# Glossary

54 terms used across Listed, in plain language. Each ratio shows the formula applied to every company.

## 0-9

- [8-K](/glossary/8-k.md): The current report a US public company files to announce a material event, usually within four business days.
- [8-K item 2.02](/glossary/8-k-item-2-02.md): The 8-K item a company uses to furnish an announcement of its results for a completed period, usually its earnings release.
- [8-K item 5.02](/glossary/8-k-item-5-02.md): The 8-K item for directors and senior officers leaving or joining, and for changes to executive pay.
- [10-K](/glossary/10-k.md): The annual report a US public company files with the SEC, with audited financial statements and a full description of the business.
- [10-Q](/glossary/10-q.md): The quarterly report a US public company files for each of the first three quarters of its fiscal year, with unaudited financial statements.
- [13F](/glossary/13f.md): The quarterly report institutional investment managers with $100 million or more in US-listed securities file to disclose their long positions.
- [20-F](/glossary/20-f.md): The annual report filed by foreign private issuers, the non-US companies whose shares trade in the US.

## A

- [Accession number](/glossary/accession-number.md): The unique id EDGAR gives every filing. Listed cites it beside every figure.
- [Amendment](/glossary/amendment.md): A filing that changes or completes an earlier one, marked with /A after the form type.

## C

- [Capital expenditure](/glossary/capital-expenditure.md): Cash a company paid in a period for property, plant and equipment, from the investing section of the cash flow statement.
- [Cash and equivalents](/glossary/cash-and-equivalents.md): Cash and very short-term, highly liquid investments on the balance sheet date.
- [CIK](/glossary/cik.md): The Central Index Key: the permanent number the SEC assigns to every filer.
- [Cost of revenue](/glossary/cost-of-revenue.md): The direct costs of producing the goods and services a company sold in a period.
- [Current assets](/glossary/current-assets.md): Assets a company expects to turn into cash, sell or use up within a year, on the balance sheet date.
- [Current liabilities](/glossary/current-liabilities.md): Obligations a company must settle within a year, on the balance sheet date.
- [Current ratio](/glossary/current-ratio.md): Current assets divided by current liabilities, on the same balance sheet date. Formula: `current ratio = current assets / current liabilities`
- [CUSIP](/glossary/cusip.md): The nine-character code that identifies a specific US security. 13F holdings are listed by it.

## D

- [Debt-to-equity](/glossary/debt-to-equity.md): Total debt divided by shareholders' equity, on the same balance sheet date. Formula: `debt-to-equity = total debt / shareholders' equity`
- [DEF 14A](/glossary/def-14a.md): The definitive proxy statement a company sends shareholders before a meeting, covering director elections, executive pay and other votes.
- [Diluted EPS](/glossary/diluted-eps.md): Diluted earnings per share, exactly as the company reported it. Listed never computes it.
- [Diluted shares](/glossary/diluted-shares.md): The weighted average number of shares outstanding in a period, including the shares that options and convertibles would add.

## E

- [EDGAR](/glossary/edgar.md): The SEC's Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system, where companies file and the public reads. Listed's only source.

## F

- [Filer category](/glossary/filer-category.md): The SEC's size category for a company, based mainly on its public float, which sets its filing deadlines.
- [Fiscal quarter](/glossary/fiscal-quarter.md): One of the four three-month periods of a company's fiscal year. The first three are reported on 10-Qs, the fourth inside the 10-K.
- [Fiscal year](/glossary/fiscal-year.md): The twelve-month period a company reports on, which need not match the calendar year.
- [Form 3](/glossary/form-3.md): An insider's first statement of what they own in the company, filed within 10 days of becoming an insider.
- [Form 4](/glossary/form-4.md): The filing an insider makes within two business days of buying, selling or otherwise changing their holdings of the company's securities.
- [Form 5](/glossary/form-5.md): An insider's annual statement of changes in ownership that were exempt from Form 4 or should have been reported earlier.
- [Free cash flow](/glossary/free-cash-flow.md): Operating cash flow less capital expenditure, both as reported. One formula, used for every company. Formula: `free cash flow = operating cash flow − capital expenditure`

## G

- [Gross margin](/glossary/gross-margin.md): Gross profit as a share of revenue, for the same period. Formula: `gross margin = gross profit / revenue`
- [Gross profit](/glossary/gross-profit.md): Revenue less cost of revenue, as the company reports it: what is left from sales before operating expenses.

## I

- [Insider](/glossary/insider.md): A company's directors, its officers and owners of more than 10% of a class of its shares, who must report their trades.

## N

- [Net debt](/glossary/net-debt.md): Total debt less cash and equivalents. A negative figure means the company holds more cash than debt. Formula: `net debt = total debt − cash and equivalents`
- [Net income](/glossary/net-income.md): The bottom line: profit or loss attributable to the company's shareholders after every cost, interest and tax.
- [Net margin](/glossary/net-margin.md): Net income as a share of revenue, for the same period. Formula: `net margin = net income / revenue`
- [Non-GAAP measure](/glossary/non-gaap-measure.md): A figure a company defines itself, such as adjusted earnings, outside the accounting standards. Listed does not use them.
- [Not reported](/glossary/not-reported.md): What Listed shows when a filing does not support a figure, and the usual reasons why.

## O

- [Operating cash flow](/glossary/operating-cash-flow.md): Net cash generated by the company's operations in a period, from the cash flow statement.
- [Operating income](/glossary/operating-income.md): Profit from the company's operations: revenue less operating costs, before interest, other income and tax.
- [Operating margin](/glossary/operating-margin.md): Operating income as a share of revenue, for the same period. Formula: `operating margin = operating income / revenue`

## R

- [Restatement](/glossary/restatement.md): A revision of financial figures a company has already reported, to correct an error or reflect a change in accounting.
- [Return on equity](/glossary/return-on-equity.md): Trailing twelve-month net income divided by the average of opening and closing shareholders' equity. Formula: `ROE = TTM net income / ((opening equity + closing equity) / 2)`
- [Revenue](/glossary/revenue.md): What a company earned from customers in a period for its goods and services, before any costs are taken off.
- [Rule 10b5-1 plan](/glossary/rule-10b5-1-plan.md): A trading plan an insider sets up in advance, so later trades follow the plan rather than a decision made at the time.

## S

- [S-1](/glossary/s-1.md): The registration statement a company files to offer securities to the public, most often for an initial public offering.
- [Schedule 13D](/glossary/schedule-13d.md): The disclosure filed by anyone who acquires more than 5% of a company's voting shares and may seek to influence it.
- [Schedule 13G](/glossary/schedule-13g.md): The shorter ownership disclosure for passive and institutional holders of more than 5% of a company's voting shares.
- [Shareholders' equity](/glossary/shareholders-equity.md): Assets less liabilities, attributable to the company's own shareholders, on the balance sheet date.
- [SIC code](/glossary/sic-code.md): The four-digit Standard Industrial Classification code the SEC assigns to each company. Listed's sectors are built from it.

## T

- [Total debt](/glossary/total-debt.md): Long-term debt, its current portion and short-term borrowings, as reported, added together. Formula: `total debt = long-term debt + current portion of long-term debt + short-term borrowings`
- [Transaction code](/glossary/transaction-code.md): The letter on each Form 4 line that says what kind of transaction it was: P for an open-market purchase, S for a sale, and more.
- [TTM](/glossary/ttm.md): The sum of the last four reported quarters, with the fourth quarter derived from the annual figure. Formula: `TTM = Q(n) + Q(n−1) + Q(n−2) + Q(n−3)`

## X

- [XBRL](/glossary/xbrl.md): The tagging standard that makes the figures in SEC filings machine-readable. Every financial figure on Listed comes from it.

## Y

- [Year-over-year growth](/glossary/yoy-growth.md): The change from the same period a year earlier, divided by the size of that earlier figure. Formula: `YoY growth = (this period − same period a year earlier) / |same period a year earlier|`