# Orchid Island Capital, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

- Company: [Orchid Island Capital, Inc.](/companies/orc.md) (CIK 1518621)
- Form: 10-Q
- Filed: 2025-04-25
- Accepted by EDGAR: Apr 25, 2025, 14:42 ET
- Period: 2025-03-31
- Accession: 0001437749-25-013109
- Inline XBRL: yes
- Main document: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1518621/000143774925013109/orc20250331_10q.htm
- All documents and exhibits: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1518621/000143774925013109/

## Figures reported in this filing

Standardized XBRL line items for the period ended 2025-03-31.

| Line item | Period | Value | XBRL concept |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| Net income | 3 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-03-31 | $17.1m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Basic EPS | 3 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-03-31 | $0.18 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Operating cash flow | 3 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-03-31 | $25.8m | us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities |
| Dividends paid | 3 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-03-31 | $32.7m | us-gaap:PaymentsOfDividendsCommonStock |
| Share repurchases | 3 months, 2025-01-01 to 2025-03-31 | $69.0k | us-gaap:PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock |
| Cash and equivalents | at 2025-03-31 | $396.4m | us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue |
| Total assets | at 2025-03-31 | $7.30bn | us-gaap:Assets |
| Total liabilities | at 2025-03-31 | $6.45bn | us-gaap:Liabilities |
| Shareholders' equity | at 2025-03-31 | $855.9m | us-gaap:StockholdersEquity |

## Management's discussion and analysis

As filed, 83,441 characters.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes to those statements included in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q. The discussion may contain certain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are those that are not historical in nature. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements.

### Overview

We are a specialty finance company that invests in residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) which are issued and guaranteed by a federally chartered corporation or agency (“Agency RMBS”). Our investment strategy focuses on, and our portfolio consists of, two categories of Agency RMBS: (i) traditional pass-through Agency RMBS, such as mortgage pass-through certificates issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac" and together with Fannie Mae, the "Enterprises") or the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae" and, together with the Enterprises the “GSEs”) and collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) issued by the GSEs (“PT RMBS”) and (ii) structured Agency RMBS, such as interest-only securities (“IOs”), inverse interest-only securities (“IIOs”) and principal only securities (“POs”), among other types of structured Agency RMBS. We were formed by Bimini Capital Management, Inc. ("Bimini") in August 2010, commenced operations on November 24, 2010 and completed our initial public offering (“IPO”) on February 20, 2013. We are externally managed by Bimini Advisors, LLC ("Bimini Advisors," or our "Manager"), an investment adviser registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Our business objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total returns over the long term through a combination of capital appreciation and the payment of regular monthly distributions. We intend to achieve this objective by investing in and strategically allocating capital between the two categories of Agency RMBS described above. We seek to generate income from (i) the net interest margin on our leveraged PT RMBS portfolio and the leveraged portion of our structured Agency RMBS portfolio, and (ii) the interest income we generate from the unleveraged portion of our structured Agency RMBS portfolio. We intend to fund our PT RMBS and certain of our structured Agency RMBS through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. PT RMBS and structured Agency RMBS typically exhibit materially different sensitivities to movements in interest rates. Declines in the value of one portfolio may be offset by appreciation in the other. The percentage of capital that we allocate to our two Agency RMBS asset categories will vary and will be actively managed in an effort to maintain the level of income generated by the combined portfolios, the stability of that income stream and the stability of the value of the combined portfolios. We believe that this strategy will enhance our liquidity, earnings, book value stability and asset selection opportunities in various interest rate environments.

We operate so as to qualify to be taxed as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent that we currently distribute all of our REIT taxable income (as defined in the Code) to our stockholders and maintain our REIT qualification.

The Company’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ORC”.

### Capital Raising Activities

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “March 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement”) with three sales agents pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $250,000,000 of shares of our common stock in transactions that were deemed to be “at the market” offerings and privately negotiated transactions. We issued a total of 24,675,497 shares under the March 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $228.8 million and net proceeds of approximately $225.0 million, after commissions and fees, prior to its termination in June 2024.

On June 11, 2024, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “June 2024 Equity Distribution Agreement”) with three sales agents pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $250,000,000 of shares of our common stock in transactions that were deemed to be “at the market” offerings and privately negotiated transactions. We issued a total of 30,513,253 shares under the June 2024 Equity Distribution Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $250.0 million and net proceeds of approximately $245.8 million, after commissions and fees, prior to its termination in February 2025.

On February 24, 2025, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “February 2025 Equity Distribution Agreement”) with four sales agents pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $350,000,000 of shares of our common stock in transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings and privately negotiated transactions. Through March 31, 2025, we issued a total of 14,470,882 shares under the February 2025 Equity Distribution Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $123.7 million, and net proceeds of approximately $121.7 million, after commissions and fees.

### Stock Repurchase Agreement

On July 29, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 400,000 shares of our common stock. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases is determined by the Company in its discretion and is subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The authorization does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and the program may be suspended or discontinued at the Company’s discretion without prior notice. On February 8, 2018, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the stock repurchase program for up to an additional 904,564 shares of the Company’s common stock. Coupled with the 156,751 shares remaining from the original 400,000 share authorization, the increased authorization brought the total authorization to 1,061,315 shares, representing 10% of the Company’s then outstanding share count.

On December 9, 2021, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available in the stock repurchase program for up to an additional 3,372,399 shares, bringing the remaining authorization under the stock repurchase program to 3,539,861 shares, representing approximately 10% of the Company’s then outstanding shares of common stock.

On October 12, 2022, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available in the stock repurchase program for up to an additional 4,300,000 shares, bringing the remaining authorization under the stock repurchase program to 6,183,601 shares, representing approximately 18% of the Company’s then outstanding shares of common stock. This stock repurchase program has no termination date.

From the inception of the stock repurchase program through March 31, 2025, the Company repurchased a total of 5,144,602 shares at an aggregate cost of approximately $77.5 million, including commissions and fees, for a weighted average price of $15.07 per share. The Company did not repurchase any shares during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the Company repurchased a total of 1,113,224 shares at an aggregate cost of approximately $7.3 million, including commissions and fees, for a weighted average price of $6.52 per share. The remaining authorization under the stock repurchase program as of April 25, 2025 was 2,719,137 shares.

### Factors that Affect our Results of Operations and Financial Condition

A variety of industry and economic factors may impact our results of operations and financial condition. These factors include:

- interest rate trends;
- changes in our cost of funds, including decreases in the Fed Funds rate that are controlled by the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") that occurred in 2024, or potential additional changes in the Fed Funds rate;
- the difference between Agency RMBS yields and our funding and hedging costs;
- competition for, and supply of, investments in Agency RMBS;
- actions taken by the U.S. government, including the presidential administration, the Fed, the Federal Housing Financing Agency (the “FHFA”), The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”), the Federal Open Market Committee (the “FOMC”) and the U.S. Treasury;
- prepayment rates on mortgages underlying our Agency RMBS and credit trends insofar as they affect prepayment rates; and
- other market developments, including bank failures.

In addition, a variety of factors relating to our business may also impact our results of operations and financial condition. These factors include:

- our degree of leverage;
- our access to funding and borrowing capacity;
- our borrowing costs;
- our hedging activities;
- the market value of our investments; and
- the requirements to maintain our qualification as a REIT and the requirements to qualify for a registration exemption under the Investment Company Act.

### Results of Operations

Described below are the Company’s results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the Company’s results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

### Net Income Summary

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $17.1 million, or $0.18 per share. Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $19.8 million, or $0.38 per share. The components of net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, along with the changes in those components are presented in the table below:

*(in thousands)*

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Interest income | $81,090 | $48,871 | $32,219 |
| Interest expense | (61,377) | (51,361) | (10,016) |
| Net interest income (expense) | 19,713 | (2,490) | 22,203 |
| Gains on RMBS and derivative contracts | 1,635 | 26,004 | (24,369) |
| Net portfolio income | 21,348 | 23,514 | (2,166) |
| Expenses | (4,226) | (3,738) | (488) |
| Net income | $17,122 | $19,776 | $(2,654) |

### GAAP and Non-GAAP Reconciliations

In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, our results of operations discussed below include certain non-GAAP financial information, including “Net Earnings Excluding Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses”, “Economic Interest Expense,” “Economic Net Interest Income,” “Interest Income – Inclusive of Premium Amortization/Discount Accretion” and “Yield on Average RMBS – Inclusive of Premium Amortization/Discount Accretion.”

#### Net Earnings Excluding Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses

We have elected to account for our Agency RMBS under the fair value option. Securities held under the fair value option are recorded at estimated fair value, with changes in the fair value recorded as unrealized gains or losses through the statements of comprehensive income.

In addition, we have not designated our derivative financial instruments used for hedging purposes as hedges for accounting purposes, but rather hold them for economic hedging purposes. Changes in fair value of these instruments are presented in a separate line item in the Company’s statements of comprehensive income and are not included in interest expense. As such, for financial reporting purposes, interest expense and cost of funds are not impacted by the fluctuation in value of the derivative instruments.

Presenting net earnings excluding realized and unrealized gains and losses allows management to: (i) isolate the net interest income and other expenses of the Company over time, free of all fair value adjustments and (ii) assess the effectiveness of our funding and hedging strategies on our capital allocation decisions and our asset allocation performance. Our funding and hedging strategies, capital allocation and asset selection are integral to our risk management strategy, and therefore critical to the management of our portfolio. We believe that the presentation of our net earnings excluding realized and unrealized gains is useful to investors because it provides a means of comparing our results of operations to those of our peers who have not elected the same accounting treatment. Our presentation of net earnings excluding realized and unrealized gains and losses may not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies, who may use different calculations. As a result, net earnings excluding realized and unrealized gains and losses should not be considered as a substitute for our GAAP net income (loss) as a measure of our financial performance or any measure of our liquidity under GAAP. The table below presents a reconciliation of our net income (loss) determined in accordance with GAAP and net earnings excluding realized and unrealized gains and losses.

Described below are the Company’s results of operations for each quarter in 2025 to date and 2024.

*Net Earnings Excluding Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses*

*(in thousands, except per share data)*

| Three Months Ended | Net Income (Loss) (GAAP) | Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses(1) | Net Income (Loss) Excluding Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses | Per Share Net Income (Loss) (GAAP) | Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses | Net Loss Excluding Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $17,122 | $1,635 | $15,487 | $0.18 | $0.02 | $0.16 |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,545 | 1,759 | 3,786 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| September 30, 2024 | 17,320 | 21,249 | (3,929) | 0.24 | 0.29 | (0.05) |
| June 30, 2024 | (4,979) | 98 | (5,077) | (0.09) | - | (0.09) |
| March 31, 2024 | 19,776 | 26,004 | (6,228) | 0.38 | 0.50 | (0.12) |

(1) Includes realized and unrealized gains (losses) on RMBS and derivative financial instruments, including net interest income or expense on interest rate swaps.

#### Economic Interest Expense and Economic Net Interest Income

We use derivative and other hedging instruments, specifically Fed Funds, SOFR and T-Note futures contracts, short positions in U.S. Treasury securities, dual digital options, interest rate floors and caps, and interest rate swaps and swaptions, to hedge a portion of the interest rate risk on repurchase agreements in a rising rate environment.

We have not elected to designate our derivative holdings for hedge accounting treatment. Changes in fair value of these instruments are presented in a separate line item in our statements of comprehensive income (loss) and not included in interest expense. As such, for financial reporting purposes, interest expense and cost of funds are not impacted by the fluctuation in value of the derivative instruments.

For the purpose of computing economic net interest income and ratios relating to cost of funds measures, GAAP interest expense has been adjusted to reflect the realized and unrealized gains or losses on certain derivative instruments the Company uses, specifically Fed Funds, SOFR and U.S. Treasury futures, dual digital options, interest rate floors and caps, and interest rate swaps and swaptions, that pertain to each period presented. We believe that adjusting our interest expense for the periods presented by the gains or losses on these derivative instruments would not accurately reflect our economic interest expense for these periods. The reason is that these derivative instruments may cover periods that extend into the future, not just the current period. Any realized or unrealized gains or losses on the instruments reflect the change in market value of the instrument caused by changes in underlying interest rates applicable to the term covered by the instrument, not just the current period. For each period presented, we have combined the effects of the derivative financial instruments in place for the respective period with the actual interest expense incurred on borrowings to reflect total economic interest expense for the applicable period. Interest expense, including the effect of derivative instruments for the period, is referred to as economic interest expense. Net interest income, when calculated to include the effect of derivative instruments for the period, is referred to as economic net interest income. This presentation includes gains or losses on all contracts in effect during the reporting period, covering the current period as well as periods in the future.

From time to time, we invest in TBAs, which are forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS at a predetermined price, face amount, issuer, coupon and stated maturity on an agreed-upon future date. The specific Agency RMBS to be delivered into the contract are not known until shortly before the settlement date. We may choose, prior to settlement, to move the settlement of these securities out to a later date by entering into a dollar roll transaction. The Agency RMBS purchased or sold for a forward settlement date are typically priced at a discount to equivalent securities settling in the current month. Consequently, forward purchases of Agency RMBS and dollar roll transactions represent a form of off-balance sheet financing. These TBAs are accounted for as derivatives and marked to market through the income statement. Gains or losses on TBAs are included with gains or losses on other derivative contracts and are not included in interest income for purposes of the discussions below.

We believe that economic interest expense and economic net interest income provide meaningful information to consider, in addition to the respective amounts prepared in accordance with GAAP. The non-GAAP measures help management to evaluate its financial position and performance without the effects of certain transactions and GAAP adjustments that are not necessarily indicative of our current investment portfolio or operations. The unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments presented in our statements of comprehensive income are not necessarily representative of the total interest rate expense that we will ultimately realize. This is because as interest rates move up or down in the future, the gains or losses we ultimately realize, and which will affect our total interest rate expense in future periods, may differ from the unrealized gains or losses recognized as of the reporting date.

Our presentation of the economic value of our hedging strategy has important limitations. First, other market participants may calculate economic interest expense and economic net interest income differently than the way we calculate them. Second, while we believe that the calculation of the economic value of our hedging strategy described above helps to present our financial position and performance, it may be of limited usefulness as an analytical tool. Therefore, the economic value of our investment strategy should not be viewed in isolation and is not a substitute for interest expense and net interest income computed in accordance with GAAP.

The tables below present a reconciliation of the adjustments to interest expense shown for each period relative to our derivative instruments, and the income statement line item, gains (losses) on derivative instruments, calculated in accordance with GAAP for each quarter of 2025 to date and 2024.

*Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments*

*(in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Recognized in Income Statement (GAAP) | TBA Securities Gain (Loss) Short Positions | Long Positions | Funding Hedges Attributed to Current Period (Non-GAAP) | Attributed to Future Periods (Non-GAAP) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $(74,659) | $3,026 | $100 | $20,912 | $(98,697) |
| December 31, 2024 | 160,412 | 9,937 | (683) | 27,782 | 123,376 |
| September 30, 2024 | (140,825) | (16,315) | 348 | 31,924 | (156,782) |
| June 30, 2024 | 26,068 | 3,042 | - | 29,459 | (6,433) |
| March 31, 2024 | 87,899 | 9,903 | 105 | 27,587 | 50,304 |

*Economic Interest Expense and Economic Net Interest Income*

*(in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | GAAP Interest Income | Interest Expense on Borrowings GAAP Interest Expense | Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments Attributed to Current Period(1) | Economic Interest Expense(2) | Net Interest Income GAAP Net Interest Income (Expense) | Economic Net Interest Income(3) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $81,090 | $61,377 | $20,912 | $40,465 | $19,713 | $40,625 |
| December 31, 2024 | 71,996 | 63,853 | 27,782 | 36,071 | 8,143 | 35,925 |
| September 30, 2024 | 67,646 | 67,306 | 31,924 | 35,382 | 340 | 32,264 |
| June 30, 2024 | 53,064 | 53,761 | 29,459 | 24,302 | (697) | 28,762 |
| March 31, 2024 | 48,871 | 51,361 | 27,587 | 23,774 | (2,490) | 25,097 |

(1) Reflects the effect of derivative instrument hedges for only the period presented.

(2) Calculated by adding the effect of derivative instrument hedges attributed to the period presented to GAAP interest expense.

(3) Calculated by adding the effect of derivative instrument hedges attributed to the period presented to GAAP net interest income.

### Net Interest Income (Expense)

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we earned net interest income of $19.7 million consisting of $81.1 million of interest income from RMBS assets offset by $61.4 million of interest expense on borrowings. For the comparable period ended March 31, 2024, we incurred $2.5 million of net interest expense, consisting of $48.9 million of interest income from RMBS assets offset by $51.4 million of interest expense on borrowings. The $32.2 million increase in interest income was due to a 38 basis point ("bps") increase in the yield on average RMBS, combined with a $2.1 billion increase in average RMBS. The $10.0 million increase in interest expense was due to a 125 bps decrease in the average cost of funds, combined with a $2.0 billion increase in average outstanding borrowings.

On an economic basis, our interest expense on borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $40.5 million and $23.8 million, respectively, resulting in $40.6 million and $25.1 million of economic net interest income, respectively.

The tables below provide information on our portfolio average balances, interest income, yield on assets, average borrowings, interest expense, cost of funds, net interest income (expense) and net interest spread for each quarter of 2025 to date and 2024 on both a GAAP and economic basis.

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Average RMBS Held(1) | Interest Income | Yield on Average RMBS | Average Borrowings(1) | Interest Expense GAAP Basis | Economic Basis(2) | Average Cost of Funds GAAP Basis | Economic Basis(3) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $5,995,702 | $81,090 | 5.41% | $5,722,092 | $61,377 | $40,465 | 4.29% | 2.83% |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,348,057 | 71,996 | 5.38% | 5,128,207 | 63,853 | 36,071 | 4.98% | 2.81% |
| September 30, 2024 | 4,984,279 | 67,646 | 5.43% | 4,788,287 | 67,306 | 35,382 | 5.62% | 2.96% |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,203,416 | 53,064 | 5.05% | 4,028,601 | 53,761 | 24,302 | 5.34% | 2.41% |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,887,545 | 48,871 | 5.03% | 3,708,573 | 51,361 | 23,774 | 5.54% | 2.56% |

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Net Interest Income (Expense) GAAP Basis | Economic Basis(2) | Net Interest Spread GAAP Basis | Economic Basis(4) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $19,713 | $40,625 | 1.12% | 2.58% |
| December 31, 2024 | 8,143 | 35,925 | 0.40% | 2.57% |
| September 30, 2024 | 340 | 32,264 | (0.19)% | 2.47% |
| June 30, 2024 | (697) | 28,762 | (0.29)% | 2.64% |
| March 31, 2024 | (2,490) | 25,097 | (0.51)% | 2.47% |

(1) Portfolio yields and costs of borrowings presented in the tables above and the tables on page 29 are calculated based on the average balances of the underlying investment portfolio/borrowings balances and are annualized for the periods presented. Average balances for quarterly periods are calculated using two data points, the beginning and ending balances.

(2) Economic interest expense and economic net interest expense presented in the table above and the tables on page 29 includes the effect of our derivative instrument hedges for only the periods presented.

(3) Represents interest cost of our borrowings and the effect of derivative instrument hedges attributed to the period divided by average RMBS.

(4) Economic net interest spread is calculated by subtracting average economic cost of funds from realized yield on average RMBS.

### Average Asset Yield

The table below presents the average portfolio size, income and yields of our respective sub-portfolios, consisting of structured RMBS and PT RMBS, for each quarter of 2025 to date and 2024.

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Average RMBS Held PT RMBS | Structured RMBS | Total | Interest Income PT RMBS | Structured RMBS | Total | Realized Yield on Average RMBS PT RMBS | Structured RMBS | Total |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $5,980,412 | $15,290 | $5,995,702 | $80,808 | $282 | $81,090 | 5.40% | 7.37% | 5.41% |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,332,441 | 15,616 | 5,348,057 | 71,703 | 293 | 71,996 | 5.38% | 7.51% | 5.38% |
| September 30, 2024 | 4,968,076 | 16,203 | 4,984,279 | 67,328 | 318 | 67,646 | 5.42% | 7.87% | 5.43% |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,186,794 | 16,622 | 4,203,416 | 52,705 | 359 | 53,064 | 5.04% | 8.64% | 5.05% |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,870,794 | 16,751 | 3,887,545 | 48,483 | 388 | 48,871 | 5.01% | 9.27% | 5.03% |

### Interest Expense and the Cost of Funds

We had average outstanding borrowings of $5.7 billion and $3.7 billion and total interest expense of $61.4 million and $51.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our average cost of funds was 4.29% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 5.54% for the comparable period in 2024. The $10.0 million increase in interest expense was due to the 125 bps decrease in the average cost of funds, combined with a $2.0 billion increase in average outstanding borrowings during the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the comparable period in 2024.

Our economic interest expense was $40.5 million and $23.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There was a 27 bps increase in the average economic cost of funds to 2.83% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from 2.56% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Since all of our repurchase agreements are short-term, changes in market rates directly affect our interest expense. Our average cost of funds calculated on a GAAP basis was 4 bps below the one-month average SOFR and 26 bps below the six-month average SOFR for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Our average economic cost of funds was 150 bps below the average one-month SOFR and 172 bps below the average six-month SOFR for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. The average term to maturity of the outstanding repurchase agreements was 40 days at March 31, 2025 and 26 days at December 31, 2024.

The tables below present the average balance of borrowings outstanding, interest expense and average cost of funds, and average one-month and six-month SOFR rates for each quarter in 2025 to date and 2024, on both a GAAP and economic basis.

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Average Balance of Borrowings | Interest Expense GAAP Basis | Economic Basis | Average Cost of Funds GAAP Basis | Economic Basis |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $5,722,092 | $61,377 | $40,465 | 4.29% | 2.83% |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,128,207 | 63,853 | 36,071 | 4.98% | 2.81% |
| September 30, 2024 | 4,788,287 | 67,306 | 35,382 | 5.62% | 2.96% |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,028,601 | 53,761 | 24,302 | 5.34% | 2.41% |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,708,573 | 51,361 | 23,774 | 5.54% | 2.56% |

| Three Months Ended | Average SOFR One-Month | Six-Month | Average GAAP Cost of Funds Relative to Average One-Month SOFR | Six-Month SOFR | Average Economic Cost of Funds Relative to Average One-Month SOFR | Six-Month SOFR |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | 4.33% | 4.55% | (0.04)% | (0.26)% | (1.50)% | (1.72)% |
| December 31, 2024 | 4.53% | 5.03% | 0.45% | (0.05)% | (1.72)% | (2.22)% |
| September 30, 2024 | 5.16% | 5.37% | 0.46% | 0.25% | (2.20)% | (2.41)% |
| June 30, 2024 | 5.34% | 5.39% | 0.00% | (0.05)% | (2.93)% | (2.98)% |
| March 31, 2024 | 5.32% | 5.39% | 0.22% | 0.15% | (2.76)% | (2.83)% |

29

### Gains or Losses

The table below presents our gains or losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

*(in thousands)*

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Realized losses on sales of RMBS | $(1,298) | $- | $(1,298) |
| Unrealized gains (losses) on RMBS and U.S. Treasury securities | 77,592 | (61,895) | 139,487 |
| Total gains (losses) on RMBS and U.S. Treasury securities | 76,294 | (61,895) | 138,189 |
| (Losses) gains on interest rate futures | (14,942) | 19,090 | (34,032) |
| (Losses) gains on interest rate swaps | (62,843) | 59,098 | (121,941) |
| Losses on payer swaptions (long positions) | - | (58) | 58 |
| Losses on dual digital option | - | (239) | 239 |
| Gains on TBA securities (short positions) | 3,026 | 9,903 | (6,877) |
| Gains on TBA securities (long positions) | 100 | 105 | (5) |
| Total (losses) gains from derivative instruments | $(74,659) | $87,899 | $(162,558) |

We invest in RMBS with the intent to earn net income from the realized yield on those assets over their related funding and hedging costs, and not for the purpose of making short term gains from sales. However, we have sold, and may continue to sell, existing assets to acquire new assets, which our management believes might have higher risk-adjusted returns in light of current or anticipated interest rates, federal government programs or general economic conditions or to manage our balance sheet as part of our asset/liability management strategy. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we received proceeds of $168.6 million from sales of RMBS, resulting in losses of approximately $1.3 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we received proceeds of $221.7 million from sales of RMBS. The 2024 sales consisted entirely of pools that were consolidated into a larger pool and simultaneously acquired by us. No gain or loss was recorded on this resecuritization.

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on RMBS are driven in part by changes in yields and interest rates, the spreads that Agency RMBS trade relative to comparable duration U.S. Treasuries or swaps, as well as varying levels of demand for RMBS, which affect the pricing of the securities in our portfolio. The unrealized gains and losses on RMBS may also include the premium lost as a result of prepayments on the underlying mortgages, decreasing unrealized gains or increasing unrealized losses as prepayment speeds or premiums increase. To the extent RMBS are carried at a discount to par, unrealized gains or losses on RMBS would also include discount accreted as a result of prepayments on the underlying mortgages, increasing unrealized gains or decreasing unrealized losses as speeds on discounts increase. Gains and losses on interest rate futures contracts are affected by changes in implied forward rates during the reporting period. The table below presents historical interest rate data for each quarter end during 2025 to date and 2024.

|  | 5 Year U.S. Treasury Rate(1) | 10 Year U.S. Treasury Rate(1) | 15 Year Fixed-Rate Mortgage Rate(2) | 30 Year Fixed-Rate Mortgage Rate(2) | 90 Day Average SOFR(3) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | 3.98% | 4.25% | 5.89% | 6.65% | 4.35% |
| December 31, 2024 | 4.38% | 4.57% | 6.00% | 6.85% | 4.69% |
| September 30, 2024 | 3.58% | 3.80% | 5.16% | 6.08% | 5.31% |
| June 30, 2024 | 4.33% | 4.34% | 6.16% | 6.86% | 5.35% |
| March 31, 2024 | 4.22% | 4.21% | 6.11% | 6.79% | 5.35% |

(1) Historical 5 and 10 Year U.S. Treasury Rates are obtained from quoted end of day prices on the Chicago Board Options Exchange.

(2) Historical 30 Year and 15 Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Rates are obtained from Freddie Mac’s Primary Mortgage Market Survey.

(3) Historical SOFR is obtained from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The SOFR averages are compounded averages of the SOFR over rolling 30 and 180 calendar day periods.

### Unrealized Gains and Losses on PT RMBS

For the purpose of recording income on the Company’s investments in PT RMBS, interest income is based on the stated interest rate of the security. Using the fair value accounting method, premiums or discounts to the face value of the PT RMBS present at the date of purchase are not amortized. Premium lost and discount accretion resulting from monthly principal repayments are reflected in unrealized gains (losses) on RMBS in the statements of comprehensive income. The following table adjusts the Company’s interest income as reported on the Company’s statements of comprehensive income for the periods indicated to show interest income adjusted for premium amortization and discount accretion on its mortgage-backed security investments. The purpose of presenting this non-GAAP measure of interest income is to provide management and investors with an alternative way of evaluating yield on RMBS that may be more comparable to some of the Company's peers who amortize premiums and discounts on their PT RMBS investments.

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Average RMBS Held | Interest Income | Yield on Average RMBS | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on PT RMBS As Reported(1) | (Premium Amortization)/ Discount Accretion(2) | Price Only Unrealized Gains (Losses) | Inclusive of Premium Amortization/ Discount Accretion Interest Income(3) | Yield on Average RMBS(3) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $5,995,702 | $81,090 | 5.41% | $77,445 | $2,608 | $74,837 | $83,698 | 5.58% |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,348,057 | 71,996 | 5.38% | (153,880) | (1,600) | (152,280) | 70,396 | 5.27% |
| September 30, 2024 | 4,984,279 | 67,646 | 5.43% | 161,919 | 5,048 | 156,871 | 72,694 | 5.83% |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,203,416 | 53,064 | 5.05% | (26,642) | 4,402 | (31,044) | 57,466 | 5.47% |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,887,545 | 48,871 | 5.03% | (62,111) | 3,037 | (65,148) | 51,908 | 5.34% |

(1) As reported in the Company’s statements of comprehensive income using the fair value accounting method.

(2) Premium amortization/discount accretion for each period is calculated using the beginning of period market value of all securities. Amounts presented are intended to approximate amortization/accretion using the yield method over the life of the security based on premium/discount present at purchase date.

(3) Interest Income – Inclusive of Premium Amortization/Discount Accretion and Yield on Average RMBS – Inclusive of Premium Amortization/Discount Accretion are non-GAAP measures. See “—GAAP and Non-GAAP Reconciliations,” for a description of our non-GAAP measures.

### Expenses

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company’s total operating expenses were approximately $4.2 million, compared to approximately $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The table below presents a breakdown of operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

*(in thousands)*

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | 2024 | Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Management fees | $2,747 | $2,161 | $586 |
| Allocated overhead | 608 | 598 | 10 |
| Incentive compensation | (207) | (89) | (118) |
| Directors fees and liability insurance | 338 | 329 | 9 |
| Audit, legal and other professional fees | 393 | 476 | (83) |
| Direct REIT operating expenses | 227 | 170 | 57 |
| Other administrative | 120 | 93 | 27 |
| Total expenses | $4,226 | $3,738 | $488 |

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued liabilities of $0.6 million for bonuses to be paid to the Manager's employees. During the first three months of 2025 and 2024 the Company awarded shares of Company common stock with a fair value of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Accrued incentive compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 includes a reversal of the over accrual of these liabilities.

We are externally managed and advised by Bimini Advisors, LLC (the “Manager”) pursuant to the terms of a management agreement. The management agreement has been renewed through February 20, 2026 and provides for automatic one-year extension options thereafter and is subject to certain termination rights. Under the terms of the management agreement, the Manager is responsible for administering the business activities and day-to-day operations of the Company. The Manager receives a monthly management fee in the amount of:

- One-twelfth of 1.5% of the first $250 million of the Company’s month end equity, as defined in the management agreement,
- One-twelfth of 1.25% of the Company’s month end equity that is greater than $250 million and less than or equal to $500 million, and
- One-twelfth of 1.00% of the Company’s month end equity that is greater than $500 million.

The Company is obligated to reimburse the Manager for any direct expenses incurred on its behalf and to pay the Manager the Company’s pro rata portion of certain overhead costs set forth in the management agreement.

On April 1, 2022, pursuant to the third amendment to the management agreement entered into on November 16, 2021, the Manager began providing certain repurchase agreement trading, clearing and administrative services to the Company that had been previously provided by AVM, L.P. under an agreement terminated on March 31, 2022. In consideration for such services, the Company pays the following fees to the Manager:

- A daily fee equal to the outstanding principal balance of repurchase agreement funding in place as of the end of such day multiplied by 1.5 basis points for the amount of aggregate outstanding principal balance less than or equal to $5 billion, and multiplied by 1.0 basis point for any amount of aggregate outstanding principal balance in excess of $5 billion, and
- A fee for the clearing and operational services provided by personnel of the Manager equal to $10,000 per month.

Should the Company terminate the management agreement without cause, it will pay the Manager a termination fee equal to three times the average annual management fee, as defined in the management agreement, before or on the last day of the term of the agreement.

The following table summarizes the management fee and overhead allocation expenses for each quarter in 2025 to date and 2024.

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Average Orchid MBS | Average Orchid Equity | Advisory Services Management Fee | Overhead Allocation | Total |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $5,995,702 | $902,590 | $2,747 | $608 | $3,355 |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,348,057 | 817,241 | 2,487 | 677 | 3,164 |
| September 30, 2024 | 4,984,279 | 780,010 | 2,449 | 637 | 3,086 |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,203,416 | 699,766 | 2,257 | 732 | 2,989 |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,887,545 | 672,057 | 2,161 | 598 | 2,759 |

### Financial Condition:

### Mortgage-Backed Securities

As of March 31, 2025, our RMBS portfolio consisted of $6.7 billion of Agency RMBS at fair value and had a weighted average coupon on assets of 5.30%. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we received principal repayments of $133.0 million, compared to $74.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The average three month prepayment speeds for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were 7.8% and 6.0%, respectively.

The following table presents the 3-month constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) experienced on our structured and PT RMBS sub-portfolios, on an annualized basis, for the quarterly periods presented. CPR is a method of expressing the prepayment rate for a mortgage pool that assumes that a constant fraction of the remaining principal is prepaid each month or year. Specifically, the CPR in the chart below represents the three month prepayment rate of the securities in the respective asset category.

| Three Months Ended | PT RMBS Portfolio (%) | Structured RMBS Portfolio (%) | Total Portfolio (%) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | 7.8 | 4.5 | 7.8 |
| December 31, 2024 | 10.6 | 7.0 | 10.5 |
| September 30, 2024 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 8.8 |
| June 30, 2024 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.6 |
| March 31, 2024 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.0 |

The following tables summarize certain characteristics of the Company’s PT RMBS and structured RMBS as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

*($ in thousands)*

| Asset Category March 31, 2025 | Fair Value | Percentage of Entire Portfolio | Weighted Average Coupon | Weighted Average Maturity in Months | Longest Maturity |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| Fixed Rate RMBS | $6,723,011 | 99.8% | 5.33% | 333 | 1-Apr-55 |
| Interest-Only Securities | 14,850 | 0.2% | 4.01% | 209 | 25-Jul-48 |
| Inverse Interest-Only Securities | 233 | 0.0% | 0.00% | 258 | 15-Jun-42 |
| Total Mortgage Assets | $6,738,094 | 100.0% | 5.30% | 332 | 1-Apr-55 |
| **December 31, 2024** |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed Rate RMBS | $5,237,812 | 99.7% | 5.03% | 330 | 1-Nov-54 |
| Interest-Only Securities | 15,308 | 0.3% | 4.01% | 212 | 25-Jul-48 |
| Inverse Interest-Only Securities | 190 | 0.0% | 0.00% | 261 | 15-Jun-42 |
| Total Mortgage Assets | $5,253,310 | 100.0% | 4.99% | 328 | 1-Nov-54 |

*($ in thousands)*

| Agency | March 31, 2025 Fair Value | Percentage of Entire Portfolio | December 31, 2024 Fair Value | Percentage of Entire Portfolio |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Fannie Mae | $4,142,552 | 61.5% | $3,693,032 | 70.3% |
| Freddie Mac | 2,595,542 | 38.5% | 1,560,278 | 29.7% |
| Total Portfolio | $6,738,094 | 100.0% | $5,253,310 | 100.0% |

|  | March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Weighted Average Pass-through Purchase Price | $102.27 | $102.45 |
| Weighted Average Structured Purchase Price | $18.74 | $18.74 |
| Weighted Average Pass-through Current Price | $99.32 | $96.44 |
| Weighted Average Structured Current Price | $14.40 | $14.38 |
| Effective Duration (1) | 3.560 | 4.200 |

(1) Effective duration is the approximate percentage change in price for a 100 bps change in rates. An effective duration of 3.560 indicates that an interest rate increase of 1.0% would be expected to cause a 3.560% decrease in the value of the RMBS in the Company’s investment portfolio at March 31, 2025. An effective duration of 4.200 indicates that an interest rate increase of 1.0% would be expected to cause a 4.200% decrease in the value of the RMBS in the Company’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2024. These figures include the structured securities in the portfolio, but do not include the effect of the Company’s funding cost hedges. Effective duration quotes for individual investments are obtained from The Yield Book, Inc.

The following table presents a summary of portfolio assets acquired during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, including securities purchased during the period that settled after the end of the period, if any.

*($ in thousands)*

|  | 2025 Total Cost | Average Price | Weighted Average Yield | 2024 Total Cost | Average Price | Weighted Average Yield |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Pass-through RMBS | $1,710,118 | $102.40 | 5.50% | $345,032 | $101.28 | 5.79% |

### Borrowings

As of March 31, 2025, we had established borrowing facilities in the repurchase agreement market with a number of commercial banks and other financial institutions and had borrowings in place with 24 of these counterparties. None of these lenders are affiliated with the Company. These borrowings are secured by the Company’s RMBS and cash, and bear interest at prevailing market rates. We believe our established repurchase agreement borrowing facilities provide borrowing capacity in excess of our needs.

As of March 31, 2025, we had obligations outstanding under the repurchase agreements of approximately $6.4 billion with a net weighted average borrowing cost of 4.46%. The remaining maturity of our outstanding repurchase agreement obligations ranged from 11 to 168 days, with a weighted average remaining maturity of 40 days. Securing the repurchase agreement obligations as of March 31, 2025 are RMBS with an estimated fair value, including accrued interest, of approximately $6.7 billion, and cash pledged to counterparties of approximately $2.8 million. Through April 25, 2025, we have been able to maintain our repurchase facilities with comparable terms to those that existed at March 31, 2025, with maturities through September 15, 2025.

The table below presents information about our period end, maximum and average balances of borrowings for each quarter in 2025 to date and 2024.

*($ in thousands)*

| Three Months Ended | Ending Balance of Borrowings | Maximum Balance of Borrowings | Average Balance of Borrowings | Difference Between Ending Borrowings and Average Borrowings Amount | Percent |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| March 31, 2025 | $6,418,641 | $6,453,905 | $5,722,092 | $696,549 | 12.17% |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,025,543 | 5,230,871 | 5,128,207 | (102,664) | (2.00)% |
| September 30, 2024 | 5,230,871 | 5,252,365 | 4,788,287 | 442,584 | 9.24% |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,345,704 | 4,354,704 | 4,028,601 | 317,103 | 7.87% |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,711,498 | 3,774,739 | 3,708,573 | 2,925 | 0.08% |

### Leverage

We use two primary measures of leverage. Economic leverage is calculated by dividing the sum of total liabilities and our net notional TBA position, by stockholders' equity. We include our net TBA position in our calculation of economic leverage because a forward contract to purchase or sell an Agency RMBS in the TBA market carries similar risks to an Agency RMBS purchased or sold in the cash market and funded with repurchase agreement liabilities. Adjusted leverage is calculated by dividing our repurchase agreements by stockholders' equity. Our economic leverage at March 31, 2025 was 7.8 to 1, compared to 7.3 to 1 as of December 31, 2024. Our adjusted leverage at March 31, 2025 was 7.5 to 1, compared to 7.5 to 1 as of December 31, 2024. The following table presents information related to our historical leverage.

*($ in thousands)*

|  | Ending Repurchase Agreements | Ending Total Liabilities | Ending Net TBA Positions | Ending Stockholders' Equity | Adjusted Leverage | Economic Leverage |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| March 31, 2025 | $6,418,641 | $6,448,404 | $200,000 | $855,879 | 7.5:1 | 7.8:1 |
| December 31, 2024 | 5,025,543 | 5,053,127 | (150,000) | 668,500 | 7.5:1 | 7.3:1 |
| September 30, 2024 | 5,230,871 | 5,260,468 | (300,000) | 656,023 | 8.0:1 | 7.6:1 |
| June 30, 2024 | 4,345,704 | 4,373,973 | (400,000) | 555,932 | 7.8:1 | 7.1:1 |
| March 31, 2024 | 3,711,498 | 3,733,030 | (370,700) | 481,632 | 7.7:1 | 7.0:1 |

34

### Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is our ability to turn non-cash assets into cash, purchase additional investments, repay principal and interest on borrowings, fund overhead, fulfill margin calls and pay dividends. We have both internal and external sources of liquidity. However, our material unused sources of liquidity include cash balances, unencumbered assets and our ability to sell encumbered assets to raise cash. Our balance sheet also generates liquidity on an on-going basis through payments of principal and interest we receive on our RMBS portfolio. Management believes that we currently have sufficient short-term and long-term liquidity and capital resources available for (a) the acquisition of additional investments consistent with the size and nature of our existing RMBS portfolio, (b) the repayments on borrowings and (c) the payment of dividends to the extent required for our continued qualification as a REIT. We may also generate liquidity from time to time by selling our equity or debt securities in public offerings or private placements.

#### Internal Sources of Liquidity

Our internal sources of liquidity include our cash balances, unencumbered assets and our ability to liquidate our encumbered security holdings. Our balance sheet also generates liquidity on an on-going basis through payments of principal and interest we receive on our RMBS portfolio. Because our PT RMBS portfolio consists entirely of government and agency securities, we do not anticipate having difficulty converting our assets to cash should our liquidity needs ever exceed our immediately available sources of cash. Our structured RMBS portfolio also consists entirely of governmental agency securities, although they typically do not trade with comparable bid / ask spreads as PT RMBS. However, we anticipate that we would be able to liquidate such securities readily, even in distressed markets, although we would likely do so at prices below where such securities could be sold in a more stable market. To enhance our liquidity even further, we may pledge a portion of our structured RMBS as part of a repurchase agreement funding but retain the cash in lieu of acquiring additional assets. In this way we can, at a modest cost, retain higher levels of cash on hand and decrease the likelihood we will have to sell assets in a distressed market in order to raise cash.

Our strategy for hedging our funding costs typically involves taking short positions in interest rate futures, interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions or other instruments. When the market causes these short positions to decline in value we are required to meet margin calls with cash. This can reduce our liquidity position to the extent other securities in our portfolio move in price in such a way that we do not receive enough cash via margin calls to offset the derivative related margin calls. If this were to occur in sufficient magnitude, the loss of liquidity might force us to reduce the size of the levered portfolio, pledge additional structured securities to raise funds or risk operating the portfolio with less liquidity.

#### External Sources of Liquidity

Our primary external sources of liquidity are our ability to (i) borrow under master repurchase agreements, (ii) use the TBA security market and (iii) sell our equity or debt securities in public offerings or private placements. Our borrowing capacity will vary over time as the market value of our interest earning assets varies. Our master repurchase agreements have no stated expiration but can be terminated at any time at our option or at the option of the counterparty. However, once a definitive repurchase agreement under a master repurchase agreement has been entered into, it generally may not be terminated by either party. A negotiated termination can occur but may involve a fee to be paid by the party seeking to terminate the repurchase agreement transaction.

Under our repurchase agreement funding arrangements, we are required to post margin at the initiation of the borrowing. The margin posted represents the haircut, which is a percentage of the market value of the collateral pledged. To the extent the market value of the asset collateralizing the financing transaction declines, the market value of our posted margin will be insufficient and we will be required to post additional collateral. Conversely, if the market value of the asset pledged increases in value, we would be over collateralized and we would be entitled to have excess margin returned to us by the counterparty. Our lenders typically value our pledged securities daily to ensure the adequacy of our margin and make margin calls as needed, as do we. Typically, but not always, the parties agree to a minimum threshold amount for margin calls so as to avoid the need for nuisance margin calls on a daily basis. Our master repurchase agreements do not specify the haircut; rather haircuts are determined on an individual repo transaction basis. Throughout the three months ended March 31, 2025, haircuts on our pledged collateral remained stable and as of March 31, 2025, our weighted average haircut was approximately 4.3% of the value of our collateral.

TBAs represent a form of off-balance sheet financing and are accounted for as derivative instruments. (See Note 5 to our Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q for additional details on our TBAs). Under certain market conditions, it may be uneconomical for us to roll our TBAs into future months and we may need to take or make physical delivery of the underlying securities. If we were required to take physical delivery to settle a long TBA, we would have to fund our total purchase commitment with cash or other financing sources and our liquidity position could be negatively impacted.

Our TBAs are also subject to margin requirements governed by the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division ("MBSD") of the FICC and by our Master Securities Forward Transaction Agreements (“MSFTAs”), which may establish margin levels in excess of the MBSD. Such provisions require that we establish an initial margin based on the notional value of the TBA, which is subject to increase if the estimated fair value of our TBAs or the estimated fair value of our pledged collateral declines. The MBSD has the sole discretion to determine the value of our TBAs and of the pledged collateral securing such contracts. In the event of a margin call, we must generally provide additional collateral on the same business day.

Settlement of our TBA obligations by taking delivery of the underlying securities as well as satisfying margin requirements could negatively impact our liquidity position. However, since we do not use TBA dollar roll transactions as our primary source of financing, we believe that we will have adequate sources of liquidity to meet such obligations.

We invest a portion of our capital in structured Agency RMBS. We generally do not apply leverage to this portion of our portfolio. The leverage inherent in structured securities replaces the leverage obtained by acquiring PT securities and funding them in the repurchase market. This structured RMBS strategy has been a core element of the Company’s overall investment strategy since inception. However, we have and may continue to pledge a portion of our structured RMBS in order to raise our cash levels, but generally will not pledge these securities in order to acquire additional assets.

In future periods, we expect to continue to finance our activities in a manner that is consistent with our current operations through repurchase agreements. As of March 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $396.4 million. We generated cash flows of $200.9 million from principal and interest payments on our RMBS and had average repurchase agreements outstanding of $5.7 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

As described more fully below, we may also access liquidity by selling our equity or debt securities in public offerings or private placements.

#### Capital Expenditures

At March 31, 2025, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.

***Stockholders’ Equity***

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “March 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement”) with three sales agents pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $250,000,000 of shares of our common stock in transactions that were deemed to be “at the market” offerings and privately negotiated transactions. We issued a total of 24,675,497 shares under the March 2023 Equity Distribution Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $228.8 million and net proceeds of approximately $225.0 million, after commissions and fees, prior to its termination in June 2024.

On June 11, 2024, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “June 2024 Equity Distribution Agreement”) with three sales agents pursuant to which we could offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $250,000,000 of shares of the our common stock in transactions that were deemed to be “at the market” offerings and privately negotiated transactions. We issued a total of 30,513,253 shares under the June 2024 Equity Distribution Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $250.0 million and net proceeds of approximately $245.8 million, after commissions and fees, prior to its termination in February 2025.

On February 24, 2025, we entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “February 2025 Equity Distribution Agreement”) with four sales agents pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $350,000,000 of shares of our common stock in transactions that are deemed to be “at the market” offerings and privately negotiated transactions. Through March 31, 2025, we issued a total of 14,470,882 shares under the February 2025 Equity Distribution Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $123.7 million, and net proceeds of approximately $121.7 million, after commissions and fees.

### Outlook

#### Economic Summary

The first quarter of 2025 was essentially a continuation of the fourth quarter of 2024, at least for the first two months or so. Incoming economic data continued to reflect robust economic activity and a healthy labor market – casting additional doubt on the need for any easing of monetary policy on the part of the Fed. This was consistent with the slow reversal in the outlook for Fed monetary policy that began not long after their initial 50 basis point cut in September of 2024. The economic data was consistent with an economy that was clearly not slowing or a threat to enter a contraction soon. Further, inflation data was stubbornly still above the Fed’s 2% target range and increasing slightly, which was consistent with behavior exhibited during the first quarter of recent years. Public comments by Fed officials clearly indicated the Fed was willing to be patient and content to watch the evolution of incoming economic data going forward before making any further adjustments to policy.

During the years following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, fiscal and monetary policies were very pro-cyclical and led to elevated levels of inflation and fiscal deficits. The combined effects of the pro-growth policies led the equity markets higher. However, another major development that occurred – in this case predominantly in 2024 – was the emergence of a new technology related to artificial intelligence (“AI”). The potential impact of this technology on the economy was immense and led to even greater gains in the market prices generally and in particular of the stock prices of the companies involved, leading to record valuations. In early 2025 a competing technology emerged in China that appeared to deliver the same performance as domestic technologies but at a substantially lower cost. This led to considerable weakness in the U.S. domestic stock market and AI tech companies in particular – the leaders of the previous equity market record performance. In addition, incoming economic data began to soften later during the first quarter of 2025, and readings on consumer sentiment began to decline sharply.

In March of 2025, the Trump administration introduced the first of several tariffs. The administration indicated there was more to come in the near future, and market expectations for growth and inflation began to erode quickly. Sentiment was further depressed when some incoming economic data was consistent with stagflation – the combination of slowing economic growth and inflation.

In early April, the Trump administration announced substantial additional new tariffs on what was termed “Liberation Day” – the magnitude and extent of which were far in excess of market expectations. The impact of the announcements was severe. Risk assets of all kinds were sold, and price declines were substantial. Even more troubling, safe haven assets such as U.S. Treasury securities declined in price just as severely. De-leveraging occurred as investors sold assets to raise cash, causing valuations to plunge further. Volatility in interest rates and equities surged and market functioning deteriorated. More significantly, fear grew that the new tariffs were so extreme that the trade wars they would likely trigger could materially alter the existing global trade regime and jeopardize the supremacy of the U.S. dollar and U.S. Treasury securities as the reserve currency and benchmark risk free asset, respectively. Fortunately, before market functioning could deteriorate further, the Trump administration announced a 90 day pause before implementing the reciprocal tariffs – the most extreme tariffs announced – to allow time for trade partners to negotiate modifications to the tariffs. As the second quarter continues, there remains substantial uncertainty about how events will unfold surrounding the tariffs and global trade, and their impact on the markets and the Company.

#### Interest Rates

The pivot in market outlook for Fed monetary policy that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2024 and led to interest rates rising steadily continued into the first quarter of 2025. The yield on the 10-year T-Note was close to 3.6% in September of 2024 just after the Fed lowered the Fed Funds rate by 50 basis points at the September meeting of the FOMC. However, yields began to rise steadily not long thereafter as economic data was not consistent with an economy on the verge of a recession and inflation was stubbornly above the Fed’s 2% target. By late 2024, the yield on the 10-year T-Note was over 4.6% and close to 4.8% in early January of 2025. Over the course of the balance of the first quarter of 2025, interest rates gradually declined as sentiment indicators declined to levels not seen in several years, triggered by declines in U.S. equity markets – albeit off of record high levels – persistent inflation and expectations economic growth was about to slow. The economic data itself over this period was mixed – labor markets were weakening slowly, manufacturing activity was improving slightly but off of very low levels, and the service sector was slowing, but off of robust levels.

Towards the end of the first quarter, the yield on the 10-year T-Note was trading between 4.15% and 4.30%. At this point in the quarter stagflation fears were emerging. The yield on the 2-year T-Note followed a similar path over this period. When expectations for substantial additional Fed easing were high late in the third quarter of 2024 the 2-year T-Note yield was approximately 3.6% before rising steadily over the course of the fourth quarter of 2024 and through February of 2025 to a yield of between 4.2% and 4.4%. This range was essentially level with the Fed Funds level – implying the market did not expect monetary policy changes over the next two years. As sentiment readings declined late in the first quarter the 2-year T-Note yield declined towards 4.0% and so far during the second quarter the yield has ranged between 3.7% and 4.0%.

With the severe market turmoil triggered by the Trump administration's tariff announcements, the market now anticipates the Fed will have to lower monetary policy by approximately 75 basis points by the end of 2025, as the market now expects the tariffs to trigger a growth slowdown if not outright recession in 2025. During the week of April 4th, the yield on the 10-year T-Note rose by approximately 50 basis points – one of the largest one-week increases ever.

#### The Agency RMBS Market

As a proxy for the performance of the Agency RMBS market during the first quarter of 2025, the spread of the 30-year, fixed rate current coupon to the 10-year T-Note traded in a narrow range throughout the first quarter of 2025 of between 120 and 130 basis points. When the Trump administration announced substantial additional tariffs on April 2, 2025, risk assets of all types came under tremendous selling pressure as deleveraging occurred, even with Agency RMBS. The spread of the current coupon then expanded to over 140 basis points, and to almost 180 basis points versus the 5-year T-Note. This spread to the 5-year T-Note was generally less than 150 basis points during the first quarter of 2025 but came within 12 basis points of the peak spread it reached in the fall of 2023 – its highest level since the COVID-19 onset in March of 2020.

The Agency RMBS index generated a return for the first quarter of 3.0% and a return of 0.4% versus comparable duration swaps, as compared to 2.4% and -0.3%, respectively for these measures, for the investment grade corporate index, and 1.0% and -1.1%, respectively for these measures, for high yield debt. Total returns for U.S. Treasury securities and most sectors of the fixed income markets generated positive total returns for the quarter, although excess returns versus comparable duration swaps were mixed.

Within Agency RMBS for the first quarter of 2025, conventional 30-year mortgages generated a total return of 2.7%, 15-year mortgages generated a total return of 2.9% and Ginnie Mae 30-year mortgages generated a total return of 2.4%. Versus comparable duration swaps the returns were 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.3% for 30-year conventional, 15-year conventional and Ginnie Mae 30-year mortgages, respectively. The Company invests predominantly in 30-year conventional mortgages. Returns with the 30-year stack of coupons were fairly even, but correlated with the duration of the respective securities, as lower coupon, longer duration bonds generated the highest total returns and the highest coupon – 7.0% - generated slightly lower total returns. The range for the lower portion of the coupon stack was 3.0% to 3.3% (for coupons up to 4.5%) and 2.6% to 2.9% for higher coupons. Excess returns versus comparable duration swaps were inversely related to coupons, as the higher coupons generated excess returns as high as 1.4% but excess returns for lower coupons were generally between 0.3% and 0.5%.

#### Recent Legislative and Regulatory Developments

In response to the deterioration in the markets for U.S. Treasuries, Agency RMBS and other mortgage and fixed income markets resulting from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fed implemented a program of quantitative easing. Through November of 2021, the Fed was committed to purchasing $80 billion of U.S. Treasuries and $40 billion of Agency RMBS each month. In November of 2021, it began tapering its net asset purchases each month, ended net asset purchases by early March of 2022, and ended asset purchases entirely in September of 2022. On May 4, 2022, the FOMC announced a plan for reducing the Fed’s balance sheet. In June of 2022, in accordance with this plan, the Fed began reducing its balance sheet by a maximum of $30 billion of U.S. Treasuries and $17.5 billion of Agency RMBS each month. On September 21, 2022, the FOMC announced the Fed’s decision to continue reducing its balance sheet by a maximum of $60 billion of U.S. Treasuries and $35 billion of Agency RMBS per month. On May 1, 2024, the FOMC announced the Fed’s decision to reduce its balance sheet by a maximum of $25 billion of U.S. Treasury securities and remove the cap on Agency RMBS reduction, with any amounts in excess of $35 billion per month being reinvested in U.S. Treasury securities. On March 19, 2025, the FOMC announced the Fed's decision to reduce its balance sheet by a maximum of $5 billion of U.S. Treasury securities beginning April 1, 2025. Relatively high interest rates and slow prepayment speeds have kept the balance sheet reduction for Agency RMBS below $20 billion per month throughout 2024 and the first quarter of 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the Fed had reduced its balance sheet for Agency RMBS by approximately $551 billion from the peak to $2.2 trillion, shedding approximately 40% of the Agency RMBS added during pandemic quantitative easing and representing the lowest level since May 2021.

On September 14, 2021, the U.S. Treasury and the FHFA suspended certain policy provisions in the Enterprise capital framework established in December 2020, including limits on loans acquired for cash consideration, multifamily loans, loans with higher risk characteristics and second homes and investment properties (the "September 2021 Provisions"). Effective April 26, 2022, the FHFA further amended this framework by, among other things, replacing the fixed leverage buffer equal to 1.5% of an Enterprise’s adjusted total assets with a dynamic leverage buffer equal to 50% of an Enterprise’s stability capital buffer, reducing the risk weight floor from 10% to 5%, and removing the requirement that the Enterprises must apply an overall effectiveness adjustment to their credit risk transfer exposures. On June 14, 2022, the Enterprises announced that they would each charge a 50 bps fee for commingled securities issued on or after July 1, 2022 to cover the additional capital required for such securities under the Enterprise capital framework, which was subsequently reduced on January 19, 2023 to 9.375 bps for commingled securities issued on or after April 1, 2023 to address industry concern that the fee posed a risk to the fungibility of the Uniform Mortgage-Backed Security and negatively impacted liquidity and pricing in the market for TBA securities. On November 30, 2023, the FHFA published a final rule, which became effective April 1, 2024, which reduced the risk weight and credit conversion factor for guarantees on commingled securities to 5% and 50%, respectively; replaced the current exposure methodology with the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk as the method for computing exposure and risk-weighted asset amounts for derivatives and cleared transactions; updated the credit score assumption to 680 for single-family mortgage exposures originated without a representative credit score; and introduced a risk weight of 20% for guarantee assets. On January 2, 2025, the U.S. Treasury and FHFA entered into a letter agreement deleting the September 2021 Provisions entirely, as well as providing additional guidance on the process for a potential end to the conservatorship of the Enterprises. In March 2025, the Trump administration's nominee for FHFA director, Bill Pulte, was confirmed and replaced 14 board members at the Enterprises. Although this led to some speculation in the market regarding an end to conservatorship, the new FHFA director signaled a more cautious approach, stating that significant study on the impact to mortgage rates would need to be done prior to any privatization of the Enterprises.

On July 27, 2023, the federal banking regulators, including the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, (the "OCC") the FDIC and the Fed, jointly issued a proposed rule that would revise large bank capital requirements (the "Basel III Endgame"). The Basel III Endgame, if implemented as proposed, would significantly increase the credit weight risk for balance-sheet mortgages and for Agency RMBS sold to the GSEs, which could disincentivize banks from originating mortgages for sale to the GSEs and impact pricing in the Agency RMBS markets. The comment period for the Basel III Endgame closed on January 16, 2024, and the proposed rule was met with strong objections from the banking industry. In testimony before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs in July 2024, Fed chairman Jerome Powell stated that the OCC, the FDIC and the Fed were in discussions to materially revise the proposed rule, and that there was consensus at the Fed to undergo another comment period. In remarks given on September 10, 2024, Michael Barr, the Fed's Vice Chair for Supervision, confirmed that the Basel III Endgame was being rewritten to, among other things, reduce the risk weights for residential real estate and retail exposures, extend the scope of the reduced risk weight for certain low-risk corporate debt, and eliminate the minimum haircut for securities financing transactions.

The scope and nature of the actions the U.S. government or the Fed will ultimately undertake are unknown and will continue to evolve.

#### Effect on Us

Regulatory developments, movements in interest rates and prepayment rates affect us in many ways, including the following:

#### Effects on our Assets

A change in or elimination of the guarantee structure of Agency RMBS may increase our costs (if, for example, guarantee fees increase) or require us to change our investment strategy altogether. For example, the elimination of the guarantee structure of Agency RMBS may cause us to change our investment strategy to focus on non-Agency RMBS, which in turn would require us to significantly increase our monitoring of the credit risks of our investments in addition to interest rate and prepayment risks.

If prepayment rates are relatively low (due, in part, to the refinancing problems described above), lower long-term interest rates can increase the value of our Agency RMBS. This is because investors typically place a premium on assets with coupon/yields that are higher than coupon/yields available in the market. To the extent such securities pre-pay slower than would otherwise be the case, we benefit from an above market coupon/yield for longer, enhancing the return from the security. Although lower long-term interest rates may increase asset values in our portfolio, we may not be able to invest new funds in similarly yielding assets.

If prepayment levels increase, the value of any of our Agency RMBS that are carried at a premium to par that are affected by such prepayments may decline. This is because a principal prepayment accelerates the effective term of an Agency RMBS, which would shorten the period during which an investor would receive above-market returns (assuming the yield on the prepaid asset is higher than market yields). Also, prepayment proceeds may not be able to be reinvested in similar-yielding assets. Agency RMBS backed by mortgages with high interest rates are more susceptible to prepayment risk because holders of those mortgages are most likely to refinance to a lower rate. If prepayment levels decrease, the value of any of our Agency RMBS that are carried at a discount to par that are affected by such prepayments may increase. This is because a principal prepayment accelerates the effective term of an Agency RMBS, which would shorten the timeframe over which an investor would receive the principal of the underlying loans. Agency RMBS backed by mortgages with low interest rates are less susceptible to prepayment risk because holders of those mortgages are less likely to refinance to a higher rate. IOs and IIOs, however, may be the types of Agency RMBS most sensitive to increased prepayment rates. Because the holder of an IO or IIO receives no principal payments, the values of IOs and IIOs are entirely dependent on the existence of a principal balance on the underlying mortgages. If the principal balance is eliminated due to prepayment, IOs and IIOs essentially become worthless. Although increased prepayment rates can negatively affect the value of our IOs and IIOs, they have the opposite effect on POs. Because POs act like zero-coupon bonds, meaning they are purchased at a discount to their par value and have an effective interest rate based on the discount and the term of the underlying loan, an increase in prepayment rates would reduce the effective term of our POs and accelerate the yields earned on those assets, which would increase our net income.

Higher long-term rates can also affect the value of our Agency RMBS. As long-term rates rise, rates available to borrowers also rise. This tends to cause prepayment activity to slow and extend the expected average life of mortgage cash flows. As the expected average life of the mortgage cash flows increases, coupled with higher discount rates, the value of Agency RMBS declines. Some of the instruments we use to hedge our Agency RMBS assets, such as interest rate futures, swaps and swaptions, are stable average life instruments. This means that to the extent we use such instruments to hedge our Agency RMBS assets, our hedges may not adequately protect us from price declines, and therefore may negatively impact our book value. It is for this reason we use interest only securities in our portfolio. As interest rates rise, the expected average life of these securities increases, causing generally positive price movements as the number and size of the cash flows increase the longer the underlying mortgages remain outstanding. This makes interest only securities desirable hedge instruments for pass-through Agency RMBS.

Because we base our investment decisions on risk management principles rather than anticipated movements in interest rates, in a volatile interest rate environment we may allocate more capital to structured Agency RMBS with shorter durations. We believe these securities have a lower sensitivity to changes in long-term interest rates than other asset classes. We may attempt to mitigate our exposure to changes in long-term interest rates by investing in IOs and IIOs, which typically have different sensitivities to changes in long-term interest rates than PT RMBS, particularly PT RMBS backed by fixed-rate mortgages.

#### Effects on our borrowing costs

We leverage our PT RMBS portfolio and a portion of our structured Agency RMBS with principal balances through the use of short-term repurchase agreement transactions. The interest rates on our debt are determined by the short term interest rate markets. Increases in the Fed Funds rate or SOFR typically increase our borrowing costs, which could affect our interest rate spread if there is no corresponding increase in the interest we earn on our assets. The impact of these increases would be most prevalent with respect to our Agency RMBS backed by fixed rate mortgage loans because the interest rate on a fixed-rate mortgage loan does not change even though market rates may change.

In order to protect our net interest margin against increases in short-term interest rates, we may enter into interest rate swaps, which economically convert our floating-rate repurchase agreement debt to fixed-rate debt or utilize other hedging instruments such as Fed Funds, SOFR and T-Note futures contracts, dual digital options or interest rate swaptions.

#### Summary

The outlook for the U.S. economy, interest rates and monetary policy – all critical factors impacting the markets the Company invests its capital in – began to change late in the first quarter and so far in the second quarter of 2025. However, the performance of the Company for the first quarter of 2025 was impacted by market conditions prior to this change. Conversely, the outlook for the Company going forward will be impacted by events that occurred recently.

While economic data and events generally are never uniformly stable or consistent, the first quarter of 2025 was relatively uneventful. Interest rates were generally range bound, and volatility was low for most of the quarter. These are ideal conditions for a levered investment strategy in Agency RMBS. Accordingly, the Company and the Agency RMBS market generated attractive returns for the period. The Company’s stock also traded well during the quarter – at least until the last week of the quarter. The Company was able to take advantage of the calm conditions and price performance of its common stock and raise additional capital, generally at a slight premium to book value, and deploy the proceeds in an attractive investment environment.

The tariff announcements late in the first quarter and in early April of 2025 brought these favorable market conditions to an abrupt end. In fact, conditions were reminiscent of March 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic led to an abrupt de-leveraging that materially depressed prices of all asset classes. The Company sold a significant amount of assets in early April as needed to maintain leverage at acceptable levels and was able to do so without suffering material permanent losses to date. It is not clear if these conditions have subsided fully or if they will return. Accordingly, the Company intends to maintain prudent leverage and ample liquidity while the threat of turbulent market conditions persists.

### Critical Accounting Estimates

Our condensed financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP requires our management to make some complex and subjective decisions and assessments. Our most critical accounting estimates involve decisions and assessments which could significantly affect reported assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. There have been no changes to our critical accounting estimates as discussed in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

### Dividends

In addition to other requirements that must be satisfied to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must pay annual dividends to our stockholders of at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains. REIT taxable income (loss) is computed in accordance with the Code and can be greater than or less than our financial statement net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP. These book to tax differences primarily relate to the recognition of interest income on RMBS, unrealized gains and losses on RMBS, and the amortization of losses on derivative instruments that are treated as funding hedges for tax purposes.

We intend to pay regular monthly dividends to our stockholders and have declared the following dividends since the completion of our IPO.

*(in thousands, except per share amounts)*

| Year | Per Share Amount | Total |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| 2013 | $6.975 | $4,662 |
| 2014 | 10.800 | 22,643 |
| 2015 | 9.600 | 38,748 |
| 2016 | 8.400 | 41,388 |
| 2017 | 8.400 | 70,717 |
| 2018 | 5.350 | 55,814 |
| 2019 | 4.800 | 54,421 |
| 2020 | 3.950 | 53,570 |
| 2021 | 3.900 | 97,601 |
| 2022 | 2.475 | 87,906 |
| 2023 | 1.800 | 81,127 |
| 2024 | 1.440 | 96,309 |
| 2025 - YTD(1) | 0.480 | 48,563 |
| Totals | $68.370 | $753,469 |

(1) On April 9, 2025, the Company declared a dividend of $0.12 per share to be paid on May 29, 2025. The effect of this dividend is included in the table above but is not reflected in the Company’s financial statements as of March 31, 2025.

## Market risk

As filed, 15,287 characters.

Market risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. The primary market risks that we are exposed to are interest rate risk, prepayment risk, spread risk, liquidity risk, extension risk and counterparty credit risk.

#### Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control.

Changes in the general level of interest rates can affect our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred in connection with our interest-bearing liabilities, by affecting the spread between our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the level of interest rates can also affect the rate of prepayments of our securities and the value of the RMBS that constitute our investment portfolio, which affects our net income, ability to realize gains from the sale of these assets and ability to borrow, and the amount that we can borrow against these securities.

We may utilize a variety of financial instruments in order to limit the effects of changes in interest rates on our operations. The principal instruments that we use are futures contracts, dual digital options, interest rate swaps and swaptions, and interest rate floors and caps. These instruments are intended to serve as an economic hedge against future interest rate increases on our repurchase agreement borrowings. Hedging techniques are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our Agency RMBS. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the life of the Agency RMBS will be longer or shorter, which would reduce the effectiveness of any hedging strategies we may use and may cause losses on such transactions. Hedging strategies involving the use of derivative securities are highly complex and may produce volatile returns. Hedging techniques are also limited by the rules relating to REIT qualification. In order to preserve our REIT status, we may be forced to terminate a hedging transaction at a time when the transaction is most needed.

Our profitability and the value of our investment portfolio (including derivatives used for hedging purposes) may be adversely affected during any period as a result of changing interest rates, including changes in the forward yield curve.

Our portfolio of PT RMBS is typically comprised of fixed-rate RMBS, adjustable-rate RMBS (“ARMs”) and hybrid adjustable-rate RMBS. We generally seek to acquire low duration assets that offer high levels of protection from mortgage prepayments provided that they are reasonably priced by the market. Although the duration of an individual asset can change as a result of changes in interest rates, we strive to maintain a hedged PT RMBS portfolio with an effective duration of less than 2.0. The stated contractual final maturity of the mortgage loans underlying our portfolio of PT RMBS generally ranges up to 30 years. However, the effect of prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans tends to shorten the resulting cash flows from our investments substantially. Prepayments occur for various reasons, including refinancing of underlying mortgages and loan payoffs in connection with home sales, and borrowers paying more than their scheduled loan payments, which accelerates the amortization of the loans.

The duration of our IO and IIO portfolios will vary greatly depending on the structural features of the securities. While prepayment activity will always affect the cash flows associated with the securities, the interest only nature of IOs may cause their durations to become extremely negative when prepayments are high, and less negative when prepayments are low. Prepayments affect the durations of IIOs similarly, but the floating rate nature of the coupon of IIOs (which is inversely related to the level of one month SOFR) causes their price movements, and model duration, to be affected by changes in both prepayments and one month SOFR, both current and anticipated levels. As a result, the duration of IIO securities will also vary greatly.

Prepayments on the loans underlying our RMBS can alter the timing of the cash flows from the underlying loans to us. As a result, we gauge the interest rate sensitivity of our assets by measuring their effective duration. While modified duration measures the price sensitivity of a bond to movements in interest rates, effective duration captures both the movement in interest rates and the fact that cash flows to a mortgage related security are altered when interest rates move. Accordingly, when the contract interest rate on a mortgage loan is substantially above prevailing interest rates in the market, the effective duration of securities collateralized by such loans can be quite low because of expected prepayments.

We face the risk that the market value of our PT RMBS assets will increase or decrease at different rates than that of our structured RMBS or liabilities, including our hedging instruments. Accordingly, we assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. We generally calculate duration using various third party models. However, empirical results and various third party models may produce different duration numbers for the same securities.

The following sensitivity analysis shows the estimated impact on the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedge positions as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, assuming rates instantaneously fall 200 bps, fall 100 bps, fall 50 bps, rise 50 bps, rise 100 bps and rise 200 bps, adjusted to reflect the impact of convexity, which is the measure of the sensitivity of our hedge positions and Agency RMBS’ effective duration to movements in interest rates. We have a negatively convex asset profile and a linear to slightly positively convex hedge portfolio (short positions). It is common for us to have losses in both directions.

All changes in value in the table below are measured as percentage changes from the investment portfolio value and net asset value at the base interest rate scenario. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates and prepayment projections as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Actual results could differ materially from estimates, especially in the current market environment. To the extent that these estimates or other assumptions do not hold true, which is likely in a period of high price volatility, actual results will likely differ materially from projections and could be larger or smaller than the estimates in the table below. Moreover, if different models were employed in the analysis, materially different projections could result. Lastly, while the table below reflects the estimated impact of interest rate increases and decreases on a static portfolio, we may from time to time sell any of our agency securities as a part of the overall management of our investment portfolio.

*Interest Rate Sensitivity(1)*

| Change in Interest Rate As of March 31, 2025 | Portfolio Market Value(2)(3) | Book Value(2)(4) |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| -200 Basis Points | (2.47)% | (19.46)% |
| -100 Basis Points | (0.63)% | (4.99)% |
| -50 Basis Points | (0.17)% | (1.30)% |
| +50 Basis Points | (0.17)% | (1.30)% |
| +100 Basis Points | (0.61)% | (4.84)% |
| +200 Basis Points | (2.23)% | (17.55)% |
| **As of December 31, 2024** |  |  |
| -200 Basis Points | (1.20)% | (9.41)% |
| -100 Basis Points | (0.06)% | (0.43)% |
| -50 Basis Points | 0.10% | 0.80% |
| +50 Basis Points | (0.35)% | (2.75)% |
| +100 Basis Points | (0.93)% | (7.31)% |
| +200 Basis Points | (2.67)% | (20.99)% |

(1) Interest rate sensitivity is derived from models that are dependent on inputs and assumptions provided by third parties as well as by our Manager and assumes there are no changes in mortgage spreads and assumes a static portfolio. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

(2) Includes the effect of derivatives and other securities used for hedging purposes.

(3) Estimated dollar change in investment portfolio value expressed as a percent of the total fair value of our investment portfolio as of such date.

(4) Estimated dollar change in portfolio value expressed as a percent of stockholders' equity as of such date.

In addition to changes in interest rates, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, in the event of changes in actual interest rates, the change in the fair value of our assets would likely differ from that shown above and such difference might be material and adverse to our stockholders.

#### Prepayment Risk

Because residential borrowers have the option to prepay their mortgage loans at par at any time, we face the risk that we will experience a return of principal on our investments faster than anticipated. Various factors affect the rate at which mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the level of and directional trends in housing prices, interest rates, general economic conditions, loan age and size, loan-to-value ratio, the location of the property and social and demographic conditions. Additionally, changes to government sponsored entity underwriting practices or other governmental programs could also significantly impact prepayment rates or expectations. Generally, prepayments on Agency RMBS increase during periods of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during periods of rising mortgage interest rates. However, this may not always be the case. We may reinvest principal repayments at a yield that is lower or higher than the yield on the repaid investment, thus affecting our net interest income by altering the average yield on our assets.

#### Spread Risk

When the market spread widens between the yield on our Agency RMBS and benchmark interest rates, our net book value could decline if the value of our Agency RMBS falls by more than the offsetting fair value increases on our hedging instruments tied to the underlying benchmark interest rates. We refer to this as "spread risk" or "basis risk." The spread risk associated with our mortgage assets and the resulting fluctuations in fair value of these securities can occur independent of changes in benchmark interest rates and may relate to other factors impacting the mortgage and fixed income markets, such as actual or anticipated monetary policy actions by the Fed, market liquidity, or changes in required rates of return on different assets. Consequently, while we use futures contracts, dual digital options, interest rate swaps and swaptions, and interest rate caps and floors to attempt to protect against moves in interest rates, such instruments typically will not protect our net book value against spread risk.

#### Liquidity Risk

The primary liquidity risk for us arises from financing long-term assets with shorter-term borrowings through repurchase agreements. Our assets that are pledged to secure repurchase agreements are Agency RMBS and cash. As of March 31, 2025, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $396.4 million and unpledged securities of approximately $50.1 million (not including unsettled securities purchases or securities pledged to us) available to meet margin calls on our repurchase agreements and derivative contracts, and for other corporate purposes. However, should the value of our Agency RMBS pledged as collateral or the value of our derivative instruments suddenly decrease, margin calls relating to our repurchase and derivative agreements could increase, causing an adverse change in our liquidity position. Further, there is no assurance that we will always be able to renew (or roll) our repurchase agreements. In addition, our counterparties have the option to increase our haircuts (margin requirements) on the assets we pledge against repurchase agreements, thereby reducing the amount that can be borrowed against an asset even if they agree to renew or roll the repurchase agreement. Significantly higher haircuts can reduce our ability to leverage our portfolio or even force us to sell assets, especially if correlated with asset price declines or faster prepayment rates on our assets.

#### Extension Risk

The projected weighted average life and the duration (or interest rate sensitivity) of our investments is based on our Manager's assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgage loans. In general, we use futures contracts, dual digital options and interest rate swaps and swaptions to help manage our funding cost on our investments in the event that interest rates rise. These hedging instruments allow us to reduce our funding exposure on the notional amount of the instrument for a specified period of time.

However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, the average life or duration of our fixed-rate assets or the fixed-rate portion of the ARMs or other assets generally extends. This could have a negative impact on our results from operations, as our hedging instrument expirations are fixed and will, therefore, cover a smaller percentage of our funding exposure on our mortgage assets to the extent that their average lives increase due to slower prepayments. This situation may also cause the market value of our Agency RMBS and CMOs collateralized by fixed rate mortgages or hybrid ARMs to decline by more than otherwise would be the case while most of our hedging instruments would not receive any incremental offsetting gains. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur realized losses.

#### Counterparty Credit Risk

We are exposed to counterparty credit risk relating to potential losses that could be recognized in the event that the counterparties to our repurchase agreements and derivative contracts fail to perform their obligations under such agreements. The amount of assets we pledge as collateral in accordance with our agreements varies over time based on the market value and notional amount of such assets as well as the value of our derivative contracts. In the event of a default by a counterparty, we may not receive payments provided for under the terms of our agreements and may have difficulty obtaining our assets pledged as collateral under such agreements. Our credit risk related to certain derivative transactions is largely mitigated through daily adjustments to collateral pledged based on changes in market value and we limit our counterparties to registered central clearing exchanges and major financial institutions with acceptable credit ratings, monitoring positions with individual counterparties and adjusting collateral posted as required. However, there is no guarantee our efforts to manage counterparty credit risk will be successful and we could suffer significant losses if unsuccessful.

## Controls and procedures

As filed, 1,438 characters.

### Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report (the “evaluation date”), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (the “CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded our disclosure controls and procedures, as designed and implemented, were effective as of the evaluation date (1) in ensuring that information regarding the Company is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, by our Manager's employees, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and (2) in providing reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in our periodic reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods prescribed by the SEC’s rules and forms.

### Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no significant changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

## Risk factors

As filed, 340 characters.

A description of certain factors that may affect our future results and risk factors is set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2025, there have been no material changes in our risk factors from those set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Filed Apr 25, 2025.
Source: SEC EDGAR, the filing index for accession 0001437749-25-013109. Last ingested by Listed: Nov 2, 2026, 19:25 ET. No prices; not investment advice.