Zions Bancorporation, National Association: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2023

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This quarterly report includes “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions regarding future events or determinations, all of which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, industry trends, and results or regulatory outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied. Forward-looking statements include, among others:

• Statements with respect to the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, targets, commitments, designs, guidelines, expectations, anticipations, and future financial condition, results of operations and performance of Zions Bancorporation, National Association and its subsidiaries (collectively “Zions Bancorporation, N.A.,” “the Bank,” “we,” “our,” “us”); and
• Statements preceded or followed by, or that include the words “may,” “might,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “forecasts,” “expect,” “intend,” “target,” “commit,” “design,” “plan,” “projects,” “will,” and the negative thereof and similar words and expressions.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees, nor should they be relied upon as representing management’s views as of any subsequent date. Actual results and outcomes may differ materially from those presented. Although the following list is not comprehensive, important factors that may cause material differences include:

• The quality and composition of our loan and securities portfolios and the quality and composition of our deposits;
• Changes in general industry, political and economic conditions, including continued high inflation, economic slowdown or recession, or other economic disruptions; changes in interest and reference rates which could adversely affect our revenue and expenses, the value of assets and obligations, and the availability and cost of capital and liquidity; deterioration in economic conditions that may result in increased loan and leases losses;
• Securities and capital markets behavior, including volatility and changes in market liquidity and our ability to raise capital;
• The impact of bank failures or adverse developments at other banks on general investor sentiment regarding the stability and liquidity of banks;
• The possibility that our recorded goodwill could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on our earnings;
• Our ability to recruit and retain talent, including increased competition for qualified candidates as a result of expanded remote-work opportunities and increased compensation expenses;
• Competitive pressures and other factors that may affect aspects of our business, such as pricing and demand for our products and services;
• Our ability to complete projects and initiatives and execute on our strategic plans, manage our risks, and achieve our business objectives;
• Our ability to provide adequate oversight of our suppliers or prevent inadequate performance by third parties upon whom we rely for the delivery of various products and services;
• Our ability to develop and maintain technology, information security systems and controls designed to guard against fraud, cybersecurity, and privacy risks;
• Changes and uncertainties in applicable laws, and fiscal, monetary, regulatory, trade, and tax policies, and actions taken by governments, agencies, central banks and similar organizations; adverse media and other expressions of negative public opinion whether directed at us, other banks, the banking industry generally or otherwise that may adversely affect our reputation and that of the banking industry generally;
• The effects of pandemics and other health emergencies, including the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that may affect our business, employees, customers, and communities, such as ongoing effects on availability and cost of labor;
• The effects of wars and geopolitical conflicts, and other local, national, or international disasters, crises, or conflicts that may occur in the future;
• Natural disasters that may impact our and our customer's operations and business; and
• Governmental and social responses to environmental, social, and governance issues, including those with respect to climate change.

We caution against the undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect our views only as of the date they are made. Except to the extent required by law, we specifically disclaim any obligation to update any factors or to publicly announce the revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect future events or developments.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

As this quarterly report is filed, the Nasdaq Regional Banking Index is down about 30% year-to-date in 2023, reflecting broad weakness in bank valuations due in large part to several regional banks being closed and placed into receivership with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The root causes of these closures appear to be centered on weaknesses in liquidity risk, interest rate risk, and capital management. Investor sentiment has also been adversely impacted by concerns about future losses in commercial real estate.

In light of the current banking environment, below we have summarized key strategic actions that we employ (and have employed since the 2008 global financial crisis) to prudently manage the associated risks.

Liquidity Risk

We manage liquidity to provide necessary funds in varying circumstances. As a result, we have readily available sources of liquidity, including cash, interest-bearing funds held at the Federal Reserve, and advances and other borrowings against loans and highly-liquid investment securities, which all together exceed our level of uninsured deposits. An important source of our liquidity is an approximately $22 billion investment securities portfolio, comprised primarily of United States (“U.S.”) government mortgage-backed securities that can be readily pledged for future borrowings without effecting a sale.

Interest Rate Risk

We actively manage the volatility of net interest income and economic value of equity associated with changes in interest rates. Our investment securities portfolio, which has an estimated duration of 4.1 years, facilitates the balancing of the mismatch between our loan and deposit durations.

Capital Management

We maintain strong regulatory capital ratios, exceeding all capital adequacy and regulatory requirements for well-capitalized banks, and have current and projected earnings capacity to augment capital going forward. We regularly utilize stress testing as an important mechanism to inform our decisions on the appropriate level of capital and funding.

Credit Risk

We believe we have strong credit discipline, solid underwriting standards, and a well-diversified loan portfolio, all of which has resulted in very good credit quality for more than a decade. Specifically, we have actively managed the credit risk in our commercial real estate loan portfolio, reducing these loans to 23% of total loans, compared with 33% in late 2008.

Comparisons noted below are calculated for the current quarter compared with the same prior-year period unless otherwise specified. Growth rates of 100% or more are considered not meaningful (“NM”) as they generally reflect a low starting point.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Executive Summary

Our financial results in the first quarter of 2023 reflected strong credit quality and revenue growth, which was partially offset by increases in the provision for credit losses and noninterest expense. Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) was $1.33, compared with $1.27 in the first quarter of 2022.

Net interest income increased $135 million, or 25%, to $679 million, primarily due to a higher interest rate environment and a favorable change in the mix of interest-earning assets. The net interest margin (“NIM”) was 3.33%, compared with 2.60%.

Nonperforming assets decreased $79 million, or 31%, and classified loans decreased $236 million, or 21%. We had zero net loan and lease charge-offs, compared with net charge-offs of $6 million, in the prior year quarter. Despite improvements in most of our credit quality metrics, the provision for credit losses was $45 million, compared with a $(33) million provision in the prior year period, reflecting deterioration in economic forecasts and growth in the loan portfolio.

Total customer-related noninterest income remained stable at $151 million, compared with the prior year period, driven by increases in commercial treasury management, foreign exchange, and capital markets syndication fees, offset by a decrease in retail and business banking fees. Total noninterest income increased $18 million, or 13%, primarily due to negative mark-to-market adjustments recorded during the prior year period related to our Small Business Investment Company (“SBIC”) investment portfolio.

Total noninterest expense increased $48 million, or 10%. The increase was driven largely by a $27 million increase in salaries and benefits expense, which was impacted by ongoing inflationary and competitive labor market pressures on wages and benefits, increased headcount, and an additional business day during the current quarter. Our efficiency ratio was 59.9%, compared with 65.8%, as growth in adjusted taxable-equivalent revenue significantly outpaced growth in adjusted noninterest expense.

Average interest-earning assets decreased $2.3 billion, or 3%, from the prior year quarter, driven by declines of $4.2 billion and $3.2 billion in average money market investments and average securities, respectively, and partially offset by an increase of $5.2 billion in average loans and leases.

Total loans and leases increased $5.1 billion, or 10%, to $56.3 billion. The increases were primarily in the consumer 1-4 family residential mortgage, commercial real estate term, commercial and industrial, and consumer construction loan portfolios.

Total deposits decreased $13.1 billion, or 16%, to $69.2 billion, from the prior year quarter, mainly due to declines in larger-balance and more rate-sensitive, nonoperating deposits during the prior year, which continued into the first quarter of 2023 due to market uncertainty and heightened sensitivity of large depositors in the wake of prominent bank failures. Our loan-to-deposit ratio was 81%, compared with 62% in the prior year quarter. Borrowed funds, consisting primarily of secured borrowings, increased $11.5 billion from the prior year quarter in response to declines in total deposits and loan growth.

First Quarter 2023 Financial Performance

Net Earnings Applicable to Common Shareholders (in millions) Diluted EPS Adjusted PPNR (in millions) Efficiency Ratio

Net earnings applicable to common shareholders increased from the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to an increase in net revenue, driven largely by the higher interest rate environment and change in the mix of interest-earning assets, partially offset by increases in the provision for credit losses and noninterest expense, as well as a higher effective tax rate. Diluted earnings per share improved from the first quarter of 2022 as a result of increased net earnings and a 3.6 million decrease in weighted average diluted shares, primarily due to share repurchases. Adjusted pre-provision net revenue (“PPNR”) increased $100 million from the first quarter of 2022, primarily due to growth in net interest income. This increase was partially offset by higher adjusted noninterest expense. The efficiency ratio improved from the prior year quarter, as growth in adjusted taxable-equivalent revenue significantly outpaced growth in adjusted noninterest expense, resulting in positive operating leverage.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

NET INTEREST INCOME AND NET INTEREST MARGIN

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Includes interest income recoveries of $2 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022.

2 Rates are calculated using amounts in thousands; taxable-equivalent rates are used where applicable.

Net interest income accounted for approximately 81% of our net revenue (net interest income plus noninterest income) for the quarter and increased $135 million, or 25%, relative to the prior year quarter. The increase was primarily due to the higher interest rate environment and a favorable change in the mix of interest-earning assets.

Average interest-earning assets decreased $2.3 billion, or 3%, from the prior year quarter, driven by declines of $4.2 billion and $3.2 billion in average money market investments and average securities, respectively. A majority of the decrease in average securities was due to payments and maturities. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $5.2 billion in average loans and leases.

The NIM was 3.33%, compared with 2.60%. The yield on average interest-earning assets was 4.49% in the first quarter of 2023, an increase of 184 basis points (“bps”), reflecting higher interest rates and a favorable mix change from money market investments to loans. The yield also benefited from a decrease in the market value of available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities due to rising interest rates. The rate paid on average interest-bearing liabilities increased to 1.99%, compared with 0.11%, reflecting the higher interest rate environment and increased borrowings. We expect that the funding mix change toward the end of the first quarter of 2023, combined with the continued improvement in earning asset yields, will result in an estimated NIM of approximately 3.0% in the near term.

Average loans and leases increased $5.2 billion, or 10%, to $56.1 billion, mainly due to growth in average consumer and commercial loans. The yield on total loans increased 178 basis points to 5.30%, reflecting the higher interest rate environment.

Average deposits decreased $11.4 billion, or 14%, to $70.2 billion at an average cost of 0.47%, from $81.6 billion at an average cost of 0.03% in the first quarter of 2022. The rate paid on total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities was 1.17%, compared with 0.06%, reflecting the higher interest rate environment and increased short-term borrowings. Average noninterest-bearing deposits as a percentage of total deposits were 49%, compared with 50% during the same prior year period.

Average AFS securities balances decreased $13.3 billion, or 53%, to $11.9 billion. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we transferred approximately $10.7 billion fair value ($13.1 billion amortized cost) of mortgage-backed AFS securities to the held-to-maturity (“HTM”) category to reflect our intent for these securities.

Average borrowed funds, consisting primarily of secured borrowings, increased $11.8 billion from the prior year quarter in response to declines in total deposits and loan growth.

For more information on our investments securities portfolio and borrowed funds and how we manage liquidity risk, refer to the “Investment Securities Portfolio” section on page 15 and the “Liquidity Risk Management” section on page 31. For further discussion of the effects of market rates on net interest income and how we manage interest rate risk, refer to the “Interest Rate and Market Risk Management” section on page 28.

The following schedule summarizes the average balances, the amount of interest earned or paid, and the applicable yields for interest-earning assets and the costs of interest-bearing liabilities.

CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS, YIELDS AND RATES

(Unaudited)

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Rates are calculated using amounts in thousands and a tax rate of 21% for the periods presented.

2 Net of unamortized purchase premiums, discounts, and deferred loan fees and costs.

10

Provision for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) is the combination of both the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments (“RULC”). The ALLL represents the estimated current expected credit losses related to the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The RULC represents the estimated reserve for current expected credit losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments. Changes in the ALLL and RULC, net of charge-offs and recoveries, are recorded as the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded lending commitments, respectively, in the income statement. The ACL for debt securities is estimated separately from loans and is recorded in investment securities on the consolidated balance sheet.

The provision for credit losses, which is the combination of both the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded lending commitments, was $45 million, compared with $(33) million in the first quarter of 2022. The ACL was $678 million at March 31, 2023, compared with $514 million at March 31, 2022. The increase in the ACL was primarily due to deterioration in economic forecasts and growth in the loan portfolio. The ratio of ACL to net loans and leases was 1.20% and 1.00% at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The provision for securities losses was less than $1 million during the first quarter of 2023 and 2022.

The bar chart above illustrates the broad categories of change in the ACL from the prior year period. The second bar represents changes in economic forecasts and current economic conditions, which increased the ACL by $114 million from the prior year quarter.

The third bar represents changes in credit quality factors and includes risk-grade migration and specific reserves against loans, which, when combined, increased the ACL by $6 million, reflecting relatively stable credit quality. Nonperforming assets decreased $79 million, or 31%, and classified loans decreased $236 million, or 21%. We had zero net loan and lease charge-offs, or 0.00% annualized of average loans, compared with net charge-offs of $6 million, or 0.05% annualized of average loans in the prior year quarter.

The fourth bar represents loan portfolio changes, driven primarily by loan growth, as well as changes in portfolio mix, the aging of the portfolio, and other risk factors; all of which resulted in a $44 million increase in the ACL.

See “Credit Risk Management” on page 20 and Note 6 in our 2022 Form 10-K for more information on how we determine the appropriate level of the ALLL and the RULC.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income represents revenue we earn from products and services that generally have no associated interest rate or yield and is classified as either customer-related or noncustomer-related. Customer-related noninterest income excludes items such as securities gains and losses, dividends, insurance-related income, and mark-to-market adjustments on certain derivatives.

Total noninterest income increased $18 million, or 13%, relative to the prior year. Noninterest income accounted for approximately 19% and 21% of our net revenue during the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The following schedule presents a comparison of the major components of noninterest income.

NONINTEREST INCOME

(Dollar amounts in millions)

Customer-related Noninterest Income

Total customer-related noninterest income remained stable at $151 million, compared with the prior year period. Increases in commercial treasury management, foreign exchange, and capital markets syndication fees were offset by a decrease in retail and business banking fees largely as a result of a change in our overdraft and non-sufficient funds practices effected during the third quarter of 2022.

Noncustomer-related Noninterest Income

Total noncustomer-related noninterest income increased $18 million from the prior year quarter. Net securities gains and losses increased $18 million, due largely to negative mark-to-market adjustments recorded during the prior year period related to our SBIC investment portfolio. Dividends and other income increased $9 million, primarily due to an increase in dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock. These increases were offset by a $9 million decrease in fair value and nonhedge derivative income, primarily due to a $3 million loss during the quarter related to a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) on client-related interest rate swaps, compared with a $6 million CVA gain in the prior year period.

Noninterest Expense

The following schedule presents a comparison of the major components of noninterest expense.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 For information on non-GAAP financial measures, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” on page 36.

Total noninterest expense increased $48 million, or 10%, relative to the prior year quarter. Salaries and benefits expense increased $27 million, or 9%, due to the ongoing impact of inflationary and competitive labor market pressures on wages and benefits, increased headcount, a decline in deferred salaries, and an additional business day during the current quarter.

Deposit insurance and regulatory expense increased $8 million, driven largely by an increased base rate beginning in 2023 and a higher FDIC insurance assessment resulting from changes in balance sheet composition. Other noninterest expense increased $7 million, primarily due to increased travel, intangible amortization, and other expenses incurred during the current quarter.

The efficiency ratio was 59.9%, compared with 65.8%, as growth in adjusted taxable-equivalent revenue significantly outpaced growth in adjusted noninterest expense. For information on non-GAAP financial measures, including differences between noninterest expense and adjusted noninterest expense, see page 36.

Technology Spend

Technology spend represents expenditures associated with technology-related investments, operations, systems, and infrastructure, and includes current period expenses reported on our consolidated statement of income, and capitalized investments, net of related amortization and depreciation, reported on our consolidated balance sheet. Technology spend is reported as a combination of the following:

• Technology, telecom, and information processing expense — includes expenses related to application software licensing and maintenance, related amortization, telecommunications, and data processing;
• Other technology-related expense — includes related noncapitalized salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, and professional and legal services; and
• Technology investments — includes capitalized technology infrastructure equipment, hardware, and purchased or internally developed software, less related amortization or depreciation.

The following schedule provides information related to our technology spend:

TECHNOLOGY SPEND

(In millions)

Total technology spend increased $12 million relative to the prior year quarter, largely due to technology-related compensation and investments in application resiliency.

Income Taxes

The following schedule summarizes the income tax expense and effective tax rates for the periods presented:

INCOME TAXES

(Dollar amounts in millions)

14

The effective tax rate was 27.7% at March 31, 2023, compared with 20.4% at March 31, 2022, primarily as a result of a discrete item that affected the reserve for uncertain tax positions during the current quarter. See Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about the factors that influenced the income tax rates as well as information about deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and valuation allowances.

Preferred Stock Dividends

Preferred stock dividends totaled $6 million and $8 million for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

Interest-Earning Assets

Interest-earning assets are assets that have associated interest rates or yields, and generally consist of money market investments, securities, loans, and leases. We strive to maintain a high level of interest-earning assets relative to total assets. For more information regarding the average balances, associated revenue generated, and the respective yields of our interest-earning assets, see the Consolidated Average Balance Sheet on page 10.

Investment Securities Portfolio

We invest in securities to actively manage liquidity and interest rate risk and to generate interest income. We primarily own securities that can readily provide us cash and liquidity through secured borrowing agreements without the need to sell the securities. We also manage the duration extension risk of our investment securities portfolio. At March 31, 2023, the estimated duration of our securities portfolio remained unchanged at 4.1 years, compared with December 31, 2022. This duration helps to manage the inherent interest rate mismatch between loans and deposits, as fixed-rate term investments facilitate the balancing of asset and liability durations, as well as protect the expected economic value of shareholders' equity.

For information about our borrowing capacity associated with the investment securities portfolio and how we manage our liquidity risk, refer to the “Liquidity Risk Management” section on page 31. See also Note 3 and Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on fair value measurements and the accounting for our investment securities portfolio.

The following schedule presents the components of our investment securities portfolio.

INVESTMENT SECURITIES PORTFOLIO

(In millions)

1 During the fourth quarter of 2022, we transferred approximately $10.7 billion fair value ($13.1 billion amortized cost) of mortgage-backed AFS securities to the HTM category to reflect our intent for these securities. The transfer of these securities from AFS to HTM at fair value resulted in a discount to the amortized cost basis of the HTM securities equivalent to the $2.4 billion ($1.8 billion after-tax) of unrealized losses in AOCI. The amortization of the unrealized losses will offset the effect of the accretion of the discount created by the transfer.

The amortized cost of total HTM and AFS investment securities decreased $0.6 billion, or 3%, from December 31, 2022, primarily due to payments and maturities. Approximately 8% of the total HTM and AFS investment securities portfolio were floating rate at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Additionally, we have $1.2 billion of pay-fixed swaps held as fair value hedges against fixed-rate AFS securities that effectively convert the fixed interest income to a floating rate on the hedged portion of the securities.

At March 31, 2023, the AFS investment securities portfolio included approximately $260 million of net premium that was distributed across the various security categories. Total taxable-equivalent premium amortization for these investment securities was $26 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared with $28 million for the same prior year period.

In addition to HTM and AFS securities, we also have a trading securities portfolio comprised of municipal securities that totaled $12 million at March 31, 2023, compared with $465 million at December 31, 2022. The prior quarter also included $395 million of money market mutual sweep accounts.

Refer to the “Capital Management” section on page 34 and Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more discussion regarding our investment securities portfolio and related unrealized gains and losses.

Municipal Investments and Extensions of Credit

We support our communities by providing products and services to state and local governments (“municipalities”), including deposit services, loans, and investment banking services. We also invest in securities issued by municipalities. Our municipal lending products generally include loans in which the debt service is repaid from general funds or pledged revenues of the municipal entity, or to private commercial entities or 501(c)(3) not-for-profit entities utilizing a pass-through municipal entity to achieve favorable tax treatment.

The following schedule summarizes our total investments and extensions of credit to municipalities:

MUNICIPAL INVESTMENTS AND EXTENSIONS OF CREDIT

(In millions)

Our municipal loans and securities are primarily associated with municipalities located within our geographic footprint. The municipal loan and lease portfolio is primarily secured by general obligations of municipal entities. Other types of collateral also include real estate, revenue pledges, or equipment. At March 31, 2023, no municipal loans were on nonaccrual.

Municipal securities are internally graded, similar to loans, using risk-grading systems which vary based on the size and type of credit risk exposure. The internal risk grades assigned to our municipal securities follow our definitions of Pass, Special Mention, and Substandard, which are consistent with published definitions of regulatory risk classifications. At March 31, 2023, all municipal securities were graded as Pass. See Notes 5 and 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about the credit quality of these municipal loans and securities.

Loan and Lease Portfolio

We provide a wide range of lending products to commercial customers, generally small- and medium-sized businesses. We also provide various retail lending products and services to consumers and small businesses. The following schedule presents the composition of our loan and lease portfolio.

LOAN AND LEASE PORTFOLIO

(Dollar amounts in millions)

17

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the ratio of loans and leases to total assets was 64% and 62%, respectively. The largest loan category was commercial and industrial loans, which constituted 29% of our total loan portfolio at both time periods.

The loan and lease portfolio increased $0.7 billion, or 1%, to $56.3 billion at March 31, 2023. Loan growth was driven largely by increases of $0.4 billion in consumer 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and $0.4 billion in commercial real estate term loans.

Other Noninterest-Bearing Investments

Other noninterest-bearing investments are equity investments that are held primarily for capital appreciation, dividends, or for certain regulatory requirements. The following schedule summarizes our related investments.

OTHER NONINTEREST-BEARING INVESTMENTS

(Dollar amounts in millions)

Total other noninterest-bearing investments increased $39 million, or 3%, during the first three months of 2023, primarily due to a $36 million increase in FHLB stock. We are required to invest approximately 4% of our FHLB borrowings in FHLB stock to maintain our borrowing capacity. The increase was driven by increases in FHLB borrowings during the first quarter of 2023 in response to declines in total deposits and loan growth.

Premises, Equipment, and Software

We are in the final phase of a three-phase project to replace our core loan and deposit banking systems, and expect to convert our deposit servicing system in 2023. The following schedule summarizes the capitalized costs associated with our core system replacement project, which are depreciated using a useful life of ten years.

CAPITALIZED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CORE SYSTEM REPLACEMENT PROJECT

(In millions)

Deposits

Deposits are our primary funding source. In recent years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, we benefited from a significant influx of deposits, which was impacted by considerable fiscal and monetary policy decisions. During 2022, with the withdrawal of stimulus by the federal government, our deposits began to decline to more normalized levels. During the first quarter of 2023, with the failure of two prominent banks, this trend continued in response to market uncertainty, though total deposits remained above pre-pandemic (12/31/2019) levels.

The following schedule presents the composition of our deposit portfolio.

DEPOSIT PORTFOLIO

(Dollar amounts in millions)

Total deposits decreased $2.4 billion, or 3% to $69.2 billion at March 31, 2023 from December 31, 2022, primarily due to a $4.8 billion decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits and a $2.1 billion decrease in savings, money market, and time deposits (excluding brokered deposits).

At March 31, 2023, the estimated total amount of uninsured deposits was $31.4 billion, or 45%, of total deposits, compared with $37.6 billion, or 53%, of total deposits at December 31, 2022. Our loan-to-deposit ratio was 81%, compared with 78% for the same time periods, reflecting a return to more normalized, pre-pandemic levels.

The following schedule presents our deposits by customer segment.

DEPOSITS BY CUSTOMER SEGMENT

1 Includes primarily brokered, trust, estate, and certain internal operational accounts.

At March 31, 2023, we had no single depositor with uncollateralized deposits exceed 0.22% of total deposits, and the top 25 largest uncollateralized deposit accounts totaled 3.1% of total deposits.

The following schedule presents our deposit balances by size.

DEPOSITS BY SIZE

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Includes primarily certain internal operational accounts.

Total nonbrokered deposits decreased $6.9 billion, or 10%, from December 31, 2022. A majority of the decrease related to larger balance accounts with relatively low transaction volume. This decrease was partially offset by a $4.5 billion increase in brokered deposits.

See “Liquidity Risk Management” on page 31 for additional information on liquidity and borrowed funds.

RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk management is an integral part of our operations and is a key determinant of our overall performance. We employ various strategies to prudently manage the risks to which our operations are exposed, including credit risk, market and interest rate risk, liquidity risk, strategic and business risk, operational risk, technology risk, cybersecurity risk, capital/financial reporting risk, legal/compliance risk (including regulatory risk), and reputational risk. These risks are overseen by various management committees including the Enterprise Risk Management Committee. For a more comprehensive discussion of these risks, see “Risk Factors” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Credit Risk Management

Credit risk is the possibility of loss from the failure of a borrower, guarantor, or another obligor to fully perform under the terms of a credit-related contract. Credit risk arises primarily from our lending activities, as well as from off-balance sheet credit instruments. Credit policies, credit risk management, and credit examination functions inform and support the oversight of credit risk. Our credit policies emphasize strong underwriting standards and early detection of potential problem credits in order to develop and implement action plans on a timely basis to mitigate potential losses. These formal credit policies and procedures provide us with a framework for consistent underwriting and a basis for sound credit decisions at the local banking affiliate level.

Our overall credit risk management strategy includes diversification of our loan portfolio. Our business activity is conducted primarily within the geographic footprint of our banking affiliates. We strive to avoid the risk of undue concentrations of credit in any particular industry, collateral type, location, or with any individual customer or counterparty. We have actively managed the credit risk in our commercial real estate (“CRE”) portfolio for more than a decade, having reduced CRE loans to 23% of total loans, compared with 33% in late 2008. For a more comprehensive discussion of our credit risk management, see “Credit Risk Management” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

U.S. Government Agency Guaranteed Loans

We participate in various guaranteed lending programs sponsored by U.S. government agencies, such as the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), Federal Housing Authority, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Export-Import Bank of the U.S., and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. At March 31, 2023, $622 million of related loans were guaranteed, primarily by the SBA, and included $157 million of Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans. The following schedule presents the composition of U.S. government agency guaranteed loans.

U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCY GUARANTEED LOANS

(Dollar amounts in millions)

Commercial Lending

The following schedule provides information regarding lending exposures to certain industries in our commercial lending portfolio.

COMMERCIAL LENDING BY INDUSTRY GROUP 1

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Industry groups are determined by North American Industry Classification System (“NAICS”) codes.

2 Includes primarily utilities, power, and renewable energy.

3 No other industry group exceeds 3.1%.

Commercial Real Estate Loans

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our CRE loan portfolio totaled $12.9 billion and $12.7 billion, respectively, representing approximately 23% of the total loan portfolio for both periods. The majority of our CRE loans are secured by real estate primarily located within our geographic footprint. The following schedule presents the geographic distribution of our CRE loan portfolio based on the location of the primary collateral.

COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE LENDING BY COLLATERAL LOCATION

(Dollar amounts in millions)

Term CRE loans generally mature within a three- to seven-year period and consist of full, partial, and non-recourse guarantee structures. Typical term CRE loan structures include annually tested operating covenants that require loan rebalancing based on minimum debt service coverage, debt yield, or loan-to-value tests. Construction and land development loans generally mature in 18 to 36 months and contain full or partial recourse guarantee structures with one- to five-year extension options or roll-to-perm options that often result in term debt. At March 31, 2023, approximately 85% of our CRE loan portfolio was variable-rate, and approximately 23% of these variable-rate loans were swapped to a fixed rate.

Underwriting on commercial properties is primarily based on the economic viability of the project with significant consideration given to the creditworthiness and experience of the sponsor. We generally require that the owner’s equity be injected prior to any advances. Re-margining requirements (required equity infusions upon a decline in value or cash flow of the collateral) are often included in the loan agreement along with guarantees of the sponsor. For a more comprehensive discussion of CRE loans and our underwriting, see the “Commercial Real Estate Loans” section in our 2022 Form 10-K.

The following schedule provides information regarding lending exposures to certain collateral types in our CRE loan portfolio.

COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE LENDING BY COLLATERAL TYPE

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Included in the total amount of the “Other” category was approximately $270 million and $301 million of unsecured loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

2 Residential property collateral type consists primarily of loans provided to commercial homebuilders for land, lot, and single-family housing developments.

Our CRE portfolio is diversified across geography and collateral type, with the largest concentration in multi-family. We provide additional analysis of our office CRE portfolio below in view of increased investor interest in that collateral type in recent periods.

Office CRE loan portfolio

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our office CRE loan portfolio totaled $2.2 billion and $2.3 billion, representing 17% and 18% of the total CRE loan portfolio, respectively. The following schedule presents the composition of our office CRE loan portfolio and other related credit quality metrics.

OFFICE CRE LOAN PORTFOLIO

(Dollar amounts in millions)

The following schedules present credit quality information for our office CRE loan portfolio by collateral location.

OFFICE CRE LOAN PORTFOLIO BY COLLATERAL LOCATION

(Dollar amounts in millions)

23

ZIONS BANCORPORATION, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 No other geography exceeds $18 million at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

2 Delinquency rates include nonaccrual loans.

Consumer Loans

We originate first-lien residential home mortgages considered to be of prime quality. We generally hold variable-rate loans in our portfolio and sell “conforming” fixed-rate loans to third parties, including Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, for which we make representations and warranties that the loans meet certain underwriting and collateral documentation standards.

Our 1-4 family residential mortgage loan portfolio increased $406 million, or 6%, to $7.7 billion at March 31, 2023, compared with $7.3 billion at December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increased demand for adjustable-rate mortgages, which we have retained as part of our overall interest rate risk management strategy.

We also originate home equity credit lines (“HECLs”). At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our HECL portfolio totaled $3.3 billion and $3.4 billion, respectively. The following schedule presents the composition of our HECL portfolio by lien status.

HECL PORTFOLIO BY LIEN STATUS

(In millions)

At March 31, 2023, loans representing less than 1% of the outstanding balance in the HECL portfolio were estimated to have combined loan-to-value (“CLTV”) ratios above 100%. An estimated CLTV ratio is the ratio of our loan plus any prior lien amounts divided by the estimated current collateral value. At origination, underwriting standards for the HECL portfolio generally include a maximum 80% CLTV with high Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) credit scores.

Approximately 90% of our HECL portfolio is still in the draw period, and about 19% of those loans are scheduled to begin amortizing within the next five years. We believe the risk of loss and borrower default in the event of a loan becoming fully amortizing and the effect of significant interest rate changes is minimal. The ratio of HECL net charge-offs (recoveries) for the trailing twelve months to average balances at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was (0.03)% for both periods. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the credit quality of the HECL portfolio.

Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned (“OREO”) or foreclosed properties. Nonperforming assets as a percentage of loans and leases and OREO increased to 0.31% at March 31, 2023, compared with 0.27% at December 31, 2022.

Total nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2023 increased to $171 million from $149 million at December 31, 2022, primarily in the commercial and industrial and owner-occupied loan portfolios. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on nonaccrual loans.

The following schedule presents our nonperforming assets:

NONPERFORMING ASSETS

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Includes loans held for sale.

2 Does not include banking premises held for sale

Loan Modifications

Loans may be modified in the normal course of business for competitive reasons or to strengthen our collateral position. Loan modifications may also occur when the borrower experiences financial difficulty and needs temporary or permanent relief from the original contractual terms of the loan.

On January 1, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which eliminated the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and their related disclosures. ASU 2022-02 requires enhanced disclosures for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. At March 31, 2023, loans that have been modified to accommodate a borrower experiencing financial difficulties totaled $97 million.

If the modified loan performs for at least six months according to the modified terms, and an analysis of the customer’s financial condition indicates that we are reasonably assured of repayment of the modified principal and interest, the loan may be returned to accrual status. The borrower’s payment performance prior to and following the modification is taken into account to determine whether a loan should be returned to accrual status.

ACCRUING AND NONACCRUING MODIFIED LOANS TO BORROWERS EXPERIENCING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY

(In millions)

25

For additional information regarding loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, including information related to TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02, see Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL includes the ALLL and the RULC. The ACL represents our estimate of current expected credit losses related to the loan and lease portfolio and unfunded lending commitments as of the balance sheet date. To determine the adequacy of the allowance, our loan and lease portfolio is segmented based on loan type.

The RULC, a reserve for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments, decreased $1 million during the first three months of 2023. The reserve is separately recorded on the consolidated balance sheet in “Other liabilities,” and any related increases or decreases in the reserve are recorded on the consolidated income statement in “Provision for unfunded lending commitments.”

The following schedule presents the changes in and allocation of the ACL.

SUMMARY OF CREDIT LOSS EXPERIENCE

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 The beginning balance at March 31, 2023 for the allowance for loan losses does not agree to its respective ending balance at December 31, 2022 because of the adoption of the new accounting standard related to loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties.

2 Ratios are annualized for the periods presented except for the period representing the full twelve months.

The total ACL increased to $678 million, from $636 million, during the first three months of 2023, primarily due to deterioration in economic forecasts and growth in the loan portfolio. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the ACL and credit trends experienced in each portfolio segment.

Interest Rate and Market Risk Management

Interest rate risk is the potential for reduced net interest income and other rate-sensitive income resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. Market risk is the potential for loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of fixed-income securities, equity securities, other earning assets, and derivative financial instruments as a result of changes in interest rates or other factors. Because we engage in transactions involving various financial products, we are exposed to both interest rate risk and market risk. For a more comprehensive discussion of our interest rate and market risk management, see the “Interest Rate and Market Risk Management” section in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Risk

We strive to position the Bank for interest rate changes and manage the balance sheet sensitivity to reduce the volatility of both net interest income and economic value of equity. We generally have granular deposit funding. Much of this funding has an indeterminate life with no maturity and can be withdrawn at any time. Because most deposits come from household and business accounts, their duration is generally longer than the duration of our loan portfolio. As such, we are naturally “asset-sensitive” — meaning that our assets are expected to reprice faster or more significantly than our liabilities. In previous interest rate environments, we have added (1) interest rate swaps to synthetically increase the duration of the loan portfolio, (2) longer-duration securities, and (3) longer-duration loans to reduce the asset sensitivity to a level where an increase in interest rates of 100 bps would result in a positive change in net interest income.

Asset sensitivity measures depend upon the assumptions we use for deposit runoff and repricing behavior. As interest rates rise, we expect some customers to move balances from demand deposits to interest-bearing accounts such as money market, savings, or certificates of deposit. Our models are particularly sensitive to the assumption about the rate of such migration.

We also assume a correlation, referred to as a “deposit beta,” with respect to interest-bearing deposits, wherein the rates paid to customers change at a different pace when compared with changes in average benchmark interest rates. Generally, certificates of deposit are assumed to have a high correlation, while interest-bearing checking accounts are assumed to have a lower correlation. We anticipate that changes in deposit rates will lag changes in reference rates. Our modeled cost of total deposits for March 2024 is approximately 1.31% without the effect of any additional Federal Reserve (“FRB”) rate hikes. Additional rate hikes would be expected to result in further increases to the cost of total deposits.

Actual results may differ materially due to various factors, including the shape of the yield curve, competitive pricing, money supply, our credit worthiness, etc. We use our historical experience as well as industry data to inform our assumptions. The migration and correlation assumptions previously discussed result in deposit durations presented in the following schedule:

DEPOSIT ASSUMPTIONS

As the more rate-sensitive deposits have runoff, the effective duration of deposits has lengthened due to the remaining deposits that are assumed to be less rate sensitive.

As noted previously, we utilize derivatives to manage interest rate risk. The following schedule presents derivatives that are designated in qualifying hedging relationships at March 31, 2023. Included are the average outstanding derivative notional amounts for each period presented and the weighted average fixed-rate paid or received for each category of cash flow and fair value hedge. See Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the impact of these hedging relationships on interest income and expense.

DERIVATIVES DESIGNATED IN QUALIFYING HEDGING RELATIONSHIPS

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Cash flow hedges consist of receive-fixed swaps hedging pools of floating-rate loans.

2 Fair value debt hedges consist of receive-fixed swaps hedging fixed-rate debt. The $500 million fair value debt hedge matures at the end of July 2029. Amounts for 2029 have not been prorated to reflect this hedge maturing during the year.

3 Fair value assets hedges consist of pay-fixed swaps hedging AFS fixed-rate securities. Increases in average outstanding notional amounts are due to forward-starting interest rate swaps.

4 The cash flow portfolio fully matures in February 2027. Amounts for 2027 have not been prorated to reflect this hedge maturing during the period.

Incorporating the deposit assumptions and the impact of derivatives in qualifying hedging relationships previously discussed, the following schedule presents earnings at risk (“EaR”), or the percentage change in 12-month forward-looking net interest income, and our estimated percentage change in economic value of equity (“EVE”). Both EaR and EVE are based on a static balance sheet size under parallel interest rate changes ranging from -100 bps to +300 bps.

INCOME SIMULATION – CHANGE IN NET INTEREST INCOME AND CHANGE IN ECONOMIC VALUE OF EQUITY

1 Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.

The asset sensitivity, as measured by EaR, increased during the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in receive-fixed-rate swap notional, partially offset by deposit runoff.

For interest-bearing deposits with indeterminate maturities, the weighted average modeled beta is 27%. If the weighted average deposit beta were to increase to 38%, the EaR in the +100 bps rate shock would change from 3.3% to 2.0%.

The EaR analysis focuses on parallel rate shocks across the term structure of benchmark interest rates. In a non-parallel rate scenario where the overnight rate increases 200 bps, but the ten-year rate increases only 30 bps, the increase in EaR is modeled to be approximately two-thirds of the change associated with the parallel +200 bps rate change.

EaR has inherent limitations in describing expected changes in net interest income in rapidly changing interest rate environments due to a lag in asset and liability repricing behavior. As such, we expect net interest income to change due to “latent” and “emergent” interest rate sensitivity. Unlike EaR, which measures net interest income over 12 months, latent and emergent interest rate sensitivity explains changes in current quarter net interest income, compared with expected net interest income in the same quarter one year forward.

Latent interest rate sensitivity refers to future changes in net interest income based upon past rate movements that have yet to be fully recognized in revenue but will be recognized over the near term. We expect latent sensitivity to reduce net interest income by approximately 7% in the first quarter of 2024, compared with the first quarter of 2023.

Emergent interest rate sensitivity refers to future changes in net interest income based upon future interest rate movements and is measured from the latent level of net interest income. If interest rates rise consistent with the forward curve at March 31, 2023, we expect emergent sensitivity to reduce net interest income by approximately 1% from the latent sensitivity level, for a cumulative 8% reduction in net interest income.

Our focus on business banking also plays a significant role in determining the nature of our asset-liability management posture. At March 31, 2023, $25.6 billion of our commercial lending and CRE loan balances were scheduled to reprice in the next six months. Of these variable-rate loans, approximately 96% are tied to either the prime rate, London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), American Interbank Offered Rate (“AMERIBOR”), or Bloomberg Short-term Bank Yield (“BSBY”). For these variable-rate loans, we have executed $4.4 billion of cash flow hedges by receiving fixed rates on interest rate swaps. At March 31, 2023, we also had $3.6 billion of variable-rate consumer loans scheduled to reprice in the next six months. The impact on asset sensitivity from commercial or consumer loans with floors has become insignificant as rates have risen. See Notes 3 and 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding derivative instruments.

LIBOR Transition

LIBOR is being phased out globally, and banks are required to migrate to alternative reference rates no later than June 2023. To facilitate the transition process, we instituted an orderly enterprise-wide program to identify, assess, and monitor risks associated with the expected discontinuance or unavailability of LIBOR. This program included active engagement or involvement of senior management, the Enterprise Risk Management Committee, industry working groups, and our regulators.

We have implemented processes, procedures, and systems to ensure contract risk is sufficiently mitigated. New originations, and any modifications or renewals of LIBOR-based contracts, contain fallback language to facilitate transition to an alternative reference rate. For our contracts that referenced LIBOR and had a duration beyond June 2023, all fallback provisions and variations were identified and classified based upon those provisions.

At March 31, 2023, we had approximately $10.5 billion in loans (mainly commercial loans), unfunded lending commitments, and securities referencing LIBOR. The amount of borrowed funds referencing LIBOR at March 31, 2023 was less than $1 billion. These amounts exclude derivative assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At March 31, 2023, the notional amount of our LIBOR-referenced interest rate derivative contracts was $6.5 billion, of which nearly all related to contracts with central counterparty clearinghouses. We expect the swap central counterparty clearinghouses, LCH.Clearnet Limited and CME Clearing House, to transition all of our USD LIBOR swaps to SOFR during the second quarter of 2023.

We support our customers’ needs by accommodating various alternative reference rates, including primarily the Constant Maturity Treasury (“CMT”) rate, the FHLB rate, SOFR, BSBY, and the prime rate. At March 31, 2023, as a result of our efforts, more than 70% of our loans referencing LIBOR have moved to an alternative rate index, and a significant number of customers had voluntarily migrated to an alternative rate index. We expect that most of the remaining customers will move to an alternative rate index in accordance with the relevant fallback provisions in their contracts prior to June 2023. A limited number of customers will be notified of the activation of their fallback language prior to June 2023, with transition to an alternative rate index occurring upon their next scheduled rate reset subsequent to June 2023.

Under the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act of 2022, the FRB identified benchmark replacement rates for LIBOR contracts lacking fallback provisions with a clearly defined or practical replacement benchmark rate. Where applicable, these replacement rates will be used. For more information on the transition from LIBOR, see Risk Factors in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Market Risk – Fixed Income

We underwrite municipal and corporate securities. We also trade municipal, agency, and treasury securities. This underwriting and trading activity exposes us to a risk of loss arising from adverse changes in the prices of these fixed-income securities.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had $12 million and $465 million of trading assets, and $281 million and $187 million of securities sold, not yet purchased, respectively. We are exposed to market risk through changes in fair value. This includes market risk for interest rate swaps used to hedge interest rate risk.

Changes in the fair value of AFS securities and in interest rate swaps that qualify as cash flow hedges are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) for each financial reporting period. The after-tax change in AOCI attributable to AFS securities increased $126 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, due largely to increases in benchmark interest rates. See Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the accounting for investment securities.

We believe our funding advantage is more pronounced in a rising interest rate environment, creating meaningful economic value that is not fully reflected on our balance sheet since deposits and related intangible assets are not recorded at fair value for accounting purposes.

Market Risk – Equity Investments

Through our equity investment activities, we own equity securities that are publicly traded. In addition, we own equity securities in governmental entities and companies, e.g., FRB and the FHLB, that are not publicly traded. Equity investments may be accounted for at cost less impairment and adjusted for observable price changes, fair value, the equity method, or full consolidation methods of accounting, depending on our ownership position and degree of influence over the investees’ business. Regardless of the accounting method, the values of our investments are subject to fluctuation. Because the fair value of these securities may fall below the cost at which we acquired them, we are exposed to the possibility of loss. Equity investments in private and public companies are evaluated, monitored, and approved by members of management in our Equity Investments Committee and Securities Valuation Committee.

We hold both direct and indirect investments in predominantly pre-public companies, primarily through various SBIC venture capital funds as a strategy to provide beneficial financing, growth, and expansion opportunities to diverse businesses generally in communities within our geographic footprint. Our equity exposure to these investments was approximately $174 million and $172 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. On occasion, some of the companies within our SBIC investment may issue an initial public offering (“IPO”). In this case, the fund is generally subject to a lockout period before liquidating the investment, which can introduce additional market risk. See Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the valuation of our SBIC investments.

Liquidity Risk Management

Liquidity refers to our ability to meet our cash, contractual, and collateral obligations, and to manage both expected and unexpected cash flows without adversely impacting our operations or financial strength. We manage our liquidity to provide funds for our customers’ credit needs, our anticipated financial and contractual obligations, and other corporate activities. Sources of liquidity include deposits, borrowings, equity, and unencumbered assets, such as loans and investment securities. Our investment securities are primarily held as a source of contingent liquidity. We primarily own securities that can readily provide us cash and liquidity through secured borrowing agreements with securities pledged as collateral.

We maintain and regularly test a contingency funding plan to identify sources and uses of liquidity. Additionally, we have a Board-approved liquidity policy that requires us to monitor and maintain adequate liquidity, diversify funding positions, and anticipate future funding needs. In accordance with this policy, we monitor our liquidity positions by conducting various stress tests and evaluating certain liquid asset measurements, such as a 30-day liquidity coverage ratio.

We perform regular liquidity stress tests and assess our portfolio of highly liquid assets (sufficient to cover 30-day funding needs under stress scenarios). These stress tests include projections of funding maturities, uses of funds, and assumptions of deposit runoff. These assumptions consider the size of deposit account, operational nature of deposits, type of depositor, and concentrations of funding sources including large depositors and aggregate levels of uncollateralized deposits exceeding insured levels. Concentrated funding sources are given large runoff factors up to 100% in projecting stressed funding needs. Our liquidity stress testing considers multiple timeframes ranging from overnight to 12 months. Our liquidity policy requires us to maintain sufficient on-balance sheet liquidity in the form of FRB reserve balance and other highly liquid assets to meet stressed outflow assumptions.

We have a dedicated funding desk that monitors real-time inflows and outflows of our FRB account, and we have tools, including ready access to repo markets and FHLB advances, to manage intraday liquidity. FHLB borrowings are “open-term,” allowing us the ability to retain or return funds based on our liquidity needs. We pledge a large portion of our highly liquid investment securities portfolio through the General Collateral Funding (“GCF”) repo program. Through this program, high-quality collateral is pledged and program participants exchange funds anonymously, which allows for near instant access to funding during market hours.

Additionally, we have pledged collateral to the FRB’s primary credit facility (or discount window) and the Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), which provide additional contingent funding sources outside the normal operating hours of the FHLB and the GCF program. The BTFP offers loans of up to one year in length to eligible depository institutions pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and government mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral. Unlike other funding sources, borrowing capacity under the BTFP is based on the par value, not the fair value, of collateral. During the first quarter of 2023, we did not access the discount window or BTFP, except for an operational test of the BTFP consisting of a $1 million overnight advance. For more information on our liquidity risk management practices, see “Liquidity Risk Management” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

For the first three months of 2023, the primary sources of cash came from an increase in short-term borrowings, a decrease in money market investments, a decrease in investment securities, and net cash provided by operating activities. Uses of cash during the same period included primarily an increase in loans and leases, dividends paid on common and preferred stock, and the repurchase of bank common stock. Cash payments for interest reflected in operating expenses were $224 million and $11 million for the first three months of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The FHLB and FRB have been, and continue to be, a significant source of back-up liquidity and funding. We are a member of the FHLB of Des Moines, which allows member banks to borrow against eligible loans and securities to satisfy liquidity and funding requirements. We are required to invest in FHLB and FRB stock to maintain our borrowing capacity. At March 31, 2023, our total investment in FHLB and FRB stock was $330 million and $66 million, respectively, compared with $294 million and $68 million at December 31, 2022.

At March 31, 2023, loans with a carrying value of $24.2 billion and $6.0 billion, compared with $23.7 billion and $3.9 billion at December 31, 2022, were pledged at the FHLB and FRB, respectively, as collateral for current and potential borrowings. In April 2023, an additional $9.4 billion of loans were pledged at the FRB as collateral for potential borrowings, resulting in additional borrowing capacity of approximately $7.8 billion.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, investment securities with a carrying value of $22.0 billion and $13.5 billion, respectively, were pledged as collateral for potential borrowings. For the same time periods, these pledges included $10.4 billion and $8.3 billion for available use through the GCF repo program, $7.6 billion and $1.0 billion to the FRB, and $4.0 billion and $4.2 billion to secure collateralized public and trust deposits, advances, and for other purposes.

A large portion of these pledged assets are unencumbered, but are pledged to provide immediate access to contingency sources of funds. The following schedule presents our total available liquidity including unused collateralized borrowing capacity.

AVAILABLE LIQUIDITY

(In billions)

1 Represents funds deposited by the Bank primarily at the Federal Reserve Bank.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our total available liquidity was $32.3 billion, compared with $21.1 billion, respectively. At March 31, 2023, we had sources of liquidity which exceeded our uninsured deposits without the need to sell any investment securities.

General financial market and economic conditions also impact our access to, and cost of, external financing. Access to funding markets is also directly affected by the credit ratings we receive from various rating agencies. The ratings not only influence the costs associated with borrowings, but can also influence the sources of the borrowings. All of the credit rating agencies rate our debt at an investment-grade level. In April 2023, as a result of broader uncertainty in the banking industry, Moody's downgraded our long-term issuer rating to Baa2 from Baa1, our short-term debt rating to P2 from P1, and changed their outlook on our long-term deposit and issuer ratings to “stable” from “ratings under review.”

The following schedule presents our current credit ratings.

We may, from time to time, issue additional preferred stock, senior or subordinated notes, or other forms of capital or debt instruments, depending on our capital, funding, asset-liability management, or other needs as market conditions warrant. These additional issuances may be subject to required regulatory approvals. We believe that our sources of available liquidity are adequate to meet all reasonably foreseeable short- and intermediate-term demands.

Capital Management

A strong capital position is vital to the achievement of our key corporate objectives, our continued profitability, and to promoting depositor and investor confidence. We have fundamental financial objectives and policies to consistently improve risk-adjusted returns on our shareholders’ capital, including (1) maintaining sufficient capital to support the current needs and growth of our businesses, and (2) fulfilling responsibilities to depositors and bondholders while managing capital distributions to shareholders through dividends and repurchases of common stock.

We utilize stress testing as an important mechanism to inform our decisions on the appropriate level of capital, based upon actual and hypothetically stressed economic conditions, which are comparable in severity to the scenarios published by the FRB. The timing and amount of capital actions are subject to various factors, including our financial performance, business needs, prevailing and anticipated economic conditions, and the results of our internal stress testing, as well as Board and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) approval. Shares may be repurchased occasionally in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. For a more comprehensive discussion of our capital risk management, see “Capital Management” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

(Dollar amounts in millions)

Total shareholders’ equity increased $291 million, or 6%, to $5.2 billion at March 31, 2023, compared with $4.9 billion at December 31, 2022. Common stock and additional paid-in capital decreased $39 million, primarily due to common stock repurchases.

AOCI was $2.9 billion at March 31, 2023, and reflects the decline in the fair value of fixed-rate available-for-sale securities as a result of changes in interest rates. Absent any sales or credit impairment of these securities, the unrealized losses will not be recognized in earnings. We do not intend to sell any securities with unrealized losses. Although changes in AOCI are reflected in shareholders’ equity, they are excluded from regulatory capital, and therefore do not impact our regulatory ratios. We excluded the effect of AOCI to align with its impact on certain incentive compensation plans that utilize return on tangible common equity as a performance metric. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” on page 36 for further information. For more discussion on our investment securities portfolio and related unrealized gains and losses, see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Common shares outstanding decreased 0.6 million during the first three months of 2023, primarily due to common stock repurchases. During the first quarter of 2023, we repurchased 0.9 million common shares outstanding for $50 million. As the macroeconomic environment has become more uncertain, we do not expect to repurchase common shares during the second quarter of 2023.

CAPITAL DISTRIBUTIONS

(In millions, except share data)

1 Includes amounts related to the common shares acquired from our publicly announced plans and those acquired in connection with our stock compensation plan. Shares were acquired from employees to pay for their payroll taxes and stock option exercise cost upon the exercise of stock options.

Under the OCC’s “Earnings Limitation Rule,” our dividend payments are restricted to an amount equal to the sum of the total of (1) our net income for that year, and (2) retained earnings for the preceding two years, unless the OCC approves the declaration and payment of dividends in excess of such amount. At March 31, 2023, we had $1.6 billion of retained net profits available for distribution.

During the first quarter of 2023, we paid dividends on preferred stock of $6 million and dividends on common stock of $61 million, or $0.41 per share. In May 2023, the Board declared a regular quarterly dividend of $0.41 per common share, payable on May 25, 2023 to shareholders of record on May 18, 2023. See Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our capital management actions.

Basel III

We are subject to Basel III capital requirements that include certain minimum regulatory capital ratios. At March 31, 2023, we exceeded all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III capital rules. Based on our internal stress testing and other assessments of capital adequacy, we believe we hold capital sufficiently in excess of internal and regulatory requirements for well-capitalized banks. See the “Supervision and Regulation” section and Note 15 of our 2022 Form 10-K for more information about our compliance with the Basel III capital requirements. The following schedule presents our capital amounts, capital ratios, and other selected performance ratios.

CAPITAL AMOUNTS AND RATIOS

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” on page 36 for more information regarding these ratios.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

This Form 10-Q presents non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to GAAP financial measures. The adjustments to reconcile from the applicable GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures are presented in the following schedules. We consider these adjustments to be relevant to ongoing operating results and provide a meaningful basis for period-to-period comparisons. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to assess our performance and financial position. We believe that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures permits investors to assess our performance on the same basis as that applied by our management and the financial services industry.

Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations and are not necessarily comparable to similar financial measures that may be presented by other financial services companies. Although non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by stakeholders to evaluate a company, they have limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results reported under GAAP.

Tangible Common Equity and Related Measures

Tangible common equity and related measures are non-GAAP measures that exclude the impact of intangible assets and their related amortization and AOCI. We excluded the effect of AOCI to align with its impact on certain incentive compensation plans that utilize return on tangible common equity as a performance metric. We believe these non-GAAP measures provide useful information about our use of shareholders’ equity and provide a basis for evaluating the performance of a business more consistently, whether acquired or developed internally.

RETURN ON AVERAGE TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY (NON-GAAP)

(Dollar amounts in millions)

36

TANGIBLE EQUITY RATIO, TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY RATIO, AND TANGIBLE BOOK VALUE PER COMMON SHARE (ALL NON-GAAP MEASURES)

(Dollar amounts in millions, except per share amounts)

Efficiency Ratio and Adjusted Pre-Provision Net Revenue

The efficiency ratio is a measure of operating expense relative to revenue. We believe the efficiency ratio provides useful information regarding the cost of generating revenue. We make adjustments to exclude certain items that are not generally expected to recur frequently, as identified in the subsequent schedule, which we believe allow for more consistent comparability across periods. Adjusted noninterest expense provides a measure as to how we are managing our expenses. Adjusted pre-provision net revenue enables management and others to assess our ability to generate capital. Taxable-equivalent net interest income allows us to assess the comparability of revenue arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources.

EFFICIENCY RATIO (NON-GAAP) AND ADJUSTED PRE-PROVISION NET REVENUE (NON-GAAP)

(Dollar amounts in millions)

1 Represents a valuation adjustment related to the termination of our defined benefit pension plan.

2 The success fee accrual is associated with the gains and losses from our SBIC investments, which are excluded from the efficiency ratio through securities gains (losses), net.

Our most significant risks include interest rate and market risk, which are closely monitored by management as previously discussed. For more information regarding interest rate and market risk, see the “Interest Rate and Market Risk Management” section in this Form 10-Q.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures at March 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at March 31, 2023. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We amend the following two risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2022 Form 10-K:

Changes in levels and sources of liquidity and capital, including the resulting effects of recent events in the banking industry, may limit our operations and potential growth.

Our primary source of liquidity is deposits from our customers, which may be impacted by market-related forces such as increased competition for these deposits and a variety of other factors. Deposits across the banking industry have been declining in recent quarters in large part due to the increased interest rate environment following the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. We, like many other banks, experienced some deposit outflows as customers spread deposits among several different banks to maximize their amount of FDIC insurance, moved deposits to banks deemed “too big to fail,” or removed deposits from the U.S. financial system entirely. Customers with uninsured deposits may be more likely to withdraw funds, particularly if there is negative news surrounding us or perceived risks regarding our safety and soundness. If we are unable to continue to fund assets through customer bank deposits or access funding sources on favorable terms, or if we suffer an increase in borrowing costs or otherwise fail to manage liquidity effectively, our liquidity, operating margins, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The Federal Reserve's tightened monetary policy may contribute to a decline in the value of our fixed-rate loans and investment securities that are pledged as collateral to support short-term borrowings, and other economic conditions may also affect our liquidity and efforts to manage associated risks. The FHLB system and Federal Reserve have been, and continue to be, a significant source of additional liquidity and funding. Changes in FHLB funding programs could adversely affect our liquidity and management of associated risks.

Problems encountered by other financial institutions could adversely affect financial markets generally and have indirect adverse effects on us.

The soundness and stability of many financial institutions may be closely interrelated as a result of credit, trading, clearing, or other relationships between the institutions. As a result, concerns about, or a default or threatened default by, one institution could lead to significant market-wide liquidity and credit problems, losses or defaults by other institutions. This is sometimes referred to as “systemic risk” and may adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms, and exchanges, with which we interact on a daily basis, and therefore, could adversely affect us. This phenomenon has been evident in the recent events affecting the banking industry, as financial institutions, like us, have been impacted by concerns regarding the soundness or creditworthiness of other financial institutions. This has caused substantial and cascading disruption within the financial markets, increased expenses, and adversely impacted the market price and volatility of our common stock.

The following risk factor supplements the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our 2022 Form 10-K:

The debt ceiling political battle in Washington D.C. may introduce additional volatility in the U.S. economy including capital and credit markets and the banking industry in particular.

The U.S. government is expected to hit its debt ceiling in June 2023, and currently, the Biden administration and the Republican-controlled House of Representatives are at a stalemate. Protracted negotiations concerning the debt ceiling, the government’s failure or expected failure to raise the ceiling, or the possibility of a government shutdown, including the risk of a U.S. credit rating downgrade or default, may introduce additional volatility in the U.S. economy, including capital and credit markets and the banking industry in particular. This may cause disruptions in the financial markets, impact interest rates, and result in other potential unforeseen consequences. In such an event, our liquidity, operating margins, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.