# Empery Digital Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

- Company: [Empery Digital Inc.](/companies/empd.md) (CIK 1829794)
- Form: 10-K
- Filed: 2025-03-31
- Accepted by EDGAR: Mar 31, 2025, 08:45 ET
- Period: 2024-12-31
- Accession: 0001683168-25-002047
- Inline XBRL: yes
- Main document: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1829794/000168316825002047/volcon_i10k-123124.htm
- All documents and exhibits: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1829794/000168316825002047/

## Figures reported in this filing

Standardized XBRL line items for the period ended 2024-12-31.

| Line item | Period | Value | XBRL concept |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | $4.0m | us-gaap:Revenues |
| Cost of revenue | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | $18.2m | us-gaap:CostOfGoodsAndServicesSold |
| Gross profit | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | −$14.1m | us-gaap:GrossProfit |
| Operating income | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | −$27.0m | us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss |
| Interest expense | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | $643.7k | us-gaap:InterestExpenseNonoperating |
| Income tax | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | $0 | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Net income | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | −$45.5m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Diluted EPS | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | −$146.90 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Basic EPS | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | −$146.90 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | 309,798 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Operating cash flow | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | −$16.0m | us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities |
| Capital expenditure | 12 months, 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | $312.1k | us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment |
| Current assets | at 2024-12-31 | $5.1m | us-gaap:AssetsCurrent |
| Total assets | at 2024-12-31 | $6.2m | us-gaap:Assets |
| Current liabilities | at 2024-12-31 | $4.6m | us-gaap:LiabilitiesCurrent |
| Total liabilities | at 2024-12-31 | $6.2m | us-gaap:Liabilities |
| Shareholders' equity | at 2024-12-31 | $40.8k | us-gaap:StockholdersEquity |

## Business

As filed, 21,857 characters.

### Overview

We are an all-electric, off-road powersports vehicle company selling Volcon electric two-wheeled E-Bikes and motorcycles, utility terrain vehicles, or UTVs, also known as side-by-sides, and golf carts, along with a line of upgrades and accessories. In January 2025, we also entered into a distribution agreement with a golf cart manufacturer, Super Sonic Company Ltd. (“Super Sonic”) located in Vietnam, and a subsidiary of Odes Industry, to supply golf carts to other companies in the United States who sell golf carts.

### Our Industry

### Powersports

The powersports industry is made up of on-road and off-road motorcycles, scooters, ATVs (all-terrain vehicles), UTVs, PWC (personal watercraft) and snowmobiles. Until recently, we focused on off-road motorcycles and UTVs. We are currently evaluating an on-road/off-road (dual sport) motorcycle offering. During 2024 we introduced two off-road UTVs, the VLCN MN1 Tradesman for light utility use and the VLCN HF1a higher performance UTV.

Outdoor recreation is a major driver of the American economy. In 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, or the BEA, found that outdoor recreation drives $640 billion of the current-dollar gross domestic product for the U.S, compared to $563 billion in 2022. The BEA noted that motorcycles and ATVs make up $11.7 billion of the 2023 total.

According to the PowerSports Business 2024 Market Data Book:

- In the U.S., UTV sales were just under 569,000 units in 2023, an increase of approximately 3.5% from 2022, according to Power Products Marketing (“PPM”).
- New motorcycle sales in 2023, meanwhile, were approximately 520,000 units, according to the Motorcycle Industry Council (“MIC”), compared to 733,537 in 2022. MIC estimates the total motorcycle population in the U.S. is 11.6 million units with 1.7 million being off-highway units and 727,000 being dual sport units.
- According to dealership feedback, turnover of new unit inventory in 2023 at dealerships was 2.6 turns (compared to 4.6 turns in 2022) average. Similarly, new unit gross margin percentage at the dealership level was 14.9% on average during 2023 (compared to 17.1% in 2022).
- Accessory sales for UTVs on average range from $635 to $652 worth of accessories at the time of purchase for work or multi purpose UTVs, respectively.

While inflationary pressures, economic uncertainty and higher interest rates may have impacted demand, we believe the culture of escape and outdoor activities will continue to drive off-road powersports recreation. We believe there are very few all-electric off-road powersports companies, and traditional powersports companies have only recently started making electric products, so significant data on off-road electric vehicles does not exist yet.

### Golf Carts

The golf cart industry has grown from golf carts used on golf courses to golf carts used for leisure and transportation in neighborhoods and communities. According to Persistence Market Research, the U.S. market value is over $800 million and is expected to grow at a volume CAGR 4.3% through 2032. According to the U.S. Census Bureau 234,000 golf carts valued at $700 million, were imported from China to the U.S. in 2024 up from 114,000 units valued at $450 million in 2023.

Recently, the American Personal Transportation Vehicle Manufacturer Coalition filed a petition against certain low-speed personal transportation vehicles imported from China. The petition asserted that manufacturers who received foreign government subsidies were able to import vehicles from China at a lower cost than manufacturing in their home countries. This created unfair trade practices. The Department of Commerce reviewed Chinese manufacturers who sold such vehicles and determined that they were unfairly competing due to such government subsidies. As a result, countervailing duties and antidumping tariffs were assigned to Chinese manufacturers, which cumulatively range from 149% to 500% (depending on the manufacturer).

During 2024 we introduced a four seat golf cart, the VLCN MN1 Adventurer (the “Adventurer”), that has a fold down rear seat to allow for light utility use. The Adventurer and the Tradesman, discussed above, are manufactured by Super Sonic Company Ltd. (“Super Sonic”) in Vietnam, which currently has a tariff of 2.5%.

### Ebike

According to Grand View Research, the electric bicycle market was valued at $1.98 billion in the U.S. for 2022. The market is expected to grow at a volume CAGR 15.6% through 2030. This growth is attributed to a rise not only in recreational use, but also daily commuting due to environmental concerns, consumer vehicle cost of ownership, and government incentives.

### Our Products

#### Two-Wheeled Products

We began selling the Grunt in September 2021 and the Grunt EVO replaced the Grunt in September 2023. Due to the manufacturing cost of the Grunt EVO, we terminated the manufacturing contract for it in December 2024. As of March 2025, we have sold all of the remaining Grunt EVO finished goods.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2024, we began evaluating other potential electric motorcycle offerings. We are determining what features and specifications would be included for new offerings including considering a street legal version that would be dual purpose as an on-road/off-road motorcycle (not highway legal). We have identified one new model which we are working on developing with a third party manufacturer. We received prototypes in February 2025 and we are testing them to evaluate the feasibility to produce and sell them. Provided testing is successful, we expect to start selling this product in the third quarter of 2025.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we began selling an E-Bike, the Brat which is manufactured by a third party. The Brat is a class 2 E-Bike and can be used on-road or off-road.

We will continue to evaluate other potential two-wheel product offerings throughout 2025.

#### Utility Terrain Vehicles (UTVs)

Beginning in the second quarter of 2024, the Company began discussions with various third party manufacturers of electric UTVs to identify models that we could purchase. These models would be primarily used for utility purposes, have two or three passenger options, a dump bed or flatbed for hauling cargo, with speeds up to 30 miles per hour. These models may also include an enclosed cab with optional air conditioning.

During 2024, we signed an agreement with a manufacturer to distribute one of these utility UTV models, the VLCN HF1 in North America for five years, which includes a royalty agreement with the manufacturer for them to distribute the vehicle outside of North America. Royalties would commence in the third year of this agreement.

We also signed another agreement with Super Sonic to distribute other light UTV models, the VLCN MN1 in the United States. The VLCN MN1 has two models, the MN1 Adventurer, a golf cart style product, which has four seats with a fold down rear seat to accommodate light cargo and the MN1 Tradesman which has two seats with a dump bed for utility purposes.

### Distribution and Supplier Agreements

#### Exclusive Distribution Agreement

In January 2025, we signed an exclusive distribution agreement (the “Distribution Agreement”) with the manufacturer of the MN1s to distribute their golf carts in the United States and its territories. Super Sonic appointed us to act as their exclusive distributor of certain of their golf cart products (the “Products”), in the U.S. Super Sonic agreed to recommend us as the sole provider for all Products to all their customers in the U.S. . Super Sonic has the right to sell non-Volcon branded Products to other customers and shall pay 5% of the order price to us. Before the end of June 2025, we agreed to provide a procurement plan, and if we fail to meet the minimum purchase requirement described in the procurement plan for two consecutive months, Super Sonic shall have the right to immediately terminate the Distribution Agreement. During the term of the Distribution Agreement, to the extent we sell any Volcon-branded products (the “Volcon Products”) that are similar to the Products, we agreed to provide Super Sonic with a right of first refusal to manufacture the Volcon Products. As more fully discussed in Note 15 of the accompanying financial statements, we may be required to issue our common stock, warrants to purchase our common stock and the right to appoint a director to our board of directors if certain golf cart sales volumes are attained.

#### Supply Agreement

On February 24, 2025, we entered into a Supply agreement (the “Supply Agreement”) with Venom-EV LLC (“Venom”) to supply Venom with certain golf carts. The Supply Agreement allows Venom to purchase up to $3 million of golf carts with payment terms of 90 days from the date the golf carts are delivered to Venom’s facility. These golf carts will be purchased through a manufacturer specified in the Supply Agreement and we will receive consideration of the cost of the golf carts plus a three percent margin. We received an initial order from Venom for $2.4 million of golf carts. At the end of each calendar quarter, we agreed to issue Venom shares of Company common stock based on the number of golf carts purchased by Venom during the quarter as follows: for each 1,000 Units sold in 2025 to Venom by us, we shall issue Venom a number of shares equal to 1% of our outstanding shares of common stock (the “Venom Shares”) as of the last day of such quarter that the 1,000 Units were sold for no additional consideration. The requirement to issue the Venom Shares shall cease upon the sale of 5,000 Units or June 30, 2026, whichever comes first. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent the issuance of the Venom Shares shall require shareholder approval pursuant to the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, such issuances shall be subject to the receipt of such shareholder approval If, for any reason, we fail to issue such shares to Venom, Venom is entitled to compensatory damages in the amount equal to the value of the Venom Shares that should have been issued to Venom in that quarter (determined by the closing stock price on the last day of that quarter), and to immediately terminate the Supply Agreement.

### Customers

#### Dealers

We sell our products through powersports dealers, bicycle retailers, and golf cart dealers. As of March 25, 2025, we have 117 active powersports dealers, 13 active bicycle dealers and 8 golf cart dealers. For dealers who qualify for credit, we offer dealers payment terms of 30 to 90 days to make larger purchases of our vehicles provided their order is within their established credit limit. For dealers that do not qualify for credit, they must pay for their order prior to shipment. Powersports dealers can order any of our available products, bicycle retailers can order the Brat, and golf cart dealers can order either version of the MN1. We have entered into an accounts receivable factoring arrangement to allow us the ability to generate cash for working capital. We have agreements with third party financing companies to provide financing to qualified customers of dealers or customers purchasing from our website. There is no recourse to us or the dealer if the customer defaults on the financing agreement with the third party.

#### Consumers

Consumers can purchase the Brat from our website and have it delivered to a location of their choosing in the continental U.S. During 2024, we began selling the Grunt EVO through our website where continental U.S. customers could pay a deposit and complete their purchase at one of our U.S. powersports dealer locations.

#### International Distributors

We also sell our two-wheel products internationally through importers. Each importer buys vehicles by the container and sells vehicles and accessories to local dealers or directly to consumers. Payment for orders is required in advance of shipment, except in a few limited instances. Local dealers or the importer will provide warranty and repair services for vehicles purchased in their country. As of March 21, 2025, we have signed agreements with six importers in Latin America, one importer for the Caribbean Region, collectively referred to herein as the LATAM importers, and one importer each in New Zealand, Australia and Japan to sell our two-wheel vehicles and accessories in their assigned countries/markets. In 2025, we expect to expand our global sales of our vehicles and accessories beyond our current distributor base and offer our four-wheel products to these customers.

### Manufacturers

We outsource the manufacturing of all of our vehicles and accessories to third party manufacturers and suppliers. The estimated fulfillment of all two-wheeled and UTV orders we have received, or will receive, assumes that our third party manufacturers can successfully meet our order quantities and deadlines. We have experienced delays due to our third party manufacturers being unable to timely meet our order deadlines, and there is no assurance that we will not experience delays in the future until such time as we are able to source products from multiple manufacturers or from larger, more established manufacturers. If they are unable to satisfy orders on a timely basis, our customers may cancel their orders. Also, due to the limited number of third party manufacturers who manufacture our products, if any one of them experiences financial hardship and cannot manufacture our products, our customers may cancel their orders which will harm our sales. All of our products are manufactured internationally. If there is a change in import laws, including an increase in tariffs, the cost of our products will increase. We could also experience delays in receiving shipments of our products if there are delays in getting carriers to ship our products or delays at the port of entry.

### Intellectual Property

Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we currently rely on a combination of trade secrets, including know-how, employee and third party non-disclosure agreements, and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology.

Our industrial designs are protected by design patents. In addition, we intend to file for additional utility patents. There is no assurance that we will be granted any such patents. We do not know whether any patent applications will result in the issuance of patents or whether the examination process will require us to narrow our claims. Even if granted, there can be no assurance that our issued patents or new patent applications will provide us with protection.

We have registrations for the trademarks VOLCON, GRUNT, and GRUNT EVO in the U.S. We have also applied to register additional trademarks – including VOLCON, VOLCON BRAT, EMPOWERING ADVENTURE, STAG, VOLCON STAG, VLCN, VLCN BRAT, VLCN HF1, VLCN MN1, VLCN FT1, VLCN HT1, VLCN SK1, and VLCN RV1 - in the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Australia and certain additional countries in Latin America, and many of these trademarks are now allowed or registered in these countries. We have resolved some conflicts and potential conflicts that have arisen with regard to the use and registration of our trademarks through coexistence agreements and the submission of arguments. We have received notice from an entity in Brazil who has opposed our applications for trademarks including the word VOLCON, but we believe the trademarks and the goods being sold under them are not similar and there is no potential for confusion.

In addition, we have been transitioning from the use of VOLCON to VLCN in certain countries, in some instances to avoid potential conflicts with marks that are similar to VOLCON. Our efforts to secure trademark registrations for VOLCON and VLCN and other trademarks referenced above are ongoing and we may encounter resistance from other companies, particularly as we expand into additional territories. If we receive objections from other entities and are unsuccessful in obtaining agreements or otherwise resolving the matters with these entities, we will need to consider the use of different trademarks for our Company and our products.

### Competition

There are dozens of manufacturers that sell off-road motorcycles, UTVs and E-Bikes in the U.S. and even more globally. The markets for powersport vehicles and E-Bikes are highly competitive based on a number of factors, including innovation, performance, price, technology, product features, styling, fit and finish, brand recognition, quality and distribution. We believe our ability to compete successfully in these markets depends on our ability to capitalize on our competitive strengths and build brand recognition.

Many companies, which have greater financial and marketing resources than us, make electric street motorcycles , including Zero Motorcycles. Some companies make electric UTVs as part of their product line. For example, Polaris has a joint venture with Zero Motorcycles to help them design dedicated electric UTVs, the first product of which began selling in 2023. Many companies, like Super 73, make and sell E-Bikes and have a stronger established brand name and product line.

### Government regulations

We initially focused on the off-road-only portion of the market for our motorcycle and UTV because it is free of many of the homologation issues and highway certifications required to produce and sell an on-road vehicle. In some states, off-road vehicles do have legislative restrictions, but they are related to noise and exhaust emissions, two things our vehicles do not produce. The MN1 product line can be used as an on-road vehicle and is required to comply with certain federal, state and local regulations. In addition, we are currently in the early stages evaluating an on-road/off-road motorcycle.

Federal, state, and local governments have promulgated and/or are considering promulgating laws and regulations relating to the safety of our products. In the U.S., the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has federal oversight over product safety issues related to off-road vehicles and E-Bikes. We believe that our products comply with all applicable CPSC safety standards as well as all other applicable safety standards in the U.S.

The assembly, use, storage, transport and disposal of battery packs is subject to extensive regulation. Complying with these requirements involves substantial costs, and any failure to do so may result in heavy fines or other restrictions on our operations. Additionally, we may be responsible for the recycling and proper disposal of expended batteries from our vehicles. We may enter into agreements with third parties to manage such recycling and disposal; however, we may be found liable for any failures in compliance by these third parties and subject to fines or remediation liabilities, which costs may be substantial.

Vehicles sold internationally are subject to the local laws of each jurisdiction in which we sell our vehicles. Our international distributors are responsible for ensuring that our vehicles comply with the jurisdiction in which they are importing the vehicle. Costs associated with compliance are the responsibility of the distributor. These regulations may result in increased costs and expenses, which may materially and adversely affect the distributors business where it may not be economically feasible to sell our products locally, which in turn will adversely impact our results of operations or financial condition.

### Human Capital

#### Mission

People are at the core of our DNA. Our mission is to source industry leading products that connect people to outdoor experiences through the intentional blending of leading technology and design. Our vision is to amplify the powersports experience for all. Our values are building the future of powersports.

#### Employee Engagement

Our employees and contractors focus on customer care, developing and sourcing our products, and building our marketing channels. We believe we offer competitive benefits and programs to develop employees’ expertise, performance, and engagement, while implementing corporate policies to provide a safe, harassment-free work environment. This work environment is guided by principles of fair and equal treatment and prioritizes effective communication and employee engagement.

We are committed to building a strong culture with high levels of employee engagement. We hold ad hoc meetings where management discusses various topics with employees including operational updates, vehicle development, financing activities, company policies and safety. Management is also committed to being available to discuss any employee concerns on a one-on-one basis. We believe that our employees are our greatest asset and are striving to consistently evaluate our progress in developing and maintaining engagement.

### Available Information

Our website is at www.volcon.com. We make available, free of charge, on our corporate website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. Information contained on our website does not, and shall not be deemed to, constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our reference to the URL for our website is intended to be an inactive textual reference only.

## Risk factors

As filed, 68,077 characters.

*Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks, together with all other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the financial statements and the related notes, in evaluating an investment in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.*

### Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Operations, and Industry

***Our losses from operations could continue to raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern requires that we obtain sufficient funding to finance our operations.***

To date we have funded operations through equity and debt offerings. As of December 31, 2024, we have an accumulated deficit of $166.3 million.

Subsequent to December 31, 2024 through February 5, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $8.8 million from the sale of 1,764,113 shares of its common stock from our At The Market (“ATM”) offering. On February 6, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $10.7 million from the sale of 430,000 common stock units, which consisted of 430,000 shares of common stock and 430,000 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $2.00 per share, and 5,570,000 pre-funded warrant units, which consisted of 5,570,000 pre-funded fully exercisable warrants with an exercise price of $0.00001 and 5,570,000 warrants to purchase the Company’s common stock at $2.00 per share. See Note 10 in the accompanying financial statements for further discussion of this offering.

Management anticipates that our cash on hand as of December 31, 2024 plus the cash expected to be generated from operations, and the cash received from the ATM and February 6, 2025 equity offering will not be sufficient to fund planned operations and maintain required cash balances for the Convertible Notes beyond one year from the date of the issuance of the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. There can be no assurance that we will not require additional funding to support our operations. There can be no assurance that such additional funding, if needed, would be available to the Company on acceptable terms, or at all. These factors raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

***The material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified in our 2020 audit have not been remediated. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses or we or our auditor identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect our business and stock price.***

The material weaknesses identified by our independent registered public accounting firm in our internal control over financial reporting in our 2020 audit have not been remediated as of December 31, 2024. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. These material weaknesses are as follows:

- Inadequate segregation of duties within account processes due to limited personnel
- Insufficient formal written policies and procedures for accounting, IT, financial reporting and record keeping

In addition to hiring more finance and accounting personnel in 2021 to improve our segregation of duties, through 2024, we have made further progress towards remediating these material weaknesses. We have hired more experienced accounting and finance personnel. We have prepared some formal written policies and procedures for accounting, IT, and financial reporting and record keeping. We have also started the process of documenting our internal controls. However, we have not fully completed documentation or testing of these policies, procedures, and internal controls.

While we believe these efforts have improved the internal control over financial reporting during 2024, they did not fully remediate the material weaknesses as we have not fully documented all of our policies or procedures and we have not performed any testing of our internal controls.

We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date and may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error and the risk of fraud. If we are unable to remediate the material weakness, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods required of public companies could be adversely affected which, in turn, may adversely affect our reputation and business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, any such failures could result in litigation or regulatory actions by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, loss of investor confidence, delisting of our securities and harm to our reputation and financial condition, or diversion of financial and management resources from the operation of our business.

***Our transition to an outsourced manufacturing, design and development business model may not be successful, which could harm our ability to deliver products and recognize revenue.***

In March 2022, we signed an agreement with a manufacturer in China to develop and manufacture the Brat, our first E-Bike. We provided this vendor with our specifications and design drawings, and they developed prototypes and the manufacturing process to build the Brat at a cost that was acceptable to us. We launched the Brat in December 2022 and have sold the Brat throughout 2024 and expect to continue to sell the Brat in 2025.

During 2024, we signed an agreement with a manufacturer to build the VLCN HF1 UTV and we signed another agreement with a separate manufacturer to build the VLCN MN1 Adventurer and the VLCN MN1 Tradesman vehicles. In addition we signed a distribution agreement with this manufacturer to distribute its golf carts in the U. S. and its territories.

As a result of moving to an outsourced design, development and manufacturing model, we have reduced headcount in all departments to reduce costs. We continue to evaluate further cost reductions while developing our sales and marketing team to sell and promote our products to customers in the U.S. and to our international distributors.

***We rely on third party manufacturers, designers and developers, which subjects us to risk of product delivery delays, reduced control over product costs and quality control.***

Our business success will depend in large part on our third party manufacturers’ ability to economically produce our vehicles at sufficient capacity to meet the demands of our customers.

Our reliance on third parties for the manufacture, design and development of our vehicles exposes us to a number of risks which are outside our control, including:

- delays due to design and development of our products to meet our product specifications;
- delays due to defective parts or components;
- unexpected increases in manufacturing costs;
- interruptions in vehicle deliveries if a third party vendor is unable to complete production or design in a timely manner;
- shipping delays due to availability of ships, trains, trucks or containers to ship products or delays at ports to ship products to us or to our customers; and
- inability to control the quality of finished products.

Our reliance on third parties reduces our control over the manufacturing, design and development processes, including reduced control over timing to release products, quality, product costs and product supply. We experienced delays in the design and development of previous vehicles we were seeking to develop.

We can provide no assurance that we will not realize future delays in production or our costs will stay at levels that allow us to sell our products profitably. Since we do not have multiple manufacturers or manufacture our products internally, our ability to release products on the timeline we expect will be dependent on our current outside manufacturers.

If any of our third party vendors suffer interruptions, experience delays in shipments or issues concerning product quality, supply chain or disruptions, including by reason of natural disasters, work stoppages or capacity constraints, our ability to ship products to dealers and our international distributors would be delayed. Additionally, if any of our third party vendors experience quality control problems in their operations, we could be required to cover the repair or replacement of any defective products. These delays or product quality issues could have an immediate and material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill orders and could have a negative impact on our operating results. In addition, such delays or issues with product quality could harm our reputation and our relationship with our dealers, distributors and customers.

***Our third party manufacturers may be unable to meet our growing sales and delivery plans, which could harm our business and prospects.***

Our sales growth and delivery plan contemplate achieving and sustaining increases in vehicle deliveries. Our ability to achieve this plan depends upon several factors, including our ability to identify third party manufacturers who can meet our forecasted demand while maintaining our desired quality levels and optimize design and product changes. Although we believe that the third party manufacturers we have contracted with have the ability to meet our forecasted demand, there is no assurance that they will be successful in these efforts. In addition, as we do not have a long-term history of sales, our forecasted demand may be materially incorrect, which could cause us to either fail to meet unforeseen demand or incur higher costs for excess inventory purchased to meet our forecast. If we are unable to realize our sales and delivery plan, our brand, business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results could be materially damaged.

***We are dependent on our third party manufacturers, who are dependent on their suppliers, some of which could be single-source suppliers. The inability of these suppliers to deliver necessary components for our vehicles according to our schedule and at prices, quality levels and volumes acceptable to us, or our inability to efficiently manage these third party manufacturers and their suppliers has in the past and could in the future have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.***

Our vehicles contain numerous purchased parts that our third party manufacturers either (a) source globally from direct suppliers, some of whom could be single-source suppliers, or (b) manufacture themselves from components or materials. Any significant unanticipated demand would require our third party manufacturers to procure or manufacture additional components in a short amount of time. While we believe our third party manufacturers would be able to secure additional or alternate sources of supply for most of our components and raw materials in a relatively short time frame, there is no assurance that they will be able to do so or develop their own replacements for certain highly customized components of our products. We have in the past realized production delays due to delays in sourcing certain parts from single-source suppliers. We can provide no assurance that we will not in the future realize additional such delays.

If our third party manufacturers encounter unexpected difficulties with key suppliers, and if they are unable to fill these needs from other suppliers, we could experience production delays and potential loss of access to important technology and parts for producing, servicing and supporting our vehicles. This limited, and in many cases single-source, supply chain exposes our third party manufacturers and us to multiple potential sources of delivery failure or component shortages for the production of our vehicles. The loss of any single or limited source supplier or the disruption in the supply of components from these suppliers could lead to design changes and delays in product deliveries to our customers, which could hurt our relationships with our customers and result in negative publicity, damage to our brand and reputation, and a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

***Our third party manufacturers operate outside of the U.S., subjecting us to risks of international operations.***

Our third party manufacturers operate outside of the U.S. and as a result we are increasingly exposed to the challenges and risks of doing business outside the U.S., which could reduce our revenues or profits, increase our costs, result in significant liabilities or sanctions, or otherwise disrupt our business. These challenges include: (1) compliance with complex and changing laws, regulations and policies of governments that may impact our operations, such as foreign ownership restrictions, import and export controls, tariffs, and trade restrictions; (2) compliance with U.S. and foreign laws that affect the activities of companies abroad, such as anti-corruption laws, competition laws, currency regulations, and laws affecting dealings with certain nations; (3) the difficulties involved in managing an organization doing business in many different countries; (4) uncertainties as to the enforceability of contract and intellectual property rights under local laws; and (5) rapid changes in government policy, political or civil unrest, acts of terrorism, or the threat of international boycotts or U.S. anti-boycott legislation.

Products that we have manufactured for us in China may also be subject to any uncertainty of trade relations between China and the U. S., which could cause the cost of our products manufactured there to rise, or result in our inability to continue to use third party manufacturers in China, resulting in a need to find alternative sources of manufacture, which could result in the delay of manufacture and supply of our products, increase our cost of manufacture, and cause a delay in our shipments to customers and a delay or cancellation of orders. Our future operating results and financial condition could be materially affected to the extent any of these actions occur.

In addition, the prosecution of intellectual property infringement and trade secret theft outside of the U.S. may be more difficult than in the U.S. Although we take precautions to protect our intellectual property, using our third party manufacturers in China could subject us to an increased risk that unauthorized parties will be able to copy or otherwise obtain or use our intellectual property, and we may be unsuccessful in monitoring and enforcing our intellectual property rights against them, which could harm our business. We may also have limited legal recourse in the event we encounter patent or trademark infringers, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. While we take measures to protect our trade secrets, the use of third party manufacturers may also risk disclosure of our innovative and proprietary manufacturing methodologies, which could adversely affect our business.

***We are utilizing a small number of vendors to assist us with the manufacturing, development and design of our vehicles, including the chassis, electrical systems, safety requirements, body components and accessories, and the inability of these vendors to complete our respective design requirements may delay our ability to release these vehicles for production, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.***

We have entered into manufacturing, design and development agreements with vendors with experience in the manufacturing, design and development of two-wheel and four-wheel off-road vehicles to assist us with the development of certain aspects of and manufacturing of our vehicles. Although these vendors have successfully assisted other companies with manufacture, design and development of vehicles, they may not be able to successfully design, develop and manufacture our vehicles. These vendors may experience delays in fulfilling their obligations under these contracts due to the inability to source parts from other vendors, lack of employees available to work on our projects due to labor shortages or other competing projects from other customers. Failure of these vendors to complete the contracted design, development and manufacture projects for our vehicles will result in delays in obtaining regulatory approvals and delay production and release of the vehicles for sale, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations or financial condition.

***Increases in costs, disruption of supply, or shortage of materials could harm our business.***

Our third party manufacturers may experience increases in the cost or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of materials. Any such increase, supply interruption or shortage could materially and negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The prices for these materials fluctuate, and their available supply may be unstable, depending on market conditions and global demand for these materials, including as a result of increased production of electric vehicle (EV) products by our competitors, and could adversely affect our business and operating results. For instance, we are exposed to multiple risks relating to battery packs.

These risks include:

- an increase in the cost, or decrease in the available supply, of materials used in the battery packs;
- disruption in the supply of battery packs due to quality issues or recalls by battery cell manufacturers;
- sanctions imposed by the U.S. on countries in which our products are manufactured or where parts are manufactured for our third party manufacturers; and
- tariffs on the products we source in China.

Our business is dependent on the continued supply of battery cells for the battery packs used in our vehicles. Any disruption in the supply of battery cells, including those caused by the conflict between Russia and the Ukraine and sanctions imposed on Russia noted below, could disrupt production of our vehicles. Substantial increases in the prices charged to us, such as those charged by battery cell suppliers, would increase our operating costs, and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased selling prices of our vehicles. Any attempts to increase prices in response to increased material costs could result in the cancellation of vehicle orders and therefore materially and adversely affect our brand, image, business, prospects and operating results.

***We have and could continue to experience delays and other complications in the design, manufacture, launch and production ramp of our vehicles and our future planned vehicles, which could harm our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.***

We have encountered unanticipated challenges, such as supply chain constraints, that led to initial delays in producing our vehicles. We have experienced longer lead times with certain suppliers to obtain parts, especially those imported where shipping delays from outbound and inbound ports have caused delays or required us to use air freight and incur higher shipping costs. We have outsourced the manufacturing of all of our vehicles and plan to outsource all manufacturing of our vehicles for the foreseeable future. We also reduced headcount in all our departments, as we have outsourced the design and development of our vehicles. Any significant delay or other complications in the production of our vehicles or the development, manufacture, and production ramp of our future vehicles, including complications associated with our third party manufacturers’ supply chains or obtaining or maintaining regulatory approvals, could materially damage our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

***We are an early-stage company and we have delivered a limited number of vehicles to customers.***

We have delivered a limited number of vehicles to customers and we have no meaningful historical financial data upon which we may base our projected revenue and operating expenses. Our limited operating history makes it difficult for potential investors to evaluate our products or prospective operations and business prospects. We are subject to all the risks inherent in business development, financing, unexpected expenditures, and complications and delays that often occur in a new business. Investors should evaluate an investment in us in light of the uncertainties encountered by developing companies in a competitive environment. There can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that we will ultimately be able to attain profitability.

***The conflict with Russia and the Ukraine could have an impact on the availability of components used in the manufacturing of lithium ion batteries that we use to power our vehicles.***

The ongoing conflict between Russia and the Ukraine could impact the availability of nickel, an element used in the production of lithium ion cells used in batteries that power our vehicles. According to the Wall Street Journal, Russia produces 5%-6% of the world’s nickel supply and 17% of the high purity nickel production. The shortage of these cells could have an impact on our ability to produce vehicles to meet our customers’ demands. In addition, sanctions against Russia could impact the price of elements, including nickel, that are used in the production of batteries which would result in higher costs to produce our vehicles. These sanctions have also impacted the U.S. and global economy and could result in an economic recession which could cause a broader disruption to the Company’s supply chain and distribution network and customer demand for our products. These factors would have a negative impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

***We are currently taking orders for the Brat E-Bike, MN1s and HF1, and if these vehicles fail to perform as expected, our reputation could be harmed and our ability to develop, market and sell our vehicles could be harmed.***

If our vehicles were to contain defects in design and manufacture that cause them not to perform as expected or that require repair or take longer than expected to deliver, our ability to develop, market and sell our vehicles could be harmed. While we intend to perform internal testing on the vehicles, as a start-up company our frame of reference by which to evaluate detailed long-term quality, reliability, durability and performance characteristics of our vehicles is based on industry metrics rather than historical data. Although we have procedures to test all of our vehicles for defects, there can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects in our products prior to their sale to consumers. Any product defects, delays, or other failure of our products to perform as expected could harm our reputation and result in delivery delays, product recalls, product liability claims, significant warranty and other expenses, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

***We may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening our brand, which could materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our products, which could in turn materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.***

Our business and prospects heavily depend on our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Volcon brand. If we are unable to establish, maintain and strengthen our brand, we may lose the opportunity to build and maintain a critical mass of customers. Our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen our brand will depend heavily on the success of our marketing efforts. Failure to develop and maintain a strong brand could materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our vehicles, could result in suppliers and other third parties being less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us, and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

***An adverse determination in any significant product liability claim against us could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.***

The development, production, marketing, sale and usage of our vehicles will expose us to significant risks associated with product liability claims. The powersports vehicles industry in particular is vulnerable to significant product liability claims, and we may face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our vehicles do not perform or are claimed to not have performed as expected. If our products are defective, malfunction or are used incorrectly by our customers, it may result in bodily injury, property damage or other injury, including death, which could give rise to product liability claims against us. Any losses that we may suffer from any liability claims and the effect that any product liability litigation may have upon the brand image, reputation and marketability of our products could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition. No assurance can be given that material product liability claims will not be made in the future against us, or that claims will not arise in the future in excess or outside of our insurance coverage and contractual indemnities with suppliers and manufacturers. We believe we have adequate product liability insurance; however, as we release new products and expand our sales channels, we may not be able to obtain adequate product liability insurance or the cost of doing so may be prohibitive. Adverse determinations of material product liability claims made against us could also harm our reputation and cause us to lose customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

***In the first quarter of 2024, we entered into a distribution agreement with Super Sonic and a golf cart supply agreement with Venom company. We may be required to issue shares of our common stock, a warrant and provide Super Sonic the right to appoint a director to our board of directors if certain order thresholds are met and we may be required to issue shares of our common stock to Venom if certain sales thresholds are met. We may not realize significant sales or gross margin from these agreements.***

In January 2025, we signed an exclusive Distribution Agreement with Super Sonic to act as their exclusive distributor of certain of their Products, in the U. S. Super Sonic agreed to recommend to all customers the sole use of us for all Products. Super Sonic has the right to sell non-Volcon branded Products to other customers and shall pay 5% of the order price to us. Before the end of June 2025, we agreed to provide a procurement plan, and if we fail to meet the minimum purchase requirement described in the procurement plan for two consecutive months, Super Sonic shall have the right to immediately terminate the Distribution Agreement. During the term of the Distribution Agreement, to the extent we sell any Volcon-branded products (the “Volcon Products”) that are similar to the Products, we agreed to provide Super Sonic with a right of first refusal to manufacture the Volcon Products. As more fully discussed in Note 15 of the accompanying financial statements, we may be required to issue our common stock, a warrant to purchase our common stock and the right to appoint a director to our board of directors if certain golf cart sales volumes are attained.

On February 24, 2025, we entered into a Supply Agreement with Venom to supply Venom with certain golf carts. The Supply Agreement allows Venom to purchase up to $3 million of golf carts with payment terms of 90 days from the date the golf carts are delivered to Venom’s facility and to the extent payment is received, Venom may order additional units up to $3 million. These golf carts will be purchased through a manufacturer specified in the Supply Agreement and we will receive consideration of the cost of the golf carts plus a three percent margin. We received an initial order from Venom for $2.4 million of golf carts. At the end of each calendar quarter, we agreed to issue Venom shares of Company common stock based on the number of golf carts purchased by Venom during the quarter as follows: for each 1,000 Units sold in 2025 by us to Venom, we shall issue Venom a number of shares equal to 1% of our outstanding shares of common stock (the “Venom Shares”) as of the last day of such quarter that the 1,000 Units were sold for no additional consideration. The requirement to issue the Venom Shares shall cease upon the purchase of 5,000 Units or June 30, 2026, whichever comes first. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent the issuance of the Venom Shares shall require shareholder approval pursuant to the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, such issuances shall be subject to the receipt of such shareholder approval If, for any reason, we fail to issue such shares to Venom, Venom is entitled to compensatory damages in the amount equal to the value of the Venom Shares that should have been issued to Venom in that quarter (determined by the closing stock price on the last day of that quarter), and to immediately terminate the Supply Agreement.

Although Super Sonic has an incentive to refer customers to purchase units through us and Venom has incentives to place orders, there are no minimum order quantities in their agreements therefore we may not realize significant sales from these agreements.

***The markets in which we operate are in their infancy and highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in these industries as the industry further develops. We currently face competition from new and established competitors and expect to face competition from others in the future, including competition from companies with new technology.***

The EV market is in its infancy, and we expect it will become more competitive in the future. There is no assurance that our vehicles will be successful in the respective markets in which they compete. A significant and growing number of established and new companies have entered or are reported to have plans to enter the EV market, including the off-road market that we intend to pursue. Most of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales networks, and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products. Increased competition could result in lower vehicle sales, price reductions, revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

***We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.***

Others, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents, copyrights, trademarks or other proprietary rights that could prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell or market our products and services, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, the holders of such intellectual property rights may assert their rights and may bring suits alleging infringement or misappropriation of such rights. In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to cease making, selling or incorporating certain components or intellectual property into the products we offer, to pay substantial damages and/or license royalties, to redesign our products, and/or to establish and maintain alternative branding for our products.

We have registrations for the trademarks VOLCON, GRUNT, and GRUNT EVO in the U.S. We have also applied to register additional trademarks – including VOLCON, VOLCON BRAT, EMPOWERING ADVENTURE, STAG, VOLCON STAG, VLCN, VLCN BRAT, VLCN HF1, VLCN MN1, VLCN FT1, VLCN HT1, VLCN SK1, and VLCN RV1 - in the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Australia and certain additional countries in Latin America, and many of these trademarks are now allowed or registered in these countries. We have resolved some conflicts and potential conflicts that have arisen with regard to the use and registration of our trademarks through coexistence agreements and the submission of arguments. We have received notice from an entity in Brazil who has opposed our applications for trademarks including the word VOLCON, but we believe the trademarks and the goods being sold under them are not similar and there is no potential for confusion.

In addition, we have been transitioning from the use of VOLCON to VLCN in certain countries, in some instances to avoid potential conflicts with marks that are similar to VOLCON. Our efforts to secure trademark registrations for VOLCON and VLCN and other trademarks referenced above are ongoing and we may encounter resistance from other companies, particularly as we expand into additional territories. If we receive objections from other entities and are unsuccessful in obtaining agreements or otherwise resolving the matters with these entities, we will need to consider the use of different trademarks for our Company and our products.

In the event that we were required to take one or more such actions, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity and diversion of resources and management attention.

***Increased tariffs or a global trade war could increase our costs and could further increase the cost of our products, which could adversely impact the competitiveness of our products and our financial results.***

The Brat, MN1s and HF1 depend on materials from China, namely batteries, which are among the main components of our vehicles. We cannot predict what actions may be taken with respect to tariffs or trade relations between the U.S. and China, what products may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by China in retaliation. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs, trade agreements or related policies have the potential to adversely impact our supply chain and access to equipment, our costs and our product margins. Any such cost increases or decreases in availability could slow our growth and cause our financial results and operational metrics to suffer.

***We primarily sell our vehicles and accessories through a network of third parties, and there is no assurance that we will be able to successfully build out this network.***

As of March 25, 2025, we have 117 active powersports dealers, 8 golf cart dealers and 13 bicycle dealers to sell our vehicles and accessories. We have hired a new sales team in 2024 to continue to expand this network of dealers.

For the Grunt EVO, MN1s and HF1s, we are required to comply with manufacture/dealer laws in states which have dealer regulations in which we sell our vehicles through dealers. Dealer laws vary by state and although our dealer agreements are intended to comply with these laws, we may be required to amend our agreements if these laws are changed or are challenged by dealers or other OEMs. Our dealer and distribution agreements are generally short-term in nature and the dealer, distributor or we may cancel these agreements under certain circumstances and we may not be able to retain or expand the scope of our dealer and/or distribution network in the future.

We have entered into an accounts receivable factoring arrangement to allow the Company the ability to generate cash for working capital. We will incur financing costs under this arrangement. On a longer term basis we intend to obtain a “flooring” financing arrangement to allow financing sources for our dealers to purchase vehicle inventory. We may incur costs to incentivize dealers to buy our vehicles including free dealer financing for certain periods or based on purchase volumes, interest rate buydowns on the dealers’ customer financing to incentivize their customers’ purchase of our vehicles. Because we are a young company with limited sales history and recurring losses, we may not be able to obtain these inventory financing sources which may result in dealers not wanting to sell our vehicles.

In the U.S., we began to sell the Brat on our website in 2023, in addition to our dealer network and bicycle dealers. Customers can request that these vehicles be delivered to a local Volcon dealer or directly to a location they can designate within the continental U.S. We do not intend to compete with our dealers who sell these products and we provide price protection to them in the event we are selling these products below the retail price they are selling them for in order for them to maintain their margin.

We also sell our two-wheeled vehicles and accessories internationally through international distributors. As of March 25, 2025, we have signed distribution agreements with six distributors in Latin America, and individual distributor agreements with distributors in New Zealand, the Caribbean region, Australia and Japan. We are relying on these distributors to market, promote, sell and service our vehicles and sell accessories in their designated countries/territories. We plan to expand this distributor network to other countries as well as sell our four-wheel products to these distributors assuming that our products can meet the regulatory requirements of these countries.

We believe our success will be highly dependent on our ability to build out this network in the major markets in which we intend to compete for customers, and to maintain this network in the future. Our business model is dependent not only on our ability to create the foregoing network, but also on the commitment and motivation of these third parties to promote our brand and products.

***Orders for vehicles are cancellable and there can be no assurance that all orders will result in revenue being recognized.***

Orders from U.S. dealers who are eligible for credit do not require an upfront payment and are cancellable prior to shipment with no penalty. Most importers must pay for orders in advance of shipment but can cancel an order prior to shipment and receive a refund without penalty.

The estimated fulfillment of all orders we have received assumes our third party manufacturers can successfully increase their production capacity in the future, of which there is no assurance. If we are unable to satisfy pending orders on a timely basis, customers may cancel their orders.

In some cases, there will be significant time between a customer ordering a vehicle and the eventual delivery of the vehicle, which creates a heightened risk that a customer that ordered a vehicle may change his or her mind and not ultimately take delivery of the vehicle, and accessories, if purchased, in their order. Any cancellations could harm our financial condition, business, prospects and operating results.

***We may be unable to improve our existing products and develop and market new products that respond to customer needs and preferences and achieve market acceptance.***

We may not be able to compete as effectively with our competitors, and ultimately satisfy the needs and preferences of our customers, unless we can successfully enhance current products, develop new innovative products, maintain or lower product costs and distinguish our products from our competitors’ products through innovation and design. Product development requires significant financial, technological, and other resources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to incur a level of investment in research and development that will be sufficient to successfully make us competitive in product innovation and design. In addition, even if we are able to successfully enhance existing products and develop new products, there is no guarantee that the markets for our existing products and new products will progress as anticipated. If any of the markets in which our existing products compete do not develop as expected, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

***We have limited experience servicing our vehicles, we intend to primarily utilize third parties to service our vehicles, and if we are unable to address the service requirements of our customers, our business could be materially and adversely affected.***

We have limited experience servicing or repairing our vehicles and we are developing our service manuals and service procedures to repair our vehicles. We are in the process of developing a network of service providers who will also be our dealers as many states require that only dealers can provide warranty service on vehicles. For our international distributors, they will be service providers or will identify third parties who will be service providers to service our vehicles.

Servicing electric vehicles is different from servicing vehicles with internal combustion engines and requires specialized skills, including high voltage training and servicing techniques. If we are unable to successfully address the service requirements of our customers, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to successfully address the servicing requirements of our customers or establish a market perception that we maintain high-quality support, our reputation could be harmed, we may be subject to claims from our customers, and our business, results of operations or financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

***Significant product repair and/or replacement due to product warranty claims or product recalls could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.***

We provide a one-year warranty against defects for the Grunt EVO and Brat and a two-year warranty on the battery. We provide warranties on the HF1 and MN1 products which have varying warranty terms depending on the part, but are generally from 6 months up to 2 years. The manufacturers of the HF1 and MN1 products provide the warranty and we are reimbursed for warranty claims provided we obtain approval of the claim from the manufacturer.

Our warranty will generally require us to repair or replace defective products during such warranty periods at no cost to the consumer. Some of the parts are warrantied by the part manufacturer where others are not. We record provisions based on an estimate of product warranty claims, but there is the possibility that actual claims may exceed these provisions and therefore negatively impact our results of operations of financial condition.

In addition, we may in the future be required to make product recalls or could be held liable in the event that some of our products do not meet safety standards or statutory requirements on product safety, even if the defects related to any such recall or liability are not covered by our limited warranty. The repair and replacement costs that we could incur in connection with a recall could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Product recalls could also harm our reputation and cause us to lose customers, particularly if recalls cause consumers to question the safety or reliability of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

***Our success is dependent upon the success of the off-road vehicle industry and upon consumers’ willingness to adopt electric vehicles.***

Our success is dependent upon the success of the off-road vehicle industry as a whole, and in particular upon consumers’ willingness to adopt electric vehicles as an alternative to combustion vehicles. If the market for electric off-road vehicles does not develop at the rate or in the manner or to the extent that we expect, our business, results of operations or financial condition may be adversely materially affected. The market for electric vehicles is relatively new, rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, additional competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standard, frequent new vehicle announcements and changing consumer demands and behaviors. Factors that may influence the adoption of electric vehicles include:

- perceptions about electric vehicle quality, safety, design, performance and costs;
- the limited range over which electric vehicles may be driven on a single battery charge, and the decline of an electric vehicle’s range resulting from deterioration over time in the battery’s ability to hold a charge;
- the ability to easily charge electric vehicles;
- volatility in the cost of oil and gasoline, and improvements in the fuel economy of combustion engines; and
- the environmental consciousness of off-road vehicles customers.

The influence of any of the factors described above may cause our customers not to purchase our vehicles and may otherwise materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

***Higher inflation and interest rates, volatile financial markets, unemployment and consumer confidence may cause consumers to defer or not purchase our products.***

Globally inflation and interest rates rose in 2023 and remained at such levels in 2024 and could rise or remain at current levels in the future. Our vehicles represent a discretionary purchase. Many consumers finance the purchase of an off-road vehicle and higher interest rates will result in higher monthly payments which some consumers may not qualify for or consumers may elect to defer their purchase until interest rates decline.

In addition, global financial markets overall have seen significant volatility since 2023 and could continue to experience volatility in the future and could decline. A number of large companies have announced layoffs. Public companies in the EV sector have seen significant declines and volatility. Consumer confidence in the U.S. has declined.

The influence of any of the factors described above may cause our customers not to purchase our vehicles and may otherwise materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

***We currently operate in an area of the vehicle sector that is not heavily regulated, and future changes in government oversight may subject us to increased regulations, which may increase our expenses.***

The off-road vehicle market is not heavily regulated, as compared to on-road vehicles, and, as such, we are not currently subject to significant government regulations. We expect to develop and sell on-road (not on highway) and off-road electric motorcycles in 2025. There are significant regulations that must be met for operating a motorcycle on-road. There is no guarantee that we will be able to meet these regulations. In addition, the MN1 is designed to be operated on-road (not on highway).

There are state and local regulations governing the operation of vehicles like the MN1 that vary from state to state and municipality to municipality. As an example, certain states only allow a top speed of 15 miles per hour whereas Texas allows a top speed of 25 miles per hour. There are also regulations where these types of vehicles may only be allowed to be operated on a road with a speed limit of 35 miles per hour or less.

As this market develops and grows, it may come under increased regulatory scrutiny, which may result in increased regulations. This increase in regulations may result in increased costs and expenses, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

***We could be negatively impacted by cybersecurity attacks and are subject to evolving privacy laws in the U.S. and other jurisdictions that could adversely impact our business and require that we incur substantial costs.***

We use a variety of information technology systems in the ordinary course of business, which are potentially vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, ransomware software viruses and other similar types of malicious activities and cyber-attacks, including cyber-attacks to our information technology infrastructure and attempts by others to gain access to our proprietary or sensitive information, and ranging from individual attempts to advanced persistent threats. Additionally, our vendors and potentially our customers, such as federal, state and local governments, require us to maintain and protect our information technology infrastructure to specified standards in order to protect not only our sensitive information, but also their sensitive information. Further, ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe. To alleviate the financial, operational, and reputational impact of a ransomware attack, it may be preferable to make extortion payments, but we may be unwilling or unable to do so, including, for example, if applicable laws or regulations prohibit such payments. The procedures and controls we use to monitor these threats and mitigate our exposure may not be sufficient to prevent cybersecurity incidents. The results of these incidents could include misstated financial data, theft of trade secrets or other intellectual property, liability for disclosure of confidential customer, supplier or employee information, increased costs arising from the implementation of additional security protective measures, litigation and reputational damage, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, business or results of operations. Any remedial costs or other liabilities related to cybersecurity incidents may not be fully insured or indemnified by other means. Moreover, we or our third party vendors or business partners may be more vulnerable to such attacks in remote work environments, which increased in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, security breaches could result in a violation of applicable U.S. and international privacy and other laws and subject us to governmental investigations and proceedings, which could result in our exposure to material civil or criminal liability.

### Risks Related to our Common Stock

***Your ownership may be diluted if additional capital stock is issued to raise capital, to finance our operations, to complete acquisitions or in connection with strategic transactions.***

If we need to raise additional funds to finance our operations, to complete acquisitions or to develop strategic relationships by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, which would reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders. Our board of directors has the authority, without action or vote of the stockholders, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 250,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Future issuances of common or preferred stock would reduce your influence over matters on which stockholders vote and would be dilutive to earnings per share. In addition, any newly issued preferred stock could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of the common stock. Those rights, preferences and privileges could include, among other things, the establishment of dividends that must be paid prior to declaring or paying dividends or other distributions to holders of our common stock or providing for preferential liquidation rights. These rights, preferences and privileges could negatively affect the rights of holders of our common stock, and the right to convert such preferred stock into shares of our common stock at a rate or price that would have a dilutive effect on the outstanding shares of our common stock.

***If our stock price fluctuates, you could lose a significant part of your investment.***

Our share price has historically been highly volatile and closed at $0.9601 on March 28, 2025. The market price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to, among other things, the risk factors described in this filing and other factors beyond our control, such as fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us. Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions, such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock. In the past, many companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

***We are party to certain agreements with a founder of the Company and certain executive officers that may create a conflict of interest for our board of directors in evaluating a potential change of control transaction.***

We had previously entered into a consulting agreement with Highbridge Consultants, LLC (“Highbridge”), an entity controlled by Mr. Adrian James, a founder of our Company. Pursuant to the consulting agreements, upon the occurrence of a Fundamental Transaction (as contemplated by such agreement), which generally includes a business combination, merger, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets (or similar events), for an aggregate gross sales price of $100.0 million or more, Highbridge will receive a cash payment equal to 1% of such gross sales price. This payment upon the consummation of a Fundamental Transaction may make our company less attractive to a potential acquirer or may reduce the valuation we receive in connection with a Fundamental Transaction.

Furthermore, if our market capitalization exceeds $300.0 million for a period of 21 consecutive trading days, Highbridge will receive an additional cash payment equal to $15.0 million; provided that we will have the right, in our sole discretion, to make the foregoing $15.0 million payment by the issuance of shares of our common stock. If we elect to make any payments to the entity in the form of stock, it would reduce the ownership percentage of our other stockholders.

In January 2024, the Company entered into an employment agreement with John Kim, a member of the board of directors of the Company, to become the Company’s CEO and President. Also in January 2024, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Greg Endo, the Company’s CFO and Executive Vice President. As part of the employment agreements with Mr. Kim and Mr. Endo, they are each entitled to a payment of 5% of the gross proceeds from any merger, sale or change of control transaction (as determined by the board of directors) entered into by the Company for a period of up to 6 months after termination of employment; provided that they are not terminated for cause (as defined in the employment agreement).

These change of control payments may create a conflict of interest for these directors and officers in evaluating any future change of control transactions.

### We do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in any financing instruments, provisions of applicable law and other factors the board deems relevant.

***If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our common stock, then our stock price and trading volume could decline.***

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our industry and our market. If no analyst elects to cover us and publish research or reports about us, the market for our common stock could be severely limited and our stock price could be adversely affected. As a small-cap company, we are more likely than our larger competitors to lack coverage from securities analysts. In addition, even if we receive analyst coverage, if one or more analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. If one or more analysts who elect to cover us issue negative reports or adversely change their recommendations regarding our common stock, our stock price could decline.

***We are currently not in compliance with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we have in the past failed to maintain compliance with all applicable continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, and if we fail to maintain compliance with all applicable continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future, we will not be afforded traditional cure periods under Nasdaq rules and our common stock will be delisted from Nasdaq, which could have an adverse impact on the liquidity and market price of our common stock.***

On December 19, 2023, we were notified by the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), as the minimum bid price of our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. On January 4, 2024, the Staff notified us that the market value of our listed securities had been below the minimum $35,000,000 required for continued listing as set forth in Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) for the previous 180 calendar days and served as an additional basis for delisting.

We submitted a hearing request to Nasdaq’s Hearings Department, which stayed the suspension of our common stock. The hearing was held on March 26, 2024. On April 2, 2024, we received notification from the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (“Panel”) that it had granted an extension until June 24, 2024, to demonstrate compliance with Listing Rules 5550(a)(2) and 5550(b)(1) (which requires at least $2.5 million in shareholders’ equity), subject to certain conditions.

On July 17, 2024, we received a letter from the Nasdaq Office of General Counsel confirming the decision of the Panel that we had demonstrated compliance with the requirements for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market, but that we will be subject to a Discretionary Panel Monitor for a period of one year.

Our common stock has traded below $1.00 since February 20, 2025. If our common stock continues to trade below $1.00 for 30 consecutive days, we will be out of compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). In the event that we have another deficiency or deficiencies, we will immediately go back into Nasdaq’s hearings process. In the event that the Nasdaq Hearings Department does not grant us an extension to demonstrate compliance our common stock would be delisted from Nasdaq and trading of our common stock could be conducted only in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such an event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our common stock, and there would likely also be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. Also, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on a major exchange.

***In an effort to regain compliance with Nasdaq listing rules, we completed reverse stock splits during 2024. We cannot predict whether we will need to complete an additional reverse stock split and the effect that such reverse stock split will have on the market price for shares of our common stock.***

As noted in the risk factor above, in an effort to regain compliance with the Nasdaq bid price rule we completed reverse stock splits in February 2024, June 2024 and November 2024. The Company’s stock price as of March 28, 2025 was $0.9601 and we may need to complete another reverse stock split in order to regain compliance with the Nasdaq bid price rule.

We cannot predict the effect that the reverse stock split will have on the market price for shares of our common stock, and the history of previous reverse stock splits has not resulted in our share price remaining above $1.00. Some investors may have a negative view of a reverse stock split. Even if the reverse stock split has a positive effect on the market price for shares of our common stock, performance of our business and financial results, general economic conditions and the market perception of our business, and other adverse factors which may not be in our control could lead to a decrease in the price of our common stock following the reverse stock split.

Furthermore, even if the reverse stock split does result in an increased market price per share of our common stock, the market price per share following the reverse stock split may not increase in proportion to the reduction of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding before the implementation of the reverse stock split. Accordingly, even with an increased market price per share, the total market capitalization of shares of our common stock after a reverse stock split could be lower than the total market capitalization before the reverse stock split. Also, even if there is an initial increase in the market price per share of our common stock after a reverse stock split, the market price may not remain at that level.

If the market price of shares of our common stock declines following the reverse stock split, the percentage decline as an absolute number and as a percentage of our overall market capitalization may be greater than would occur in the absence of the reverse stock split due to decreased liquidity in the market for our common stock. Accordingly, the total market capitalization of our common stock following the reverse stock split could be lower than the total market capitalization before the reverse stock split.

***As an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements.***

As an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. We are an emerging growth company until the earliest of:

- the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more;
- the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering;
- the date on which we have, during the previous 3-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt; or
- the date on which we are deemed a “large accelerated issuer” as defined under the federal securities laws.

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to:

- have an auditor report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002;
- comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis);
- submit certain executive compensation matters to stockholders advisory votes pursuant to the “say on frequency” and “say on pay” provisions (requiring a non-binding stockholder vote to approve compensation of certain executive officers) and the “say on golden parachute” provisions (requiring a non-binding stockholder vote to approve golden parachute arrangements for certain executive officers in connection with mergers and certain other business combinations) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010; and
- include detailed compensation discussion and analysis in our filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and instead may provide a reduced level of disclosure concerning executive compensation.

Additionally, for so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we:

- may present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A; and
- are eligible to claim longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under §107 of the JOBS Act.

We intend to take advantage of all of these reduced reporting requirements and exemptions, other than the longer phase-in periods for the adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards under §107 of the JOBS Act.

Certain of these reduced reporting requirements and exemptions were already available to us due to the fact that we also qualify as a “smaller reporting company” under SEC rules. For instance, smaller reporting companies are not required to obtain an auditor attestation and report regarding management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting; are not required to provide a compensation discussion and analysis; are not required to provide a pay-for-performance graph or CEO pay ratio disclosure; and may present only two years of audited financial statements and related MD&A disclosure.

## Cybersecurity

As filed, 3,053 characters.

### Risk Management and Strategy

We have established policies and procedures for assessing, identifying, and managing material risk from cybersecurity threats. We monitor cybersecurity threats, including any potential unauthorized occurrence on or conducted through our information systems that we use through third party providers that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein.

We conducted a NIST risk assessment and performed as needed updates to our risks to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments in the event of a material change in our business practices that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats. We engage a managed service provider (“MSP”) and other third parties in connection with our cybersecurity and information technology risk assessment processes and our MSP also assists us with managing and monitoring our network and local computer systems. These service providers assist us in designing and implementing our cybersecurity policies and procedures, as well as monitoring and testing our safeguards. Personnel at all levels and departments are made aware of our cybersecurity policies through communications.

As of December 31, 2024, and through the date of the filing of this report, we are not aware of any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For additional information regarding risks from cybersecurity threats, please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in this Annual report on Form 10-K.

### Governance

One of the key responsibilities of our board of directors is informed oversight of our risk management process, including risks from cybersecurity threats. Our board of directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, and our executive officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the material risks we face.

Our Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) is primarily responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. In this regard, our CFO has assistance from service providers, other consultants and third parties. Our CFO has served as an executive officer for three years and prior to this was an audit and advisory partner at a public accounting firm overseeing financial statement audits of public and private companies. Audit procedures performed for his clients included evaluating internal controls and risk assessment evaluations over information technology and cybersecurity policies.

Our CFO oversees our cybersecurity policies and procedures, including those described in “Risk Management and Strategy” above. Under such policies and procedures, our CFO is responsible for reporting to our board of directors regarding any cybersecurity incident including the results of cybersecurity risk assessments.

## Properties

As filed, 366 characters.

Our corporate headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas, where we currently lease approximately 23,300 square feet of space across three facilities.

We believe that our existing space is adequate for our current operations. We believe that suitable replacement and additional space, if necessary, will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.

## Legal proceedings

As filed, 655 characters.

From time to time in the ordinary course of our business, we may be involved in legal proceedings, the outcomes of which may not be determinable. The results of litigation are inherently unpredictable. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time and result in diversion of significant resources. We are not able to estimate an aggregate amount or range of reasonably possible losses for those legal matters for which losses are not probable and estimable. We have insurance policies covering potential losses where such coverage is cost effective.

## Management's discussion and analysis

As filed, 24,482 characters.

*You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.*

### Overview

We are an all-electric, off-road powersports vehicle company selling and developing Volcon electric two-wheeled E-Bikes and motorcycles, four-wheeled utility terrain vehicles, or UTVs, also known as side-by-sides, and golf carts, along with a line of upgrades and accessories. In January 2025, we also entered into a distribution agreement with a golf cart manufacturer, Super Sonic Company Ltd. (“Super Sonic”) located in Vietnam, and a subsidiary of Odes Industry, to supply golf carts to other companies in the U. S. who sell golf carts.

### Distribution and Supplier Agreements

#### Exclusive Distribution Agreement

In January 2025, we signed an exclusive Distribution Agreement with Super Sonic to act as their exclusive distributor of certain of their golf cart products (the “Products”), in the U. S.. Super Sonic agreed to recommend to all customers the sole use of us for all Products. Super Sonic has the right to sell non-Volcon branded Products to other customers and shall pay 5% of the order price to us. Before the end of June 2025, we agreed to provide a procurement plan, and if we fail to meet the minimum purchase requirement described in the procurement plan for two consecutive months, Super Sonic shall have the right to immediately terminate the Distribution Agreement. During the term of the Distribution Agreement, to the extent we sell any Volcon-branded products (the “Volcon Products”) that are similar to the Products, we agreed to provide Super Sonic with a right of first refusal to manufacture the Volcon Products. As more fully discussed in Note 15 of the accompanying financial statements, we may be required to issue our common stock, warrants to purchase our common stock and the right to appoint a director to our board of directors if certain golf cart sales volumes are attained.

#### Supply Agreement

On February 24, 2025, we entered into a Supply Agreement with Venom-EV LLC (“Venom”) to supply Venom with certain golf carts. The Supply Agreement allows Venom to purchase up to $3 million of golf carts with payment terms of 90 days from the date the golf carts are delivered to Venom’s facility. These golf carts will be purchased through a manufacturer specified in the Supply Agreement and we will receive consideration of the cost of the golf carts plus a three percent margin. We received an initial order from Venom for $2.4 million of golf carts. At the end of each calendar quarter, we agreed to issue Venom shares of Company common stock based on the number of golf carts purchased by Venom during the quarter as follows: for each 1,000 Units sold in 2025 to Venom by us, we shall issue Venom a number of shares equal to 1% of our outstanding shares of common stock as of the last day of such quarter that the 1,000 Units were sold for no additional consideration.

### Results of Operations

The following financial information is for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | 2024 | 2023 |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Revenue | $4,037,191 | $3,260,988 |
| Cost of goods sold | 18,168,288 | 11,391,040 |
| Gross margin | (14,131,097) | (8,130,052) |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |
| Sales and marketing | 2,548,953 | 7,405,705 |
| Product development | 2,668,330 | 7,868,985 |
| General and administrative | 7,665,647 | 6,388,007 |
| Total operating expenses | 12,882,930 | 21,662,697 |
| Loss from operations | (27,014,027) | (29,792,749) |
| Interest and other expense | (18,496,282) | (15,278,462) |
| Net loss | $(45,510,309) | $(45,071,211) |

Due to recurring losses, there is no provision for income taxes for any period presented.

#### Revenue

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $4,037,191 which represents sales of Brats of $1,561,555, Grunt EVOs of $1,280,739, Stags of $371,552, Volcon Youth of $286,680 (which we stopped selling as of June 30, 2024), MN1s of $31,225, HF1s of $22,500 and accessories and parts of $264,338. Revenue also increased due to the reversal of unclaimed dealer rebates and price adjustment credits in the amount of $350,093 offset by discounts due to various promotions in the amount of $125,859.

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $3,260,988 which represents sales of Brats of $2,341,097, Grunt EVO motorcycles of $465,438, Grunt motorcycles of $129,117, Volcon Youth and Torrot motorcycles of $498,160 and accessories and parts of $261,663 offset by $436,333 for rebates and dealer discounts.

#### Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $18,168,288 including payroll costs of $274,801 for employees performing product fulfillment, logistics management, and service and warranty, partially offset by a stock-based compensation benefit of ($11,827) for the reversal of previously recognized stock-based compensation on stock options that did not vest due to employee terminations. Product costs for Brats and Grunt EVOs sold during the period were $1,523,053 and $1,427,562, (before the finished goods inventory write down discussed below), respectively. Volcon Youth product costs were $186,813 before the additional expense of $81,911 for the write down of all Volcon Youth inventory as the Company could no longer sell Volcon Youth motorcycles or parts after June 30, 2024. MN1 and HF1 product costs were $34,491 and $125,550 respectively.

Stag product costs were $950,424, which includes an expense of $112,168 for the loss the Company realized due to agreeing to provide additional units to a customer at a sales price less than the manufactured cost of the units. As noted above, the Company also wrote off all Stag parts inventory and prepaid inventory deposits resulting in an expense of $8,712,644. The Company also recognized an expense of $976,420 for a settlement agreement with a vendor who supplies certain suspension components for the Stag, an expense of $2,526,410 for a settlement agreement with the manufacturer of the Stag and $35,000 for a settlement to a vendor of Grunt parts. These expenses were offset by a credit of $700,000 for an amendment to the original settlement agreement with Torrot whereby the Company agreed to settle the future payment obligation by making a one-time lump sum payment and returning all unsold units and parts to Torrot. The Company also wrote down the Grunt EVO finished goods inventory by $674,379 due to the Company lowering the sales price to dealers and distributors.

The Company recorded a loss on disposal of assets of $817,736 primarily tooling related to Stag, Grunt EVO and Runt. The Company also recorded $175,000 as an offset to expenses for the partial recovery of a previously written off prepaid inventory deposit. Facilities costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $408,217 for our warehouse facility and third party warehousing costs.

Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $11,391,040, including payroll costs of $1,200,098 and stock-based compensation of $211,981 for employees performing warehouse and logistics management and quality control testing. Product costs for Brats, Grunt EVOs, and Volcon Youth motorcycles sold during the period were $1,674,987, $711,807 and $3,236,773, respectively. We recorded a write down of $2,674,352 for Volcon Youth motorcycles to reduce their costs to the expected net realizable value. We also recorded an expense of $2,070,000 for the termination of the Torrot agreement. We recorded an expense of $450,282 related to fees paid to cancel purchase orders to reduce raw material quantities. The Company also recorded an expense of $1,401,490 to write off inventory contributed to our third party manufacturer of the Grunt EVO in return for a credit that would be provided for each unit purchased up to 900 units.

Facilities costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $509,360 for our warehouse facility and third party warehousing costs. Accrued warranty costs were $205,069 offset by a reversal of the accrued warranty liability in the amount of $472,978 for the Grunt where the one year warranty for defects had expired and claims were not as high as estimated.

In 2025 we expect revenue and cost of goods sold to increase due to the expected increase in sales of the Brat, MN1 and HF1 products. Additional cost savings may be realized if the third party manufacturer for these vehicles can source or manufacture parts at a lower cost.

#### Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses relate to costs to increase exposure and awareness for our products and developing our network of U.S. dealers and international distributors.

Sales and marketing expenses were $2,548,953 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and were primarily related to expenses associated with promoting our products and brand of $788,443, employee payroll costs of $845,675, stock-based compensation of $37,062 for share-based awards granted to employees and consultants, and travel costs of $99,218 primarily related to costs incurred for travel to build our dealer and distributor network and to attend events to promote our products. Facilities costs were $117,359. Professional fees were $253,872, mainly related to legal fees of $19,506 related to entering into international distribution agreements and sales consultants in the amount of $189,673. Depreciation expense, primarily for demo vehicles, was $157,950.

Sales and marketing expenses were $7,405,705 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and were primarily related to expenses associated with promoting our products and brand of $2,889,421, employee payroll costs of $2,789,652, stock-based compensation of $693,559 for share-based awards granted to employees and consultants, and travel costs of $294,323 primarily related to costs incurred for travel to build our dealer and distributor network and to attend events to promote our products. Facilities costs were $168,000. Bad debt expense was $105,687 and professional fees in the amount of $201,125, mainly related to legal fees in the amount of $74,090 related to entering into international distribution agreements and sales consultant fees in the amount of $73,132.

We expect sales expenses to increase as we begin expanding our international distributors and selling commissions to increase sales of Brats, MN1s and HF1s. We expect marketing expenses to increase to promote the MN1 and HF1 products and to launch the two-wheel motorcycle that will replace the Grunt EVO.

#### Product Development Expense

Product development expenses relate to development of our products and process to manufacture these products.

Product development expenses were $2,668,330 for year ended December 31, 2024 and were primarily related to expenses associated with employee payroll costs of $1,515,900, stock-based compensation of $126,337 for share-based awards granted to employees, facilities costs of $242,677, prototype costs of $252,147 and software fees related to product development in the amount of $77,837, travel expenses of $163,669 and depreciation expense of $100,782.

Product development expenses were $7,868,985 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and were primarily related to expenses associated with employee payroll costs of $1,772,836, stock-based compensation of $837,271 for share-based awards granted to employees and consultants, professional fees of $298,713 for consultants assisting with product design and programming, prototype vehicles and parts costs of $3,662,908, testing costs of $240,472 to complete testing of vehicles including any required regulatory tests, $198,224 for supplies and software and facilities costs of $192,998.

We expect 2025 product development costs related to employee costs to remain consistent with the year ended December 31, 2024 and we expect an increase in prototype expenses as we develop the dual sport motorcycle.

#### General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses relate to costs for our finance, accounting and administrative functions to support the operations, development, marketing and sales of our products.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, general and administrative expenses were $7,665,647 and were primarily related to expenses associated with employee payroll costs of $2,120,064, stock-based compensation of $159,388 for share-based awards granted to employees, professional fees of $1,130,595 (including legal fees of $574,952, tax and accounting fees of $82,116 and audit fees of $242,200), software costs of $549,238, insurance costs of $2,494,892, travel expenses of $161,078, facilities expense of $177,435, annual and special shareholder meeting costs of $201,268, board compensation expense of $125,000 and other public company expense costs of $327,774.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses were $6,388,007 and were primarily related to expenses associated with employee payroll costs of $1,613,575, stock-based compensation of $885,113 for share-based awards granted to employees, professional fees of $1,024,774 (including legal fees of $522,334, tax and audit fees of $326,702 and recruiting fees of $50,297), software costs were $444,318, insurance costs of $1,465,092, facilities costs of $249,074, which includes $85,756 of lease termination costs, annual and special stockholder meeting costs of $227,439 and board compensation expense of $117,000.

We expect general and administrative expenses to remain consistent over the next several quarters. Costs such as product liability insurance may increase due to the introduction of new products and increased sales.

#### Interest and Other Expenses, net

Interest and other income/expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $18,496,282. Non-cash interest expense of $314,838 was recognized for the amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of principal on the May 2023 Notes through the date these notes were exchanged for Preferred Stock in March 2024. We recorded a loss on the conversion of some of these notes of $333,544 and a loss from the exchange of these notes for Preferred Stock of $1,314,065. We recognized a loss of $1,470,554 when we repaid the outstanding principal of the May 2024 Notes with the proceeds received from our July 2024 equity offering. Non-cash interest expense of $238,965 was recognized for the amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of principal on the May 2024 Notes until they were repaid. We recorded a loss on the change in the estimated fair value of the Series A and Series B Warrant liabilities of $14,933,739 which was partially offset by a gain of $165,355 from the exercise of some of the Series B Warrants.

Interest and other income/expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $15,278,462. A loss on extinguishment of the Convertible Notes of $22,296,988 was recognized in the year ended December 31, 2023 (see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements). Non-cash interest expense of $4,969,590 was recognized for the amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of principal on the Convertible Notes issued in August 2022 prior to extinguishment of the Convertible Notes and for the May 2023 Notes. A gain on the change in the valuation of derivative financial liabilities and warrant liabilities of $13,473,218 was recognized in the year ended December 31, 2023 (see Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements). Offering costs related to the November 2023 public offering for the amount allocated to the issuance of Series A and Series B Warrants in the amount of $1,444,547.

Non-cash interest expense will no longer be recognized on the May 2023 Notes in the future due to the exchange of the May 2023 Notes for Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Non-cash interest expense will no longer be recognized on the May 2024 Senior Notes after repayment of these notes in July 2024 with the proceeds from the sale of common stock.

#### Net Loss

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $45,510,309, compared to $45,071,211 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

### Liquidity and Capital Resources

On December 31, 2024, we had cash and restricted cash of $2.3 million, including $0.1 million of restricted cash, and we had a working capital of $0.4 million. Since inception we have funded our operations from proceeds from debt and equity sales.

#### Cash used in operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $16.0 million for year ended December 31, 2024 and includes all of our operating costs except depreciation and amortization of $0.4 million, write down of Stag, Grunt EVO and Volcon Youth inventory and inventory deposits of $9.3 million, non-cash interest expense for the amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of principal on the May 2023 Notes and May 2024 Notes of $0.6 million, loss on change in derivative financial liabilities of $14.8 million, losses on conversion and extinguishment of Convertible Notes of $1.6 million, $1.5 million loss on repayment of the May 2024 Notes, $0.8 million from the loss on disposal of fixed assets, and stock based compensation of $0.3 million. Cash used in operating activities includes a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.1 million due to collections, a decrease of $0.8 million in prepaid inventory deposits due to inventory being received, a decrease of $0.9 million in inventory, a decrease of $0.9 million in prepaid assets primarily due to lower insurance costs, a decrease of $0.5 million in accounts payable, and an increase of $1.6 million in accrued liabilities primarily due to the vendor settlements noted above and $0.4 million used to pay our lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2024, we have a decrease of $0.2 million in customer deposits, primarily due to orders being fulfilled for two of our Latin American distributors for shipments of Brats and Grunt EVOs paid for previously.

Net cash used in operating activities was $29.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and includes all of our operating costs except stock-based compensation of $2.6 million, write-down of inventory of $4.3 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.2 million, non-cash interest expense for the amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of principal on Convertible Notes and May 2023 Notes of $5.0 million, gain on change in derivative financial liabilities of $13.5 million, loss on extinguishment of Convertible Notes of $22.3 million, bad debt expense of $0.1 million. Cash used in operating activities includes a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.6 million due to collections, increases in inventory of $7.6 million due to the purchase of Brats, Volcon Youth motorcycles and purchases of inventory for the Stag after considering the write down of Grunt and Volcon Youth motorcycle inventory, a decrease of $0.2 million in accounts payable, and an increase of $1.1 million in accrued liabilities due primarily to the accrual recorded for the settlement to Torrot. As of December 31, 2023, we have an increase of $0.4 million in customer deposits, primarily for orders to be fulfilled from two of our Latin American distributors for shipments of Brats and Grunt EVOs.

#### Cash used in investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily consisting of $0.3 million of purchases of equipment and tooling offset by $0.1 million received from an insurance settlement for a vehicle that was totaled in the period.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting of $0.9 million of purchases of equipment and tooling offset by proceeds of $0.1 million received for the sale of two vehicles.

#### Cash provided by financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $10.4 million and was primarily related to the net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and pre funded warrants in July 2024 for net proceeds of $10.8 million and net proceeds from the issuance May 2024 Senior Notes and May 2024 Note Warrants of $2.3 million offset by the repayment of the May 2024 Senior Notes of $2.9 million. We also received net proceeds of $0.2 million for the issuance of common stock from our At The Market equity offering (“ATM”) established in October 2024 and proceeds of $0.1 million for the exercise of Series B warrants.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $27.1 million and was related primarily to proceeds from the public offerings of 42 shares of our common stock for net proceeds of $4.6 million, issuance of convertible notes in a private offering with a principal amount of $4.9 million and net proceeds of $3.9 million, and proceeds from the public offering of 93 common stock units and 1,099 pre-funded warrants units for net proceeds of $16.2 million. We also received proceeds of $1.0 million from the exercise of 11 warrants and reduction of the exercise price for 12 warrants.

Our continuation as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to attain profitable operations and if necessary, obtain continued financial support from the issuance of debt or equity. As of December 31, 2024, we had incurred an accumulated deficit of $166.3 million since inception. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company received additional net proceeds from the issuance of common stock from our ATM of $8.8 million. In addition, on February 6, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $10.7 million from the issuance of common stock units or pre-funded warrant units as more fully discussed in Note 10 to the accompanying financial statements.

Management anticipates that our cash on hand as of December 31, 2024 plus the cash raised from the ATM subsequent to December 31, 2024, net proceeds from the February 6, 2025 equity offering discussed above, and cash expected to be generated from operations will not be sufficient to fund planned operations beyond one year from the date of the issuance of the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. We do not have commitments for any such financing, and there can be no assurance that such additional funding would be available to the Company on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional financing, we will be required to modify or curtail our operations. These factors raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

As of December 31, 2024, we had shareholders’ equity of $40,761. As described above, subsequent to December 31, 2024, we received additional net proceeds from the issuance of common stock from our ATM of $8.8 million, and we received net proceeds of $10.7 million from the issuance of common stock units or pre-funded warrant units. As of the date of this report, we estimate we have shareholders’ equity of over $17.0 million.

### JOBS Act Accounting Election

The recently enacted JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.

We have implemented all new accounting pronouncements that are in effect and may impact our financial statements and we do not believe that there are any other new accounting pronouncements that have been issued that might have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

### Critical Accounting Policies

None

## Market risk

As filed, 153 characters.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

## Controls and procedures

As filed, 3,183 characters.

### Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the appropriate time periods, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Chief Executive Officer, who is our principal executive officer, and Chief Financial Officer, who is our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely discussions regarding required disclosure. We, under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of December 31, 2024.

### Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has determined that internal controls over financial reporting are ineffective as the material weaknesses identified by our independent registered public accounting firm in our internal control over financial reporting in our 2020 audit have not been remediated as of December 31, 2024. These material weaknesses are as follows:

- Inadequate segregation of duties within account processes due to limited personnel
- Insufficient formal written policies and procedures for accounting, IT, financial reporting and record keeping

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012

### Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Filed Mar 31, 2025.
Source: SEC EDGAR, the filing index for accession 0001683168-25-002047. Last ingested by Listed: Nov 6, 2026, 18:26 ET. No prices; not investment advice.