# Wave Life Sciences, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

- Company: [Wave Life Sciences, Inc.](/companies/wve.md) (CIK 1631574)
- Form: 10-Q
- Filed: 2025-11-10
- Accepted by EDGAR: Nov 10, 2025, 07:46 ET
- Period: 2025-09-30
- Accession: 0001193125-25-273288
- Inline XBRL: yes
- Main document: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1631574/000119312525273288/wve-20250930.htm
- All documents and exhibits: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1631574/000119312525273288/

## Figures reported in this filing

Standardized XBRL line items for the period ended 2025-09-30.

| Line item | Period | Value | XBRL concept |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| Research and development | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | $45.9m | us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense |
| Research and development | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | $130.0m | us-gaap:ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense |
| Operating income | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$56.4m | us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss |
| Operating income | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$158.9m | us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss |
| Income tax | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | $0 | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Income tax | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | $0 | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Net income | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$53.9m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Net income | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$151.2m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Diluted EPS | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$0.32 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Diluted EPS | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$0.92 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Basic EPS | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$0.32 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Basic EPS | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$0.92 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 3 months, 2025-07-01 to 2025-09-30 | 167,739,208 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | 164,773,525 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Operating cash flow | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | −$153.7m | us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities |
| Capital expenditure | 9 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-30 | $719.0k | us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment |
| Cash and equivalents | at 2025-09-30 | $196.2m | us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue |
| Current assets | at 2025-09-30 | $215.5m | us-gaap:AssetsCurrent |
| Total assets | at 2025-09-30 | $241.4m | us-gaap:Assets |
| Current liabilities | at 2025-09-30 | $85.9m | us-gaap:LiabilitiesCurrent |
| Total liabilities | at 2025-09-30 | $109.0m | us-gaap:Liabilities |
| Shareholders' equity | at 2025-09-30 | $124.5m | us-gaap:StockholdersEquity |

## Management's discussion and analysis

As filed, 58,408 characters.

*The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 4, 2025, as amended (the “2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K”). Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the “Risk Factor” section of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements.*

### Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on unlocking the broad potential of ribonucleic acid (“RNA”) medicines (also known as oligonucleotides), or those targeting RNA, to transform human health. Our RNA medicines platform, PRISM®, combines multiple modalities, chemistry innovation and deep insights into human genetics to deliver scientific breakthroughs that treat both rare and common disorders. Our toolkit of RNA-targeting modalities includes RNA editing, splicing, silencing using RNA interference (“RNAi") and antisense, providing us with unique capabilities for designing and sustainably delivering candidates that optimally address disease biology. Our diversified pipeline includes clinical programs in obesity, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (“AATD”), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (“DMD”), and Huntington’s disease (“HD”), as well as several preclinical programs utilizing our versatile RNA medicines platform.

We were founded on the recognition that there was a significant, untapped opportunity to use chemistry innovation to tune the pharmacological properties of oligonucleotides. We have more than a decade of experience challenging convention related to oligonucleotide design and pioneering novel chemistry modifications to optimize the pharmacological properties of our molecules. We have seen in clinical trials that these chemistry modifications enhance potency, distribution, and durability of effect of our molecules. Our novel chemistry also allows us to avoid using complex delivery vehicles, such as lipid nanoparticles and viruses, and instead use clinically proven conjugates (*e.g., N*-acetylgalactosamine or (“GalNAc”)) or free uptake for delivery to a variety of cell and tissue types. We maintain strong and broad intellectual property, including for our novel chemistry modifications.

Our best-in-class chemistry capabilities have also unlocked new areas of biology, such as harnessing adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (“ADAR”) enzymes for messenger RNA (“mRNA”) correction and upregulation, selectively silencing a mutant allele, and more. By opening up new areas of biology, we have also opened up new opportunities to slow, stop, or reverse disease and have expanded the possibilities offered through our platform.

The inspiration for our multimodal platform is based on the recognition that the biological machinery *(i.e.,* enzymes) needed to address human disease already exists within our cells and can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes with the right tools. We believe that we have built the most versatile toolkit of RNA-targeting modalities in the industry, with multiple means of repairing, restoring, or reducing proteins and designing best-fit solutions based on the unique biology of a given disease target. We are actively advancing programs using four distinct modalities, including novel A-to-I RNA editing oligonucleotides (“AIMers”).

We intentionally focus on targeting the transcriptome using oligonucleotides rather than other nucleic acid modalities such as gene therapy and DNA editing. This focus enables us to:

- Leverage diversity of expression across cell types by modulating the many regulatory pathways that impact gene expression, including transcription, endogenous RNA interference (“RNAi”) pathways, splicing, and translation;
- Address diseases that have historically been difficult to treat with small molecules or biologics;
- Access a variety of tissue types or cell types throughout the body and modulate the frequency of dosing for broad distribution in tissues over time;
- Avoid the risk of permanent off-target genetic changes and other challenges associated with DNA editing or gene therapy approaches; and
- Leverage well-established industry manufacturing processes and regulatory, access, and reimbursement pathways.

We have a robust and diverse pipeline of potential first- or best-in-class programs addressing both rare and common diseases:

- GalNAc-conjugated oligonucleotides for hepatic and metabolic diseases including:
- Obesity: WVE-007 is a GalNAc-conjugated siRNA targeting inhibin βE (“INHBE”);
- AATD: WVE-006 is a GalNAc-conjugated SERPINA1 AIMer;
- Liver disease: WVE-008 is a GalNAc-conjugated AIMer targeting PNPLA3 I148M; and
- Unconjugated oligonucleotides for muscle, CNS and other disease areas including:
- DMD: WVE-N531 is an exon 53 splicing oligonucleotide;
- HD: WVE-003 is an allele-selective oligonucleotide designed to lower mutant huntingtin (“mHTT”) protein and preserve healthy, wild-type huntingtin (“wtHTT”) protein; and
- Emerging siRNA and RNA editing programs targeting both hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues.

We are also building a pipeline of novel AIMers. Our RNA editing capability affords us the dexterity to address both rare diseases, as well as those diseases impacting large patient populations. AIMers are designed to target single bases on an RNA transcript and recruit proteins that exist in the body, called ADAR enzymes, which naturally possess the ability to change an adenine (A) to an inosine (I), which cells read as guanine (G). This approach enables both the correction of G-to-A point mutations and the modulation of RNA to either upregulate protein expression, modify protein-protein interactions, or alter RNA folding and processing. AIMers enable simplified delivery and avoid the risk of permanent changes to the genome and irreversible off-target effects with DNA-targeting approaches. AIMers are short in length, fully chemically modified, and use our novel chemistry, which make them distinct from other ADAR-mediated editing approaches.

### Our Current Programs

Additional details regarding our lead therapeutic programs are set forth below.

#### Obesity

WVE-007 is a GalNAc-siRNA, that utilizes Stereopure interfering Nucleic Acid (“SpiNA”), our next generation siRNA format. WVE-007 is designed to silence INHBE mRNA to induce fat loss by stimulating lipolysis (fat breakdown) while preserving muscle mass to promote and maintain a healthy metabolic profile. There are approximately 175 million people in the United States and Europe, and over one billion people globally, living with obesity, and therapeutic options beyond GLP-1 receptor agonists are needed. GLP-1 receptor agonists lead to weight loss at the expense of muscle, suppress the general reward system, and are associated with a poor tolerability profile and high discontinuation rates. Heterozygous INHBE loss-of-function (“LoF”) human carriers exhibit a healthy metabolic profile, including reduced waist-to-hip ratio and reduced odds of developing type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease, and reduction of INHBE by 50% or more is expected to promote a healthy metabolic profile.

In preclinical diet-induced obesity (“DIO”) mouse models, a single dose of our INHBE GalNAc-siRNA has demonstrated highly potent and durable INHBE silencing (and \>70% Activin E reductions), supporting once or twice a year subcutaneous dosing in humans, and weight loss driven by visceral fat loss while preserving muscle mass, consistent with the profile of INHBE LoF carriers based on human genetics. In DIO mice studies, we observed a weight loss effect from a single dose of our INHBE GalNAc-siRNA that was similar to daily subcutaneous injections of semaglutide for 28 days. We also observed a decrease in high fat diet-induced expansion of visceral adipose mass. This reduction of visceral fat mass was associated with significant shrinkage of adipocyte enlargement induced by a high fat diet compared with phosphate-buffered saline (“PBS”) treatment. Collectively, these results support the promotion of healthy adipose tissue with this mechanism of action, while muscle mass was preserved. In addition, treatment with our INHBE GalNAc-siRNA prior to cessation of semaglutide treatment prevented rebound weight gain. When administered as an add-on to semaglutide, a single dose of our INHBE GalNAc-siRNA doubled the weight loss observed with semaglutide alone, and this effect was sustained throughout the duration of the preclinical study.

In preclinical studies, we have also observed that infiltration of macrophages into visceral adipose was significantly decreased by a single dose of INHBE GalNAc-siRNA compared with PBS controls. INHBE GalNAc-siRNA also significantly reduced proinflammatory M1 macrophage (CD11c positive) while sustaining levels of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in visceral fat, indicating an overall shift away from a pro-inflammatory state. Further, we have shared RNA sequencing data from subcutaneous adipose tissue which support that INHBE GalNAc-siRNA leads to the upregulation of genes supporting better insulin sensitivity, fatty acid utilization and beiging of white adipose, while downregulating adipose inflammation and fibrosis pathways. We have also shared RNA sequencing data from visceral adipose tissue which support INHBE GalNAc-siRNA increased glucose and fatty acid utilization, reduced inflammation and fibrosis in adipose tissue.

In February 2025, we announced that we had initiated INLIGHT, our first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial of WVE-007 (3:1 active:placebo) in obesity. INLIGHT is enrolling adults living with overweight or obesity to assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (“PK”), and Activin E levels for target engagement. In addition, the trial has exploratory endpoints of body weight, body composition, and biomarkers of metabolic health. Key inclusion criteria include A1c of less than 5.9 and BMI between 28 and 35.

In May 2025, we announced that we completed dosing in the first and second single dose cohorts of INLIGHT. In the second quarter of 2025, we expanded Cohort 2 of INLIGHT, which is evaluating single 240 mg doses of WVE-007, from eight to 32 individuals. This expansion was triggered by favorable safety and tolerability, as well as robust Activin E reduction observed in Cohort 1 (75 mg; n=8), the lowest single dose cohort. The 240 mg dose level is predicted to be therapeutically active based on our preclinical DIO mice data, where a single dose of INHBE GalNAc-siRNA led to potent and durable reductions of both INHBE mRNA and Activin E protein and drove weight loss. In July 2025, we announced that dosing is complete in the expanded Cohort 2 (240 mg) and that dosing was underway in Cohort 3 (400 mg) of INLIGHT.

In October 2025 at our annual analyst and investor Research Day, we announced that highly significant, dose-dependent Activin E reductions were observed in Cohorts 1, 2, and 3 of our INLIGHT clinical trial. At day 29 (one month post-single dose), mean Activin E reductions from baseline were all highly significant (p\<0.0001 for all doses) including: 85% reduction in Cohort 3, 75% reduction in Cohort 2, and 56% reduction in Cohort 1. The one-month reductions of Activin E observed in Cohort 2 and Cohort 3 exceed levels that led to fat loss and prevention of rebound weight gain following cessation of semaglutide in our preclinical models. In Cohort 1, Activin E reductions were durable throughout the six-month follow-up, supporting WVE-007’s potential for once or twice a year dosing. We also reported that WVE-007 was generally safe and well tolerated to date.

INLIGHT is currently ongoing at multiple trial sites including in the US, following clearance of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application. We have expanded Cohort 2, Cohort 3, and Cohort 4 to 32 individuals and the independent data monitoring committee approved escalation to a higher dose in Cohort 5. We expect to deliver multiple clinical data updates from INLIGHT, including body composition and body weight. In the fourth quarter of 2025, we expect to deliver three-month follow-up data from Cohort 2 (240 mg), as well as data from Cohort 1 (75 mg). In the first quarter of 2026, we expect to deliver six-month follow-up data from Cohort 2 and three-month follow-up data from Cohort 3 (400 mg). In the second quarter of 2026, we expect to deliver six-month follow-up data from Cohort 3 and three-month follow-up data from Cohort 4 (600 mg).

#### Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (“AATD”)

Our AATD program uses our novel GalNAc-conjugated AIMers (RNA editing oligonucleotides) and endogenous ADAR enzymes to correct a single base in the mutant SERPINA1 mRNA. By correcting the single RNA base mutation that causes a majority of AATD cases with the Pi\*ZZ genotype (approximately 200,000 in the United States and Europe), RNA editing may provide an ideal approach for increasing circulating levels of wild-type AAT protein and reducing mutant protein aggregation in the liver, thus simultaneously addressing both the lung and liver manifestations of the disease.

WVE-006 is first-in-class in AATD and is the most advanced program currently in clinical development using an oligonucleotide to harness an endogenous enzyme for RNA editing. Preclinical data show that treatment with WVE-006 resulted in serum AAT protein levels of up to 30 µM (7-fold increase) in an established AATD mouse model (NSG-PiZ). WVE-006 also led to restoration of approximately 50% wild-type M-AAT protein in serum and a 3-fold increase in neutrophil elastase inhibition activity, indicating that the restored M-AAT protein was functional. Our AATD AIMers are highly specific to SERPINA1 RNA *in vitro* and *in vivo* based on transcriptome-wide analyses.

Our RestorAATion clinical program investigating WVE-006 as a treatment for AATD is comprised of two parts: RestorAATion-1, a study of healthy volunteers, and RestorAATion-2, a study in individuals with AATD who have the homozygous Pi\*ZZ mutation. RestorAATion-1 enrolled 29 individuals on active drug, with participants receiving up to three, 600 mg doses of WVE-006 every other week in the highest dose cohort. WVE-006 was generally safe and well tolerated, with the related treatment emergent adverse event being mild in intensity. RestorAATion-2 is a Phase 1b/2a open label study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of WVE-006 in patients with AATD. The trial includes both single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose portions.

In October 2024, we announced positive proof-of-mechanism data from the ongoing Phase 1b/2a RestorAATion-2 study: following a single subcutaneous dose of 200 mg of WVE-006 in the study’s first two participants, circulating wild-type M-AAT protein in plasma reached a mean of 6.9 µM at day 15, representing more than 60% of total AAT. Increases in neutrophil elastase inhibition from baseline were consistent with production of functional M-AAT. Mean total AAT protein increased from below the level of quantification at baseline to 10.8 µM at day 15, achieving the level that has historically been the basis for regulatory approval for AAT augmentation therapies. Increases in total AAT from baseline and M-AAT protein were observed as early as day 3 and through day 57. WVE-006 was generally safe and well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile. All adverse events in RestorAATion-2 were mild to moderate, with no serious adverse events (“SAEs”) reported. These data were the first-ever clinical demonstration of RNA editing in humans.

In September 2025, we announced positive data from the 200 mg single and multidose, and 400 mg single dose cohorts of the ongoing RestorAATion-2 study. Key highlights included:

- Following a single 200 mg dose of WVE-006, a total AAT level of 20.6 µM, including a M-AAT level of 10.3 µM, was observed in one individual during an acute phase response due to a kidney stone. These data demonstrate that treatment with WVE-006 enables endogenous regulation and dynamic increased secretion of AAT protein during an acute phase response as indicated by a concurrent C-reactive protein elevation.
- In the 200 mg multidose cohort, we observed 11.9 µM of total AAT and M-AAT of 7.2 µM, which was significantly increased from levels achieved during the single dose portion of the cohort. M-AAT levels reached 64.4% of total AAT, and mutant Z-AAT protein declined from baseline by 60.3%.
- In the 400 mg single dose cohort, we observed total AAT of 12.8 µM and M-AAT of 5.3 µM.
- WVE-006 was generally safe and well tolerated with a favorable safety profile. All adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity, and there were no SAEs.

Dosing is ongoing in the 400 mg multidose cohort with a monthly dosing regimen. Dosing is ongoing in the 600 mg single dose cohort. We expect to deliver data from the 400 mg multidose cohort in the first quarter of 2026. We expect to deliver single and multidose data from the third and final cohort (600 mg) in 2026.

GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 3) (“GSK”) has an exclusive global license for WVE-006, with clinical development and commercial responsibilities transitioning to GSK after we complete the RestorAATion trial. Under the terms of the collaboration, we are eligible to receive up to $525 million in development, launch, and commercial milestone payments, as well as double-digit tiered royalties up to the high teens, as a percentage of net sales for WVE-006. We have achieved multiple milestones for WVE-006 to date in our collaboration with GSK.

#### Duchenne muscular dystrophy (“DMD”)

In DMD, we are advancing WVE-N531, which is designed to skip exon 53 within the dystrophin gene – a therapeutic approach that would address approximately 8-10% of DMD cases. WVE-N531 is designed to cause the cellular splicing machinery to skip over exon 53 during pre-mRNA processing, which restores the dystrophin mRNA reading frame and enables production of a truncated, but functional, dystrophin protein. Exon skipping produces dystrophin from the endogenous dystrophin gene (not micro or mini dystrophin expressed from a foreign vector), under the control of native gene-regulatory elements, resulting in physiological control over its expression. WVE-N531 is our first splicing candidate incorporating PN backbone (“PN”) chemistry to be assessed in the clinic. In the third quarter of 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) granted Rare Pediatric Disease Designation and Orphan Drug Designation to WVE-N531.

In December 2022, we announced a positive update from Part A of the Phase 1b/2a proof-of-concept, open label trial of WVE-N531 in three boys with DMD amenable to exon 53 skipping. High muscle concentrations of WVE-N531 and exon skipping were observed six weeks after initiating multi-dosing at 10 mg/kg every other week, achieving proof-of-concept in the trial. WVE-N531 also appeared generally safe and well-tolerated.

In September 2023, we shared an analysis of muscle biopsy data from the Part A proof-of-concept trial indicating that WVE-N531 was present in myogenic stem cells, which are integral to muscle regeneration. This is the first demonstration of uptake in myogenic stem cells in a clinical study and supports the potential differentiation of WVE-N531 from other therapeutics, including gene therapies.

In September 2024, we announced positive interim data from our Phase 2 FORWARD-53 open-label study (“Part B”) of eleven boys amenable to exon 53 skipping (age 5-11; 10 ambulatory and 1 non-ambulatory). The interim analysis was conducted after 24 weeks of 10 mg/kg of WVE-N531 dosed every two weeks. WVE-N531 appeared generally safe and well-tolerated. We observed mean muscle content-adjusted dystrophin expression of 9.0% and unadjusted dystrophin of 5.5%, with high consistency across participants, in a prespecified analysis of ambulatory participants.

Dystrophin expression was quantified from two isoforms consistent with those observed in Becker muscular dystrophy patients who display milder disease. In addition, we observed meaningful improvements in serum biomarkers for muscle health, with localization of WVE-N531 in myogenic stem cells and in myofibers. Mean skeletal muscle concentrations of ~41,000 ng/g and a 61-day tissue half-life support monthly dosing going forward.

In March 2025, we announced positive data from the FORWARD-53 trial of WVE-N531, including biopsy data from eight boys with available biopsies at 24 and 48 weeks, as well as safety and functional outcome assessments for all participants. The results were analyzed after 48 weeks of 10 mg/kg of WVE-N531 dosed every two weeks and key highlights included:

- Statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement of 3.8 seconds in Time-to-Rise vs. natural history with largest effect observed relative to any approved dystrophin restoration therapy at 48 weeks; additional functional benefits observed in other outcome measures including NSAA.
- First-ever demonstration of substantial improvements in muscle health with exon skipping – statistically significant reduction in fibrosis driven by decreases in inflammation and necrosis, coupled with transition from regenerative to mature muscle; decreases in creatine kinase and circulating inflammatory biomarkers.
- Dystrophin expression stabilized between 24 and 48 weeks and averaged 7.8%, with 88% of boys above 5% average dystrophin.
- WVE-N531 remains generally safe and well-tolerated with no SAEs observed.

Also in March 2025, we announced that we met with the FDA on WVE-N531 to discuss our interim 24-week data and initial plans for the confirmatory trial, where the FDA confirmed that the accelerated approval pathway using dystrophin expression as a surrogate endpoint remains open. All participants in FORWARD-53 elected to advance to the extension portion of the clinical trial, which is currently ongoing with boys receiving monthly doses of WVE-N531. To augment monthly data and ensure a monthly regimen at a potential launch, we are also expanding FORWARD-53 to include additional boys who will be dosed monthly. We plan to file a New Drug Application in 2026 to support accelerated approval of WVE-N531 with monthly dosing. We also expect to submit clinical trial applications for other exon skipping programs.

#### Huntington’s disease (“HD”)

In HD, we are currently advancing WVE-003, a stereopure allele-selective oligonucleotide designed to selectively target rs362273, a variant of the single nucleotide polymorphism (“SNP”), “mHTT SNP3”, associated with the disease-causing mHTT mRNA transcript within the Huntingtin (“HTT”) gene. Approximately 40% of the HD population carries SNP3 according to published literature (Carroll et al., Molecular Therapy, 2011), and up to 80% of HD may be addressed in the future with other SNP-targeted candidates. There are currently no disease modifying therapies for HD, which affects over 200,000 individuals across all disease stages in the United States and Europe alone.

WVE-003 incorporates our proprietary PN chemistry. Targeting mRNA with SNP3 allows us to lower expression of transcript from the mutant allele, while leaving the healthy transcript relatively intact, thereby preserving wild-type (healthy) huntingtin (“wtHTT”) protein, which is important for neuronal function. Only an allele-selective approach to mHTT lowering has the potential to both protect the reservoir of wtHTT protein and decrease the mHTT to wtHTT ratio in neurons, potentially releasing wtHTT from the inhibitory actions of mHTT. Our allele-selective approach may also enable us to address HD patient populations in early stages of disease prior to onset of clinical symptoms. In preclinical studies, WVE-003 showed dose-dependent and selective reduction of mHTT mRNA *in vitro*, as well as potent and durable knockdown of mHTT mRNA and protein *in vivo* in mouse models.

In the third quarter of 2023, we achieved a milestone in our collaboration with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, which pertained to the positive results from a non-clinical study of WVE-003 in non-human primates and resulted in a payment of $7.0 million to us. This study showed significant tissue exposure levels of WVE-003 in the deep brain regions, including striatum and bolstered our existing datasets that confirm the ability of our oligonucleotides to distribute to the areas of the CNS important for HD.

The SELECT-HD trial was a global, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1b/2a clinical trial to assess the safety and tolerability of WVE-003 in people with a confirmed diagnosis of HD who are in the early stages of the disease and carry SNP3 in association with their cytosine-adenine-guanine expansion. Additional objectives included assessing pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamics and clinical endpoints.

In June 2024, we announced positive clinical data from the Phase 1b/2a SELECT-HD study of WVE-003. Results from the multi-dose portion of the trial, which evaluated three doses of 30mg WVE-003 administered every eight weeks, showed clear translation of target engagement to clinic with statistically significant, potent, durable and allele-selective reductions in cerebrospinal fluid mHTT of up to 46% and preservation of healthy protein. This cohort also revealed a statistically significant correlation between mHTT reductions and slowing of caudate atrophy, indicating a potential benefit of allele-selective mHTT reductions. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging changes such as caudate atrophy are well-characterized measures of disease progression and neurodegeneration in HD. WVE-003 was generally safe and well-tolerated, with mild-to-moderate adverse events and no SAEs. In November 2024, five months after a patient completed their final safety visit, an SAE was reported that we assessed to be not-related to WVE-003.

Following our positive clinical results, we have engaged with the FDA and received supportive feedback. FDA recognizes the severity of HD and is receptive to and engaged with us regarding a potential pathway to accelerated approval. FDA is open to our plan to evaluate biomarkers, including caudate atrophy, as an endpoint to assess HD progression with the potential to predict clinical outcome. In November 2024, FDA granted Orphan Drug Designation to WVE-003.

Preparation is ongoing for a global, potentially registrational Phase 2/3 study of WVE-003 with caudate atrophy as a primary endpoint. We expect to submit an IND application for WVE-003 in the second half of 2025.

#### Discovery Pipeline

We are advancing new targets across multiple disease areas to expand our pipeline of wholly owned programs. Our compelling preclinical data demonstrate that our oligonucleotides can distribute to various tissues and cells without complex delivery vehicles, enabling us to address a wide variety of diseases. Within RNA editing, we have demonstrated clinically that we can address monogenic diseases by restoring healthy protein function for the treatment of AATD. Building on our work in AATD, we have shown our ability to correct single variants to restore wild-type protein function or to increase the stability of the mRNA transcript to upregulate protein levels. Building on our proprietary “edit-verse,” we are continuing to utilize a combination of human genetics and AI for drug discovery and development, and have identified several RNA editing and RNAi targets in indications that leverage easily accessible biomarkers, offer efficient paths to proof-of-concept in humans, and represent meaningful commercial opportunities. Within RNAi, we have shared preclinical data which support that our SpiNA designs enable RNAi-mediated silencing by further improving Ago2 loading and pharmacokinetics, leading to increased potency and durability compared to industry benchmarks. With our SpiNA designs, we have shared preclinical data demonstrating our ability to access extra-hepatic tissues including: adipose, heart, skeletal muscle, CNS, and kidney.

We have advanced WVE-008, a GalNAc-conjugated AIMer, as our clinical candidate for PNPLA3 I148M liver disease. There are an estimated nine million homozygous PNPLA3 I148M individuals with liver disease in the United States and Europe. These homozygous carriers have a significantly higher risk of liver-related death compared to heterozygous carriers. The PNPLA3 I148M variant is a well-established driver of steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis; however, there are no approved medicines that directly address this biology. Emerging preclinical and clinical data indicate that knocking down PNPLA3 is not an optimal approach as loss of PNPLA3 function inadequately addresses steatosis and fibrosis. To effectively address these manifestations of the disease, we use our novel RNA editing approach. In preclinical studies, we have demonstrated that our PNPLA3 GalNAc-AIMer restores functional PNPLA3 protein and decreases lipid accumulation. We expect to file a clinical trial application for WVE-008 in 2026.

In October 2025 at our annual analyst and investor Research Day, we shared that we have applied learnings from across our platform and chemistry optimization to investigate a new modality which is designed to combine RNA editing and silencing into a single bifunctional oligonucleotide construct. This construct is designed to silence one target while simultaneously editing or upregulating another distinct target. We confirmed the ability of this single bifunctional oligonucleotide construct to engage in silencing and editing *in vivo* using a GalNAc conjugated oligonucleotide that is designed to edit UGP2 and silence TTR. In a separate preclinical study, we also demonstrated that we were able to upregulate LDLR and silence PCSK9 using this construct.

Through our collaboration with GSK, we are also leveraging GSK’s novel genetic insights to expand our wholly owned pipeline. In addition, we and GSK are actively working on multiple target validation programs as GSK-partnered programs, for which all of our costs and expenses are prepaid by GSK. GSK has selected three programs, across multiple modalities and hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues, to advance to development candidates following achievement of target validation, which have resulted in additional payments to us under the collaboration.

### Financial Operations Overview

We have never been profitable, and since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $53.9 million and $61.8 million, respectively. Our net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $151.2 million and $126.3 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $1,273.1 million and $1,121.9 million, respectively. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future.

### Revenue

We recognize collaboration revenue under the GSK Collaboration Agreement (as defined in Note 5 in the notes to our unaudited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q), which became effective in January 2023. We have not generated any product revenue since our inception and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products for the foreseeable future.

### Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

### Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our discovery efforts, and the development of our product candidates, which include:

- compensation-related expenses, including employee salaries, bonuses, share-based compensation expense and other related benefits expenses for personnel in our research and development organization;
- expenses incurred under agreements with third parties, including contract research organizations (“CROs”) that conduct research, preclinical and clinical activities on our behalf, as well as contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) that manufacture drug product for use in our preclinical studies and clinical trials;
- expenses incurred related to our internal manufacturing of drug substance for use in our preclinical studies and clinical trials;
- expenses related to compliance with regulatory requirements;
- expenses related to third-party consultants;
- research and development supplies and services expenses; and
- facility-related expenses, including rent, maintenance and other general operating expenses.

We recognize research and development costs as incurred. We recognize external development costs based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our vendors. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in our financial statements as prepaid or accrued expenses.

Our primary research and development focus has been the development of our RNA medicines platform, PRISM. We are using PRISM, which includes our novel chemistry modifications, to design, develop and commercialize a broad pipeline of first- or best-in-class RNA medicines using our editing, RNAi, splicing, and antisense modalities.

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of expenses related to our CROs, CMOs, consultants, other external vendors and fees paid to global regulatory agencies to conduct our clinical trials, in addition to compensation-related expenses, internal manufacturing expenses, facility-related expenses and other general operating expenses. These expenses are incurred in connection with research and development efforts and our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We track certain external expenses on a program-by-program basis. However, we do not allocate compensation-related expenses, internal manufacturing expenses, equipment repairs and maintenance expense, facility-related expenses or other operating expenses to specific programs. These expenses, which are not allocated on a program-by-program basis, are included in the “Other research and development expenses(1), including RNA editing, PRISM, others” category along with other external expenses related to our discovery and development programs, as well as platform development and identification of potential drug discovery candidates.

Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect to continue to incur significant research and development expenses in the foreseeable future as we continue to manage our existing clinical trials, initiate additional clinical trials for certain product candidates, pursue later stages of clinical development for certain product candidates, maintain our manufacturing capabilities and continue to discover and develop additional product candidates in multiple therapeutic areas.

### General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation-related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, share-based compensation and other related benefits costs for personnel in our executive, finance, corporate, legal and administrative functions, as well as compensation-related expenses for our board of directors. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees; expenses associated with being a public company; professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax and consulting services; insurance costs; travel expenses; other operating costs; and facility-related expenses.

### Other Income, Net

Other income, net is comprised primarily of interest income on cash and cash equivalents and refundable tax credits from tax authorities. We recognize refundable tax credits when there is reasonable assurance that we will comply with the requirements of the refundable tax credit and that the refundable tax credit will be received.

### Income Taxes

We are a Singapore multi-national company subject to taxation in the United States and various other jurisdictions.

### Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of our financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and related disclosures. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of the financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. We believe that our revenue recognition policy, particularly (a) assessing the number of performance obligations; (b) determining the transaction price; (c) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (d) determining the pattern over which performance obligations are satisfied, including estimates to complete performance obligations, and the assumptions and estimates used in our analysis of contracts with CROs and CMOs to estimate the contract expense, involve a greater degree of judgment, and therefore we consider them to be our critical accounting policies. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

### Results of Operations

### Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

*(in thousands)*

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Revenue | $7,608 | $(7,676) | $15,284 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Research and development | 45,874 | 41,197 | 4,677 |
| General and administrative | 18,087 | 15,042 | 3,045 |
| Total operating expenses | 63,961 | 56,239 | 7,722 |
| Loss from operations | (56,353) | (63,915) | 7,562 |
| Total other income, net | 2,501 | 2,135 | 366 |
| Loss before income taxes | (53,852) | (61,780) | 7,928 |
| Income tax benefit (provision) | — | — | — |
| Net loss | $(53,852) | $(61,780) | $7,928 |

26

#### Revenue

Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $7.6 million and is comprised of revenue earned under the GSK Collaboration Agreement. Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $(7.7) million and is comprised of revenue under the GSK Collaboration Agreement and the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. The year-over-year change in revenue was primarily driven by an $8.0 million reduction to cumulative revenue recorded due to a change in the estimate to fulfill the GSK Collaboration Agreement performance obligations in accordance with the revenue recognition standard in three months ended September 30, 2024.

#### Research and Development Expenses

*(in thousands)*

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| AATD program | $967 | $2,672 | $(1,705) |
| INHBE program | 4,574 | 2,583 | 1,991 |
| DMD program | 4,973 | 3,379 | 1,594 |
| HD program | 487 | 3,761 | (3,274) |
| Other research and development expenses(1), including RNA editing, PRISM, others | 34,873 | 28,802 | 6,071 |
| Total research and development expenses | $45,874 | $41,197 | $4,677 |

(1) Includes expenses related to other research and development programs, identification of potential drug discovery candidates, compensation-related expenses, internal manufacturing expenses, equipment repairs and maintenance expense, facility-related expenses, and other operating expenses, which are not allocated to specific programs.

Research and development expenses were $45.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $41.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase of approximately $4.7 million was due to the following:

- a decrease of $1.7 million in external expenses related to our AATD program, WVE-006 (RNA editing);
- an increase of $2.0 million in external expenses related to our INHBE program, including WVE-007 (siRNA);
- an increase of $1.6 million in external expenses related to our DMD program, including WVE-N531 (splicing);
- a decrease of $3.3 million in external expenses related to our HD program, including WVE-003 (silencing); and
- an increase of approximately $6.1 million in other research and development expenses(1), including RNA editing, PRISM, and other internal and external research and development expenses that are not allocated on a program-by-program basis or are related to other discovery and development programs, and the identification of potential drug discovery candidates, mainly due to increases in compensation-related expenses and in other external research and development expenses.

#### General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $18.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to approximately $15.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase of approximately $3.1 million was primarily driven by increases in compensation related expenses and other external expenses.

#### Other Income, Net

Other income, net for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $2.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively, and consisted primarily of interest income on cash and cash equivalents.

#### Income Tax Benefit (Provision)

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we recorded no income tax benefit or provision. We maintained a full valuation allowance for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 in all jurisdictions due to uncertainty regarding future taxable income.

### Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

*(in thousands)*

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Revenue | $25,482 | $24,554 | $928 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Research and development | 129,965 | 115,037 | 14,928 |
| General and administrative | 54,433 | 42,887 | 11,546 |
| Total operating expenses | 184,398 | 157,924 | 26,474 |
| Loss from operations | (158,916) | (133,370) | (25,546) |
| Total other income, net | 7,717 | 7,109 | 608 |
| Loss before income taxes | (151,199) | (126,261) | (24,938) |
| Income tax benefit (provision) | — | — | — |
| Net loss | $(151,199) | $(126,261) | $(24,938) |

#### Revenue

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $25.5 million and is comprised of revenue earned under the GSK Collaboration Agreement. Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $24.6 million and is comprised of revenue earned under the GSK Collaboration Agreement and the Takeda Collaboration Agreement. The year-over-year change in revenue was primarily driven by an increase in revenue recognized under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, partially offset by a decrease in revenue recognized under the Takeda Collaboration Agreement.

#### Research and Development Expenses

*(in thousands)*

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| AATD program | $4,259 | $9,037 | $(4,778) |
| INHBE program | 10,628 | 4,964 | 5,664 |
| DMD program | 10,692 | 10,481 | 211 |
| HD program | 2,443 | 9,776 | (7,333) |
| Other research and development expenses(1), including RNA editing, PRISM, others | 101,943 | 80,779 | 21,164 |
| Total research and development expenses | $129,965 | $115,037 | $14,928 |

(1) Includes expenses related to other research and development programs, identification of potential drug discovery candidates, compensation-related expenses, internal manufacturing expenses, equipment repairs and maintenance expense, facility-related expenses, and other operating expenses, which are not allocated to specific programs.

Research and development expenses were $130.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $115.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase of approximately $14.9 million was due to the following:

- a decrease of $4.8 million in external expenses related to our AATD program, WVE-006 (RNA editing);
- an increase of $5.7 million in external expenses related to our INHBE program, including WVE-007 (siRNA);
- an increase of $0.2 million in external expenses related to our DMD program, including WVE-N531 (splicing);
- a decrease of $7.3 million in external expenses related to our HD program, including WVE-003 (silencing); and
- an increase of approximately $21.2 million in other research and development expenses(1), including RNA editing, PRISM, and other internal and external research and development expenses that are not allocated on a program-by-program basis or are related to other discovery and development programs, and the identification of potential drug discovery candidates, mainly due to increases in compensation-related expenses and in other external research and development expenses.

#### General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $54.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to approximately $42.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase of approximately $11.6 million was primarily driven by increases in compensation related expenses and other external expenses.

#### Other Income, Net

Other income, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $7.7 million and $7.1 million, respectively, and consisted primarily of interest income on cash and cash equivalents.

#### Income Tax Benefit (Provision)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we recorded no income tax benefit or provision. We maintained a full valuation allowance for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 in all jurisdictions due to uncertainty regarding future taxable income.

### Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have not generated any product revenue and have incurred recurring net operating losses. To date, we have primarily funded our operations through public and other registered offerings of our ordinary shares and other securities, collaborations with third parties and private placements of debt and equity securities. Through September 30, 2025, we have received an aggregate of approximately $1,623.9 million in net proceeds from these transactions, consisting of approximately $1,020.6 million in net proceeds from public and other registered offerings of our ordinary shares and other securities, $514.0 million from our collaborations and $89.3 million in net proceeds from private placements of our debt and equity securities.

As of September 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $196.2 million, restricted cash of $3.8 million and an accumulated deficit of $1,273.1 million. Subsequent to September 30, 2025, we received $52.1 million in net proceeds under our “at-the-market” equity program.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months. We have based this expectation on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. In addition, we may elect to raise additional funds before we need them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable due to market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we expect we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

Our operating lease commitments as of September 30, 2025 total approximately $21.9 million, of which approximately $2.4 million is related to payments in 2025 and approximately $19.5 million is related to payments beyond 2025.

On November 12, 2024, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR with the SEC for which we registered for sale an indeterminate amount of any combination of our ordinary shares, debt securities, warrants, rights and/or units from time to time and at prices and on terms that we may determine, which we refer to as the “2024 WKSI Shelf”. Our 2024 WKSI Shelf includes a prospectus covering up to an aggregate of $250.0 million in ordinary shares that we are able to issue and sell from time to time, through Jefferies LLC acting as our sales agent, pursuant to the Open Market Sale Agreement, dated May 10, 2019, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 2, 2020, Amendment No. 2, dated as of March 3, 2022, and Amendment No. 3, dated November 12, 2024, for our “at-the-market” equity program. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we received $42.6 million in net proceeds from sales of ordinary shares under our “at-the-market" equity program.

Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our inability to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. We will need to generate significant revenue to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.

### Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flow activity:

*(in thousands)*

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | 2024 |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Net cash used in operating activities | $(153,717) | $(107,378) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (719) | (852) |
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 48,540 | 218,909 |
| Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 72 | (35) |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $(105,824) | $110,644 |

29

#### Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, operating activities used $153.7 million of cash, due to our net loss of $151.2 million and by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $26.7 million, offset by non-cash charges of $24.2 million. The largest changes in operating assets and liabilities were the $13.9 million decrease in deferred revenue and the $8.6 million increase in accounts receivable.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, operating activities used $107.4 million of cash, due to our net loss of $126.3 million and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.5 million, offset by non-cash charges of $16.4 million.

#### Investing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, investing activities used $0.7 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of cash, related to purchases of property and equipment.

#### Financing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $48.5 million, which was primarily due to $42.6 million in net proceeds from sales under our “at-the-market” equity program and $5.1 million in proceeds from the exercise of share options.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $218.9 million, which was primarily due to the $188.0 million in net proceeds from our underwritten offering completed in September 2024 of ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants; as well as the $14.0 million in net proceeds from the January 2024 exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 3,000,000 shares in our underwritten offering completed in December 2023. Additionally, we received $15.3 million in net proceeds from sales under our “at-the-market” equity program.

### Funding Requirements

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses in connection with our ongoing research and development activities and our internal cGMP manufacturing activities. Furthermore, we anticipate that our expenses will continue to vary if and as we:

- continue to conduct our clinical trials evaluating our product candidates in patients;
- conduct research and preclinical development of discovery targets and advance additional programs into clinical development;
- file clinical trial applications with global regulatory agencies and conduct clinical trials for our programs;
- make strategic investments in continuing to innovate our research and development platform, PRISM, and in optimizing our manufacturing processes and formulations;
- maintain our manufacturing capabilities through our internal facility and our CMOs;
- maintain our intellectual property portfolio and consider the acquisition of complementary intellectual property;
- seek and obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates;
- respond to the impacts of the local and global health epidemics, geopolitical conflicts, global economic uncertainty, rising inflation, rising interest rates or market disruptions on our business; and
- establish and build capabilities to market, distribute and sell our product candidates.

We may experience delays or encounter issues with any of the above, including but not limited to failed studies, complex results, safety issues or other regulatory challenges.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of drug candidates and because the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development of product candidates is unknown, we are unable to estimate the amounts of future capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the research and development for our therapeutic programs. Our future capital requirements for our therapeutic programs will depend on many factors, including:

- the progress, results and costs of conducting research and continued preclinical and clinical development for our therapeutic programs and future potential pipeline candidates;
- the number and characteristics of product candidates and programs that we pursue;
- the cost of manufacturing clinical supplies of our product candidates;
- whether and to what extent milestone events are achieved under our collaboration with GSK or any potential future licensee or collaborator;
- the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;
- our ability to obtain marketing approval for our product candidates;
- the impacts of the local and global health epidemics, geopolitical conflicts, global economic uncertainty, rising inflation, rising interest rates or market disruptions on our business;
- the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;
- market acceptance of our product candidates, to the extent any are approved for commercial sale, and the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;
- the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims;
- the effect of competing technological and market developments; and
- the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products and technologies, including entering into licensing or collaboration arrangements for product candidates.

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our product revenue, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if ever. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funds to achieve our business objectives.

Adequate additional funds may not be available to us on acceptable terms when we need them, or at all. We do not currently have any committed external source of funds, except for possible future payments from GSK under our collaboration with them. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing shareholders will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our shareholders. Additional debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may require the issuance of warrants, which could potentially dilute our shareholders’ ownership interests.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs or any future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

## Market risk

As filed, 2,055 characters.

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates, as well as, to a lesser extent, inflation and capital market risk.

### Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk in the ordinary course of our business. Our cash and cash equivalents are comprised of funds held in checking accounts and money market accounts. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital for the purpose of funding operations and we do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

### Foreign Currency Risk

Due to our operations outside of the United States, we are exposed to market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Historically, we have not hedged our foreign currency exposure. Changes in the relative values of currencies occur regularly and, in some instances, could materially adversely affect our business, our financial conditions, our results of operations or our cash flows. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, changes in foreign currency exchange rates did not have a material impact on our historical financial position, our business, our financial condition, our results of operations or our cash flows.

### Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in the last two years. If global inflation trends continue, we expect appreciable increases in clinical trial, labor, and other operating costs.

### Capital Market Risk

We currently have no product revenues and depend on funds raised through other sources. One possible source of funding is through further equity offerings. Our ability to raise funds in this manner depends upon capital market forces affecting our share price, including impacts of global economic uncertainty on the capital markets.

## Controls and procedures

As filed, 2,113 characters.

### Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

### Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation of such internal control required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

## Risk factors

As filed, 233 characters.

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” that appear in Item 1A of our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Filed Nov 10, 2025.
Source: SEC EDGAR, the filing index for accession 0001193125-25-273288. Last ingested by Listed: Oct 27, 2026, 16:33 ET. No prices; not investment advice.