# Primerica, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2025

- Company: [Primerica, Inc.](/companies/pri.md) (CIK 1475922)
- Form: 10-Q
- Filed: 2025-08-07
- Accepted by EDGAR: Aug 7, 2025, 13:13 ET
- Period: 2025-06-30
- Accession: 0000950170-25-104779
- Inline XBRL: yes
- Main document: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1475922/000095017025104779/pri-20250630.htm
- All documents and exhibits: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1475922/000095017025104779/

## Figures reported in this filing

Standardized XBRL line items for the period ended 2025-06-30.

| Line item | Period | Value | XBRL concept |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 3 months, 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-30 | $793.3m | us-gaap:Revenues |
| Revenue | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $1.60bn | us-gaap:Revenues |
| Interest expense | 3 months, 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-30 | $6.0m | us-gaap:InterestExpense |
| Interest expense | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $12.0m | us-gaap:InterestExpense |
| Income tax | 3 months, 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-30 | $56.2m | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Income tax | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $108.4m | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Diluted EPS | 3 months, 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-30 | $5.40 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Diluted EPS | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $10.45 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Basic EPS | 3 months, 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-30 | $5.41 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Basic EPS | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $10.47 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 3 months, 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-30 | 32,911,000 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | 33,126,000 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Operating cash flow | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $360.0m | us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities |
| Dividends paid | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $68.9m | us-gaap:PaymentsOfDividendsCommonStock |
| Share repurchases | 6 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | $251.0m | us-gaap:PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock |
| Cash and equivalents | at 2025-06-30 | $621.2m | us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue |
| Total assets | at 2025-06-30 | $14.83bn | us-gaap:Assets |
| Total liabilities | at 2025-06-30 | $12.52bn | us-gaap:Liabilities |
| Shareholders' equity | at 2025-06-30 | $2.31bn | us-gaap:StockholdersEquity |

## Management's discussion and analysis

As filed, 89,041 characters.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to inform the reader about matters affecting the financial condition and results of operations of Primerica, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, “we”, “us” or the “Company”) for the period from December 31, 2024 to June 30, 2025. As a result, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with MD&A and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto that are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024 Annual Report”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements that constitute our plans, estimates and beliefs. These forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in the 2024 Annual Report and in Item 1A of this Report. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

This MD&A is divided into the following sections:

- Business Overview
- Business Trends and Conditions
- Factors Affecting Our Results
- Critical Accounting Estimates
- Results of Operations
- Financial Condition
- Liquidity and Capital Resources

### Business Overview

We are a leading provider of financial products and services to middle-income households in the United States and Canada primarily through a network of independent contractor sales representatives (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”). We assist our clients in meeting their needs for term life insurance, which we underwrite, and mutual funds, annuities, managed investments, and other financial products, which we distribute primarily on behalf of third parties. We have two primary operating segments, Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products, and a third segment, Corporate and Other Distributed Products.

The Company previously reported a Senior Health segment, which consisted of e-TeleQuote Insurance, Inc. and subsidiaries, a marketer of Medicare-related insurance products underwritten by third-party health insurance carriers to eligible Medicare beneficiaries (the “Senior Health business”) that was disposed of as of September 30, 2024, and is now reported in discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

***Term Life Insurance.*** We distribute the term life insurance products that we underwrite through our three issuing life insurance company subsidiaries: Primerica Life Insurance Company (“Primerica Life”), National Benefit Life Insurance Company (“NBLIC”), and Primerica Life Insurance Company of Canada (“Primerica Life Canada”). Policies remain in-force until the expiration of the coverage period or until the policyholder ceases to make premium payments. Our in-force term life insurance policies have level premiums for the stated term period. As such, the policyholder pays the same amount each year. Initial policy term periods are between 10 and 35 years. While premiums typically remain level during the initial term period, our claim obligations generally increase as our policyholders age. In addition, we incur significant up-front costs in acquiring new insurance business.

***Investment and Savings Products.*** In the United States, we distribute mutual funds, managed investments, variable annuity, and fixed annuity products of several third-party companies. We provide investment advisory and administrative services for client assets invested in our managed investments program. We also perform distinct transfer agent recordkeeping services and non-bank custodial services for investors purchasing certain mutual funds we distribute. In Canada, we offer mutual funds of other companies and segregated funds. Our segregated funds product offerings consist of (1) our legacy segregated funds product, which is underwritten by Primerica Life Canada, and (2) a new segregated funds product underwritten by a third-party that we are in the process of rolling out in 2025.

***Corporate and Other Distributed Products.*** The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment includes net investment income earned on cash, cash equivalents, and our invested asset portfolio. This segment also includes revenues and expenses related to other distributed products, including closed blocks of various insurance products underwritten by NBLIC, prepaid legal services, mortgage originations, and other financial products. These products, except for closed blocks of various insurance products underwritten by NBLIC, are distributed pursuant to distribution arrangements with third-party companies through the independent sales force. Interest expense incurred by the Company is attributed to the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment.

### Business Trends and Conditions

The relative strength and stability of the financial markets and economies in the United States and Canada affect our growth and profitability. Our business is, and we expect will continue to be, influenced by a number of industry-wide and product-specific trends and conditions. Economic conditions, including unemployment levels, inflation, and consumer confidence, influence investment and spending decisions by middle-income consumers, who are generally our primary clients. These conditions and factors also impact prospective recruits’ perceptions of the business opportunity that becoming an independent sales representative offers. Consumer spending and borrowing levels affect how consumers evaluate their savings and debt management plans. In addition, equity market returns and interest rates impact consumer demand for the investment and savings products we distribute. Our customers’ perception of the strength of the capital markets may also influence their decisions to invest in the investment and savings products we distribute. We believe the economic conditions impacting middle-income households underscores their increasing need for our financial education, products and services to assist them in reaching their long-term goals of becoming financially independent.

The financial and distribution results of our operations in Canada, as reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As a result, changes in the Canadian dollar exchange rate may significantly affect the results of our business for all amounts translated and reported in U.S. dollars.

Volatility in capital markets in recent periods has continued to impact our business. Strong equity market performance in 2023 and 2024 influenced product sales and client asset values that drive revenue in the Investment and Savings Products segment. In addition, the rise in market interest rates in 2022 and further rate increases in 2023 have largely driven the unrealized losses that have accumulated in our investment portfolio. We have not recognized losses caused by interest rate volatility in the income statement for securities where we have no present intention to dispose of them and we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery. Elevated interest rates have also led to increases in net investment income as we are able to earn higher returns on our new debt securities purchases and cash balances.

The cumulative impact of inflation in recent years has led to an elevated cost of living for middle-income families. We believe that cost of living pressures have adversely impacted persistency for term life insurance policies. Policy lapse rates of term life insurance products remained above long-term historical levels but have been steady in the aggregate of all policy durations compared to the prior year period. In addition, continued economic uncertainty in 2025 has had an impact on consumer behavior. The continuation of these cost of living pressures as well as economic uncertainty could adversely impact demand for our products.

The effects of these trends and conditions on our quarterly results are discussed below in the Results of Operations and Financial Condition sections.

### Size of the Independent Sales Force.

Our ability to increase the size of the independent sales force (“independent sales representatives” or “independent sales force”) is largely based on the success of the independent sales force’s recruiting efforts as well as training and motivating recruits to get licensed to sell life insurance. We believe that recruitment and licensing levels are important to independent sales force trends, and growth in recruiting and licensing is usually indicative of future growth in the overall size of the independent sales force. Recruiting changes do not always result in commensurate changes in the size of the licensed independent sales force because new recruits may obtain the requisite licenses at rates above or below historical levels.

Details on recruiting and life-licensed independent sales representative activity were as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| New recruits | 80,924 | 96,563 | 181,791 | 207,273 |
| New life-licensed independent sales representatives | 12,903 | 14,402 | 25,242 | 27,351 |

The number of new recruits decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. The decreases are partly driven by the comparison to the 2024 periods, which included exceptionally strong activity in 2024. Recruiting activity in 2025 was comparatively slower than 2024 possibly due to headwinds from economic and government policy uncertainty.

New life-licensed independent sales representatives slightly decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024, likely due to the same factors as the decline in number of new recruits. Despite the year-over-year decline, licensing activity in 2025 has remained strong compared to historical levels.

The size of the life-licensed independent sales force was as follows:

|  | June 30, 2025 | March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Life-licensed independent sales representatives, at period end | 152,592 | 152,167 | 151,611 |

The number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased modestly as of June 30, 2025 compared to March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 as agent licensing activity slightly outpaced agent non-renewals during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

### Term Life Insurance Product Sales and Face Amount In-Force.

The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives and the number of term life insurance policies issued, as well as the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative (historically between 0.20 and 0.24), were as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives | 152,508 | 144,315 | 152,113 | 143,117 |
| Number of new policies issued | 89,850 | 100,768 | 176,265 | 187,355 |
| Average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.22 |

The average number of life-licensed independent sales representatives increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 from the same periods in 2024 as a result of the cumulative impact of strong recruiting and licensing activity throughout 2024 that drove higher independent sales force counts in 2025.

New policies issued during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased compared to the same periods in 2024 possibly due to continued cost of living pressures amid economic and government policy uncertainty.

Productivity in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, measured by the average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative, was at the low end and slightly below our historical range, respectively, and decreased from the same periods in 2024. Economic uncertainties in 2025 along with the continued cost of living pressures appear to be contributing factors to the reduced productivity.

The changes in the face amount of our in-force book of term life insurance policies were as follows:

*(Dollars in millions)*

|  | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | % of beginning balance | 2024 | % of beginning balance | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | % of beginning balance | 2024 | % of beginning balance |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Face amount in-force, beginning of period | $956,981 |  | $947,100 |  | $953,583 |  | $944,609 |  |
| Net change in face amount: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Issued face amount | 30,292 | 3% | 33,155 | 4% | 58,747 | 6% | 61,880 | 7% |
| Terminations | (24,795) | (3)% | (28,241) | (3)% | (49,775) | (5)% | (51,564) | (5)% |
| Foreign currency | 5,834 | \* | (1,134) | \* | 5,757 | \* | (4,045) | \* |
| Net change in face amount | 11,331 | 1% | 3,780 | \* | 14,729 | 2% | 6,271 | \* |
| Face amount in-force, end of period | $968,312 |  | $950,880 |  | $968,312 |  | $950,880 |  |

\* Less than 1%.

The face amount of term life insurance policies in-force increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 as the face amount issued continued to exceed the face amount terminated. Issued face amount decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 primarily due to the decrease in the number of new policies issued as discussed above. Policy terminations decreased year-over-year largely due to the timing impact of state insurance department-issued policy lapse restrictions in 2024. During 2025, the strengthening of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar contributed to the increases in the face amount in-force, whereas a stronger U.S. dollar in relation to the Canadian dollar unfavorably impacted the translated face amount in-force in the 2024 periods.

### Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions.

Investment and savings product sales were as follows:

*(Dollars in millions)*

| Product sales: | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| U.S. retail mutual funds | $1,244 | $1,229 | $15 | 1% | $2,562 | $2,391 | $171 | 7% |
| Canada retail mutual funds - with up-front sales commissions | 168 | 148 | 20 | 14% | 389 | 327 | 62 | 19% |
| Annuities and other | 1,272 | 1,039 | 233 | 22% | 2,382 | 1,876 | 506 | 27% |
| Total sales-based revenue generating product sales | 2,684 | 2,416 | 268 | 11% | 5,333 | 4,594 | 739 | 16% |
| Managed investments | 634 | 456 | 178 | 39% | 1,231 | 827 | 404 | 49% |
| Canada retail mutual funds - no up-front sales commissions | 219 | 196 | 23 | 12% | 515 | 394 | 121 | 31% |
| Segregated funds | 11 | 15 | (4) | (27)% | 29 | 38 | (9) | (24)% |
| Total product sales | $3,548 | $3,083 | $465 | 15% | $7,108 | $5,853 | $1,255 | 21% |

The rollforward of asset values in client accounts were as follows:

*(Dollars in millions)*

|  | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | % of beginning balance | 2024 | % of beginning balance | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | % of beginning balance | 2024 | % of beginning balance |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Asset values, beginning of period | $109,908 |  | $103,340 |  | $112,082 |  | $96,735 |  |
| Net change in asset values: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Inflows | 3,548 | 3% | 3,083 | 3% | 7,108 | 6% | 5,853 | 6% |
| Redemptions (1) | (3,063) | (3)% | (2,856) | (3)% | (6,081) | (5)% | (5,551) | (6)% |
| Net flows (1) | 485 | \* | 227 | \* | 1,027 | \* | 302 | \* |
| Change in fair value, net (1) | 8,931 | 8% | 1,708 | 2% | 6,227 | 6% | 8,630 | 9% |
| Foreign currency, net | 900 | \* | (163) | \* | 888 | \* | (555) | \* |
| Net change in asset values | 10,316 | 9% | 1,772 | 2% | 8,142 | 7% | 8,377 | 9% |
| Asset values, end of period | $120,224 |  | $105,112 |  | $120,224 |  | $105,112 |  |

(1) The previously reported statistical information of redemptions, net flows and change in fair value, net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 have been restated to reflect a correction in our methodology for presenting redemptions and calculating the change in market value for Canadian mutual fund client assets. This restatement has no impact on our financial statements, results of operations, product sales, nor average and ending client asset values during the relevant periods. In addition, we have assessed the qualitative impact of this correction as immaterial, most notably due to the immaterial impact that higher projections of future client asset redemptions would have on future earnings estimates. Redemptions, net flows, and change in fair value, net were previously reported as $(2,660) million, $423 million, and $1,512 million, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and $(5,157) million, $696 million, and $8,236 million, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Redemptions, net flows and change in fair value, net were previously reported as $(2,721) million, $838 million, and $(3,000) million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the revised amounts under the new methodology for the same period are $(3,017) million, $542 million, and $(2,703) million, respectively.

\* Less than 1%.

Average client asset values were as follows:

*(Dollars in millions)*

| Average client asset values: | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| U.S. retail mutual funds | $54,324 | $50,560 | $3,764 | 7% | $54,486 | $49,787 | $4,699 | 9% |
| Canada retail mutual funds | 15,153 | 13,259 | 1,894 | 14% | 14,854 | $13,055 | 1,799 | 14% |
| Annuities and other | 30,108 | 27,532 | 2,576 | 9% | 30,098 | 27,010 | 3,088 | 11% |
| Managed investments | 12,167 | 9,376 | 2,791 | 30% | 11,852 | 9,091 | 2,761 | 30% |
| Segregated funds | 2,223 | 2,266 | (43) | (2)% | 2,206 | 2,305 | (99) | (4)% |
| Total average client asset values | $113,975 | $102,993 | $10,982 | 11% | $113,496 | $101,248 | $12,248 | 12% |

30

Average number of fee-generating positions were as follows:

*(Positions in thousands)*

| Average number of fee-generating positions (1): | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change Positions% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change Positions% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Recordkeeping and custodial | 2,437 | 2,378 | 59 | 2% | 2,428 | 2,369 | 59 | 2% |
| Recordkeeping only | 893 | 857 | 36 | 4% | 889 | 852 | 37 | 4% |
| Total average number of fee-generating positions | 3,330 | 3,235 | 95 | 3% | 3,317 | 3,221 | 96 | 3% |

(1) We receive transfer agent recordkeeping fees by mutual fund positions. An individual client account may include multiple mutual fund positions. We may also receive fees, which are earned on a per account basis, for custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts that hold positions in these mutual funds.

### Changes in Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions During the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Product sales.* Investment and savings product sales increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to sustained positive investor sentiment that followed strong equity market performance in 2023 and 2024 and continued during the second quarter of 2025. In particular, variable annuity product sales continued to lead the growth in sales as the guarantees offered by these products became more appealing to investors given strong equity market performance, expanded product offerings, and elevated interest rates leading up to and continuing through the first half of 2025. The increase in product sales for managed investments resulted from continued strength in investor demand for these products as well as the expansion of investment strategies offered on our platform.

*Rollforward of client asset values.* Client asset values increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to strong equity market performance. The movement in the foreign exchange rate as the Canadian dollar strengthened relative to the U.S. dollar as well as positive net flows also increased client asset values during the three months ended June 30, 2025.

*Average client asset values.* Average client asset values were higher for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily driven by the cumulative effect of strong market performance and net client inflows in 2024 and 2025.

*Average number of fee-generating positions.* The average number of fee-generating positions was higher during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the continued cumulative effect of retail mutual fund sales in recent periods that led to an increase in the number of retail mutual fund positions serviced on our transfer agent recordkeeping platform.

### Changes in Investment and Savings Product Sales, Asset Values and Accounts/Positions During the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Product sales.* Investment and savings product sales increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Rollforward of client asset values.* Client asset values increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Average client asset values.* Average client asset values were higher for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Average number of fee-generating positions.* The average number of fee-generating positions was higher during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

### Regulatory Changes.

*Restrictions on compensation models in Canada.* In response to regulatory changes in Canada by the Canadian Securities Administrators (“CSA,” the provincial and territorial securities commissions), we developed a set of mutual fund products with two third-party mutual fund companies that are sold exclusively by the independent sales representatives (the “Principal Distributor funds”). The revenue we receive is primarily in the form of asset-based distribution fees from the mutual fund companies and asset-based service fees that are charged to investors. In turn, the primary compensation we offer independent sales representatives is the option of an up-front sales commission or higher asset-based commissions over time. Although we received the requisite approval, the CSA indicated to us at the time of such approval that the CSA would be closely examining the Principal Distributor funds model. The CSA launched a public consultation on the model and related sales practices. In response to its public consultation, the CSA may consider future amendments that would require modifications to our Principal Distributor model, including with respect to its up-front commission features paid to independent sales representatives. At this time, we cannot quantify the financial impact, if any, of future changes to our business that may be necessary if our Principal Distributor funds model is required to be modified or discontinued.

### Factors Affecting Our Results

***Term Life Insurance Segment.*** The Term Life Insurance segment results are primarily driven by sales volumes, how closely actual experience matches our actuarial assumptions, terms and use of reinsurance, and expenses.

Sales and policies in-force. Sales of term policies and the size and characteristics of our in-force book of policies are vital to our results over the long term. Premium revenue is recognized as it is earned over the term of the policy. However, because we incur significant cash outflows at or about the time policies are issued, including the payment of sales commissions and underwriting costs, changes in life insurance sales volume in a period will have a more immediate impact on our cash flows than on revenue.

Historically, we have found that while sales volume of term life insurance products between fiscal periods may vary based on a variety of factors, the productivity of independent sales representatives generally remains within a range (i.e., an average monthly rate of new policies issued per life-licensed independent sales representative between 0.20 and 0.24). The volume of term life insurance products sales will fluctuate in the short term, but over the longer term, our sales volume generally correlates to the size of the independent sales force.

Actuarial assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that underlie our reserves are based upon our best estimates of mortality, persistency, disability, and interest rates. Our results will be affected to the extent there is a variance between our actuarial assumptions and actual experience. These variances will be reflected in our financial results by unlocking assumptions and cash flows underlying the liability for future policy benefits (“LFPB”) and ceded reserves that are part of the reinsurance recoverables. See Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on LFPB. The variances are also reflected in the projection of future face amount that is the basis for amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”).

- *Persistency*. Persistency is a measure of how long our insurance policies stay in-force. As a general matter, persistency that is lower than our actuarial assumptions adversely affects our results over the long term because we lose the recurring revenue stream associated with the policies that lapse. In general, persistency differences have a minimal impact on our financial results from period to period since DAC is generally amortized on a straight-line basis and the unlocking of the LFPB adjusts both expected net premiums and expected future policy benefits and spreads any variances over the remaining contract period.
- *Mortality.* Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual mortality rates differ from actuarial assumptions. We mitigate a significant portion of our mortality exposure through reinsurance. Long term mortality variances that result in an assumption change may have a significant impact on our financial results.
- *Disability.* Our profitability will fluctuate to the extent actual disability rates underlying our waiver of premium benefits, including recovery rates for individuals currently disabled, differ from actuarial assumptions. The waiver of premium benefit is secondary to the death benefit coverage provided. However, the waiver of premium benefit is not reinsured on a yearly renewable term (“YRT”) basis and material changes in assumptions compared to expectations can have a disproportionate impact on our financial results.
- *Interest Rates.* We use a locked-in assumption for future interest rates for reserves underlying our segment results. Policies issued prior to the January 1, 2021 transition date of the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-12, *Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944) — Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts* (the “Transition Date”) use an interest rate that reflects the portfolio’s current reinvestment rate while policies issued on or after the Transition Date use an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield during the period of issue.

Reinsurance. We use reinsurance extensively, which has a significant effect on our results of operations. We have generally reinsured between 80% and 90% of the mortality risk on term life insurance (excluding coverage under certain riders) on a quota share YRT basis. To the extent actual mortality experience is more or less favorable than the contractual rate, the reinsurer will earn incremental profits or bear the incremental cost, as applicable. In contrast to coinsurance, which is intended to eliminate all risks (other than counterparty risk of the reinsurer) and rewards associated with a specified percentage of the block of policies subject to the reinsurance arrangement, the YRT reinsurance arrangements we enter into are intended only to reduce volatility associated with variances between estimated and actual mortality rates.

In 2010, as part of our corporate reorganization and the initial public offering of our common stock, we entered into significant coinsurance transactions (the “IPO coinsurance transactions”) with entities then affiliated with Citigroup, Inc. (collectively, the “IPO coinsurers”) and ceded between 80% and 90% of the risks and rewards of term life insurance policies that were in-force at year-end 2009. We administer all such policies subject to these coinsurance agreements. Policies reaching the end of their initial level term period are no longer ceded under the IPO coinsurance transactions.

The effect of our reinsurance arrangements on ceded premiums and benefits and expenses on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income follows:

- *Ceded premiums.* Ceded premiums are the premiums we pay to reinsurers. These amounts are deducted from the direct premiums we earn to calculate our net premium revenues. Similar to direct premium revenues, ceded coinsurance premiums remain level over the initial term of the insurance policy. Ceded YRT premiums increase over the period that the policy has been in-force. Accordingly, ceded YRT premiums generally constitute an increasing percentage of direct premiums over the policy term.
- *Benefits and claims.* Benefits and claims include incurred claim amounts and changes in future policy benefit reserves. Reinsurance reduces incurred claims in direct proportion to the percentage ceded and reinsurance cash flows are reflected in the ceded reserves included in reinsurance recoverables. Changes in ceded reserves offset changes in future policy benefit reserves.
- *Insurance expenses.* Insurance expenses are reduced by the allowances received from coinsurance. There is no impact on insurance expenses associated with our YRT contracts.

We may alter our reinsurance practices at any time due to the unavailability of YRT reinsurance at attractive rates or the availability of alternatives to reduce our risk exposure. We intend to continue ceding approximately 90% of our mortality risk on new business.

Expenses. Results are also affected by variances in client acquisition, maintenance and administration expense levels.

***Investment and Savings Products Segment.*** The Investment and Savings Products segment results are primarily driven by sales, the value of assets in client accounts for which we earn ongoing management, marketing and support, and distribution fees, and the number of transfer agent recordkeeping positions and non-bank custodial fee-generating accounts we administer.

Sales. We earn commissions and fees, such as dealer re-allowances and marketing and distribution fees, based on sales of mutual fund products and annuities in the United States and sales of certain mutual fund products in Canada. Sales of investment and savings products are influenced by the overall demand for investment and savings products in the United States and Canada, as well as by the size and productivity of the independent sales force. We generally experience seasonality in the Investment and Savings Products segment results due to our high concentration of sales of retirement account products. These accounts are typically funded in February through April, coincident with our clients’ tax return preparation season. While we believe the size of the independent sales force is a factor in driving sales volume in this segment, there are a number of other variables, such as economic and market conditions, which may have a significantly greater effect on sales volume in any given fiscal period.

Asset values in client accounts. We earn marketing and distribution fees (trail commissions or, with respect to U.S. mutual funds, 12b-1 fees) on mutual fund and annuity assets in the United States and Canada. In the United States, we also earn investment advisory and administrative fees on assets in managed investments. In Canada, we earn marketing, distribution, and shareholder services fees on mutual fund assets for which we serve as the principal distributor and management fees on our legacy segregated funds product offerings. Asset values are influenced by new product sales, ongoing contributions to existing accounts, redemptions and the change in market values in existing accounts. While we offer a wide variety of asset classes and investment styles, our clients’ accounts are primarily invested in equity funds. Volatility in equity markets will impact the value of assets in client accounts and, as a result, the revenue we earn on those assets.

Positions. We earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees for administrative functions we perform on behalf of several of our mutual fund providers. An individual client account may include multiple fund positions for which we earn transfer agent recordkeeping fees. We may also receive fees earned for non-bank custodial services that we provide to clients with retirement plan accounts.

Sales mix. While our investment and savings products all provide similar long-term economic returns to the Company, our results in a given fiscal period will be affected by changes in the overall mix of products within these categories. Examples of changes in the sales mix that influence our results include the following:

- sales of annuity products in the United States will generate higher revenues in the period when such sales occur than sales of other investment products that either generate lower up-front revenues or, in the case of managed investments, no up-front revenues;
- sales of a higher proportion of managed investments and Canadian mutual funds will spread the revenues generated over time because we earn higher revenues based on assets under management for these accounts each period as opposed to earning up-front revenues based on product sales; and
- sales of a higher proportion of mutual fund products sold in the United States will impact the timing and amount of revenue we earn given the distinct transfer agent recordkeeping and non-bank custodial services we provide for certain mutual fund products we distribute.

***Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment.*** We earn revenues and pay commissions and referral fees within the Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment for mortgage loan originations, prepaid legal services, auto and homeowners’ insurance referrals, and other financial products, all of which are originated by third parties. The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes in-force policies from several discontinued lines of insurance underwritten by NBLIC.

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment includes net investment income recognized by the Company. Net investment income is impacted by the size and performance of our invested asset portfolio, which can be influenced by interest rates, credit spreads, and the mix of invested assets. Net investment income also is influenced by short-term interest rates and the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand.

The Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment also includes corporate income and expenses not allocated to our other segments, general and administrative expenses (other than expenses that are allocated to the Term Life Insurance and Investment and Savings Products segments), interest expense on note payable, a redundant reserve financing transaction and our revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”), as well as recognized gains and losses on our invested asset portfolio.

***Capital Structure.*** Our financial results are affected by our capital structure, which includes our senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”), a redundant reserve financing transaction, our Revolving Credit Facility, and our common stock. See our condensed consolidated balance sheets and Note 12 (Stockholders’ Equity) and Note 15 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information on changes in our capital structure.

***Foreign Currency.*** The Canadian dollar is the functional currency for our Canadian subsidiaries, and our consolidated financial results, reported in U.S. dollars, are affected by changes in the currency exchange rate. As such, the translated amount of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities attributable to our Canadian subsidiaries will be higher or lower in periods where the Canadian dollar appreciates or weakens relative to the U.S. dollar, respectively. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Canadian Currency Risk and Note 4 (Segment and Geographical Information) to our consolidated financial statements included in our 2024 Annual Report for more information on our Canadian subsidiaries and the impact of foreign currency on our financial results.

### Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These principles are established primarily by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions based on currently available information when recording transactions resulting from business operations. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 (Description of Business, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) to our consolidated financial statements included in our 2024 Annual Report. The most significant items in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets are based on fair value determinations, accounting estimates and actuarial determinations, which are susceptible to changes in future periods and could affect our results of operations and financial position.

The estimates that we deem to be most critical to an understanding of our results of operations and financial position are those related to DAC, future policy benefit reserves and corresponding amounts recoverable from reinsurers, income taxes, and the valuation of investments. The preparation and evaluation of these critical accounting estimates involve the use of various assumptions developed from management’s analyses and judgments. Subsequent experience or use of other assumptions could produce significantly different results.

### Results of Operations

***Primerica, Inc. and Subsidiaries Results.*** Our results of operations were as follows:

*(Dollars in thousands)*

| Revenues: | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Direct premiums | $866,254 | $845,358 | $20,896 | 2% | $1,725,099 | $1,686,404 | $38,695 | 2% |
| Ceded premiums | (433,408) | (427,561) | 5,847 | 1% | (843,930) | (837,325) | 6,605 | \* |
| Net premiums | 432,846 | 417,797 | 15,049 | 4% | 881,169 | 849,079 | 32,090 | 4% |
| Commissions and fees | 306,032 | 268,193 | 37,839 | 14% | 602,988 | 517,138 | 85,850 | 17% |
| Investment income net of investment expenses | 55,549 | 54,111 | 1,438 | 3% | 111,888 | 107,702 | 4,186 | 4% |
| Interest expense on surplus note | (14,621) | (15,659) | (1,038) | (7)% | (29,289) | (31,444) | (2,155) | (7)% |
| Net investment income | 40,928 | 38,452 | 2,476 | 6% | 82,599 | 76,258 | 6,341 | 8% |
| Realized investment gains (losses) | (2,338) | 565 | (2,903) | \* | (2,421) | 572 | (2,993) | \* |
| Other investment gains (losses) | (528) | (664) | 136 | \* | 312 | 634 | (322) | \* |
| Investment gains (losses) | (2,866) | (99) | (2,767) | \* | (2,109) | 1,206 | (3,315) | \* |
| Other, net | 16,394 | 66,612 | (50,218) | \* | 33,530 | 83,223 | (49,693) | \* |
| Total revenues | 793,334 | 790,955 | 2,379 | \* | 1,598,177 | 1,526,904 | 71,273 | 5% |
| Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Benefits and claims | 152,494 | 150,030 | 2,464 | 2% | 327,355 | 316,351 | 11,004 | 3% |
| Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss | (5,895) | (4,329) | (1,566) | \* | (9,168) | (4,275) | (4,893) | \* |
| Amortization of DAC | 80,043 | 73,643 | 6,400 | 9% | 158,592 | 145,692 | 12,900 | 9% |
| Sales commissions | 166,291 | 142,154 | 24,137 | 17% | 324,409 | 273,292 | 51,117 | 19% |
| Insurance expenses | 64,362 | 62,685 | 1,677 | 3% | 129,168 | 125,834 | 3,334 | 3% |
| Insurance commissions | 5,751 | 7,399 | (1,648) | (22)% | 11,875 | 17,033 | (5,158) | (30)% |
| Interest expense | 6,000 | 6,099 | (99) | (2)% | 12,005 | 12,870 | (865) | (7)% |
| Other operating expenses | 89,791 | 80,505 | 9,286 | 12% | 188,129 | 173,950 | 14,179 | 8% |
| Total benefits and expenses | 558,837 | 518,186 | 40,651 | 8% | 1,142,365 | 1,060,747 | 81,618 | 8% |
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 234,497 | 272,769 | (38,272) | (14)% | 455,812 | 466,157 | (10,345) | (2)% |
| Income taxes | 56,153 | 63,467 | (7,314) | (12)% | 108,417 | 108,442 | (25) | \* |
| Income from continuing operations | 178,344 | 209,302 | (30,958) | (15)% | 347,395 | 357,715 | (10,320) | (3)% |
| Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | - | (208,131) | (208,131) | \* | - | (218,641) | (218,641) | \* |
| Net income | $178,344 | $1,171 | $177,173 | \* | $347,395 | $139,074 | $208,321 | \* |

\* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

### Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Total revenues.* Total revenues increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to increases in commissions and fees earned in our Investment and Savings Products segment, net premiums earned in our Term Life Insurance segment, and net investment income earned in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment. This increase was partially offset by investment losses realized in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment in the 2025 period and a one-time $50.0 million gain recognized within Other, net revenue in our Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment in the prior year period. These movements are further discussed in detail in the Segment Results sections below.

*Total benefits and expenses.* Total benefits and expenses increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 largely due to higher sales commissions and other operating expenses in our Investment and Savings Products segment. Also contributing to the year-over-year increase are higher amortization of DAC, benefits and claims, and insurance expenses in our Term Life Insurance segment. These increases were partially offset by lower insurance commissions and higher future policy benefits remeasurement gain in our Term Life Insurance segment. These movements are discussed in further detail in the Segment Results section below.

*Income taxes.* The effective income tax rate of 23.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was largely consistent with the comparable effective income tax rate from continuing operations of 23.3% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The effective tax rate in the 2024 period included two largely offsetting, non-recurring items. More specifically, we recognized a valuation allowance against e-TeleQuote state operating losses that was required to be presented in income tax expense from continuing operations, the impact of which was largely offset by the non-taxable $50.0 million gain noted above.

*Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes.* Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes relates to the Senior Health business, which was disposed of as of September 30, 2024 and is reported in discontinued operations in the 2024 period. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

### Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Total revenues.* Total revenues increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Total benefits and expenses.* Total benefits and expenses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Income taxes.* The effective income tax rate of 23.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was largely consistent with the comparable effective income tax rate from continuing operations of 23.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The 2024 period effective tax rate included the same largely offsetting items as described in the three month comparison.

*Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes.* Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes relates to the Senior Health business, which was disposed of as of September 30, 2024 and is reported in discontinued operations in the 2024 period. Refer to Note 2 (Discontinued Operations) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

For additional information, see the Segment Results discussions below.

### Segment Results

***Term Life Insurance Segment.*** Our results for the Term Life Insurance segment were as follows:

*(Dollars in thousands)*

| Revenues: | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Direct premiums | $861,919 | $840,668 | $21,251 | 3% | $1,716,350 | $1,676,989 | $39,361 | 2% |
| Ceded premiums | (432,306) | (426,348) | 5,958 | 1% | (841,640) | (834,906) | 6,734 | \* |
| Net premiums | 429,613 | 414,320 | 15,293 | 4% | 874,710 | 842,083 | 32,627 | 4% |
| Other, net | 12,221 | 12,624 | (403) | (3)% | 24,966 | 25,274 | (308) | (1)% |
| Total revenues | 441,834 | 426,944 | 14,890 | 3% | 899,676 | 867,357 | 32,319 | 4% |
| Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Benefits and claims | 148,725 | 146,268 | 2,457 | 2% | 319,968 | 310,115 | 9,853 | 3% |
| Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss | (5,743) | (4,280) | (1,463) | \* | (9,145) | (4,600) | (4,545) | \* |
| Amortization of DAC | 78,386 | 71,916 | 6,470 | 9% | 155,308 | 142,407 | 12,901 | 9% |
| Insurance expenses | 63,216 | 61,476 | 1,740 | 3% | 126,861 | 123,454 | 3,407 | 3% |
| Insurance commissions | 2,238 | 3,785 | (1,547) | (41)% | 4,887 | 9,833 | (4,946) | (50)% |
| Total benefits and expenses | 286,822 | 279,165 | 7,657 | 3% | 597,879 | 581,209 | 16,670 | 3% |
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | $155,012 | $147,779 | $7,233 | 5% | $301,797 | $286,148 | $15,649 | 5% |

\* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

### Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Net premiums.* Direct premiums increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 largely due to the layering effect of new policy sales that contributed to growth in the in-force book of business. This increase was partially offset by a slight increase in ceded premiums, which includes $9.9 million in higher non-level YRT reinsurance ceded premiums as business not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions ages, and was reduced by $3.9 million in lower coinsurance ceded premiums due to the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions.

*Benefits and claims.* Benefits and claims increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. Direct benefits and claims increased with the growth in the business. Year-over-year claims incurred during the 2025 period were higher compared to the same period in 2024 but were lower than our LFPB assumptions.

*Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss.* Future policy benefits remeasurement gain increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 and represents differences in experience variances that occurred in each period, primarily from better mortality and lower reserves benefiting from elevated lapse experience versus our future policy benefit reserve assumptions. The remeasurement gain recognized in each period was not a significant portion of the total benefits and claims recognized in each period. Refer to Note 11 (Future Policy Benefits) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for further details.

*Amortization of DAC.* Amortization of DAC increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to continued growth in the in-force book of business.

*Insurance expenses.* Insurance expenses increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 due to higher costs resulting primarily from growth in the in-force business.

*Insurance commissions.* Insurance commissions decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily as a result of lower non-deferrable commissions.

### Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Net premiums.* Direct premiums increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 largely due to the layering effect of new policy sales that contributed to growth in the in-force book of business. This increase was partially offset by a slight increase in ceded premiums, which includes $16.6 million in higher non-level YRT reinsurance ceded premiums as business not subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions ages, and was reduced by $9.8 million in lower coinsurance ceded premiums due to the run-off of business subject to the IPO coinsurance transactions.

*Benefits and claims.* Benefits and claims increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss.* Future policy benefits remeasurement gain increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Amortization of DAC.* Amortization of DAC increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Insurance expenses.* Insurance expenses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Insurance commissions.* Insurance commissions decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison as well as a small change in the dollar value of commissions deferred that was made beginning in the second quarter of 2024.

***Investment and Savings Products Segment.*** Investment and Savings Products segment results were as follows:

*(Dollars in thousands)*

| Revenues: Commissions and fees: | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Sales-based revenues | $115,933 | $101,177 | $14,756 | 15% | $227,204 | $189,924 | $37,280 | 20% |
| Asset-based revenues | 154,735 | 132,765 | 21,970 | 17% | 306,749 | 261,297 | 45,452 | 17% |
| Account-based revenues | 24,394 | 23,740 | 654 | 3% | 48,588 | 46,919 | 1,669 | 4% |
| Other, net | 3,236 | 3,224 | 12 | \* | 6,568 | 6,482 | 86 | 1% |
| Total revenues | 298,298 | 260,906 | 37,392 | 14% | 589,109 | 504,622 | 84,487 | 17% |
| Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Amortization of DAC | 1,368 | 1,478 | (110) | (7)% | 2,705 | 2,679 | 26 | \* |
| Insurance commissions | 3,468 | 3,343 | 125 | 4% | 6,745 | 6,743 | 2 | \* |
| Sales commissions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Sales-based | 82,935 | 70,509 | 12,426 | 18% | 160,202 | 133,322 | 26,880 | 20% |
| Asset-based | 78,010 | 66,525 | 11,485 | 17% | 154,256 | 130,733 | 23,523 | 18% |
| Other operating expenses | 53,096 | 44,269 | 8,827 | 20% | 104,510 | 90,800 | 13,710 | 15% |
| Total expenses | 218,877 | 186,124 | 32,753 | 18% | 428,418 | 364,277 | 64,141 | 18% |
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | $79,421 | $74,782 | $4,639 | 6% | $160,691 | $140,345 | $20,346 | 14% |

37

### Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Commissions and fees.* Commissions and fees increased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 primarily driven by higher asset-based and sales-based revenues. Higher asset-based revenues were driven by an increase in average client assets in the 2025 period compared to the same period in 2024 as well as a higher mix of assets under management that earn higher asset-based commissions, namely managed investments and Canadian mutual funds sold under the principal distributor model. The increase in sales-based revenue was largely the result of continued growth in product sales for variable annuities.

*Sales commissions.* The increases in sales-based and asset-based commissions for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 were generally in line with the increases in sales-based revenues and asset-based revenues, respectively.

*Other operating expenses.* Other operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 increased compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 largely due to higher variable growth-related costs and continued investments in technology and infrastructure.

### Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Commissions and fees.* Commissions and fees increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Sales commissions.* Sales commissions increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Other operating expenses.* Other operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 increased compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

***Corporate and Other Distributed Products Segment.*** Corporate and Other Distributed Products segment results were as follows:

*(Dollars in thousands)*

| Revenues: | Three months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Direct premiums | $4,335 | $4,690 | $(355) | (8)% | $8,749 | $9,415 | $(666) | (7)% |
| Ceded premiums | (1,102) | (1,213) | (111) | (9)% | (2,290) | (2,419) | (129) | (5)% |
| Net premiums | 3,233 | 3,477 | (244) | (7)% | 6,459 | 6,996 | (537) | (8)% |
| Commissions and fees | 10,970 | 10,511 | 459 | 4% | 20,447 | 18,998 | 1,449 | 8% |
| Investment income net of investment expenses | 55,549 | 54,111 | 1,438 | 3% | 111,888 | 107,702 | 4,186 | 4% |
| Interest expense on surplus note | (14,621) | (15,659) | (1,038) | (7)% | (29,289) | (31,444) | (2,155) | (7)% |
| Net investment income | 40,928 | 38,452 | 2,476 | 6% | 82,599 | 76,258 | 6,341 | 8% |
| Realized investment gains (losses) | (2,338) | 565 | (2,903) | \* | (2,421) | 572 | (2,993) | \* |
| Other investment gains (losses) | (528) | (664) | 136 | \* | 312 | 634 | (322) | \* |
| Investment gains (losses) | (2,866) | (99) | (2,767) | \* | (2,109) | 1,206 | (3,315) | \* |
| Other, net | 937 | 50,764 | (49,827) | \* | 1,996 | 51,467 | (49,471) | \* |
| Total revenues | 53,202 | 103,105 | (49,903) | (48)% | 109,392 | 154,925 | (45,533) | (29)% |
| Benefits and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Benefits and claims | 3,769 | 3,762 | 7 | \* | 7,387 | 6,236 | 1,151 | 18% |
| Future policy benefits remeasurement (gain) loss | (152) | (49) | (103) | \* | (23) | 325 | (348) | \* |
| Amortization of DAC | 289 | 249 | 40 | 16% | 579 | 606 | (27) | (4)% |
| Insurance expenses | 1,146 | 1,209 | (63) | (5)% | 2,307 | 2,380 | (73) | (3)% |
| Insurance commissions | 45 | 271 | (226) | (83)% | 243 | 457 | (214) | (47)% |
| Sales commissions | 5,346 | 5,120 | 226 | 4% | 9,951 | 9,237 | 714 | 8% |
| Interest expense | 6,000 | 6,099 | (99) | (2)% | 12,005 | 12,870 | (865) | (7)% |
| Other operating expenses | 36,695 | 36,236 | 459 | 1% | 83,619 | 83,150 | 469 | \* |
| Total benefits and expenses | 53,138 | 52,897 | 241 | \* | 116,068 | 115,261 | 807 | \* |
| Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | $64 | $50,208 | $50,144 | \* | $(6,676) | $39,664 | $(46,340) | \* |

\* Less than 1% or not meaningful.

### Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Total revenues.* Total revenues decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 in part due to $2.0 million of investment losses in the 2025 period related to the tender of bonds from a certain issuer that allowed us to reinvest the proceeds at current market interest rates rather than accept replacement bonds from the issuer at less favorable terms. Also contributing to the decrease was a $50.0 million gain recognized in the prior year period within Other, net revenue related to payments received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy as discussed further in Note 4 (Segment Information) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The decrease was partially offset by higher net investment income. Net investment income increased primarily due to continued growth of the invested asset portfolio. Investment income net of investment expenses includes interest earned on our held-to-maturity asset, which is offset by interest expense on the surplus note (“Surplus Note”), thereby eliminating any impact on net investment income. Amounts recognized for each line item will remain offsetting and will fluctuate from period to period along with the principal amounts of the held-to-maturity asset and the Surplus Note based on the balance of reserves being contractually supported under a redundant reserve financing transaction used by Vidalia Re, Inc. (“Vidalia Re”). For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements in our 2024 Annual Report and Note 5 (Investments) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

*Total benefits and expenses.* Total benefits and expenses was generally consistent during the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024.

### Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

*Total revenues.* Total revenues decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to the same factors as described in the three month comparison.

*Total benefits and expenses.* Total benefits and expenses was generally consistent during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024.

### Financial Condition

***Investments.*** Our insurance business is primarily focused on selling term life insurance, which does not include an investment component for the policyholder. The invested asset portfolio funded by premiums from our term life insurance business does not involve the substantial asset accumulations and spread requirements that exist with other non-term life insurance products. As a result, the profitability of our term life insurance business is not as sensitive to the impact that interest rates have on our invested asset portfolio and investment income as the profitability of other companies that distribute non-term life insurance products.

We follow a conservative investment strategy designed to emphasize the preservation of our invested assets and provide adequate liquidity for the prompt payment of claims. To meet business needs and mitigate risks, our investment guidelines provide restrictions on our portfolio’s composition, including limits on asset type, per issuer limits, credit quality limits, portfolio duration, limits on the amount of investments in approved countries and permissible security types. We also manage and monitor our allocation of investments to limit the accumulation of any disproportionate concentrations of risk among industry sectors or issuer countries outside of the U.S. and Canada. In addition, as of June 30, 2025, we did not hold any country of issuer concentrations outside of the U.S. or Canada that represented more than 5% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio or any industry concentrations of corporate bonds that represented more than 10% of the fair value of our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio.

We invest a portion of our portfolio in assets denominated in Canadian dollars to support our Canadian operations. Additionally, to ensure adequate liquidity for payment of claims, we take into account the maturity and duration of our invested asset portfolio and our general liability profile.

We also hold within our invested asset portfolio a credit enhanced note (“LLC Note”) issued by a limited liability company owned by a third-party service provider which is classified as a held-to-maturity security. The LLC Note, which is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030, was obtained in exchange for the Surplus Note of equal principal amount issued by Vidalia Re, a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. For more information on the LLC Note, see Note 5 (Investments) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

We have an investment committee composed of members of our senior management team that is responsible for establishing and maintaining our investment guidelines and supervising our investment activity. Our investment committee regularly monitors our overall investment results and our compliance with our investment objectives and guidelines. We use a third-party investment advisor to assist us in the management of our investing activities. Our investment advisor reports to our investment committee.

Our invested asset portfolio is subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. Investment guideline restrictions have been established to minimize the effect of these risks but may not always be effective due to factors beyond our control. Interest rates and credit spreads are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. A significant increase in interest rates or credit spreads could result in significant unrealized losses in the value of our invested asset portfolio. We believe that fluctuations caused by movement in interest rates and credit spreads generally have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments as we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery and we have no present intention to dispose of them.

Details on asset mix (excluding our held-to-maturity security) were as follows:

| Average rating of our fixed-maturity portfolio Average duration of our fixed-maturity portfolio | June 30, 2025 A 5.3 years | December 31, 2024 A 5.1 years |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Average book yield of our fixed-maturity portfolio | 4.26% | 4.14% |

The distribution of fixed-maturity securities in our investment portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security) by rating, including those classified as trading securities, were as follows:

*(Dollars in thousands)*

|  | June 30, 2025 Amortized cost (1)% |  | December 31, 2024 Amortized cost (1)% |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| AAA | $629,645 | 19% | $615,348 | 20% |
| AA | 455,415 | 14% | 414,052 | 13% |
| A | 775,657 | 24% | 770,616 | 24% |
| BBB | 1,364,534 | 42% | 1,315,973 | 42% |
| Below investment grade | 29,192 | \* | 36,548 | 1% |
| Not rated | 3,227 | \* | 2,957 | \* |
| Total | $3,257,670 | 100% | $3,155,494 | 100% |

(1) Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities (excluding short-term investments) at amortized cost.

\* Less than 1%.

The ten largest holdings within our fixed-maturity securities invested asset portfolio (excluding our held-to-maturity security and short-term investments) were as follows:

*(Dollars in thousands)*

| Issuer | June 30, 2025 Fair value | Amortized cost (1) | Unrealized gain (loss) | Credit rating |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| Government of Canada | $16,645 | $17,080 | $(435) | AAA |
| Province of Ontario Canada | 15,835 | 15,972 | (137) | A+ |
| Province of Alberta Canada | 15,106 | 15,668 | (562) | AA- |
| ONEOK Inc. | 15,019 | 15,439 | (420) | BBB |
| Province of Quebec Canada | 14,308 | 14,482 | (174) | AA- |
| Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan | 13,708 | 14,319 | (611) | AA+ |
| Realty Income Corp | 13,555 | 13,991 | (436) | A- |
| Manulife Financial Corp | 13,095 | 13,476 | (381) | A |
| Province of New Brunswick Canada | 13,051 | 13,463 | (412) | A+ |
| Berkshire Hathaway Inc | 12,710 | 12,527 | 183 | AA |
| Total – ten largest holdings | $143,032 | $146,417 | $(3,385) |  |
| Total – fixed-maturity securities | $3,099,677 | $3,257,670 |  |  |
| Percent of total fixed-maturity securities | 5% | 4% |  |  |

(1) Includes trading securities at carrying value and available-for-sale securities at amortized cost.

For additional information on our invested asset portfolio, see Note 5 (Investments) to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

### Liquidity and Capital Resources

Dividends and other payments to the Parent Company from its subsidiaries are our principal sources of cash. The amount of dividends paid by the subsidiaries is dependent on their capital needs to fund future growth and applicable regulatory restrictions. The primary uses of funds by the Parent Company include the payments of stockholder dividends, interest on note payable, general operating expenses, and income taxes, as well as repurchases of shares of our common stock outstanding. As of June 30, 2025, the Parent Company had cash and invested assets of $371.0 million.

The Parent Company’s subsidiaries generate operating cash flows primarily from term life insurance premiums (net of premiums ceded to reinsurers), income from invested assets, commissions and fees collected from the distribution of investment and savings products, as well as other financial products. The subsidiaries’ principal operating cash outflows include the payment of insurance claims and benefits (net of ceded claims recovered from reinsurers), commissions to the independent sales force, insurance and other operating expenses, interest expense for future policy benefit reserves financing transactions, and income taxes.

The distribution and underwriting of term life insurance requires up-front cash outlays at the time the policy is issued as we pay a substantial majority of the sales commission during the first year following the sale of a policy and incur costs for underwriting activities at the inception of a policy’s term. During the early years of a policy’s term, we generally receive level term premiums in excess of claims paid. We invest the excess cash generated during earlier policy years in fixed-maturity and equity securities held in support of future policy benefit reserves. In later policy years, cash received from the maturity or sale of invested assets is used to pay claims in excess of level term premiums received.

Historically, cash flows generated by our businesses, primarily from our existing block of term life insurance policies and our investment and savings products, have provided us with sufficient liquidity to meet our operating requirements. We anticipate that cash flows from our businesses will continue to provide sufficient operating liquidity over the next 12 months.

If necessary, we could seek to enhance our liquidity position or capital structure through sales of our available-for-sale investment portfolio, changes in the timing or amount of share repurchases, borrowings against our Revolving Credit Facility, or some combination of these sources. Additionally, we believe that cash flows from our businesses and potential sources of funding will sufficiently support our long-term liquidity needs.

***Cash Flows.*** The components of the changes in cash and cash equivalents were as follows:

*(In thousands)*

|  | Six months ended June 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change $ |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $360,042 | $384,182 | $(24,140) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (100,471) | (56,509) | (43,962) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (328,745) | (311,533) | (17,212) |
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash | 2,551 | (1,996) | 4,547 |
| Change in cash and cash equivalents | $(66,623) | $14,144 | $(80,767) |

Operating Activities. Cash flows provided by operating activities decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to timing differences for the settlement of financial instruments recorded as cash equivalents and maturities of trading securities in the 2024 period, partially offset by higher cash inflows from Term Life Insurance segment net premiums and Investment and Savings Products segment income in the 2025 period.

Investing Activities. Cash flows used in investing activities increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to the impact of the $50.0 million received under a Representation and Warranty insurance policy in the 2024 period, partially offset by fluctuations in the timing of maturities and reinvestments of debt securities held in our available-for-sale investment portfolio.

Financing Activities. Cash flows used in financing activities increased during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to higher per share stockholder dividend payments.

***Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”).*** The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has established RBC standards for U.S. life insurers, as well as a risk-based capital model act (the “RBC Model Act”) that has been adopted by the insurance regulatory authorities. The RBC Model Act requires that life insurers annually submit a report to state regulators regarding their RBC based upon four categories of risk: asset risk; insurance risk; interest rate risk and business risk. The capital requirement for each is determined by applying factors that vary based upon the degree of risk to various asset, premiums and policy benefit reserve items. The formula is an early warning tool to identify possible weakly capitalized companies for purposes of initiating further regulatory action. As of June 30, 2025, our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries maintained statutory capital and surplus substantially in excess of the applicable regulatory requirements and remain well positioned to support existing operations and fund future growth.

In Canada, an insurer’s minimum capital requirement is overseen by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) and determined as the sum of the capital requirements for six categories of risk: asset default risk; mortality/morbidity/lapse/expense risks; changes in interest rate environment risk; operational risk; segregated funds risk; and foreign exchange risk. As of June 30, 2025, Primerica Life Canada was in compliance with Canada’s minimum capital requirements as defined by OSFI.

***Redundant Reserve Financing.*** The Model Regulation entitled Valuation of Life Insurance Policies, commonly known as Regulation XXX, requires insurers to carry statutory policy benefit reserves for term life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees which are often significantly in excess of the future policy benefit reserves that insurers deem necessary to satisfy claim obligations (“redundant policy benefit reserves”). Accordingly, many insurance companies have sought ways to reduce their capital needs by financing redundant policy benefit reserves through bank financing, reinsurance arrangements and other financing transactions.

We have established Vidalia Re as a special purpose financial captive insurance company and wholly owned subsidiary of Primerica Life. Primerica Life has ceded certain term life insurance policies issued in 2011 through 2017 to Vidalia Re as part of a Regulation XXX redundant reserve financing transaction (the “Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction”). This redundant reserve financing transaction allows us to more efficiently manage and deploy our capital.

The NAIC has adopted a model regulation for determining reserves using a principle-based approach (“principle-based reserves” or “PBR”), which is designed to reflect each insurer’s own experience in calculating reserves and move away from a single prescriptive reserving formula. Primerica Life adopted PBR as of January 1, 2018 and NBLIC adopted the New York amended version of PBR effective January 1, 2021. PBR significantly reduced the redundant statutory policy benefit reserve requirements while still ensuring adequate liabilities are held. The regulation only applies for business issued after the effective dates. See Note 5 (Investments), Note 12 (Debt) and Note 18 (Commitments and Contingent Liabilities) to our consolidated financial statements in our 2024 Annual Report for more information on the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction.

***Note Payable.*** The Company has $600.0 million of publicly-traded Senior Notes outstanding issued at a price of 99.55% with an annual interest rate of 2.80%, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 19 and November 19. The Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 19, 2031. We were in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Notes as of June 30, 2025. No events of default occurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

***Rating Agencies.*** There have been no changes to Primerica, Inc.’s Senior Notes ratings or Primerica Life’s financial strength ratings since December 31, 2024.

***Surplus Note.*** Vidalia Re issued a Surplus Note in exchange for the LLC Note as a part of the Vidalia Re Redundant Reserve Financing Transaction. The Surplus Note has a principal amount equal to the LLC Note and is scheduled to mature on December 31, 2030. For more information on the Surplus Note, see Note 12 (Debt) to our consolidated financial statements in our 2024 Annual Report.

***Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements.*** We have no transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements to which an entity unconsolidated with the Company is a party, under which the Company maintains any off-balance sheet obligations or guarantees as of June 30, 2025.

***Credit Facility Agreement.*** We maintain an unsecured $200.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with a syndicate of commercial banks that has a scheduled termination date of June 22, 2026. Amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a periodic rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) rate loan or the base rate, plus in either case an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Facility contains language that allows for the Company and the lenders to agree on a comparable or successor reference rate in the event SOFR is no longer available. The Revolving Credit Facility also permits the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable margins are based on our debt rating with such margins for SOFR rate loans and letters of credit ranging from 1.000% to 1.625% per annum and for base rate loans ranging from 0.000% to 0.625% per annum. Under the Revolving Credit Facility, we incur a commitment fee that is payable quarterly in arrears and is determined by our debt rating. This commitment fee ranges from 0.100% to 0.225% per annum of the aggregate $200.0 million commitment of the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of June 30, 2025, no amounts were outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and we were in compliance with its covenants. Furthermore, no events of default occurred under the Revolving Credit Facility during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025.

***Contractual Obligations Update.*** There have been no material changes in contractual obligations from those disclosed in the 2024 Annual Report.

### CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this report as well as some statements in periodic press releases and some oral statements made by our officials during our presentations are “forward-looking” statements. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may project, indicate or imply future results, events, performance or achievements, and may contain the words “expect”, “intend”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “believe”, “will be”, “will continue”, “will likely result”, and similar expressions, or future conditional verbs such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “would”, and “could”. In addition, any statement concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible actions taken by us or our subsidiaries are also forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve external risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” included herein.

Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are inherently subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the control of our management team. All forward-looking statements in this report and subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or to persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, among others:

### Risks Related to Our Distribution Structure

- Our failure to continue to attract new recruits, retain independent sales representatives or license or maintain the licensing of independent sales representatives would materially adversely affect our business.
- A number of laws and regulations could apply to our independent contractor distribution model, which could require us to modify our distribution structure.
- There may be adverse tax, legal or financial consequences if the classification of the independent contractor sales representatives is changed.
- The Company’s or the independent sales representatives’ violation of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations and related claims and proceedings could expose us to material liabilities.

### Risks Related to Our Insurance Business and Reinsurance

- Our life insurance business may face significant losses or volatility if our actual experience differs from our expectations regarding mortality, persistency, disability or reinsurance.
- Our life insurance business is highly regulated, and statutory and regulatory changes may materially adversely affect our business.
- A decline in the regulatory capital ratios of our insurance subsidiaries could result in increased scrutiny by insurance regulators and ratings agencies and have a material adverse effect on our business.
- A significant ratings downgrade by a ratings organization could materially adversely affect our business.
- The failure by any of our reinsurers or reserve financing counterparties to perform its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

### Risks Related to Our Investment and Savings Products Business

- Our Investment and Savings Products segment is heavily dependent on a limited platform of mutual fund and annuity products offered by a relatively small number of companies and managers. If these products fail to remain competitive with other investment options, our business could be materially adversely affected.
- If our relationship with one or more of the manufacturers of the funds and annuities we distribute or investment managers we make available is significantly altered or terminated or there is a shift in the business mix, our business could be materially adversely affected.
- The Company’s, or the independent sales representatives’ violations of, or non-compliance with, laws and regulations of the securities business could expose us to material liabilities.
- If heightened standards of conduct are imposed on us or the independent sales representatives by federal, state or provincial authorities, or selling compensation is reduced as a result of new legislation or regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.
- If our suitability policies and procedures, or our policies and procedures for compliance with federal, state or provincial regulations governing standards of care, were deemed inadequate, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.
- Non-compliance with applicable regulations could lead to revocation of our subsidiary’s status as a non-bank custodian, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

### Risks Related to Our Mortgage Brokerage Business

- Licensing requirements will impact the size of the mortgage loan sales force, which could adversely affect our mortgage brokerage business.
- Our mortgage brokerage business is highly regulated and subject to various laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada. Changes in, non-compliance with, or violations of, such laws and regulations could affect the cost or our ability to distribute our products and could adversely affect our business.
- In the U.S., we broker mortgage loans based on contractual agreements with a very limited number of mortgage lenders. A significant change to or disruption in the mortgage lenders’ mortgage businesses or an inability of the mortgage lenders to satisfy their contractual obligations to us could adversely affect our business.
- Our U.S. mortgage brokerage business is impacted by U.S. mortgage interest rates. Changes in prevailing mortgage interest rates or U.S. monetary policies that affect mortgage interest rates could adversely affect our business.

### Risks Related to Economic Downcycles, Public Health Crises or Catastrophes, and Disasters

- The effects of economic downcycles, issues affecting the national, regional and/or global economy or geopolitical event(s), or any combination thereof, could impact the cost of living for our middle-income clients and could materially adversely affect our business.
- Major public health pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or other catastrophic events, have impacted and could again materially adversely impact our business.
- In the event of a disaster, our business continuity plan may not be sufficient, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

### Risks Related to Information Technology and Cybersecurity

- If one of our, or a third-party partner’s, significant information technology systems fails, if its security is compromised, or if the Internet becomes disabled or unavailable, our business may be materially adversely affected.
- Any failure to protect the confidentiality of client information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business.
- The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to privacy and cybersecurity could adversely affect our business.

### Financial Risks Affecting Our Business

- Credit deterioration in, and the effects of interest rate fluctuations on, our invested asset portfolio and other assets that are subject to changes in credit quality and interest rates could materially adversely affect our business.
- Valuation of our investments and the determination of expected credit losses when the fair value of our available-for-sale invested assets is below amortized cost are both based on estimates that may prove to be incorrect, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
- Changes in accounting standards can be difficult to predict and could adversely impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.
- The inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or other payments to us in sufficient amounts would impede our ability to meet our obligations and return capital to our stockholders.

### Risks Related to Legislative and Regulatory Changes and Government Policy Uncertainty

- We are subject to various federal, state and provincial laws and regulations in the U.S. and Canada, as well as executive branch actions, orders and policies, judicial rulings and decisions by public officials, any of which may require us to alter our business practices and could materially adversely affect our business.
- The current legislative and regulatory climate with regard to financial services could adversely affect our business.
- The current regulatory climate with regard to climate change may adversely affect our business.

### General Risk Factors

- Litigation and regulatory investigations and actions may result in financial losses and harm our reputation.
- A significant change in the competitive environment in which we operate could negatively affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share and profitability.
- Our continued success requires a high-performing and stable team of employees across all levels, and the loss of key employees could negatively affect our financial condition and impair our ability to implement our business strategy.
- We regularly undertake business initiatives to enhance our technology, products, and services. The efficiency and success of these initiatives may vary significantly and may cause unanticipated costs, errors, or disruptions which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
- We may not be able to effectively execute our corporate strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
- We may be materially adversely affected by currency fluctuations in the United States dollar versus the Canadian dollar.
- The market price of our common stock may fluctuate.

Developments in any of these areas could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or projected or cause a significant reduction in the market price of our common stock.

The foregoing list of risks and uncertainties may not contain all of the risks and uncertainties that could affect us. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this report may not in fact occur. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed on these statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

## Market risk

As filed, 283 characters.

There have been no material changes in our exposures to market risk since December 31, 2024. For details on the Company’s interest rate, foreign currency exchange, and credit risks, see “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Information About Market Risks” in our 2024 Annual Report.

## Controls and procedures

As filed, 1,058 characters.

### Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

### Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

## Risk factors

As filed, 1,458 characters.

The following replaces the heading in our 2024 Annual Report that states “Risks Related to Legislative and Regulatory Changes” and that first risk factor contained under that heading. All other risk factors contained in our 2024 Annual Report are incorporated herein by reference.

### Risks Related to Legislative and Regulatory Changes and Government Policy Uncertainty

*We are subject to various federal, state and provincial laws and regulations in the United States and Canada, as well as executive branch actions, orders and policies, judicial rulings and decisions by public officials, any of which may require us to alter our business practices and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.*

Our business is subject to many laws, regulations and government policies that could relate to, among other things, consumer protection, fair credit reporting, financial privacy, consumer fraud, anti-money laundering, worker classification standards, worker eligibility, corporate taxation, artificial intelligence or algorithmic underwriting, and transactions with certain countries. These laws and regulations often are subject to the political climate.

Changes in any of these laws, regulations or government policies may require additional compliance procedures or other business adjustments, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Filed Aug 7, 2025.
Source: SEC EDGAR, the filing index for accession 0000950170-25-104779. Last ingested by Listed: Nov 4, 2026, 17:50 ET. No prices; not investment advice.