Any integration, design, manufacturing or marketing problems encountered by such customers could adversely affect the market for our products and could have a significant impact on our revenue and our profitability.

### We may lose revenue if we are unable to renew agreements with large customers.

Our agreement with Avago Technologies, Inc., as amended, expires June 27, 2013; our Phonak AG Supply Agreement expires March 31, 2015; and our Supplier Partnering Agreement with St. Jude Medical, as amended, expires January 1, 2016. We cannot predict if any of these agreements will be renewed, or if renewed, under what terms. Although it is possible we could continue to sell products to these customers without formal agreements, an inability to agree on mutually acceptable terms or the loss of any of these large customers could have a significant adverse impact on our revenue and our profitability.

***We will lose revenue if government contract funding is reduced, delayed, or eliminated.***

Although our revenue from agencies of the U.S. Government was less than 10% of our total revenue in each of the past three fiscal years, a material decrease in U.S. Government funded research or disqualification as a vendor to the U.S. Government for any reason could hamper future research and development activity and decrease related revenue. In addition to direct Government funding, certain of our non-Government customers and prospective customers depend on Government support to fund their contracts with us. Our direct and indirect Government funding depends on adequate continued funding of the agencies and their programs. Such funding is affected by Government budgets and priorities that can change and over which we have no control, and delays in such funding can occur for a number of reasons. Interruptions in the Government funding process such as federal budget delays, debt ceiling limitations, sequestration, or Department of Defense spending cuts, may impact Government contract funding. Furthermore, a significant portion of our Government funding has been through Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contracts. SBIR budgets, eligibility, or funding limits may be changed by legislation or by agencies such as the Department of Defense.

***If we were barred for any reason from U.S. government contracts there could be a significant adverse impact on our revenue and our ability to make research and development progress.***

If we were to be charged with violation of certain laws or if the U.S. Government were to determine that we are not a “presently responsible contractor,” we could be temporarily suspended or, in the event of a violation, barred for up to three years from receiving new U.S. Government contracts or government-approved subcontracts. In addition, we could expend substantial amounts in defending against such charges and in damages, fines and penalties if such charges are proven or result in negotiated settlements. Being barred for any reason from U.S. Government contracts could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profits, and research and development efforts.

***We face an uncertain economic environment in the industries we serve, which could adversely affect our business.***

We sell our products into the semiconductor market, which is highly cyclical. Additionally, effects of U.S. healthcare reform legislation could have an adverse effect on the economic environment for the medical device industries we serve. We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown or subsequent recovery, worldwide or in the industries we serve. The economic environment could have a material adverse impact on our business and revenue.

***Our reputation could be damaged and we could lose revenue if we fail to meet technical challenges required to produce marketable products.***

Our products use new technology and we are continually researching and developing product designs and production processes. Our production processes require control of dimensional, magnetic, and other parameters that are not required in conventional semiconductor processes. If we are unable to develop stable designs and production processes, we may not be able to produce products that meet our customers’ requirements, which could cause damage to our reputation and loss of revenue.

***Failure to meet stringent customer requirements could result in the loss of key customers and reduce our sales.***

Some of our customers, including Avago Technologies and certain medical device manufacturers, have stringent technical and quality requirements that require our products to meet certain test and qualification criteria or to adopt and comply with specific quality standards. Certain customers also periodically audit our performance. Failure to meet technical or quality requirements or a negative customer audit could result in the loss of current sales revenue, customers, and future sales.

***We could be subject to claims based on warranty, product liability, or delivery failures.***

Claims based on warranty, product liability, or delivery failures that could lead to significant expenses as we defend such claims or pay damage awards. We may also incur costs if we decide to compensate the affected customer or end consumer for such claims. In addition, if our customers recall products containing our products, we may incur costs and expenses relating to the recall. Costs or payments we may make in connection with warranty, delivery claims or product recalls may adversely affect our business and financial condition.

***Some of our sensors are incorporated into medical devices, which could expose us to a risk of product liability claims and such claims could seriously harm our business and financial condition.***

Certain of our sensor products are used in medical devices, including devices that help sustain human life. We are also marketing our sensor technology to other manufacturers of cardiac pacemakers and ICDs. Although we have indemnification agreements with certain customers including provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability claims, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to losses, claims, damages, liabilities, or expenses resulting from bodily injury or property damage arising from the incorporation of our products in devices sold by our customers. Our indemnifying customers may not have the financial resources to cover all liability. Existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions could limit or invalidate the provisions of our indemnification agreements, or the agreements may not be enforceable in all instances. A successful product liability claim could require us to pay, or contribute to payment of, substantial damage awards, which would have a significant negative effect on our business and financial condition.

***Federal legislation may not protect us against liability for the use of our sensors in medical devices and a successful liability claim could seriously harm our business and financial condition.***

Although the Biomaterials Access Assurance Act of 1998 may provide us some protection against potential liability claims, that Act includes significant exceptions to supplier immunity provisions, including limitations relating to negligence or willful misconduct. A successful product liability claim could require us to pay, or contribute to payment of, substantial damage awards, which would have a significant negative effect on our business and financial condition. Any product liability claim against us, with or without merit, could result in costly litigation, divert the time, attention, and resources of our management and have a material adverse impact on our business.

***Any malfunction of our sensors in existing medical devices could lead to the need to recall devices incorporating our sensors from the market, which may be harmful to our reputation and cause a significant loss of revenue.***

Any malfunction of our sensors could lead to the need to recall existing medical devices incorporating our sensors from the market, which may be harmful to our reputation because it is dependent on product safety and efficacy. Even if assertions that our sensors caused or contributed to device failure do not lead to product liability or contract claims, such assertions could harm our reputation and our customer relationships. Any damage to our reputation and/or the reputation of our products, or the reputation of our customers or their products could limit the market for our and our customers’ products and harm our results of operations.

### We may lose business and revenue if our critical production equipment fails.

Our production process relies on certain critical pieces of equipment for defining, depositing, and modifying the magnetic properties of thin films. Some of this equipment was designed or customized by us, and some may no longer be in production. While we have an in-house maintenance staff, maintenance agreements for certain equipment, some critical spare parts, and back-ups for some of the equipment, we cannot be sure we could repair or replace critical manufacturing equipment were it to fail.

***The loss of supply from any of our key single-source wafer suppliers could impact our ability to produce and deliver products and cause loss of revenue.***

Our critical suppliers include suppliers of certain raw silicon and semiconductor foundry wafers that are incorporated in our products. We maintain inventory of some critical wafers, but we have not identified or qualified alternate suppliers for many of the wafers now being obtained from single sources. Increased industry demand due to an economic recovery or other factors beyond our control or ability to predict could cause or exacerbate wafer supply shortages. Any wafer supply interruptions could seriously jeopardize our ability to provide products that are critical to our business and operations and may cause us to lose revenue.

***The loss of supply of any critical chemicals or supplies could impact our ability to produce and deliver products and cause loss of revenue.***

There are a number of critical chemicals and supplies that we require to make products. These include certain gases, photoresists, polymers, and metals. We maintain inventory of critical chemicals and materials, but in many cases we are dependent on single sources, and some of the materials could be subject to shortages or be discontinued by their suppliers at any time. For example, there have been helium shortages in recent years. Furthermore, current and future climate change regulations could increase our costs or cause the loss of supply of critical chemicals. We use chemicals such as sulfur hexafluoride in our manufacturing process that have been identified as greenhouse gases. If such chemicals were restricted or prohibited we would need to obtain substitutes that might be more expensive or less available. Supply interruptions or shortages for any reason could seriously jeopardize our ability to provide products that are critical to our business and operations and may cause us to lose revenue.

***The loss of supply from any of our packaging vendors could impact our ability to produce and deliver products and cause loss of revenue.***

We are dependent on our packaging vendors. Because of the unique materials our products use, the complexity of some of our products, and the high isolation voltage specifications of our couplers, many of our products are more challenging to package than conventional integrated circuits. Some of our products use processes or tooling unique to a particular packaging vendor, and it might be expensive, time-consuming, or impractical to convert to another vendor in the event of a supply interruption. We have alternate vendors or potential alternate vendors for the substantial majority of our product sales, but it could prove expensive, time-consuming, or technically challenging to convert certain products to an alternate vendor. We might not be able to recover work in process or finished goods in their possession if one of our packaging vendors were to become insolvent or disrupted by acts of God, including floods, typhoons, or earthquakes. Furthermore, an alternate vendor may not have sufficient capacity available to meet our requirements. One of our packaging vendors, Circuit Electronic Industries Public Co., Ltd. (“CEI”) of Ayutthaya, Thailand has been operating under voluntary debt rehabilitation under Thailand law since 2005, was shut down from October 2011 through March 2012 due to flooding of its facility, and has resumed only limited operations. CEI and certain other packaging vendors are in flood-susceptible areas. Flooding risks to such vendors may increase in the future due to possible higher ocean levels and other potential effects of climate change. Any supply interruptions or loss of inventory could seriously jeopardize our ability to provide products that are critical to our business and operations and may cause us to lose revenue.

***We are subject to risks inherent in doing business in foreign countries that could impair our results of operations.***

Foreign sales were approximately 56% of our revenue for fiscal 2013, and we expect foreign sales to continue to represent a significant portion of our revenue. Furthermore, we rely on suppliers in China, India, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and other foreign countries. Risks relating to operating in foreign markets that could impair our results of operations include economic and political instability; difficulties in enforcement of contractual obligations and intellectual property rights; changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs, customs, duties, and other trade barriers; transportation delays; acts of God, including floods, typhoons, and earthquakes; and other uncertainties relating to the administration of, or changes in, or new interpretation of, the laws, regulations, and policies of jurisdictions where we do business.

***Our business and our reliance on intellectual property exposes us to litigation risks.***

If patent infringement claims or actions are asserted against us, we may be required to obtain a license or cross-license, modify our existing technology or design a new noninfringing technology. Such licenses or design modifications can be costly or could increase the cost of our products. In addition, we may decide to settle a claim or action against us, which settlement could be costly. We may also be liable for any past infringement, and we may be required to indemnify our customers against expenses relating to possible infringement. If there is an adverse ruling against us in an infringement lawsuit, an injunction could be issued barring production or sale of any infringing product. It could also result in a damage award equal to a reasonable royalty or lost profits or, if there is a finding of willful infringement, treble damages. Any of these results would increase our costs or harm our operating results.

### We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights.

We protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property by seeking patents, trademarks, and copyrights, and by maintaining trade secrets through entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, suppliers, customers, and prospective customers depending on the circumstances. We hold patents or are the licensee of others owning patented technology covering certain aspects of our products and technology. These patent rights may be challenged, rendered unenforceable, invalidated, or circumvented. Currently, two of our patents are subject to *inter partes* reexamination by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office initiated by Everspin Technologies, Inc. as a defensive action in connection with our litigation against it. A final adverse decision in these or any future reexamination proceedings could invalidate some or all of the claims of those patents. Additionally, rights granted under the patents or under licensing agreements may not provide a competitive advantage to us. We have filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Everspin and at least several other companies have described designs that we believe may infringe on our patents if such designs were commercialized. Efforts to enforce patent rights can involve substantial expense and may not be successful. Furthermore, others may independently develop similar, superior, or parallel technologies to any technology developed by us, or our technology may prove to infringe on patents or rights owned by others. Thus the patents held by or licensed to us may not afford us any meaningful competitive advantage. Also, our confidentiality agreements may not provide meaningful protection of our proprietary information. Our inability to maintain our proprietary rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

***We may not be able to enforce our patents against Motorola, Freescale, or Everspin.***

Our Patent License Option Agreement with Motorola provided for termination on December 31, 2005 or on the date Motorola ceases manufacturing MRAM Products, whichever is later. We believe such a termination is likely to have occurred as a result of Motorola apparently having eliminated its ability to manufacture MRAM Products through its spinoff of Freescale. In 2008 Freescale announced that it had transferred its MRAM technology and intellectual property to an independent company, Everspin Technologies, Inc. We believe we are free to negotiate a new agreement with Freescale or Everspin, or an assignment of the Motorola Patent License Option Agreement, but we have said we would do so only with amendments thereto. We have filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Everspin. There can be no assurance, however, that we can successfully enforce our patents against Motorola, Freescale, or Everspin or that any agreement will be reached with Freescale or Everspin, or that NVE would receive any value under the existing agreement with Motorola or any value under any such further agreement with Freescale or Everspin.

***Our business success may be adversely affected if we are unable to attract and retain highly qualified employees.***

We have employment agreements with certain employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, but those agreements do not prevent employees from leaving the company. Competition for highly qualified management and technical personnel can be intense and we may not be able to attract and retain the personnel necessary for the development and operation of our business. The loss of the services of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

### We could incur losses on our marketable securities.

At March 31, 2013, we held $82,751,286 in short-term and long-term marketable securities, representing approximately 86% of our total assets. A number of the securities we hold have been downgraded by Moody’s or Standard and Poor’s indicating a possible increase in default risk. Conditions and circumstances beyond our control or ability to anticipate can cause downgrades and increases in default risk. Downgrades of any of our marketable securities are possible at any time for reasons beyond our control. Additionally, the assignment of a high credit rating does not preclude the risk of default on any marketable security. We could incur losses on our marketable securities, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, income, or cash flows.

***The price of our common stock may be adversely affected by significant price fluctuations due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control.***

From time to time our stock price has decreased sharply, and could decline in the future. The market price of our common stock may be significantly affected by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

- technological innovations by us or our competitors;
- the announcement of new products, product enhancements, contracts, or license agreements by us or our competitors;
- legal proceedings involving us;
- delays in our introduction of new products or technologies or market acceptance of these products or technologies;
- changes in demand for our customers’ products;
- quarterly variations in our operating results, revenue, or revenue growth rates;
- changes in revenue estimates, earnings estimates, or market projections by market analysts;
- speculation in the press or analyst community about our business, potential revenue, or potential earnings; and
- general economic conditions or market conditions specific to industries we or our customers serve or may serve.

## Properties

As filed, 532 characters.

Our principal executive offices and manufacturing facility are located at 11409 Valley View Road, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, 55344. The space consists of 21,362 square feet of offices, laboratories, and production areas. The space is owned by the Barbara C. Gage Revocable Trust and leased under an agreement expiring December 31, 2020. The facility is currently being utilized below maximum capacity to allow for growth, and we believe the facility is adequate to meet our current requirements. We hold no investments in real estate.

## Legal proceedings

As filed, 1,469 characters.

In the ordinary course of business we may become involved in litigation. Other than as set forth below, at this time we are not aware of any material pending or threatened legal proceedings or other proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities that we expect would have a material adverse impact on our future results of operation and financial condition.

On January 3, 2012 we filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Everspin Technologies, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Minnesota District. The lawsuit is based on Everspin’s sale of magnetoresistive random access memory, commonly known as MRAM. The lawsuit seeks an injunction for Everspin to cease using NVE’s patented technology and provide compensation for Everspin’s past infringement. On May 24, 2012 Everspin filed an answer denying our allegations and filed counterclaims. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office granted requests by Everspin for *inter partes* reexaminations of U.S. patent 6,349,053 on May 16, 2012, and of U.S. patent 6,538,921 on September 19, 2012. Both patents are assigned to us and are patents in suit. On March 8, 2013 the Court ordered all proceedings in the case stayed until June 28, 2013.

On February 24, 2012, Everspin filed a patent infringement lawsuit against us in the U.S. District Court for the Minnesota District, alleging certain NVE products infringe on two patents purported to be owned by Everspin. The lawsuit seeks an injunction and compensation.

## Management's discussion and analysis

As filed, 13,866 characters.

You should read this discussion together with our financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual future results could differ materially from those presently anticipated due to a variety of factors, including those discussed in Item 1A of this Report.

### General

We develop and sell devices that use “spintronics,” a nanotechnology that relies on electron spin rather than electron charge to acquire, store, and transmit information. We manufacture high-performance spintronic products including sensors and couplers to revolutionize data sensing and transmission. We also receive contracts for research and development and are a licensor of spintronic magnetoresistive random access memory technology, commonly known as MRAM.

### Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In accordance with SEC guidance, those material accounting policies that we believe are the most critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and condition and require complex management judgment are discussed below.

### Investment Valuation

Our investments consist primarily of corporate and municipal obligations. We have generally invested excess cash in high-quality investment grade long-term marketable securities with less than five years to maturity. We classify all of our marketable securities as available-for-sale, thus securities are recorded at fair value and any associated unrealized gain or losses, net of tax, is in included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).” If we judged a decline in fair value for any security to be other than temporary, the cost basis of the individual security would be written down and a charge recognized to net income. The fair values for our securities are determined based on quoted market prices as of the valuation date and observable prices for similar assets. We consider a number of factors in determining whether other-than-temporary impairment exists, including: credit market conditions; the credit ratings of the securities; historical default rates for securities of comparable credit rating; the presence of insurance of the securities and, if insured, the credit rating and financial condition of the insurer; the effect of market interest rates on the value of the securities; and the duration and extent of any unrealized losses. We also consider the likelihood that we will be required to sell the securities prior to maturity based on our financial condition and anticipated cash flows. If any of these conditions and estimates change in the future, or, if different estimates are used, the fair value of the investments may change significantly and could result in other-than-temporary decline in value, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

### Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the first in, first out method. Where there is evidence that inventory could be disposed of at less than carrying value, the inventory is written down to the net realizable value in the current period. Additionally, we periodically examine our inventory in the context of inventory turnover, sales trends, competition and other market factors, and we record provisions to inventory reserve when we determine certain inventory is unlikely to be sold. If reserved inventory is subsequently sold, corresponding reductions in inventory and inventory reserves are made. Our inventory reserve was $285,000 at March 31, 2013 and $300,000 at March 31, 2012.

### Deferred Tax Assets Estimation

In determining the carrying value of our net deferred tax assets, we must assess the likelihood of sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions, based on estimates and assumptions to realize the benefit of these assets. We evaluate the realizability of the deferred assets quarterly and assess the need for valuation allowances or reduction of existing allowances quarterly.

As of March 31, 2013 our net deferred tax liabilities were $440,736 compared to $136,872 as of March 31, 2012. Net deferred tax liabilities included $145,592 in deferred tax assets for stock-based compensation deductions as of March 31, 2013 and $145,418 as of March 31, 2012. Utilization of certain of our deferred tax assets is subject to limitations based on Internal Revenue Code Section 382.

### Results of Operations

The following table summarizes the percentage of revenue and year-to-year changes for various items for the last three fiscal years:

*Revenue*

| 2013 | Percentage of Revenue Year Ended March 31 | 2012 | 2011 2012 to 2013 | Year-to-Year Change Years Ended March 31 2011 to 2012 |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Product sales | 90.4% | 88.0% | 83.4% | (2.9)% | (3.4)% |
| Contract research and development | 9.6% | 12.0% | 16.6% | (24.2)% | (33.7)% |
| Total revenue | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | (5.4)% | (8.4)% |
| Cost of sales | 26.0% | 32.6% | 31.4% | (24.7)% | (4.7)% |
| Gross profit | 74.0% | 67.4% | 68.6% | 3.9% | (10.1)% |
| Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
| Selling, general, and administrative | 8.3% | 8.4% | 7.9% | (5.9)% | (3.8)% |
| Research and development | 9.5% | 9.1% | 4.1% | (1.1)% | 104.9% |
| Total expenses | 17.8% | 17.5% | 12.0% | (3.4)% | 33.0% |
| Income from operations | 56.2% | 49.9% | 56.6% | 6.5% | (19.2)% |
| Interest income | 8.7% | 8.3% | 6.5% | 0.4% | 16.3% |
| Income before taxes | 64.9% | 58.2% | 63.1% | 5.6% | (15.6)% |
| Income tax provision | 21.1% | 18.4% | 20.3% | 9.3% | (17.2)% |
| Net income | 43.8% | 39.8% | 42.8% | 3.9% | (14.8)% |

Total revenue for fiscal 2013 decreased 5% compared to fiscal 2012, and decreased 8% in fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011. The decrease in fiscal 2013 was due to a 24% decrease in contract research and development revenue and a 3% decrease in product sales. The decrease in total revenue in fiscal 2012 was due to a 34% decrease in contract research and development revenue and a 3% decrease in product sales. The decreases in contract research and development revenue for fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 and for fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011 were due to completion of certain contracts and contract activities and a challenging environment for government contract funding. Contract research and development activities can fluctuate for a number of reasons, some of which are beyond our control, and revenues may not continue at fiscal 2013 levels. The decreases in product sales for fiscal 2013 and fiscal 2012 was due to decreased purchase volume by existing customers.

Gross profit margin increased to 74% of revenue for fiscal 2013 from 67% for fiscal 2012 due to a more favorable revenue mix, a more favorable product sales mix, and more efficient product manufacturing. Gross profit margin decreased to 67% of revenue for fiscal 2012 from 69% for fiscal 2011 due to decreased revenue and increased labor cost.

Total expenses decreased 3% for fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 and increased 33% for fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011. The decrease in total expenses in fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 was due to a 1% decrease in research and development expense and a 6% decrease in selling, general, and administrative expense. The decrease in selling, general, and administrative expense was primarily due to a reduction in staffing. The expense decreases in fiscal 2013 may not be representative of future periods. Research and development expense increased 105% for fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011 due to increased product development activities and decreases in contract research and development activities, which caused resources to be reallocated to expensed research and development activities. Research and development expense can fluctuate significantly depending on staffing, project requirements, and contract research and development activities.

Interest income was approximately the same for fiscal 2013 as fiscal 2012, and increased 16% in fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011. For fiscal 2013, an increase in interest-bearing marketable securities was offset by a decrease in interest rates earned on reinvested funds. For fiscal 2012, the increase in interest-bearing marketable securities was partially offset by a decrease in interest rates earned on reinvested funds.

The effective income tax rate in fiscal 2013 was 33% of income before taxes, compared to 32% for fiscal 2012 and fiscal 2011. Our effective tax rates can fluctuate due to a number of factors, including Federal and state tax rates and regulations, the mix between taxable and tax-exempt securities in our marketable securities, and other factors, some of which are outside our control.

Net income increased 4% in fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 primarily due to increased gross profit margin and decreased expenses, partially offset by decreased revenue and increased taxes. Net income decreased 15% in fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011 primarily due to decreased contract research and development revenue and increased research and development expense.

Comprehensive income increased 8% to $12.3 million in fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 due to an increase in net income and a net unrealized gain from marketable securities. Comprehensive income decreased 14% in fiscal 2012 compared to fiscal 2011 due primarily to a decrease in net income.

### Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary source of working capital for fiscal years 2011 through 2013 was cash provided by operating activities related to product sales and research and development contract revenue. At March 31, 2013 we had $85,260,969 in cash plus short-term and long-term marketable securities compared to $73,541,463 at March 31, 2012. All of our marketable securities were classified as available for sale. The $11,719,506 increase in cash plus marketable securities was primarily due to $12,645,302 in net cash provided by operating activities.

The $18,594,959 increase in long-term marketable securities in fiscal 2013 was due to investment of cash flow from operations and proceeds from the maturation of short-term marketable securities in long-term securities. The $7,840,600 decrease in short-term marketable securities was due to proceeds from the maturation of short-term marketable securities being reinvested in long-term securities.

Purchases of fixed assets were $1,824,324 in fiscal 2013 compared to $1,480,237 in fiscal 2012 and $732,800 in fiscal 2011. Purchases were primarily for capital equipment and leasehold improvements to increase our production capacity and were financed with cash provided by operating activities. Our capital expenditures can vary significantly from year to year depending on our needs, equipment purchasing opportunities, and production expansion plans.

For the past three fiscal years, after purchasing fixed assets we invested excess cash provided by operating activities in long-term marketable securities. As of March 31, 2013 our marketable securities had remaining maturities between one day and 248 weeks (see “Note 4 – Marketable Securities” to the Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Report for additional information). As our marketable securities mature, we currently plan to either use the proceeds to meet future capital needs or reinvest the proceeds in other marketable securities.

The following table provides aggregate information about our contractual payment obligations and the periods in which payments are due:

| Contractual obligations | Payments Due by Period Total | \<1 Year | 1–3 Years | 3–5 Years | \>5 Years |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Operating lease obligations | $2,140,639 | $266,496 | $541,208 | $549,965 | $782,970 |
| Purchase obligations | 145,698 | 145,698 | - | - | - |
| Total | $2,286,337 | $412,194 | $541,208 | $549,965 | $782,970 |

Operating lease obligations are primarily for our facility lease. “Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies” to the Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this report, provides additional information about our lease obligations. Purchase obligations as of March 31, 2013 consisted of raw materials purchase commitments and fixed asset purchase obligations. We expect to meet these contractual payment obligations from cash provided by operating activities or proceeds from maturities of marketable securities. We plan to evaluate raw materials purchases based on a variety of factors including forecasted requirements and anticipated supply leadtimes, and our obligations could vary significantly in the future. We had approximately $108,096 of fixed asset purchase obligations as of March 31, 2013 for production equipment. We plan to evaluate capital expenditures as needs and opportunities arise, and our future capital expenditures and purchase obligations could vary significantly from expenditures in the past.

We believe our working capital and cash generated from operations will be adequate for our needs at least through fiscal 2014.

### Inflation

Inflation has not had a significant impact on our operations in any of our three most recent fiscal years. Prices for our products and for the materials and labor costs for those products are governed by market conditions. It is possible that inflation in future years could impact both materials and labor used for the production of our products.

### Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

Our off-balance sheet arrangements consist of purchase commitments and operating leases for our facility. We believe that our off-balance sheet arrangements do not have a material current or anticipated future effect on our profitability, cash flows, or financial position.

## Market risk

As filed, 1,416 characters.

We are exposed to financial market risks, primarily marketable securities and, to a lesser extent, changes in currency exchange rates.

### Marketable Securities

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing after-tax yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and marketable securities in securities including municipal obligations, corporate obligations, and money market funds. Short-term and long-term marketable securities are generally classified as available-for-sale and consequently are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, net of estimated tax. Our marketable securities as of March 31, 2013 had remaining maturities between one day and 248 weeks. Marketable securities had a market value of $82,751,286 at March 31, 2013, representing approximately 86% of our total assets. We have not used derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio.

### Foreign Currency Transactions

We have some limited revenue risks from fluctuations in values of foreign currency due to product sales abroad. Foreign sales are generally made in U.S. currency, and currency transaction gains or losses in the past three fiscal years were not significant.

## Controls and procedures

As filed, 3,228 characters.

### Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. This evaluation included consideration of the controls, processes, and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2013, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

### Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2013. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in *Internal Control – Integrated Framework.*

Based on our assessment using the criteria set forth by COSO in *Internal Control – Integrated Framework*, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2013. Our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2013 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within NVE have been detected. Our internal controls over financial reporting, however, are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of internal control over financial reporting are met.

### Changes in Internal Controls

During the quarter ended March 31, 2013, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Filed May 1, 2013.
Source: SEC EDGAR, the filing index for accession 0000724910-13-000009. Last ingested by Listed: Oct 24, 2026, 14:55 ET. No prices; not investment advice.