# NorthWestern Energy Group, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2023

- Company: [NorthWestern Energy Group, Inc.](/companies/nwe.md) (CIK 1993004)
- Form: 10-Q
- Filed: 2023-10-27
- Accepted by EDGAR: Oct 26, 2023, 17:57 ET
- Period: 2023-09-30
- Accession: 0001993004-23-000006
- Inline XBRL: yes
- Main document: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1993004/000199300423000006/nwe-20230930.htm
- All documents and exhibits: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1993004/000199300423000006/

## Figures reported in this filing

Standardized XBRL line items for the period ended 2023-09-30.

| Line item | Period | Value | XBRL concept |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | $321.1m | us-gaap:Revenues |
| Revenue | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $1.07bn | us-gaap:Revenues |
| Operating income | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | $55.6m | us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss |
| Operating income | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $197.3m | us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss |
| Income tax | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | $1.7m | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Income tax | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $14.1m | us-gaap:IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit |
| Net income | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | $29.3m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Net income | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $111.0m | us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss |
| Diluted EPS | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | $0.48 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Diluted EPS | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $1.85 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted |
| Basic EPS | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | $0.48 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Basic EPS | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $1.85 | us-gaap:EarningsPerShareBasic |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 3 months, 2023-07-01 to 2023-09-30 | 60,477,697 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Diluted shares (weighted) | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | 60,041,920 shares | us-gaap:WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding |
| Operating cash flow | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $426.9m | us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities |
| Capital expenditure | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $407.2m | us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment |
| Dividends paid | 9 months, 2023-01-01 to 2023-09-30 | $115.0m | us-gaap:PaymentsOfDividendsCommonStock |
| Cash and equivalents | at 2023-09-30 | $5.1m | us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue |
| Current assets | at 2023-09-30 | $358.4m | us-gaap:AssetsCurrent |
| Total assets | at 2023-09-30 | $7.43bn | us-gaap:Assets |
| Current liabilities | at 2023-09-30 | $569.5m | us-gaap:LiabilitiesCurrent |
| Total liabilities | at 2023-09-30 | $4.69bn | us-gaap:Liabilities |
| Long-term debt | at 2023-09-30 | $2.54bn | us-gaap:LongTermDebtNoncurrent |
| Current portion of debt | at 2023-09-30 | $99.9m | us-gaap:LongTermDebtCurrent |
| Shareholders' equity | at 2023-09-30 | $2.74bn | us-gaap:StockholdersEquity |

## Management's discussion and analysis

As filed, 83,276 characters.

### Non-GAAP Financial Measure

The following discussion includes financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP, as well as another financial measure, Utility Margin, that is considered a “non-GAAP financial measure.” Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s financial performance, financial position or cash flows that excludes (or includes) amounts that are included in (or excluded from) the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. We define Utility Margin as Operating Revenues less fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense (exclusive of depreciation and depletion) as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. This measure differs from the GAAP definition of Gross Margin due to the exclusion of Operating and maintenance, Property and other taxes, and Depreciation and depletion expenses, which are presented separately in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The following discussion includes a reconciliation of Utility Margin to Gross Margin, the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

We believe that Utility Margin provides a useful measure for investors and other financial statement users to analyze our financial performance in that it excludes the effect on total revenues caused by volatility in energy costs and associated regulatory mechanisms. This information is intended to enhance an investor's overall understanding of results. Under our various state regulatory mechanisms, as detailed below, our supply costs are generally collected from customers. In addition, Utility Margin is used by us to determine whether we are collecting the appropriate amount of energy costs from customers to allow for recovery of operating costs, as well as to analyze how changes in loads (due to weather, economic or other conditions), rates and other factors impact our results of operations. Our Utility Margin measure may not be comparable to that of other companies' presentations or more useful than the GAAP information provided elsewhere in this report.

### OVERVIEW

NorthWestern Energy Group, doing business as NorthWestern Energy, provides electricity and/or natural gas to approximately 764,200 customers in Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska and Yellowstone National Park. For a discussion of NorthWestern’s business strategy, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the NorthWestern Corporation Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

We work to deliver safe, reliable, and innovative energy solutions that create value for customers, communities, employees, and investors. We do this by providing low-cost and reliable service performed by highly-adaptable and skilled employees. We are focused on delivering long-term shareholder value through:

- Infrastructure investment focused on a stronger and smarter grid to improve the customer experience, while enhancing grid reliability and safety. This includes automation in customer meters, distribution and substations that enables the use of proven new technologies.
- Investing in and integrating supply resources that balance reliability, cost, capacity, and sustainability considerations with more predictable long-term commodity prices.
- Continually improving our operating efficiency. Financial discipline is essential to earning our authorized return on invested capital and maintaining a strong balance sheet, stable cash flows, and quality credit ratings to continue to attract cost-effective capital for future investment.

We expect to pursue these investment opportunities and manage our business in a manner that allows us to be flexible in adjusting to changing economic conditions by adjusting the timing and scale of the projects.

We are committed to providing customers with reliable and affordable electric and natural gas services while also being good stewards of the environment. Towards this end, in 2022 we expanded and outlined our efforts towards a carbon-free future through our goal to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

As you read this discussion and analysis, refer to our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, which present the results of our operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

### HOW WE PERFORMED AGAINST OUR THIRD QUARTER 2022 RESULTS

*(in millions)*

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 vs. 2022 Income Before Income Taxes | Income Tax (Expense) Benefit | Net Income |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| **Third Quarter, 2022** | **$27.1** | **$0.3** | **$27.4** |
| Variance in revenue and fuel, purchased supply, and direct transmission expense(1) items impacting net income: |  |  |  |
| Montana interim rates | 7.8 | (2.0) | 5.8 |
| Lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs due to higher electric supply revenues and lower electric supply costs | 4.0 | (1.0) | 3.0 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 1.3 | (0.3) | 1.0 |
| Higher natural gas retail volumes | 0.6 | (0.2) | 0.4 |
| Higher natural gas transportation | 0.3 | (0.1) | 0.2 |
| Lower electric retail volumes | (4.3) | 1.1 | (3.2) |
| Lower electric transmission revenue | (0.5) | 0.1 | (0.4) |
| Other | (0.7) | 0.2 | (0.5) |
| Variance in expense items(2) impacting net income: |  |  |  |
| Higher depreciation expense | (3.6) | 0.9 | (2.7) |
| Higher interest expense | (3.4) | 0.9 | (2.5) |
| Higher operating, maintenance, and administrative expenses | (1.3) | 0.3 | (1.0) |
| Income tax return to accrual adjustment | — | (1.3) | (1.3) |
| Lower other state and local tax expense | 1.6 | (0.4) | 1.2 |
| Other | 2.1 | (0.2) | 1.9 |
| **Third Quarter, 2023** | **$31.0** | **$(1.7)** | **$29.3** |
| **Change in Net Income** |  |  | **$1.9** |

(1) Exclusive of depreciation and depletion shown separately below

(2) Excluding fuel, purchased supply, and direct transmission expense

Consolidated net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $29.3 million as compared with $27.4 million for the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, higher natural gas retail volumes, and lower other state and local tax expenses, partly offset by lower electric retail volumes, lower transmission revenues, higher depreciation and depletion expense, higher operating, maintenance, and administrative expenses, higher interest expense, and higher income tax expense.

### SIGNIFICANT TRENDS AND REGULATION

Refer to the NorthWestern Corporation Annual Report on the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for disclosure of the significant trends and regulations that could have a significant impact on our business. These significant trends and regulations have not changed materially since such disclosure, except as follows:

### Regulatory Update

Rate reviews are necessary to recover the cost of providing safe, reliable service, while contributing to earnings growth and achieving our financial objectives. We regularly review the need for electric and natural gas rate relief in each state in which we provide service.

*Montana Rate Review Filing –* On August 8, 2022, we filed a Montana electric and natural gas rate review with the MPSC under Docket 2022.07.78 requesting an annual increase to electric and natural gas utility rates. On September 28, 2022, the

MPSC granted interim rates, effective October 1, 2022. On October 25, 2023, the MPSC held a work session and approved the settlement agreement filed April 3, 2023. We expect final rates, adjusting from interim to settled rates, to be effective November 1, 2023. Our 2023 earnings through September 30, 2023, reflect revenues from interim rates. Based on the draft order, we do not expect a refund for interim rate revenues collected since their effective date nor a true-up for interim to final rates for the period from October 1, 2022, to October 31, 2023. The details of our interim rates granted and the approved settlement agreement are set forth below:

*Interim Revenue Increase Granted (in millions)*

|  | Electric | Natural Gas |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Base Rates | $29.4 | $1.7 |
| PCCAM(1) | $61.1 | n/a |
| Property Tax (tracker base adjustment)(1)(2) | $10.8 | $2.9 |
| **Total Interim Revenue Granted** | $101.3 | $4.6 |
| **Returns, Capital Structure & Revenue Increase Resulting From Approved Settlement Agreement ($ in millions)** |  |  |
|  | **Electric** | **Natural Gas** |
| Return on Equity (ROE) | 9.65% | 9.55% |
| Equity Capital Structure | 48.02% | 48.02% |
| Base Rates | $67.4 | $14.1 |
| PCCAM(1) | $69.7 | n/a |
| Property Tax (tracker base adjustment)(1) | $14.5 | $4.2 |
| **Total Revenue Increase Through Approved Settlement Agreement** | $151.6 | $18.3 |

(1) These items are flow-through costs. PCCAM reflects our fuel and purchased power costs.

(2) Our requested interim property tax base increases went into effect on January 1, 2023, as part of our 2023 property tax tracker filing.

The approved settlement includes, among other things, agreement on electric and natural gas base revenue increases, allocated cost of service, rate design, updates to the base amount of revenues associated with property taxes and electric supply costs, and regulatory policy issues related to requested changes in regulatory mechanisms.

The approved settlement agreement provides for an update to the PCCAM by adjusting the base costs from $138.7 million to $208.4 million and providing for more timely quarterly recovery of deferred balances instead of annual recovery. It also addresses the potential for future recovery of certain operating costs associated with the Yellowstone County Generating Station and provides for the deferral of incremental operating costs related to our Enhanced Wildfire Mitigation Plan. The settling parties agreed to terminate the pilot decoupling program (Fixed Cost Recovery Mechanism) and that the proposed business technology rider will not be implemented.

*South Dakota Electric Rate Review Filing –* On June 15, 2023, we filed a South Dakota electric rate review filing (2022 test year) under Docket EL23-016 for an annual increase to electric rates totaling approximately $30.9 million. Our request was based on a ROE of 10.7%, a capital structure including 50.5% equity, and rate base of $787.3 million.

*Holding Company Reorganization –* On October 2, 2023, NorthWestern Corporation and NorthWestern Energy Group completed the reorganization into a holding company structure. In this reorganization, shareholders of Northwestern Corporation (the predecessor publicly held parent company) became shareholders of Northwestern Energy Group, maintaining the same number of shares and ownership percentage as held in Northwestern Corporation immediately prior to the reorganization. Northwestern Corporation became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Northwestern Energy Group. The transaction was effected pursuant to a merger pursuant to Section 251(g) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which provides for the formation of a holding company without a vote of the shareholders of the constituent corporation. Immediately after consummation of the reorganization, NorthWestern Energy Group had, on a consolidated basis, the same assets, businesses and operations as NorthWestern Corporation had immediately prior to the consummation of the reorganization. As a result of the reorganization, NorthWestern Energy Group became the successor issuer to NorthWestern Corporation pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and as a result, NorthWestern Energy Group's common stock was deemed registered under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In the early part of 2024, we intend to complete the second and final phase of the holding company reorganization which will result in the South Dakota and Nebraska regulated utilities business becoming a separate direct subsidiary of NorthWestern Energy Group. This is planned to be accomplished through Northwestern Corporation contributing the assets and liabilities of its South Dakota and Nebraska regulated utilities to its direct subsidiary, Northwestern Energy Public Service Corporation (NPS), and then distributing its equity interest in NPS and certain other subsidiaries to Northwestern Energy Group, resulting in Northwestern Corporation owning and operating only the Montana regulated utility and NPS owning and operating the Nebraska and South Dakota utilities, each as a direct subsidiary of Northwestern Energy Group.

*Power Costs and Credits Adjustment Mechanism* - The MPSC's September 2022 decision approving interim rates included a $61.1 million increase to the PCCAM Base, from $138.7 million to $199.8 million, effective October 1, 2022. We have under-collected our total Montana electric supply costs for the July 2022 through June 2023 PCCAM year by approximately $19.5 million. As of September 30, 2023, we have under-collected our total Montana electric supply costs for the July 2023 through June 2024 PCCAM year by approximately $0.3 million.

Under the PCCAM, net costs higher or lower than the PCCAM Base (excluding qualifying facility costs) are allocated 90% to Montana customers and 10% to shareholders. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we over collected supply costs of $1.0 million and $23.5 million, respectively, resulting in a reduction to our under collection of costs, and recorded an increase in pre-tax earnings of $0.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively (10% of the PCCAM Base cost variance). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we under collected costs of $35.4 million and $50.0 million, respectively, resulting in an increase to the under collection of costs, and recorded a reduction in pre-tax earnings of $3.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

As discussed above, the approved Montana rate review settlement provides for an update to the PCCAM by adjusting the base costs from $138.7 million to $208.4 million and providing for more timely quarterly recovery of deferred balances instead of annual recovery. The updated $208.4 million PCCAM Base is retroactive to an effective date of July 1, 2022.

Our electric supply from owned and long-term contracted resources is not adequate to meet our peak-demand needs. Because of this, the volatility of market prices for energy on peak-demand days, even if only for a few days in duration, exposes us to potentially significant market purchases that could negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows. See the Electric Resource Planning - Montana section below for how we are working to address this market exposure.

### Electric Resource Planning - Montana

*Yellowstone County 175 MW plant -* As previously reported, in October 2021, the Montana Environmental Information Center and the Sierra Club filed a lawsuit in Montana State District Court, against the MDEQ and us, alleging that the environmental analysis conducted prior to issuance of the Yellowstone County Generating Station's air quality permit was inadequate. On April 4, 2023, the Montana District Court issued an order finding the MDEQ's environmental analysis was deficient in not addressing exterior lighting and greenhouse gases and remanded it back to MDEQ to address the deficiencies and vacated the air quality permit pending that remand. As a result of the vacatur of the permit, we paused construction. On June 8, 2023, the Montana District Court granted our motion to stay the order vacating the air quality permit pending the outcome of our notice of appeal with the Montana Supreme Court. We recommenced construction in June 2023 and expect the plant to be operational by the end of the third quarter 2024.

On May 10, 2023, Montana House Bill 971 was signed into law, preventing the MDEQ from, except under certain exceptions, evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and corresponding impacts to the climate in environmental reviews of large projects such as coal mines and power plants. On June 1, 2023, the MDEQ issued its supplemental environmental assessment that contained the updated exterior lighting analysis, and the MDEQ indicated that no other analysis was necessary. The comment period concerning the MDEQ’s supplemental air quality permit ended on July 3, 2023. On August 4, 2023, the Montana First Judicial District Court in Held v. State of Montana issued its order finding House Bill 971 unconstitutional. The Held case has delayed MDEQ's issuance of an updated air quality permit. The lawsuit challenging the Yellowstone County Generating Station air quality permit, as well as additional related legal challenges and construction challenges, could delay the project timing and increase costs. Total costs of approximately $217.5 million have been incurred, with expected total costs of approximately $275.0 million.

*Future Integrated Resource Planning -* Resource adequacy in the Western third of the U.S. has been declining with the retirement of thermal power plants. Our owned and long-term contracted resources are inadequate to supply the necessary capacity we require to meet our peak-demand loads, which exposes us to large quantities of market purchases at typically high and volatile energy prices. To comply with regulatory resource planning requirements, we submitted an integrated resource plan to the MPSC on April 28, 2023.

We remain concerned regarding an overall lack of capacity in the West and our owned and long-term contracted capacity deficit to meet peak-demand loads. The construction of the Yellowstone County Generating Station and acquisition of Avista's Colstrip Units 3 and 4 interests are expected to reduce our exposure to market purchases.

### Proposed EPA Rules

In May 2023, the EPA proposed new GHG emissions standards for coal and natural gas-fired plants. In particular, the proposed rules would (i) strengthen the current New Source Performance Standards for newly built fossil fuel-fired stationary combustion turbines (generally natural gas-fired); (ii) establish emission guidelines for states to follow in limiting carbon pollution from existing fossil fuel-fired steam generating electric generating units (including coal, oil and natural gas-fired units); and (iii) establish emission guidelines for large, frequently used existing fossil fuel-fired stationary combustion turbines (generally natural gas-fired). In addition, in April 2023, EPA proposed to amend the MATS. Among other things, MATS currently sets stringent emission limits for acid gases, mercury, and other hazardous air pollutants from new and existing electric generating units. We are in compliance with existing MATS requirements. The proposed amendment of the MATS would strengthen the MATS requirements, and if adopted as written, both the GHG and MATS proposed rules could have a material negative impact on our coal-fired plants, including requiring potentially expensive upgrades or the early retirement of Colstrip Unit's 3 and 4 due to the rules making the facility uneconomic.

Previous efforts by the EPA were met with extensive litigation and we anticipate a similar response if the proposed rules are adopted. As MATS and GHG regulations are implemented, it could result in additional material compliance costs. We will continue working with federal and state regulatory authorities, other utilities, and stakeholders to seek relief from any MATS or GHG regulations that, in our view, disproportionately impact customers in our region.

### RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our consolidated results include the results of our divisions and subsidiaries constituting each of our business segments. The overall consolidated discussion is followed by a detailed discussion of utility margin by segment.

### Factors Affecting Results of Operations

Our revenues may fluctuate substantially with changes in supply costs, which are generally collected in rates from customers. In addition, various regulatory agencies approve the prices for electric and natural gas utility service within their respective jurisdictions and regulate our ability to recover costs from customers.

Revenues are also impacted by customer growth and usage, the latter of which is primarily affected by weather and the impact of energy efficiency initiatives and investment. Very cold winters increase demand for natural gas and to a lesser extent, electricity, while warmer than normal summers increase demand for electricity, especially among our residential and commercial customers. We measure this effect using degree-days, which is the difference between the average daily actual temperature and a baseline temperature of 65 degrees. Heating degree-days result when the average daily temperature is less than the baseline. Cooling degree-days result when the average daily temperature is greater than the baseline. The statistical weather information in our regulated segments represents a comparison of this data.

Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expenses are costs directly associated with the generation and procurement of electricity and natural gas. These costs are generally collected in rates from customers and may fluctuate substantially with market prices and customer usage.

Operating and maintenance expenses are costs associated with the ongoing operation of our vertically-integrated utility facilities which provide electric and natural gas utility products and services to our customers. Among the most significant of these costs are those associated with direct labor and supervision, repair and maintenance expenses, and contract services. These costs are normally fairly stable across broad volume ranges and therefore do not normally increase or decrease significantly in the short term with increases or decreases in volumes.

### OVERALL CONSOLIDATED RESULTS

### Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared with the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

Consolidated net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $29.3 million as compared with $27.4 million for the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, higher natural gas retail volumes, and lower other state and local tax expenses, partly offset by lower electric retail volumes, lower transmission revenues, higher depreciation and depletion expense, higher operating, maintenance, and administrative expenses, higher interest expense, and higher income tax expense.

Consolidated gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $83.5 million as compared with $76.4 million in 2022, an increase of $7.1 million, or 9.3 percent. This increase was primarily due to higher interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, and lower operating and maintenance costs, partly offset by lower electric retail volumes, lower transmission revenues, and higher depreciation and depletion expense

*(in millions)*

| Reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin: | Electric 2023 | 2022 | Natural Gas 2023 | 2022 | Total 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Operating Revenues | $280.0 | $292.3 | $41.1 | $42.8 | $321.1 | $335.1 |
| Less: Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense (exclusive of depreciation and depletion shown separately below) | 78.0 | 95.6 | 10.9 | 13.3 | 88.9 | 108.9 |
| Less: Operating and maintenance | 40.0 | 40.9 | 13.2 | 13.8 | 53.2 | 54.7 |
| Less: Property and other taxes | 33.7 | 36.4 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 43.3 | 46.5 |
| Less: Depreciation and depletion | 43.3 | 40.7 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 52.2 | 48.6 |
| **Gross Margin** | **85.0** | **78.7** | **(1.5)** | **(2.3)** | **83.5** | **76.4** |
| Operating and maintenance | 40.0 | 40.9 | 13.2 | 13.8 | 53.2 | 54.7 |
| Property and other taxes | 33.7 | 36.4 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 43.3 | 46.5 |
| Depreciation and depletion | 43.3 | 40.7 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 52.2 | 48.6 |
| **Utility Margin(1)** | **$202.0** | **$196.7** | **$30.2** | **$29.5** | **$232.2** | **$226.2** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above.

*(dollars in millions)*

| Utility Margin | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 | 2022 | Change | % Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Electric | $202.0 | $196.7 | $5.3 | 2.7% |
| Natural Gas | 30.2 | 29.5 | 0.7 | 2.4 |
| **Total Utility Margin(1)** | **$232.2** | **$226.2** | **$6.0** | **2.7%** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above.

Consolidated utility margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $232.2 million as compared with $226.2 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $6.0 million, or 2.7 percent.

Primary components of the change in utility margin include the following (in millions):

| Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income | Utility Margin 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Montana interim rates | $7.8 |
| Lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs due to higher electric supply revenues and lower electric supply costs | 4.0 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 1.3 |
| Higher natural gas retail volumes | 0.6 |
| Higher Montana natural gas transportation | 0.3 |
| Lower electric retail volumes | (4.3) |
| Lower transmission revenue due to market conditions and lower rates | (0.5) |
| Other | (0.7) |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income** | **$8.5** |
| **Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (3.1) |
| Lower natural gas production taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (0.1) |
| Higher revenue from lower production tax credits, offset in income tax expense | 0.4 |
| Higher operating expenses recovered in revenue, offset in operating and maintenance expense | 0.3 |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** | **(2.5)** |
| **Increase in Consolidated Utility Margin(1)** | **$6.0** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above.

Lower electric retail volumes were driven by unfavorable weather in Montana and South Dakota impacting residential demand and lower commercial demand, partly offset by customer growth. Higher natural gas retail volumes were driven by favorable weather and customer growth. Interim rates in our Montana rate review were effective October 1, 2022.

*(dollars in millions)*

| Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 | 2022 | Change | % Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Operating and maintenance | $53.2 | $54.7 | $(1.5) | (2.7)% |
| Administrative and general | 29.4 | 28.1 | 1.3 | 4.6 |
| Property and other taxes | 41.8 | 46.5 | (4.7) | (10.1) |
| Depreciation and depletion | 52.2 | 48.6 | 3.6 | 7.4 |
| **Total Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense)** | **$176.6** | **$177.9** | **$(1.3)** | **(0.7)%** |

34

Consolidated operating expenses, excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense, were $176.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared with $177.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Primary components of the change include the following (in millions):

| Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense) Impacting Net Income | Operating Expenses 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Higher depreciation expense due to plant additions | $3.6 |
| Higher technology implementation and maintenance expense | 0.6 |
| Higher insurance expense | 0.5 |
| Increase in uncollectible accounts | 0.3 |
| Lower other state and local tax expense | (1.6) |
| Lower expenses at our electric generation facilities | (0.3) |
| Other | 0.2 |
| **Change in Items Impacting Net Income** | **3.3** |
| **Operating Expenses Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in trackers, offset in revenue | (3.1) |
| Lower pension and other postretirement benefits, offset in other income(1) | (1.7) |
| Lower natural gas production taxes recovered in trackers, offset in revenue | (0.1) |
| Higher operating and maintenance expenses recovered in trackers, offset in revenue | 0.3 |
| **Change in Items Offset Within Net Income** | **(4.6)** |
| **Decrease in Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense)** | **$(1.3)** |

(1) In order to present the total change in labor and benefits, we have included the change in the non-service cost component of our pension and other postretirement benefits, which is recorded within other income on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. This change is offset within this table as it does not affect our operating expenses.

We estimate property taxes throughout each year, and update those estimates based on valuation reports received from the Montana Department of Revenue. Under Montana law, we are allowed to track the increases and decreases in the actual level of state and local taxes and fees and adjust our rates to recover the increase or decrease between rate cases less the amount allocated to FERC-jurisdictional customers and net of the associated income tax benefit.

Consolidated operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $55.6 million as compared with $48.3 million in the same period of 2022. This increase was primarily driven by higher interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, higher natural gas retail volumes, and lower other state and local tax expenses, partly offset by lower electric retail volumes, lower transmission revenues, higher depreciation and depletion expense, and higher operating, maintenance, and administrative expenses.

Consolidated interest expense was $28.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared with $25.3 million for the same period of 2022. This increase was due to higher borrowings and interest rates, partly offset by higher capitalization of Allowance for Funds Used During Construction (AFUDC).

Consolidated other income was $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared with $4.2 million for the same period of 2022. This decrease was primarily due to an increase in the non-service component of pension expense, partly offset by higher capitalization of AFUDC.

Consolidated income tax expense was $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to an income tax benefit of $0.2 million for the same period of 2022. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 5.5% as compared with (0.9)% for the same period in 2022.

The following table summarizes the differences between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate (in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Income Before Income Taxes | $31.0 |  | $27.1 |  |
| Income tax calculated at federal statutory rate | 6.5 | 21.0% | 5.7 | 21.0% |
| Permanent or flow-through adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
| State income tax, net of federal provisions | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Flow-through repairs deductions | (4.2) | (13.5) | (3.4) | (12.4) |
| Production tax credits | (1.3) | (4.1) | (1.7) | (6.2) |
| Amortization of excess deferred income tax | (0.3) | (1.0) | (0.2) | (0.9) |
| Income tax return to accrual adjustment | 0.4 | 1.3 | (0.9) | (3.4) |
| Plant and depreciation flow-through items | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
| Other, net | 0.1 | 0.2 | (0.1) | (0.5) |
|  | (4.8) | (15.5) | (5.9) | (21.9) |
| **Income tax expense (benefit)** | $1.7 | 5.5% | $(0.2) | (0.9)% |

We compute income tax expense for each quarter based on the estimated annual effective tax rate for the year, adjusted for certain discrete items. Our effective tax rate typically differs from the federal statutory tax rate primarily due to the regulatory impact of flowing through federal and state tax benefits of repairs deductions, state tax benefit of accelerated tax depreciation deductions (including bonus depreciation when applicable) and production tax credits.

### Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared with the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

Consolidated net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $111.0 million as compared with $116.3 million for the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to higher depreciation and depletion, higher operating and maintenance expense, higher administrative and general expense, higher interest expense, and higher income tax expense, including a one-time charge for the reduction of previously claimed alternative minimum tax credits, partly offset by interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, and higher electric retail volumes.

Consolidated gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $289.8 million as compared with $266.8 million in 2022, an increase of $23.0 million, or 8.6 percent. This increase was primarily due to interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, and higher electric retail volumes, partly offset by higher depreciation and depletion and higher operating and maintenance expense.

*(in millions)*

| Reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin: | Electric 2023 | 2022 | Natural Gas 2023 | 2022 | Total 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Operating Revenues | $804.6 | $807.4 | $261.5 | $245.1 | $1,066.1 | $1,052.5 |
| Less: Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense (exclusive of depreciation and depletion shown separately below) | 198.5 | 230.9 | 123.5 | 108.1 | 322.0 | 339.0 |
| Less: Operating and maintenance | 123.8 | 121.2 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 163.9 | 160.8 |
| Less: Property and other taxes | 103.0 | 109.2 | 29.6 | 31.0 | 132.6 | 140.2 |
| Less: Depreciation and depletion | 130.5 | 121.3 | 27.3 | 24.4 | 157.8 | 145.7 |
| **Gross Margin** | **248.8** | **224.8** | **41.0** | **42.0** | **289.8** | **266.8** |
| Operating and maintenance | 123.8 | 121.2 | 40.1 | 39.6 | 163.9 | 160.8 |
| Property and other taxes | 103.0 | 109.2 | 29.6 | 31.0 | 132.6 | 140.2 |
| Depreciation and depletion | 130.5 | 121.3 | 27.3 | 24.4 | 157.8 | 145.7 |
| **Utility Margin(1)** | **$606.1** | **$576.5** | **$138.0** | **$137.0** | **$744.1** | **$713.5** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above.

*(dollars in millions)*

| Utility Margin | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 | 2022 | Change | % Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Electric | $606.1 | $576.5 | $29.6 | 5.1% |
| Natural Gas | 138.0 | 137.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| **Total Utility Margin(1)** | **$744.1** | **$713.5** | **$30.6** | **4.3%** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above.

Consolidated utility margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $744.1 million as compared with $713.5 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $30.6 million, or 4.3 percent.

Primary components of the change in utility margin include the following (in millions):

| Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income | Utility Margin 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Montana interim rates | $23.4 |
| Lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs due to higher electric supply revenues and lower electric supply costs | 8.3 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 4.8 |
| Higher electric retail volumes | 2.0 |
| Higher Montana natural gas transportation | 1.8 |
| Lower natural gas retail volumes | (1.0) |
| Lower transmission revenue due to market conditions and lower rates | (1.0) |
| Other | (1.1) |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income** | **37.2** |
| **Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (7.7) |
| Lower operating expenses recovered in revenue, offset in operating and maintenance expense | (1.4) |
| Lower natural gas production taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (0.6) |
| Higher revenue from lower production tax credits, offset in income tax expense | 3.1 |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** | **(6.6)** |
| **Increase in Consolidated Utility Margin(1)** | **$30.6** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above.

Higher electric retail volumes were driven by customer growth, partly offset by overall unfavorable weather in Montana impacting residential demand and lower commercial demand as compared to the prior year. Lower natural gas retail volumes were driven by unfavorable weather in Montana impacting residential volumes, partly offset by favorable weather in South Dakota and Nebraska and customer growth. Interim rates in our Montana rate review were effective October 1, 2022.

*(dollars in millions)*

| Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense) | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 | 2022 | Change | % Change |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Operating and maintenance | $163.9 | $160.8 | $3.1 | 1.9% |
| Administrative and general | 94.1 | 87.0 | 7.1 | 8.2 |
| Property and other taxes | 131.0 | 140.2 | (9.2) | (6.6) |
| Depreciation and depletion | 157.8 | 145.7 | 12.1 | 8.3 |
| **Total Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense)** | **$546.8** | **$533.7** | **$13.1** | **2.5%** |

38

Consolidated operating expenses, excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense, were $546.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared with $533.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Primary components of the change include the following (in millions):

| Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense) Impacting Net Income | Operating Expenses 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Higher depreciation expense due to plant additions | $12.1 |
| Higher labor and benefits(1) | 7.5 |
| Higher expenses at our electric generation facilities | 2.9 |
| Higher insurance expense | 1.5 |
| Increase in uncollectible accounts | 1.4 |
| Higher cost of materials | 0.6 |
| Higher technology implementation and maintenance expenses | 0.2 |
| Lower other state and local tax expense | (0.9) |
| Other | 0.9 |
| **Change in Items Impacting Net Income** | **26.2** |
| **Operating Expenses Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in trackers, offset in revenue | (7.7) |
| Lower pension and other postretirement benefits, offset in other income(1) | (3.2) |
| Lower operating and maintenance expenses recovered in trackers, offset in revenue | (1.4) |
| Lower natural gas production taxes recovered in trackers, offset in revenue | (0.6) |
| Lower non-employee directors deferred compensation recorded within administrative and general expense, offset in other income | (0.2) |
| **Change in Items Offset Within Net Income** | **(13.1)** |
| **Increase in Operating Expenses (excluding fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense)** | **$13.1** |

(1) In order to present the total change in labor and benefits, we have included the change in the non-service cost component of our pension and other postretirement benefits, which is recorded within other income on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. This change is offset within this table as it does not affect our operating expenses.

Consolidated operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $197.3 million as compared with $179.9 million in the same period of 2022. This increase was primarily driven by interim rates associated with our Montana rate review, lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs, higher Montana property tax tracker collections, and higher electric retail volumes, partly offset by lower natural gas retail volumes, lower transmission revenues, higher depreciation and depletion expense, higher operating and maintenance expense, and higher administrative and general expenses.

Consolidated interest expense was $85.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared with $73.1 million for the same period of 2022. This increase was due to higher borrowings and interest rates, partly offset by higher capitalization of AFUDC.

Consolidated other income was $12.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $11.8 million during the same period of 2022. This increase was primarily due to the prior year CREP penalty and higher capitalization of AFUDC, partly offset by an increase in the non-service component of pension expense.

Consolidated income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $14.1 million as compared to $2.3 million in the same period of 2022. Our effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was 11.3% as compared with 1.9% for the same period in 2022. Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes a one-time $3.2 million charge for the reduction of previously claimed alternative minimum tax credits.

The following table summarizes the differences between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate (in millions):

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Income Before Income Taxes | $125.1 |  | $118.6 |  |
| Income tax calculated at federal statutory rate | 26.3 | 21.0% | 24.9 | 21.0% |
| Permanent or flow-through adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
| State income tax, net of federal provisions | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 |
| Flow-through repairs deductions | (11.7) | (9.4) | (13.5) | (11.4) |
| Production tax credits | (5.6) | (4.5) | (8.1) | (6.8) |
| Amortization of excess deferred income tax | (1.4) | (1.1) | (0.8) | (0.7) |
| Reduction to previously claimed alternative minimum tax credit | 3.2 | 2.5 | — | — |
| Plant and depreciation flow-through items | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Income tax return to accrual adjustment | 0.4 | 0.3 | (0.9) | (0.8) |
| Share-based compensation | 0.4 | 0.3 | (0.3) | (0.2) |
| Other, net | (0.1) | 0.1 | (0.4) | (0.3) |
|  | (12.2) | (9.7) | (22.6) | (19.1) |
| **Income tax expense** | $14.1 | 11.3% | $2.3 | 1.9% |

We compute income tax expense for each quarter based on the estimated annual effective tax rate for the year, adjusted for certain discrete items. Our effective tax rate typically differs from the federal statutory tax rate primarily due to the regulatory impact of flowing through federal and state tax benefits of repairs deductions, state tax benefit of accelerated tax depreciation deductions (including bonus depreciation when applicable) and production tax credits.

### ELECTRIC SEGMENT

We have various classifications of electric revenues, defined as follows:

- Retail: Sales of electricity to residential, commercial and industrial customers, and the impact of regulatory

mechanisms.

- Regulatory amortization: Primarily represents timing differences for electric supply costs and property taxes between when we incur these costs and when we recover these costs in rates from our customers, which is also reflected in fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense and therefore has minimal impact on utility margin. The amortization of these amounts are offset in retail revenue.
- Transmission: Reflects transmission revenues regulated by the FERC.
- Wholesale and other are largely utility margin neutral as they are offset by changes in fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense.

### Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared with the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

*(in thousands)*

|  | Revenues 2023 | 2022 | Change $% |  | Megawatt Hours (MWH) 2023 | 2022 | Avg. Customer Counts 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Montana | $96,812 | $85,226 | $11,586 | 13.6% | 664 | 702 | 322,832 | 317,274 |
| South Dakota | 17,951 | 18,955 | (1,004) | (5.3) | 151 | 158 | 51,236 | 51,056 |
| **Residential** | **114,763** | **104,181** | **10,582** | **10.2** | **815** | **860** | **374,068** | **368,330** |
| Montana | 110,100 | 92,563 | 17,537 | 18.9 | 825 | 839 | 74,385 | 73,277 |
| South Dakota | 27,474 | 29,093 | (1,619) | (5.6) | 289 | 297 | 12,989 | 12,949 |
| **Commercial** | **137,574** | **121,656** | **15,918** | **13.1** | **1,114** | **1,136** | **87,374** | **86,226** |
| Industrial | 11,423 | 9,784 | 1,639 | 16.8 | 691 | 675 | 79 | 76 |
| Other | 13,243 | 12,581 | 662 | 5.3 | 71 | 85 | 8,204 | 8,266 |
| **Total Retail Electric** | **$277,003** | **$248,202** | **$28,801** | **11.6%** | **2,691** | **2,756** | **469,725** | **462,898** |
| Regulatory amortization | (18,534) | 21,805 | (40,339) | (185.0) |  |  |  |  |
| Transmission | 19,847 | 20,439 | (592) | (2.9) |  |  |  |  |
| Wholesale and Other | 1,714 | 1,825 | (111) | (6.1) |  |  |  |  |
| **Total Revenues** | **$280,030** | **$292,271** | **$(12,241)** | **(4.2)%** |  |  |  |  |
| **Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense(1)** | **77,995** | **95,554** | **(17,559)** | **(18.4)** |  |  |  |  |
| **Utility Margin(2)** | **$202,035** | **$196,717** | **$5,318** | **2.7%** |  |  |  |  |

(1) Exclusive of depreciation and depletion.

(2) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

|  | Cooling Degree Days 2023 | 2022 | Historic Average | 2023 as compared with: 2022 | Historic Average |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Montana | 396 | 562 | 390 | 30% cooler | 2% warmer |
| South Dakota | 744 | 811 | 634 | 8% cooler | 17% warmer |

|  | Heating Degree Days 2023 | 2022 | Historic Average | 2023 as compared with: 2022 | Historic Average |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Montana(1) | 190 | 146 | 280 | 30% colder | 32% warmer |
| South Dakota | 25 | 24 | 78 | 4% colder | 68% warmer |

(1) Montana electric and natural gas heating degree days may differ due to differences in service territory.

The following summarizes the components of the changes in electric utility margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):

| Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income | Utility Margin 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Montana interim rates | $7.6 |
| Lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs due to higher electric supply revenues and lower electric supply costs | 4.0 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 1.0 |
| Lower retail volumes | (4.3) |
| Lower transmission revenue due to market conditions and lower rates | (0.5) |
| Other | (0.3) |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income** | 7.5 |
| **Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (2.8) |
| Higher revenue from lower production tax credits, offset in income tax expense | 0.4 |
| Higher operating expenses recovered in revenue, offset in operating and maintenance expense | 0.2 |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** | (2.2) |
| **Increase in Utility Margin(1)** | **$5.3** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measure" above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

Lower retail volumes were driven by unfavorable weather in Montana and South Dakota impacting residential demand and lower commercial demand, partly offset by customer growth.

The change in regulatory amortization revenue is due to timing differences between when we incur electric supply costs and when we recover these costs in rates from our customers, which has a minimal impact on utility margin. Our wholesale and other revenues are largely utility margin neutral as they are offset by changes in fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expenses.

### Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared with the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

*(in thousands)*

|  | Revenues 2023 | 2022 | Change $% |  | Megawatt Hours (MWH) 2023 | 2022 | Avg. Customer Counts 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Montana | $306,114 | $252,893 | $53,221 | 21.0% | 2,103 | 2,117 | 321,797 | 316,299 |
| South Dakota | 53,408 | 54,978 | (1,570) | (2.9) | 481 | 470 | 51,224 | 50,995 |
| **Residential** | **359,522** | **307,871** | **51,651** | **16.8** | **2,584** | **2,587** | **373,021** | **367,294** |
| Montana | 324,632 | 263,424 | 61,208 | 23.2 | 2,435 | 2,420 | 74,294 | 72,907 |
| South Dakota | 77,736 | 83,172 | (5,436) | (6.5) | 834 | 849 | 12,972 | 12,882 |
| **Commercial** | **402,368** | **346,596** | **55,772** | **16.1** | **3,269** | **3,269** | **87,266** | **85,789** |
| Industrial | 33,986 | 28,426 | 5,560 | 19.6 | 1,961 | 1,911 | 79 | 76 |
| Other | 27,229 | 25,365 | 1,864 | 7.3 | 119 | 142 | 6,483 | 6,488 |
| **Total Retail Electric** | **$823,105** | **$708,258** | **$114,847** | **16.2%** | **7,933** | **7,909** | **466,849** | **459,647** |
| Regulatory amortization | (80,085) | 36,087 | (116,172) | (321.9) |  |  |  |  |
| Transmission | 57,092 | 58,135 | (1,043) | (1.8) |  |  |  |  |
| Wholesale and Other | 4,492 | 4,935 | (443) | (9.0) |  |  |  |  |
| **Total Revenues** | **$804,604** | **$807,415** | **$(2,811)** | **(0.3)%** |  |  |  |  |
| **Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense(1)** | **198,492** | **230,872** | **(32,380)** | **(14.0)** |  |  |  |  |
| **Utility Margin(2)** | **$606,112** | **$576,543** | **$29,569** | **5.1%** |  |  |  |  |

(1) Exclusive of depreciation and depletion.

(2) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

|  | Cooling Degree Days 2023 | 2022 | Historic Average | 2023 as compared with: 2022 | Historic Average |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Montana(1) | 440 | 602 | 454 | 27% cooler | 3% cooler |
| South Dakota | 945 | 877 | 708 | 8% warmer | 33% warmer |

|  | Heating Degree Days 2023 | 2022 | Historic Average | 2023 as compared with: 2022 | Historic Average |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Montana(1) | 4,746 | 4,784 | 4,734 | 1% warmer | remained flat |
| South Dakota | 5,982 | 5,712 | 5,681 | 5% colder | 5% colder |

(1) Montana electric and natural gas heating degree days may differ due to differences in service territory.

The following summarizes the components of the changes in electric utility margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in millions):

| Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income | Utility Margin 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Montana interim rates | $22.7 |
| Lower non-recoverable Montana electric supply costs due to higher electric supply revenues and lower electric supply costs | 8.3 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 3.5 |
| Higher retail volumes | 2.0 |
| Lower transmission revenue due to market conditions and lower rates | (1.0) |
| QF liability adjustment | (0.1) |
| Other | (0.6) |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income** | 34.8 |
| **Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (6.8) |
| Lower operating expenses recovered in revenue, offset in operating and maintenance expense | (1.5) |
| Higher revenue from lower production tax credits, offset in income tax expense | 3.1 |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** | (5.2) |
| **Increase in Utility Margin(1)** | **$29.6** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measure" above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

Higher retail volumes were driven by customer growth, partly offset by overall unfavorable weather in Montana impacting residential demand and lower commercial demand as compared to the prior year.

The adjustment to our electric QF liability (unrecoverable costs associated with contracts covered by the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) as part of a 2002 stipulation with the MPSC and other parties) reflects a $5.0 million gain in 2023, as compared with a $5.1 million gain for the same period in 2022, due to the combination of:

- A $0.8 million favorable reduction in costs for the current contract year to record the annual adjustment for actual output and pricing as compared with a $1.8 million favorable reduction in costs in the prior period; and
- A favorable adjustment, decreasing the QF liability by $4.2 million, reflecting annual actual contract price escalation for the 2023-2024 contract year, which was less than previously estimated. The 2023-2024 contract year is the last year of the contract that contains variable pricing terms. This is compared to a favorable adjustment of $3.3 million in the prior year due to less than previously estimated actual price escalation.

The change in regulatory amortization revenue is due to timing differences between when we incur electric supply costs and when we recover these costs in rates from our customers, which has a minimal impact on utility margin. Our wholesale and other revenues are largely utility margin neutral as they are offset by changes in fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expenses.

### NATURAL GAS SEGMENT

We have various classifications of natural gas revenues, defined as follows:

- Retail: Sales of natural gas to residential, commercial and industrial customers, and the impact of regulatory mechanisms.
- Regulatory amortization: Primarily represents timing differences for natural gas supply costs and property taxes between when we incur these costs and when we recover these costs in rates from our customers, which is also reflected in fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expenses and therefore has minimal impact on utility margin. The amortization of these amounts are offset in retail revenue.
- Wholesale: Primarily represents transportation and storage for others.

### Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared with the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

*(in thousands)*

|  | Revenues 2023 | 2022 | Change $% |  | Dekatherms (Dkt) 2023 | 2022 | Avg. Customer Counts 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Montana | $9,603 | $10,774 | $(1,171) | (10.9)% | 825 | 729 | 183,586 | 181,729 |
| South Dakota | 1,987 | 2,362 | (375) | (15.9) | 102 | 102 | 41,821 | 41,223 |
| Nebraska | 2,251 | 3,228 | (977) | (30.3) | 138 | 138 | 37,580 | 37,522 |
| **Residential** | **13,841** | **16,364** | **(2,523)** | **(15.4)** | **1,065** | **969** | **262,987** | **260,474** |
| Montana | 6,136 | 7,066 | (930) | (13.2) | 622 | 568 | 25,657 | 25,267 |
| South Dakota | 1,498 | 2,080 | (582) | (28.0) | 208 | 161 | 7,184 | 7,009 |
| Nebraska | 1,291 | 2,321 | (1,030) | (44.4) | 142 | 145 | 4,970 | 4,946 |
| **Commercial** | **8,925** | **11,467** | **(2,542)** | **(22.2)** | **972** | **874** | **37,811** | **37,222** |
| Industrial | 106 | 117 | (11) | (9.4) | 13 | 11 | 231 | 233 |
| Other | 160 | 222 | (62) | (27.9) | 19 | 20 | 191 | 179 |
| **Total Retail Gas** | **$23,032** | **$28,170** | **$(5,138)** | **(18.2)%** | **2,069** | **1,874** | **301,220** | **298,108** |
| Regulatory amortization | 7,458 | 5,588 | 1,870 | (33.5) |  |  |  |  |
| Wholesale and other | 10,570 | 9,040 | 1,530 | 16.9 |  |  |  |  |
| **Total Revenues** | **$41,060** | **$42,798** | **$(1,738)** | **(4.1)%** |  |  |  |  |
| **Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense(1)** | **10,948** | **13,367** | **(2,419)** | **(18.1)** |  |  |  |  |
| **Utility Margin(2)** | **$30,112** | **$29,431** | **$681** | **2.3%** |  |  |  |  |

(1) Exclusive of depreciation and depletion.

(2) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

|  | Heating Degree Days 2023 | 2022 | Historic Average | 2023 as compared with: 2022 | Historic Average |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Montana(1) | 226 | 180 | 319 | 26% colder | 29% warmer |
| South Dakota | 25 | 24 | 78 | 4% colder | 68% warmer |
| Nebraska | 15 | 9 | 34 | 67% colder | 56% warmer |

(1) Montana electric and natural gas heating degree days may differ due to differences in service territory.

The following summarizes the components of the changes in natural gas utility margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

*(in millions)*

| Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income | Utility Margin 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Higher retail volumes | $0.6 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 0.3 |
| Higher Montana natural gas transportation | 0.3 |
| Montana interim rates | 0.2 |
| Other | (0.4) |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income** | 1.0 |
| **Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (0.3) |
| Lower gas production taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (0.1) |
| Higher operating expenses recovered in revenue, offset in operating and maintenance expense | 0.1 |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** | (0.3) |
| **Increase in Utility Margin(1)** | **$0.7** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measure" above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

Higher retail volumes were driven by favorable weather and customer growth.

### Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared with the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

*(in thousands)*

|  | Revenues 2023 | 2022 | Change $% |  | Dekatherms (Dkt) 2023 | 2022 | Avg. Customer Counts 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Montana | $94,074 | $91,669 | $2,405 | 2.6% | 9,206 | 9,469 | 183,584 | 181,629 |
| South Dakota | 30,297 | 31,686 | (1,389) | (4.4) | 2,557 | 2,566 | 41,962 | 41,383 |
| Nebraska | 30,221 | 26,028 | 4,193 | 16.1 | 2,053 | 1,960 | 37,752 | 37,634 |
| **Residential** | **154,592** | **149,383** | **5,209** | **3.5** | **13,816** | **13,995** | **263,298** | **260,646** |
| Montana | 52,393 | 48,813 | 3,580 | 7.3 | 5,456 | 5,291 | 25,679 | 25,280 |
| South Dakota | 21,289 | 23,030 | (1,741) | (7.6) | 2,385 | 2,314 | 7,218 | 7,026 |
| Nebraska | 19,119 | 16,004 | 3,115 | 19.5 | 1,528 | 1,411 | 5,017 | 4,987 |
| **Commercial** | **92,801** | **87,847** | **4,954** | **5.6** | **9,369** | **9,016** | **37,914** | **37,293** |
| Industrial | 995 | 890 | 105 | 11.8 | 107 | 100 | 231 | 232 |
| Other | 1,282 | 1,381 | (99) | (7.2) | 155 | 171 | 189 | 177 |
| **Total Retail Gas** | **$249,670** | **$239,501** | **$10,169** | **4.2%** | **23,447** | **23,282** | **301,632** | **298,348** |
| Regulatory amortization | (21,312) | (22,188) | 876 | (3.9) |  |  |  |  |
| Wholesale and other | 33,172 | 27,826 | 5,346 | 19.2 |  |  |  |  |
| **Total Revenues** | **$261,530** | **$245,139** | **$16,391** | **6.7%** |  |  |  |  |
| **Fuel, purchased supply and direct transmission expense(1)** | **123,521** | **108,122** | **15,399** | **14.2** |  |  |  |  |
| **Utility Margin(2)** | **$138,009** | **$137,017** | **$992** | **0.7%** |  |  |  |  |

(1) Exclusive of depreciation and depletion.

(2) Non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measure” above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

|  | Heating Degree Days 2023 | 2022 | Historic Average | 2023 as compared with: 2022 | Historic Average |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Montana(1) | 4,855 | 4,926 | 4,854 | 1% warmer | remained flat |
| South Dakota | 5,982 | 5,712 | 5,681 | 5% colder | 5% colder |
| Nebraska | 4,521 | 4,239 | 4,461 | 7% colder | 1% colder |

(1) Montana electric and natural gas heating degree days may differ due to differences in service territory.

The following summarizes the components of the changes in natural gas utility margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

*(in millions)*

| Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income | Utility Margin 2023 vs. 2022 |
| --- | ---: |
| Higher Montana natural gas transportation | $1.8 |
| Montana property tax tracker collections | 1.3 |
| Montana interim rates | 0.7 |
| Lower retail volumes | (1.0) |
| Other | (0.4) |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Impacting Net Income** | 2.4 |
| **Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** |  |
| Lower property taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property tax expense | (0.9) |
| Lower gas production taxes recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | (0.6) |
| Higher operating expenses recovered in revenue, offset in property and other taxes | 0.1 |
| **Change in Utility Margin Items Offset Within Net Income** | (1.4) |
| **Increase in Utility Margin(1)** | **$1.0** |

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measure" above. Also see "Overall Consolidated Results" above for reconciliation of gross margin to utility margin.

Lower retail volumes were driven by unfavorable weather in Montana impacting residential volumes, partly offset by favorable weather in South Dakota and Nebraska and customer growth.

### LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

### Liquidity

We require liquidity to support and grow our business, and use our liquidity for working capital needs, capital expenditures, investments in or acquisitions of assets, and to repay debt. For NorthWestern Energy Group, liquidity is primarily provided by dividends from its operating subsidiary, NorthWestern Corporation, which are subject to similar regulatory provisions as existed before the holding company reorganization, including minimum equity ratio, various debt agreements, and the Federal Power Act. As of September 30, 2023, we are in compliance with these provisions.

We believe our cash flows from operations, existing borrowing capacity, debt and equity issuances, and future utility rate increases should be sufficient to fund our operations, service existing debt, pay dividends, and fund capital expenditures. We plan to maintain a 50 - 55 percent debt to total capital ratio excluding finance leases, and expect to continue targeting a long-term dividend payout ratio of 60 - 70 percent of earnings per share; however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to meet these targets.

As of September 30, 2023, our total net liquidity was approximately $378.1 million, including $5.1 million of cash and $373.0 million of revolving credit facility availability with no letters of credit outstanding.

### Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows (in millions):

| Operating Activities | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 | 2022 |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Net income | $111.0 | $116.3 |
| Non-cash adjustments to net income | 141.1 | 132.5 |
| Changes in working capital | 194.5 | 72.3 |
| Other noncurrent assets and liabilities | (19.6) | (11.8) |
| **Cash Provided by Operating Activities** | **427.0** | **309.3** |
| **Investing Activities** |  |  |
| Property, plant and equipment additions | (407.2) | (386.4) |
| Investment in equity securities | (3.8) | (0.9) |
| **Cash Used in Investing Activities** | **(411.0)** | **(387.3)** |
| **Financing Activities** |  |  |
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs | 73.6 | 179.9 |
| Issuance of long-term debt | 300.0 | — |
| Line of credit (repayments) borrowings, net | (273.0) | 12.0 |
| Dividends on common stock | (115.0) | (103.0) |
| Other financing activities, net | (2.4) | (1.0) |
| **Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities** | **(16.8)** | **87.9** |
| **(Decrease) Increase in Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash** | **(0.8)** | **9.9** |
| Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, beginning of period | 22.5 | 18.8 |
| **Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash, end of period** | **$21.7** | **$28.7** |

### Operating Activities

As of September 30, 2023, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $21.7 million as compared with $22.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and $28.7 million as of September 30, 2022. Cash provided by operating activities totaled $427.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared with $309.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. As shown in the table below, this increase in operating cash flows is primarily due to a $101.6 million improvement in collections of energy supply costs and interim rates in our Montana rate review, partly offset by lower net income.

| Uncollected energy supply costs (in millions) Beginning of period End of period | Net cash inflows |
| --- | ---: |
| **2022** $99.1 $101.9 | $(2.8) |
| **2023** $115.4 $16.6 | $98.8 |
| **Improvement in net cash inflows** | $101.6 |

On September 28, 2022, the MPSC approved our request for interim rates, including a $61.1 million increase to the PCCAM Base (from $138.7 million to $199.8 million), which became effective in customer rates on October 1, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, our uncollected energy supply cost balance related to the July 2022 - June 2023 PCCAM period was approximately $19.5 million that we began collecting in October 2023. As of September 30, 2023, our uncollected energy supply cost balance related to the July 2023 - June 2024 PCCAM period was approximately $0.3 million.

As discussed above, on October 25, 2023 the MPSC approved our Montana rate review settlement which includes an update to the PCCAM by adjusting the base costs from $138.7 million to $208.4 million and providing for more timely quarterly recovery of deferred balances instead of annual recovery. The updated $208.4 million PCCAM Base is retroactive to an effective date of July 1, 2022. With the adjusted PCCAM Base, we anticipate continued improvements in our cash flows from operations. However, unfavorable results in our Montana rate review, and continued higher overall market prices, which could be further exacerbated by extreme weather events, could create additional costs with deferred recovery that would offset these anticipated cash flow improvements.

### Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities totaled $411.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared with $387.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Plant additions during the first nine months of 2023 include maintenance additions of approximately $235.0 million and capacity related capital expenditures of $172.2 million. Plant additions during the first nine months of 2022 included maintenance additions of approximately $218.0 million and capacity related capital expenditures of approximately $168.4 million.

### Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities totaled $16.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared with cash provided by financing activities of $87.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, cash used in financing activities reflects net repayments under our revolving lines of credit of $273.0 million and payment of dividends of $115.0 million, offset in part by net proceeds from the issuance of debt of $300.0 million and proceeds received from the issuance of common stock of $73.6 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, cash provided by financing activities reflects proceeds received from the issuance of common stock of $179.9 million and net issuances under our revolving lines of credit of $12.0 million, offset in part by payment of dividends of $103.0 million.

### Cash Requirements and Capital Resources

We believe our cash flows from operations, existing borrowing capacity, debt and equity issuances and future rate increases should be sufficient to satisfy our material cash requirements over the short-term and the long-term. As a rate-regulated utility our customer rates are generally structured to recover expected operating costs, with an opportunity to earn a return on our invested capital. This structure supports recovery for many of our operating expenses, although there are situations where the timing of our cash outlays results in increased working capital requirements. Due to the seasonality of our utility business, our short-term working capital requirements typically peak during the coldest winter months and warmest summer months when we cover the lag between when purchasing energy supplies and when customers pay for these costs. Our credit facilities may also be utilized for funding cash requirements during seasonally active construction periods, with peak activity during warmer months. Our cash requirements also include a variety of contractual obligations as outlined below in the “Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments” section.

Our material cash requirements are also related to investment in our business through our capital expenditure program. Our estimated capital expenditures are discussed in the NorthWestern Corporation Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 within the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under the "Significant Infrastructure Investments and Initiatives" section. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no material changes in our estimated capital expenditures. The actual amount of capital expenditures is subject to certain factors including the impact that a material change in operations, available financing, supply chain issues, or inflation could impact our current liquidity and ability to fund capital resource requirements. Events such as these could cause us to defer a portion of our planned capital expenditures, as necessary. To fund our strategic growth opportunities, we evaluate the additional capital need in balance with debt capacity and equity issuances that would be intended to allow us to maintain investment grade ratings.

### Credit Facilities

Liquidity is generally provided by internal cash flows and the use of NorthWestern Corporation's unsecured revolving credit facilities. We utilize availability under the NorthWestern Corporation revolving credit facilities to manage our cash flows due to the seasonality of our business and to fund capital investment. Cash on hand in excess of current operating requirements is generally used to invest in our business and reduce borrowings.

The NorthWestern Corporation $425 million Credit Facility has a maturity date of May 18, 2027. The Credit Facility includes uncommitted features that allow us to request up to two one-year extensions to the maturity date and increase the size by an additional $75 million with the consent of the lenders. The Credit Facility does not amortize and is unsecured. Borrowings may be made at interest rates equal to (a) secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (SOFR), plus a credit spread adjustment of 10.0 basis points, plus a margin of 100.0 to 175.0 basis points, or (b) a base rate, plus a margin of 0.0 to 75.0 basis points. A total of nine banks participate in the facility, with no one bank providing more than 15 percent of the total availability.

The NorthWestern Corporation $25 million Swingline Facility has a maturity date of March 27, 2025. The Swingline Facility does not amortize and is unsecured. Borrowings may be made at interest rates equal to (a) SOFR, plus a margin of 90.0 basis points, or (b) a base rate plus a margin of 12.5 basis points.

As of September 30, 2023 and 2022 the outstanding balances on the above credit facilities were $177.0 million and $385.0 million, respectively. As of October 20, 2023, the availability under the NorthWestern Corporation revolving credit facilities was approximately $176.0 million, and there were no letters of credit outstanding.

The NorthWestern Corporation $100 million Additional Credit Facility has a maturity date of April 28, 2024. The Additional Credit Facility does not amortize and is unsecured. Borrowings may be made at interest rates equal to (a) SOFR, plus a credit spread adjustment of 10.0 basis points, plus a margin of 100.0 to 175.0 basis points, or (b) a base rate, plus a margin of 0.0 to 75.0 basis points. There is currently no amount outstanding associated with this Additional Credit Facility.

In the early part of 2024, we intend to establish separate unsecured revolving credit facilities for NorthWestern Energy Group and NorthWestern Energy Public Service Corporation.

### Long-term Debt and Equity

We generally issue long-term debt to refinance other long-term debt maturities and borrowings under our revolving credit facilities, as well as to fund long-term capital investments and strategic opportunities. We have $100.0 million of debt maturing in March 2024, which we intend to refinance.

On March 30, 2023, we issued and sold $239.0 million aggregate principal amount of Montana First Mortgage Bonds at a fixed interest rate of 5.57 percent maturing on March 30, 2033. On this same day, we issued and sold $31.0 million aggregate principal amount of South Dakota First Mortgage Bonds at a fixed interest rate of 5.57 percent maturing on March 30, 2033. On May 1, 2023, we issued and sold an additional $30.0 million aggregate principal amount of South Dakota First Mortgage Bonds at a fixed interest rate of 5.42 percent maturing on May 1, 2033. These bonds were issued in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. Proceeds were used to repay a portion of our outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facilities and for other general corporate purposes. The bonds are secured by our electric and natural gas assets in Montana and South Dakota.

Pursuant to the NorthWestern Corporation Equity Distribution Agreement we have offered and sold shares of our common stock through an At-the-Market (ATM) offering program. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we issued 1,244,056 shares of common stock under the ATM program at an average price of $51.14 per share, for net proceeds of $62.8 million which is net of sales commissions and other fees paid of approximately $0.8 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we issued 1,432,738 shares of common stock under the ATM program at an average price of $52.02 per share, for net proceeds of $73.6 million which is net of sales commissions and other fees paid of approximately $0.9 million. As of September 30, 2023, we have completed the ATM offering program under the Equity Distribution Agreement.

On June 29, 2023, the City of Forsyth, Rosebud County, Montana issued $144.7 million principal amount of Pollution Control Revenue Refunding Bonds (2023 Pollution Control Bonds) on our behalf. The 2023 Pollution Control Bonds were issued at a fixed interest rate of 3.88 percent maturing on July 1, 2028. The proceeds of the issuance were loaned to us pursuant to a Loan Agreement and were deposited directly with U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, for the redemption of the 2.00 percent, $144.7 million City of Forsyth Pollution Control Revenue Refunding Bonds due on August 1, 2023 that had previously been issued on our behalf. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, we are obligated to make payments in such amounts and at such times as will be sufficient to pay, when due, the principal and interest on the 2023 Pollution Control Bonds. Our obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by delivery of a like amount of our Montana First Mortgage Bonds, which are secured by our Montana electric and natural gas assets. So long as we are making payments under the Loan Agreement, no payments under these mortgage bonds will be due. The 2023 Pollution Control Bonds were issued in a transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

We generally issue equity securities to fund long-term investment in our business. We evaluate our equity issuance needs to support our plan to maintain a 50 - 55 percent debt to total capital ratio excluding finance leases.

### Credit Ratings

In general, less favorable credit ratings make debt financing more costly and more difficult to obtain on terms that are favorable to us and our customers, may impact our trade credit availability, and could result in the need to issue additional equity securities. Fitch Ratings (Fitch), Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s), and S&P Global Ratings (S&P) are independent credit-rating agencies that rate our debt securities. These ratings indicate the agencies’ assessment of our ability to pay interest and principal when due on our debt. NorthWestern Energy Group is not currently rated by these agencies. As of October 20, 2023, NorthWestern Corporation's current ratings with these agencies are as follows:

|  | Senior Secured Rating | Senior Unsecured Rating | Outlook |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fitch | A- | BBB+ | Stable |
| Moody’s | A3 | Baa2 | Stable |
| S&P | A- | BBB | Stable |

A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Such rating may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the credit rating agency and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

### Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

We have a variety of contractual obligations and other commitments that require payment of cash at certain specified periods. The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations and commitments as of September 30, 2023.

*(in thousands)*

|  | Total | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | Thereafter |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Long-term debt(1) | $2,656,660 | $— | $100,000 | $325,000 | $105,000 | $152,000 | $1,974,660 |
| Finance leases | 9,602 | 803 | 3,338 | 3,596 | 1,865 | — | — |
| Estimated pension and other postretirement obligations(2) | 49,164 | 3,396 | 11,667 | 11,367 | 11,367 | 11,367 | N/A |
| Qualifying facilities liability(3) | 322,679 | 19,617 | 74,110 | 60,360 | 55,393 | 56,665 | 56,534 |
| Supply and capacity contracts(4) | 2,638,252 | 99,012 | 293,788 | 238,421 | 252,899 | 232,949 | 1,521,183 |
| Contractual interest payments on debt(5) | 1,552,404 | 27,201 | 112,537 | 103,196 | 97,106 | 88,943 | 1,123,421 |
| Commitments for significant capital projects(6) | 93,983 | 21,564 | 61,897 | 10,522 | — | — | — |
| **Total Commitments(7)** | $7,322,744 | $171,593 | $657,337 | $752,462 | $523,630 | $541,924 | $4,675,798 |

(1) Represents cash payments for long-term debt and excludes $12.2 million of debt discounts and debt issuance costs, net.

(2) We estimate cash obligations related to our pension and other postretirement benefit programs for five years, as it is not practicable to estimate thereafter. Pension and postretirement benefit estimates reflect our expected cash contributions, which may be in excess of minimum funding requirements.

(3) Certain QFs require us to purchase minimum amounts of energy at prices ranging from $64 to $136 per MWH through 2029. Our estimated gross contractual obligation related to these QFs is approximately $322.7 million. A portion of the costs incurred to purchase this energy is recoverable through rates authorized by the MPSC, totaling approximately $281.8 million.

(4) We have entered into various purchase commitments, largely purchased power, electric transmission, coal and natural gas supply and natural gas transportation contracts. These commitments range from one to 26 years. The energy supply costs incurred under these contracts are generally recoverable through rate mechanisms approved by the MPSC.

(5) Contractual interest payments include our revolving credit facilities, which have a variable interest rate. We have assumed an average interest rate of 6.67 percent on the outstanding balance through maturity of the facilities.

(6) Represents significant firm purchase commitments for construction of planned capital projects.

(7) The table above excludes potential tax payments related to uncertain tax positions as they are not practicable to estimate. Additionally, the table above excludes reserves for environmental remediation (See Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies) and asset retirement obligations as the amount and timing of cash payments may be uncertain.

*Other Obligations -* As a co-owner of Colstrip, we provided surety bonds of approximately $15.7 million and $17.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to ensure the operation and maintenance of remedial and closure actions are carried out related to the Administrative Order on Consent Regarding Impacts Related to Wastewater Facilities Comprising the Closed-Loop System at Colstrip Steam Electric Stations, Colstrip Montana (the AOC) as required by the MDEQ. As costs are incurred under the AOC, the surety bonds will be reduced.

### CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that are believed to be proper and reasonable under the circumstances.

We continually evaluate the appropriateness of our estimates and assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We consider an estimate to be critical if it is material to the Financial Statements and it requires assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made and changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. This includes the accounting for the following: regulatory assets and liabilities, pension and postretirement benefit plans, income taxes and qualifying facilities liability. These policies were disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the NorthWestern Corporation Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, there have been no material changes in these policies.

## Market risk

As filed, 417 characters.

We are exposed to market risks, including, but not limited to, interest rates, energy commodity price volatility, and counterparty credit exposure. We have established comprehensive risk management policies and procedures to manage these market risks. There have been no material changes in our market risks as disclosed in the NorthWestern Corporation Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

## Controls and procedures

As filed, 1,321 characters.

### Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and accumulated and reported to management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

### Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

## Risk factors

As filed, 1,349 characters.

Refer to the NorthWestern Corporation Annual Report on the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for disclosure of the risk factors that could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those discussed in our reports filed with the SEC (including this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q), and elsewhere. Other than noted below, these risk factors have not changed materially since such disclosure.

**NorthWestern Energy Group is a holding company and relies on cash from its subsidiary to pay dividends.**

Through completion of a reorganization on October 2, 2023, NorthWestern Energy Group is a holding company parent entity and thus its primary asset is its subsidiary, NorthWestern Corporation. Substantially all operations are conducted by NorthWestern Corporation and its subsidiaries. We depend on earnings, cash flows and dividends from our subsidiary to pay dividends on our common stock. Regulatory, contractual and legal limitations, as well as the subsidiary capital requirements, affect the ability of the subsidiary to pay dividends up to the parent entity and thereby could restrict or influence our ability or decision to pay dividends on our common stock, which could adversely affect our stock price.

Filed Oct 27, 2023.
Source: SEC EDGAR, the filing index for accession 0001993004-23-000006. Last ingested by Listed: Nov 6, 2026, 17:53 ET. No prices; not investment advice.