Union Bankshares Inc: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2026

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GENERAL

The following discussion and analysis focuses on those factors that, in management's view, had a material effect on the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, and its results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. This discussion is being presented to provide a narrative explanation of the consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and with other financial data appearing elsewhere in this filing and with the Company's 2025 Annual Report. In the opinion of the Company's management, the interim unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments and disclosures necessary to fairly present the Company's consolidated financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented. Management is not aware of the occurrence of any events after March 31, 2026 which would materially affect the information presented.

Please refer to Note 1 in the Company's unaudited interim consolidated financial statements at Part I, Item 1 of this Report for definitions of acronyms, abbreviations and capitalized terms used throughout the following discussion and analysis.

CAUTIONARY ADVICE ABOUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Company, "we," "us," "our," may from time to time make written or oral statements that are considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may include financial projections, statements of plans and objectives for future operations, estimates of future economic performance or conditions and assumptions relating thereto. The Company may include forward-looking statements in its filings with the SEC, in its reports to stockholders, including this quarterly report, in press releases, other written materials, and in statements made by senior management to analysts, rating agencies, institutional investors, representatives of the media and others.

Forward-looking statements are based on the current assumptions underlying the statements and other information with respect to the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions of management and the financial condition, results of operations, future performance and business are only expectations of future results. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the Company’s forward-looking statements are reasonable when made, the Company’s actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of, among other factors, changes in interest rates; competitive pressures from other financial institutions; general economic conditions on a national basis or in the local markets in which the Company operates; downgrades of U.S. government securities; eroding public confidence in the banking system; changes in consumer behavior due to changing political, business and economic conditions, including the impact of inflation, federal tariff and trade policies, legislative or regulatory initiatives and the impact of the federal government shutdown; changes in the value of securities and other assets in the Company’s investment portfolio; increases in loan and lease default and charge-off rates; the adequacy of the ACL; decreases in deposit levels that necessitate increases in borrowing to fund loans and investments; operational risks to the Company and our vendors, including, but not limited to, cybersecurity incidents, fraud, natural disasters and future pandemics; changes in regulation, war, terrorism, civil unrest; changes in economic assumptions and adverse economic developments; the risk that goodwill and intangibles recorded in the Company’s financial statements will become impaired; changes in assumptions used in making such forward-looking statements; and the other risks and uncertainties detailed in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report.

When evaluating forward-looking statements to make decisions about the Company and our stock, investors and others are cautioned to consider these and other risks and uncertainties, and are reminded not to place undue reliance on such statements. Investors should not consider the factors referred to above or described in the Company's 2025 Annual Report to be a complete list of the risks or uncertainties that may affect the Company. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and the Company undertakes no obligation to update them to reflect new or changed information or events, except as may be required by federal securities laws.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Under SEC Regulation G, public companies making disclosures containing financial measures that are not in accordance with GAAP must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure. The SEC has exempted from the definition of non-GAAP financial measures certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. However, two non-GAAP financial measures commonly used by financial institutions, namely tax equivalent net interest income and tax equivalent net interest

Union Bankshares, Inc. Page 25 margin (as presented in the tables in the section labeled Yields Earned and Rates Paid), have not been specifically exempted by the SEC, and may therefore constitute non-GAAP financial measures under Regulation G. We are unable to state with certainty whether the SEC would regard those measures as subject to Regulation G. Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating the Company’s financial performance and facilitate comparisons with the performance of other financial institutions. However, that information should be considered supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company has established various accounting policies which govern the application of GAAP in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements. Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by management which have a material impact on the reported amount of assets, liabilities, capital, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company's critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company's financial condition and results of operations, and which require management to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates on matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, management has identified the accounting policies and judgments most critical to the Company. They include establishing the amount of ACL and valuing our intangible assets. The judgments and assumptions used by management are based on historical experience and other factors, which are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because of the nature of the judgments and assumptions made by management, actual results could differ from estimates and have a material impact on the carrying value of assets, liabilities, or capital, and/or the results of operations of the Company.

Please refer to the Company's 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more in-depth discussion of the Company's critical accounting policies. There have been no changes to the Company's critical accounting policies since the filing of that report.

OVERVIEW

The financial trends for the three months ended March 31, 2026 indicate a positive trajectory for the Company. Net interest income, the largest component of net income, saw an increase due to higher interest earned on average earning assets, primarily related to investment securities and an increase in average loan volume. During the second half of 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate reductions and the impact of this change is reflected in the interest paid on savings, money market accounts and time deposits. Nevertheless, interest expense increased during the first quarter of 2026, primarily driven by higher rates on interest bearing checking accounts and increased utilization of wholesale funding in borrowed funds. The net interest spread and net interest margin both improved, reflecting the overall positive impact of these changes. Noninterest income experienced modest growth in wealth management income, service fees and other income, which partially offset increases in noninterest expenses between the three month comparison periods of 2026 and 2025. For further discussion see Results of Operations on page 27.

Consolidated net income increased $503 thousand, or 20.1%, to $3.0 million for the first quarter of 2026 compared to $2.5 million for the first quarter of 2025. The increase in net income was due to the combined effects of an increase in net interest income of $1.0 million, a decrease of $560 thousand in credit loss (benefit) expense, and an increase of $54 thousand in noninterest income, partially offset by increases of $958 thousand in noninterest expenses and $178 thousand in income tax expense.

At March 31, 2026, the Company had total consolidated assets of $1.63 billion, including gross loans and loans held for sale (total loans) of $1.18 billion, deposits of $1.20 billion, borrowed funds of $311.0 million, subordinated notes of $16.3 million and stockholders' equity of $80.6 million.

The current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment is subject to a number of uncertainties, including geopolitical conflicts, tariffs and changes in trade policies, the impact of federal government shutdowns, capital markets volatility, and inflation. These and other factors may contribute to slower or negative economic growth and a challenging business environment for our customers. While we remain confident in the resilience and strength of our business and financial model, the current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. For more information about risks the Company faces, please see “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2025 Annual Report.

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The following unaudited per share information and key ratios depict several measurements of performance or financial condition at or for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

(1) Annualized.

(2) The ratio of tax equivalent net interest income to average earning assets. See page 29 for more information.

(3) The ratio of noninterest expenses to tax equivalent net interest income and noninterest income, excluding securities gains (losses).

(4) The difference between the average yield on earning assets and the average rate paid on interest bearing liabilities. See page 29 for more information.

(5) Nonperforming assets are loans or investment securities that are in nonaccrual or 90 or more days past due as well as OREO or OAO.

(6) The ratio of total capital to risk weighted assets is a regulatory capital measurement. See page 40 for more information.

(7) Cash dividends declared and paid per share divided by consolidated net income per share

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Interest Income. The largest component of the Company’s operating income is net interest income, which is the difference between interest and dividend income received from earning assets and interest expense paid on interest bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by various factors including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, loan and deposit pricing strategies, funding strategies, the volume and mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, and the level of nonperforming assets. Net interest margin is calculated as the net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis as a percentage of average earning assets.

Interest earned, on a fully tax equivalent basis, on average earning assets for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $19.8 million compared to $18.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $1.2 million, or 6.6%. The average earning asset base increased $78.4 million between periods and the average yield on average earning assets increased 6 bps to 5.12% for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to 5.06% for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Interest income on federal funds sold and overnight deposits decreased $78 thousand between the three month comparison periods due to a decrease of 93 bps in the average yield and a decrease in the average balance maintained in Union's master account at the FRB.

Interest income, on a fully tax equivalent basis, on investment securities increased $984 thousand between the three month comparison periods due to an increase in the average yield of 66 bps and an increase in the average balance of the portfolio of $63.3 million. These increases are attributable in part to the strategic decision to position the investment portfolio for improved

Union Bankshares, Inc. Page 27 future cash flows and earnings with the purchase of approximately $75.0 million of investment securities AFS during the fourth quarter of 2025.

Interest income, on a fully tax equivalent basis, on loans increased $307 thousand between the three month comparison periods primarily due to an increase of $19.5 million in the average volume of loans outstanding and an overall increase of 1 bp in the average yield. Loan fee income was reduced by $94 thousand from the recognition of the remaining loan premiums originally paid on purchased residential loans that were paid off during the three months ended March 31, 2026, resulting in a reduction of 4 bps in the average loan yield for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Interest expense increased $210 thousand, to $8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $8.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Average interest bearing liabilities increased $78.5 million between the three month comparison periods primarily due to an increase in average borrowed funds of $45.7 million and a $29.3 million increase in average interest bearing checking deposits related primarily to municipal account balances; reflecting funding to support asset growth. These increases were partially offset by lower interest expense on savings and money market accounts and time deposits, as declines in average rates and relatively stable balances mitigated overall funding cost pressures. The average rate paid on total interest bearing liabilities decreased 10 bps to 2.55% for the first quarter of 2026 compared to 2.65% for the first quarter of 2025 primarily due to changes in the funding mix.

Net interest income was $11.5 million, on a fully tax equivalent basis, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to $10.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $1.0 million, or 9.6%, primarily attributable to higher average balances and improved yields on interest earning assets, partially offset by higher interest expense associated with increased funding balances. The net interest spread increased 16 bps to 2.57% for the first quarter of 2026, from 2.41% for the same period last year, while the net interest margin increased 11 bps to 2.99% from 2.88% over the same period, reflecting improved asset yields that outpaced increases in funding costs.

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The following table shows for the periods indicated the total amount of tax equivalent interest income recorded from average interest earning assets, the related average tax equivalent yields, the tax equivalent interest expense associated with average interest bearing liabilities, the related tax equivalent average rates paid, and the resulting tax equivalent net interest spread and margin.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Average balances are calculated based on a daily averaging method.

(2) Average yields reported on a tax equivalent basis using a marginal federal corporate income tax rate of 21%.

(3) Average balances of investment securities are calculated on the amortized cost basis and include nonaccrual securities, if applicable.

(4) Includes loans held for sale as well as nonaccrual loans, unamortized costs and unamortized premiums and is net of the ACL on loans.

(5) Net interest spread is the tax equivalent average yield on average interest earning assets less the average rate paid on interest bearing liabilities.

(6) Net interest margin is the ratio of net interest income, on a tax equivalent basis, to average interest earning assets.

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Tax exempt interest income amounted to $1.6 million and $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The following table presents the effect of tax exempt income on the calculation of net interest income, using a marginal federal corporate income tax rate of 21% for the three month comparison periods of 2026 and 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table describes the extent to which changes in average interest rates earned and paid (on a fully tax equivalent basis) and changes in volume of average interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities have affected the Company's interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. For each category of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, information is provided on changes attributable to:

• changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by prior rate);
• changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by prior volume); and
• total change in rate and volume.

Changes attributable to both rate and volume have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.

Credit Loss (Benefit) Expense. Credit loss expense or benefit is made up of credit loss expense on loans and credit loss expense on off-balance sheet credit exposures. Credit loss expense on loans results from net charge-offs, changes to the projected loss drivers, prepayment speeds, curtailments and time to recovery that the Company forecasted over the reasonable and supportable forecast periods and changes in the volume and mix of the loan portfolio. Credit loss expense on off-balance sheet credit exposures results from changes in outstanding commitments and changes in funding rates and assumed loss rates period over period. For further details, see FINANCIAL CONDITION - Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans on page 35 and Commitments, Contingent Liabilities, and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements on page 37.

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Credit loss (benefit) expense was made up of the following components for the following periods:

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest Income. The following table sets forth the components of noninterest income and changes between the three month comparison periods of 2026 and 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

The significant changes in noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period of 2025 are described below:

• Wealth management income. Wealth management income increased as managed fiduciary accounts grew between first quarter of 2026 and 2025, as did the value of assets within those accounts.
• Service fees. Service fees increased $29 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025, primarily due to increases of $31 thousand in loan servicing income and $23 thousand overdraft fees, partially offset by decreases of $13 thousand in other service fees and $8 thousand in merchant program fees.
• Net gains on sales of loans held for sale. Residential mortgage loans totaling $24.1 million were sold during the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to sales of $25.8 million during the same period in 2025. The decrease of $39 thousand in net gains on sales of loans reflects the lower sales volume and lower premiums obtained on sales in 2026.
• Other income. The Company received $19 thousand in prepayment penalties from the early payoff of loans during the first quarter of 2026 that were not received during the same period of 2025.

Noninterest Expenses. The following table sets forth the components of noninterest expenses and changes between the three month comparison periods of 2026 and 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

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The significant changes in noninterest expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025 are described below:

• Salaries and wages. Salaries and wages increased $486 thousand primarily due to annual salary adjustments for the 2026 fiscal year, a $121 thousand accrual adjustment for unused paid time off (PTO) outstanding as of March 31, 2026 related to a fourth quarter 2025 change in the PTO policy, and an increase of $82 thousand in the accrual related to the annual incentive plan payments to select officers of Union during the first quarter of 2026 compared to 2025.
• Employee benefits. Employee benefit expense increased $184 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025 primarily due to increases of $109 thousand in premium expense for the Company's medical, disability and workers' compensation plans, $44 thousand in payroll taxes, $16 thousand in employee benefits related to the Company's deferred compensation plans and $14 thousand in 401k plan contribution expense.
• Equipment expense. Equipment expense increased between the three month comparison periods primarily due to increases of $32 thousand in software license and maintenance costs and $35 thousand in depreciation related to equipment replacement purchases.
• ATM and debit card expense. The increase of $45 thousand is primarily related to increased costs associated with debit card processing for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to 2025.
• Advertising and public relations. Advertising and public relations costs increased $76 thousand primarily due to a continued focus on advertising campaigns and business development activities during first quarter of 2026 that did not occur in the same period of 2025.
• Other expenses. Other expenses increased $79 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the same period in 2025 due to increases in professional fees, board related expenses and other costs of employment primarily related to CEO succession expenses. There was also an $11 thousand increase in Vermont franchise taxes during the first quarter of 2026 compared to the same period in 2025.

Provision for Income Taxes. The Company has provided for current and deferred federal income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. The Company's net provision for income taxes was $328 thousand and $150 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The Company's effective federal corporate income tax rate was 9.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to 5.7% for the same period in 2025.

Amortization expense related to limited partnership investments is included as a component of income tax expense and amounted to $464 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $452 thousand for the same period in 2025. These investments provide tax benefits, including tax credits. Low income housing and rehabilitation tax credits with respect to limited partnership investments are also included as a component of income tax expense and amounted to $509 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and $483 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

At March 31, 2026, the Company had total consolidated assets of $1.63 billion, including gross loans and loans held for sale (total loans) of $1.18 billion, investment securities AFS of $313.6 million, deposits of $1.20 billion, borrowed funds of $311.0 million, subordinated notes of $16.3 million and stockholders' equity of $80.6 million. The Company’s total assets at March 31, 2026 increased $8.0 million, or 0.5%, from $1.62 billion at December 31, 2025, and increased $100.3 million, or 6.6%, compared to March 31, 2025.

Federal funds sold and overnight deposits increased $17.7 million, or 231.4%, to $25.3 million as of March 31, 2026, from $7.6 million at December 31, 2025.

Net loans and loans held for sale increased $2.5 million, or 0.2%, to $1.18 billion, representing 72.3% of total assets at March 31, 2026, compared to $1.17 billion, or 72.5% of total assets at December 31, 2025. (See Loans Held for Sale and Loan Portfolio below.)

Total deposits decreased $15.2 million, or 1.2%, to $1.20 billion at March 31, 2026, from $1.21 billion at December 31, 2025. Noninterest bearing deposits decreased by $6.2 million, or 2.7%, interest bearing deposits decreased by $22.2 million, or 3.1%, while time deposits increased by $13.3 million, or 5.1%. (See Deposits on page 36.)

Borrowed funds consisted of FHLB advances of $311.0 million and $286.5 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. (See Borrowings on page 37.)

Stockholders’ equity decreased from $80.9 million at December 31, 2025 to $80.6 million at March 31, 2026, reflecting an increase of $1.9 million in accumulated other comprehensive loss due to a decrease in the fair market value of the Company's AFS investment securities and cash dividends declared of $1.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026. These decreases were partially offset by net income of $3.0 million for the first three months of 2026, an increase of $201 thousand in

Union Bankshares, Inc. Page 32 additional paid in capital from the vesting of stock-based compensation, and a $21 thousand increase due to the issuance of common stock under the DRIP. (See Capital Resources on page 39.)

Loans Held for Sale and Loan Portfolio. Total loans (including loans held for sale) increased $2.2 million, or 0.2%, to $1.18 billion, representing 72.7% of assets at March 31, 2026, from $1.18 billion, representing 72.9% of assets at December 31, 2025. The total loan portfolio at March 31, 2026 increased $15.9 million compared to the March 31, 2025 level of $1.17 billion, which represented 76.4% of assets. The Company’s loans consist primarily of adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgage loans secured by 1-to-4 family, multi-family residential or commercial real estate. Real estate secured loans represented $1.03 billion, or 87.3% of total loans at March 31, 2026 and $1.03 billion, or 87.2% of total loans at December 31, 2025. The net change in the Company's loan portfolio from December 31, 2025 (see table below) resulted primarily from an increase in the volume of commercial real estate loans, partially offset by a reduction in commercial construction loans.

The composition of the Company's loan portfolio, including loans held for sale, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)

The Company originates and sells qualified residential mortgage loans in various secondary market avenues to mitigate long-term interest rate risk and generate fee income, with a majority of sales made to the FHLMC/Freddie Mac, generally with servicing rights retained. At March 31, 2026, the Company serviced a $1.21 billion residential real estate mortgage portfolio, of which $4.2 million was held for sale and approximately $736.6 million of which was serviced for unaffiliated third parties. The Company sold $24.1 million of qualified residential real estate loans to the secondary market during the first three months of 2026 compared to sales of $25.8 million during the first three months of 2025.

The Company also originates commercial real estate and commercial loans under various SBA, USDA and State sponsored programs which provide a government agency guaranty for a portion of the loan amount. There was $1.7 million guaranteed under these various programs at March 31, 2026 on an aggregate balance of $2.2 million in subject loans.

The Company serviced $42.0 million of commercial and commercial real estate loans for unaffiliated third parties as of March 31, 2026. This included $40.9 million of commercial and commercial real estate loans the Company originated and participated out to other financial institutions. These loans were participated in the ordinary course of business on a nonrecourse basis, for liquidity or credit concentration management purposes.

The Company capitalizes MSRs for all loans sold with servicing retained. The unamortized balance of MSRs on loans sold with servicing retained was $1.8 million at March 31, 2026, with an estimated market value in excess of the carrying value as of such date. Management periodically evaluates and measures the servicing assets for impairment.

Qualifying residential first lien mortgage loans and certain commercial real estate loans with a combined carrying value of $484.1 million were pledged as collateral for borrowings from the FHLB under a blanket lien at March 31, 2026.

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Asset Quality. The Company, like all financial institutions, is exposed to certain credit risks, including those related to the value of the collateral that secures its loans and the ability of borrowers to repay their loans. Consistent application of the Company’s conservative loan policies has helped to mitigate these risks and has been prudent for both the Company and its customers. Management closely monitors the Company’s loan and investment portfolios, OREO and OAO for potential problems and reports to the Company’s and Union’s Board at regularly scheduled meetings. Board approved policies set forth portfolio diversification levels to mitigate concentration risk and the Company participates large credits out to other financial institutions to further mitigate that risk.

Repossessed assets, nonaccrual loans, and loans that are 90 days or more past due are considered to be nonperforming assets. The following table details the composition of the Company's nonperforming assets and amounts utilized to calculate certain asset quality ratios monitored by the Company's management as of the balance sheet dates and March 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table shows trends in certain asset quality ratios monitored by the Company's management as of the balance sheet dates and March 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

All other loan categories did not have charge-offs or recoveries for any of the periods presented above.

There were no loans in process of foreclosure at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025. The aggregate interest income not recognized on nonaccrual loans approximated $1.0 million and $791 thousand as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

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The Company had loans rated substandard that were on performing status totaling $265 thousand and $531 thousand at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. In management's view, substandard loans represent a higher degree of risk of becoming nonperforming loans in the future.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans. Some of the Company’s loan customers ultimately do not make all of their contractually scheduled payments, requiring the Company to charge off a portion or all of the remaining principal balance due. The Company maintains an ACL to absorb such losses. The level of the ACL on loans at March 31, 2026 represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the balance sheet date. The Company's policy and methodologies for establishing the ACL on loans, described in the Company's 2025 Annual Report, did not change during the first three months of 2026. The Company's ACL on loans was $8.1 million and $8.4 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The following table reflects activity in the ACL on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

The decrease in the allowance for credit losses on loans during the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter of 2025 was primarily driven by changes in credit loss expense recognized during the periods. For the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company recorded credit loss benefit of $340 thousand, compared to credit loss expense of $429 thousand for the same period in 2025, resulting in a lower ACL on loans balance at March 31, 2026. Reduction in the allowance for individually evaluated loans accounted for $164 thousand of the decrease in credit loss expense, while the remaining decrease reflected changes in the loan mix and updates to assumptions used in estimating expected credit losses for collectively evaluated loans at March 31, 2026 compared to March 31, 2025.

The following table (net of loans held for sale) shows the internal breakdown by risk component of the Company's ACL on loans and the percentage of loans in each category to total loans in the respective portfolios at the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)

Notwithstanding the categories shown in the table above or any specific allocation under the Company's ACL methodology, all funds in the ACL on loans are available to absorb loan losses in the portfolio, regardless of loan category or specific allocation.

Management believes, in its best estimate, that the ACL on loans at March 31, 2026 is appropriate to cover expected credit losses over the expected life of the Company’s loan portfolio as of such date. However, there can be no assurance that the

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Company will not sustain losses in future periods which could be greater than the size of the ACL on loans at March 31, 2026. In addition, our banking regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review our ACL. Such agencies may require us to recognize adjustments to the ACL based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. A large adjustment to the ACL on loans for losses in future periods could require increased credit loss expense to replenish the ACL on loans, which could negatively affect earnings.

Investment Activities. The Company's investment securities classified as AFS, which are carried at fair value, decreased $12.7 million to $313.6 million, comprising 19.3% of total assets at March 31, 2026, compared to $326.3 million, or 20.2% of total assets at December 31, 2025. The decrease between periods is due to returns of principal of $10.1 million and an increase in net unrealized losses of $2.6 million.

Net unrealized losses in the Company’s AFS investment securities portfolio were $35.7 million as of March 31, 2026, compared to net unrealized losses of $33.1 million as of December 31, 2025. The Company’s Accumulated OCI component of stockholders’ equity at March 31, 2026 reflected cumulative net unrealized losses on investment securities of $27.7 million. There were no securities classified as HTM at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025. The unrealized losses in the Company's AFS investment securities portfolio are primarily attributable to changes in long-term interest rates which are tied to the pricing indexes for the securities. No declines in value were deemed by management to be impairment related to credit losses at March 31, 2026. Deterioration in credit quality and/or imbalances in liquidity that may result from changes in financial market conditions might adversely affect the fair values of the Company’s investment portfolio and the amount of gains or losses ultimately realized on the sale of such securities and may also increase the potential that credit losses may be identified in future periods, resulting in credit loss expense recorded in earnings.

Investment securities AFS with a fair value of $84.7 million and $87.8 million were pledged as collateral for FHLB borrowings and other credit subject to collateralization, public unit deposits or for other purposes as required or permitted by law at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Investment securities AFS pledged as collateral for the discount window at the FRB consisted of mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $9.1 million and $9.4 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Deposits. The following table shows information concerning the Company's average deposits by account type and weighted average nominal rates at which interest was paid on such deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

During the first three months of 2026, average total deposits increased by $26.5 million, or 2.2%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025. The deposit mix has remained consistent between periods. The average balance of total nontime deposits increased $20.7 million between periods primarily due to municipal customers retaining deposit funds for longer periods in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter of 2025, resulting in an increase of $29.3 million in interest bearing checking accounts, partially offset by decreases of $6.3 million in noninterest bearing deposits and $3.2 million in money market accounts. The average balance in total time deposits increased $5.7 million between periods due to a $17.8 million increase in average customer time deposit accounts as customers took advantage of higher rate paying CDs, partially offset by a $12.1 million decrease in average retail brokered deposits.

The Company participates in CDARS, which permits it to offer full deposit insurance coverage to its customers by exchanging deposit balances with other CDARS participants. CDARS also provides the Company with an additional source of funding and liquidity through the purchase of deposits. There were no purchased CDARS deposits at March 31, 2026 and $248 thousand at

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December 31, 2025. There were $10.5 million and $11.3 million of time deposits of $250,000 or less on the balance sheet at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, which were exchanged with other CDARS participants.

The Company also participates in the ICS program, a service through which it can offer its customers demand or savings deposit products with access to unlimited FDIC insurance, while receiving reciprocal deposits from other FDIC-insured banks. Like the exchange of certificate of deposit accounts through CDARS, exchange of demand or savings deposits through ICS provides a depositor with full deposit insurance coverage of excess balances, thereby helping the Company retain the full amount of the deposit on its balance sheet. As with the CDARS program, in addition to reciprocal deposits, participating banks may also purchase one-way ICS deposits. There were no purchased ICS deposits at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025. There were $246.2 million and $270.5 million in exchanged ICS demand and money market deposits on the balance sheet at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

At March 31, 2026 there were $31.8 million of retail brokered deposits at a weighted average rate of 3.92% issued under a master certificate of deposit program with a deposit broker for twelve month terms, which provided a supplemental source of funding and liquidity. There were $10.0 million of retail brokered deposits at a weighted average rate of 3.85% issued at December 31, 2025.

Uninsured deposits have been estimated to include deposits with balances greater than the FDIC insurance coverage limit of $250 thousand. This estimate by management is based on the same methodologies and assumptions used for regulatory reporting requirements. At March 31, 2026, the Company had total estimated uninsured deposit accounts totaling $419.4 million, or 35.0% of total deposits. Uninsured deposits include $22.8 million of municipal deposits that were collateralized under applicable state regulations by letters of credit issued by the FHLB at March 31, 2026, as described below under Borrowings.

The following table provides a maturity distribution of the Company’s time deposits in amounts in excess of the $250 thousand FDIC insurance limit at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

Borrowings. Advances from the FHLB are another key source of funds to support earning assets. These funds are also used to manage the Bank's interest rate and liquidity risk exposures. Borrowed funds included FHLB advances of $311.0 million with a weighted average rate of 4.04% at March 31, 2026 and $286.5 million with a weighted average rate of 4.05% at December 31, 2025. Union is required to invest in $100 par value stock of the FHLB in an amount to satisfy unpaid principal balances on qualifying loans, plus an amount to satisfy an activity based requirement. The stock is nonmarketable, and is redeemable by the FHLB at par value. With the increase in FHLB advances outstanding at March 31, 2026, the investment in FHLB Class B common stock has increased to $13.5 million at March 31, 2026 compared to $12.2 million at December 31, 2025. Union's investment in FHLB stock is carried at cost in Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has the authority, up to its available borrowing capacity with the FHLB, to collateralize public unit deposits with letters of credit issued by the FHLB. FHLB letters of credit in the amount of $44.0 million and $42.9 million were utilized as collateral for these deposits at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Company's reimbursement obligations to the FHLB relating to these letters of credit are secured by pledged collateral, which reduces the Company's available borrowing capacity with the FHLB. Total fees paid by the Company in connection with the issuance of these letters of credit were $11 thousand and $12 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

In August 2021, the Company completed the private placement of $16.5 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031 to certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors. The Notes initially bear interest, payable semi-annually, at the rate of 3.25% per annum, until September 1, 2026. From and including September 1, 2026, the interest rate applicable to the outstanding principal amount due will reset quarterly to the then current three-month secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) plus 263 basis points. The Notes are presented in the consolidated balance sheets net of unamortized issuance costs of $184 thousand and $193 thousand at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Commitments, Contingent Liabilities, and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements. The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers, to reduce its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and to implement its strategic objectives. These financial instruments include

Union Bankshares, Inc. Page 37 commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, interest rate caps and floors written on adjustable-rate loans, commitments to participate in or sell loans, commitments to buy or sell securities, certificates of deposit or other investment instruments and risk-sharing commitments or guarantees on certain sold loans. Such instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized on the balance sheet. The contractual or notional amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in a particular class of financial instruments.

The Company's maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. For interest rate caps and floors written on adjustable-rate loans, the contractual or notional amounts do not represent the Company’s exposure to credit loss. The Company controls the risk of interest rate cap agreements through credit approvals, borrowing limits, and monitoring procedures. The Company generally requires collateral or other security to support financial instruments with credit risk.

The following table details the contractual or notional amount of financial instruments that represented credit risk at the balance sheet dates:

(Dollars in thousands)

Commitments to originate loans are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Loan commitments generally have a fixed expiration date or other termination clause and may require payment of a fee. The decrease in commitments to originate loans and the increase in unused lines of credit at March 31, 2026 from December 31, 2025 are primarily attributable to the conversion of commercial real estate construction loan commitments at December 31, 2025 to closed loans with unused lines of credit balances at March 31, 2026. Since many of the loan commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon and not all credit lines will be utilized, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Lines of credit incur seasonal volume fluctuations due to the nature of some customers' businesses, such as tourism.

The Company did not hold any derivative or hedging instruments at March 31, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

In addition to commitments with credit risks arising from the Company’s financial instruments, in the normal course of business the Company enters into other types of contractual arrangements from time to time that represent off-balance sheet commitments such as contracts for the purchase or lease of property, including real property for its banking premises.

The Company records an ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures through a charge or credit to Credit loss (benefit) expense on the consolidated statements of income to account for the change in the ACL on off-balance sheet exposures between reporting periods. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures totaled $1.1 million at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, and was included in Accrued interest and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. There was $15 thousand of credit loss expense and $194 thousand of credit loss benefit for off-balance sheet credit exposures recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Liquidity. Liquidity is a measurement of the Company’s ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to fund deposit withdrawals, repay borrowings, fund investment and lending activities, purchase and lease commitments, and for other general business purposes. The primary objective of liquidity management is to maintain a balance between sources and uses of funds to meet our cash flow needs in the most economical and expedient manner. The Company’s principal sources of funds are deposits; whole-sale funding options including purchased deposits, amortization, prepayment and maturity of loans, investment securities, interest bearing deposits and other short-term investments; sales of securities and loans AFS; earnings; and funds provided from operations. Contractual principal repayments on loans have been a relatively predictable source of funds. Deposit flows and loan and investment prepayments are less predictable and can be significantly influenced by market interest rates, economic conditions, and rates offered by our competitors. Managing liquidity risk is essential to maintaining both depositor confidence and earnings stability.

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As of March 31, 2026, Union, as a member of FHLB, had access to unused lines of credit up to $11.4 million over and above the $357.8 million in combined outstanding FHLB borrowings and other credit subject to collateralization and to the purchase of required FHLB Class B common stock and evaluation by the FHLB of the underlying collateral available. This line of credit can be used for either short-term or long-term liquidity or other funding needs.

Union also maintains an IDEAL Way Line of Credit with the FHLB. The total line available was $551 thousand at March 31, 2026. There were no borrowings against this line of credit as of such date. Interest on this line is chargeable at a rate determined by the FHLB and payable monthly. Should Union utilize this line of credit, qualified portions of the loan and investment portfolios would collateralize these borrowings.

In addition to its borrowing arrangements with the FHLB, Union maintains a pre-approved federal funds line of credit totaling $15.0 million with an upstream correspondent bank, a master brokered deposit agreement with a brokerage firm, and one-way buy options with CDARS and ICS. At March 31, 2026, there were $31.8 million in retail brokered deposits issued under a master certificate of deposit program with a broker, no purchased CDARS or ICS deposits, and no outstanding advances on the correspondent line.

Union's investment and residential loan portfolios also provide a significant amount of contingent liquidity that could be accessed in a reasonable time period through sales of those portfolios. Additional contingent liquidity sources are available with further access to the brokered deposit market and the FRB discount window. These sources are considered as liquidity alternatives in our contingent liquidity plan. Management believes the Company has sufficient liquidity to meet all reasonable borrower, depositor, and creditor needs in the present economic environment. However, any projections of future cash needs and flows are subject to substantial uncertainty, including factors outside the Company's control.

Capital Resources. Capital management is designed to maintain an optimum level of capital in a cost-effective structure that meets target regulatory ratios, supports management’s internal assessment of economic capital, funds the Company’s business strategies and builds long-term stockholder value. Dividends are generally in line with long-term trends in earnings per share and conservative earnings projections, while sufficient profits are retained to support anticipated business growth, fund strategic investments, maintain required regulatory capital levels and provide continued support for deposits. The Company continues to evaluate growth opportunities both through internal growth or potential acquisitions.

On May 20, 2025, the Company and Union entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Piper Sandler & Co., as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may sell from time to time shares of the Company's common stock, par value $2.00, having an aggregate gross sale price of up to $40,000,000. Sales of common stock under the Equity Distribution Agreement may be made in any transactions that are deemed to be "at-the-market offerings" as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act, or subject to the Company's consent, in privately negotiated transactions. The shares offered and sold in the offering have been registered by the Company under the Securities Act. There were no shares issued under the offering during the three months ended March 31, 2026. As of March 31, 2026, approximately $38.5 million remains available for issuance under the offering.

In August 2021, the Company completed the private placement of $16.5 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031 to certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors. The Notes are structured to qualify as Tier 2 capital for the Company under regulatory capital guidelines for bank holding companies during the first five years after issuance, with Tier 2 capital treatment thereafter declining by 20% per year. Proceeds from the sale of the Notes were utilized primarily to provide additional Tier 1 capital to Union to support its growth and for other general corporate purposes.

Stockholders’ equity decreased from $80.9 million at December 31, 2025 to $80.6 million at March 31, 2026, reflecting an increase of $1.9 million in accumulated other comprehensive loss due to a decrease in the fair market value of the Company's AFS investment securities and cash dividends declared of $1.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2026. These decreases were partially offset by net income of $3.0 million for the first three months of 2026, an increase of $201 thousand in additional paid in capital from the vesting of stock-based compensation, and a $21 thousand increase due to the issuance of common stock under the DRIP. The components of other comprehensive income are illustrated in Note 10 of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

The Company has 7,500,000 shares of $2.00 par value common stock authorized. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had 5,084,635 shares issued, of which 4,614,049 were outstanding and 470,586 were held in treasury.

In December 2024, the Company's Board reauthorized for 2025 and 2026 a limited stock repurchase plan that was initially established in May of 2010. The limited stock repurchase plan allows the repurchase of up to a fixed number of shares of the Company's common stock each calendar quarter in open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, as management deems advisable and as market conditions may warrant. The repurchase authorization for a calendar quarter (currently 2,500 shares) expires at the end of that quarter to the extent it has not been exercised, and is not carried forward into future quarters.

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The quarterly repurchase authorization expires on December 31, 2026, unless reauthorized. The Company had no repurchases under this program during the first three months of 2026.

The Company maintains a DRIP whereby registered stockholders may elect to reinvest cash dividends and make optional cash contributions to purchase additional shares of the Company's common stock. The Company has reserved 200,000 shares of its common stock for issuance and sale under the DRIP. As of March 31, 2026, 16,663 shares of stock had been issued from treasury stock under the DRIP.

The Company (on a consolidated basis) and Union are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's and Union's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Union must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company's and Union's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Under the standard regulatory capital guidelines, banking organizations must have a minimum total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0%, a minimum Tier I risk-based capital ratio of 6.0%, a minimum common equity Tier I risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%, and a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0% in order to be "adequately capitalized." In addition to these requirements, banking organizations must maintain a 2.5% capital conservation buffer consisting of common Tier I equity, increasing the minimum required total risk-based capital, Tier I risk-based and common equity Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets they must maintain to avoid limits on capital distributions and certain bonus payments to executive officers and similar employees.

As shown in the table below, as of March 31, 2026, both the Company and Union met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and Union exceeded the requirements for a "well capitalized" bank under the FDIC's Prompt Corrective Action framework. There were no conditions or events between March 31, 2026 and the date of this report that management believes have changed either company’s regulatory capital category.

(Dollars in thousands)

Dividends paid by Union are the primary source of funds available to the Company for payment of dividends to its stockholders. Union is subject to certain requirements imposed by federal banking laws and regulations, which among other things, establish minimum levels of capital and restrict the amount of dividends that may be distributed by Union to the Company.

Quarterly cash dividends of $0.36 per share were paid during the first quarter of 2026 and were declared in April for the second quarter, payable on May 7, 2026 to stockholders of record on April 27, 2026.

Omitted, in accordance with the regulatory relief available to smaller reporting companies in SEC Release Nos. 33-10513 (effective September 10, 2018).

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Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with the assistance of the Disclosure Control Committee, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2026. Based on this evaluation they concluded that those disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files with the Commission is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required information.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. There was no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act, during the most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no material changes in the risk factors discussed in Part I-Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report since the date of the filing of that report.