Seacoast Banking Corp of Florida: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Overview

Seacoast Banking Corporation of Florida (“Seacoast” or the “Company”) is a financial holding company, incorporated in Florida in 1983, and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). Its principal subsidiary is Seacoast National Bank, a wholly-owned national banking association (“Seacoast Bank”), which commenced its operations in 1933. As of December 31, 2024, Seacoast had total consolidated assets of $15.2 billion, total deposits of $12.2 billion, total consolidated liabilities, including deposits, of $13.0 billion and consolidated shareholders’ equity of $2.2 billion.

Seacoast Bank is one of the largest banks headquartered in Florida, with an expanding presence in the state's fastest growing markets, each of which has unique characteristics and opportunities. This growth has been achieved through a balanced strategy consisting of organic growth and opportunistic acquisitions. The Company provides integrated financial services including commercial and consumer banking, wealth management, mortgage and insurance services to customers through advanced mobile and online banking solutions, and through Seacoast Bank's network of 77 full-service branches.

The Company’s legal structure includes wholly-owned subsidiaries through which the Company manages investments and foreclosed properties. Through one of these subsidiaries, Seacoast Bank has a controlling interest in a REIT. Unrelated investors own a non-controlling interest in the preferred stock of the REIT. Seacoast Bank provides brokerage and annuity services through an affiliation with a third party broker/dealer, LPL Financial. Seacoast Insurance Services, Inc. and Nature Coast Insurance, Inc., each a wholly-owned subsidiary of Seacoast, facilitate access for the Company to provide customers with a range of insurance products. The Company also operates seven trusts, formed for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities, as described in "Note 9 - Borrowings” in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Available Information

The Company's principal offices are located at 815 Colorado Avenue, Stuart, Florida 34994, and the telephone number at that address is (772) 287-4000. The Company and Seacoast Bank maintain websites at www.seacoastbanking.com (http://www.seacoastbanking.com) and www.seacoastbank.com (http://www.seacoastbank.com), respectively. The information on these websites is not part of this report and neither of these websites nor the information appearing on these websites is included or incorporated in this report.

Seacoast makes available, free of charge on its corporate website, its Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.

Also available on the Company's website are its Code of Conduct, Corporate Governance Guidelines, the charter of each active committee of the Board of Directors, and other materials outlining the Company's corporate governance practices.

Market and Competition

Seacoast operates in a highly competitive environment, and Seacoast Bank's competition includes not only other banks, but also various other non-bank financial institutions, including savings and loan associations, credit unions, mortgage companies, personal and commercial financial companies, peer-to-peer lending businesses, financial technology companies, investment brokerage and financial advisory firms and mutual fund companies. Seacoast Bank competes for deposits, commercial, fiduciary and investment services and various types of loans and other financial services. Seacoast Bank also competes for interest-bearing funds with other financial intermediaries, including brokerage and insurance firms, as well as investment alternatives, including mutual funds, governmental and corporate bonds, and other securities. Continued consolidation, rapid technological changes, and regulatory developments within the financial services industry will likely change the nature and intensity of Seacoast's competition in the financial services sector, but should also create opportunities for the Company to demonstrate and leverage its competitive advantages.

Competitors include not only financial institutions based in Florida, but also large out-of-state and foreign banks, bank holding companies and other financial institutions that have an established market presence in Florida or that offer internet-based products. Many of the Company's competitors are engaged in local, regional, national and international operations and have greater assets, personnel and other resources. Some of these competitors are subject to less regulation and/or more favorable tax treatment. Many of these institutions have greater resources, broader geographic markets and higher lending limits, and may offer services that the Company does not offer. In addition, these institutions may be able to better afford and make broader use of media advertising, support services, and electronic and other technology. To offset these potential competitive disadvantages, the Company depends on its reputation for superior service, ability to make credit and other business decisions quickly, and the delivery of an integrated distribution of traditional branches and bankers, with digital technology.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2024, the Company and its subsidiaries employed 1,504 full time-equivalent employees. Our associates are not represented by a collective bargaining agreement, and we believe our relationship with our associates is strong.

Professional Development and Employee Engagement

Seacoast offers comprehensive training and development programs to provide professional growth opportunities and career paths for our associates, and offers tuition reimbursement to promote continued professional education. The Seacoast Manager Excellence Program supports associates as they progress from individual contributor to manager, focusing on creating purpose, driving results, developing talent, and leading change. To ensure that we are meeting associates’ expectations, we conduct an Employee Engagement Survey each year. The results of the survey and the process of continuous improvement are discussed with the Board at least annually. In 2024, 95% of associates participated in the annual engagement survey, with an overall associate engagement score of 84%, which is 13 percentage points higher than similarly-sized companies, nine percentage points higher than the Banking industry and eight percentage points higher than the Finance industry benchmarks.

Associate Health and Well-Being

We strive to offer competitive compensation and employee benefits including, among others, paid vacation time, medical, dental and vision insurance benefits, a 401(k) plan with company match, and an employee stock purchase plan. Seacoast also provides associates with access to a variety of resources to address personal and financial health and wellness. Comprehensive Employee Assistance Plan resources are accessible to all associates, addressing a wide range of topics from substance abuse to child and elder care resources. Associates are encouraged to balance their physical fitness with their work life, with a Company reimbursement for a portion of fitness center memberships. We also offer financial planning resources for help with student debt, retirement planning and one-on-one financial planning sessions to all associates.

Supervision and Regulation

The Company is extensively regulated under federal and state law. The following is a brief summary that does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect the Company or all aspects of those regulations. This discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provisions described below and is not intended to be an exhaustive description of the statutes or regulations applicable to the Company’s and Seacoast Bank’s business. In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised at both the state and federal levels. The likelihood and timing of any changes in these laws and regulations, and the impact such changes may have on the Company and Seacoast Bank, are difficult to predict. In addition, bank regulatory agencies may issue enforcement actions, policy statements, interpretive letters and similar written guidance applicable to the Company or Seacoast Bank. Changes in applicable laws, regulations or regulatory guidance, or their interpretation by regulatory agencies or courts may have a material adverse effect on the Company's and Seacoast Bank’s business, operations, and earnings. Supervision and regulation of banks, their holding companies and affiliates is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and customers, the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC, and the U.S. banking and financial system rather than protection for the holders of the Company's capital stock.

Regulation of the Company: The Company is registered as a bank holding company with the Federal Reserve Bank under the BHC Act and has elected to be a financial holding company. As such, the Company is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve and to its regulatory reporting requirements. Federal law subjects financial holding companies, such as Seacoast, to particular restrictions on the types of activities in which they may engage, and to a range of supervisory requirements and activities, including regulatory enforcement actions for violations of laws and regulations. Violations of laws and regulations, or other unsafe and unsound practices, may lead to regulatory agencies imposing fines or penalties, cease and desist orders, or taking other enforcement actions. Under certain circumstances, these agencies may enforce these remedies directly against officers, directors, employees and other parties participating in the affairs of a bank or bank holding company.

If we become subject to and are unable to comply with the terms of any future regulatory actions or directives, supervisory agreements, or orders, then we could become subject to additional, heightened supervisory actions and orders, possibly including consent orders, prompt corrective action restrictions and/or other regulatory actions, including prohibitions on the payment of dividends on our common and preferred stock. If our regulators were to take such additional supervisory actions, then we could, among other things, become subject to significant restrictions on our ability to develop any new business, as well as restrictions on our existing business, and we could be required to raise additional capital, dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed period of time, or both. The terms of any such supervisory action could have a material negative effect on our business, reputation, operating flexibility, financial condition, and the value of our common stock.

Activity Limitations: As a financial holding company, Seacoast is permitted to engage directly or indirectly in a broader range of activities than those permitted for a bank holding company. Bank holding companies are generally restricted to engaging in the business of banking, managing or controlling banks and certain other activities determined by the Federal Reserve to be closely related to banking. Financial holding companies may also engage in activities that are considered to be financial in nature, as well as those incidental or, if so determined by the FRB, complementary to financial activities. The Company and Seacoast Bank must each remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” and Seacoast Bank must receive a Community Reinvestment Act rating of at least “Satisfactory” at its most recent examination in order for the Company to maintain its status as a financial holding company. In addition, the FRB has the power to order a financial holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any non-banking activity or terminate its ownership or control of any non-bank subsidiary, when it has reasonable cause to believe that continuation of such activity or such ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that financial holding company. As further described below, each of the Company and Seacoast Bank is well-capitalized as of December 31, 2024, and Seacoast Bank achieved a rating of “Outstanding” in its most recent CRA evaluation.

Source of Strength Obligations: As a bank holding company, we are required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to Seacoast Bank and to maintain resources adequate to support it. The term “source of financial strength” means the ability to provide financial assistance in the event of financial distress. As regulator of Seacoast Bank, the OCC may require reports from the Company to assess its ability to serve as a source of strength and the FRB may enforce compliance with the source of strength requirements and require the Company to provide financial assistance to Seacoast Bank in the event of financial distress.

Acquisitions: The BHC Act permits acquisitions of banks by bank holding companies, such that Seacoast and any other bank holding company, whether located in Florida or elsewhere, may acquire a bank located in any other state, subject to certain deposit-percentages, age of bank charter requirements, and other restrictions. The BHC Act requires that a bank holding company obtain the prior approval of the FRB before (i) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any additional bank or bank holding company, (ii) taking any action that causes an additional bank or bank holding company to become a subsidiary of the bank holding company, or (iii) merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company. The FRB may not approve any such transaction that would result in a monopoly or would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any section of the United States, or the effect of which may be substantially to lessen competition or to tend to create a monopoly in any section of the country, or that in any other manner would be in restraint of trade, unless the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed in the public interest by the probable effect of the transaction meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served. The FRB is also required to consider: (1) the financial and managerial resources of the companies involved, including pro forma capital ratios; (2) the risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system; (3) the convenience and needs of the communities to be served, including performance under the CRA; and (4) the effectiveness of the companies in combating money laundering.

Change in Control: Federal law restricts the amount of voting stock of a bank holding company or a bank that a person may acquire without the prior approval of banking regulators. Under the Change in Bank Control Act and the regulations thereunder, a person or group must give advance notice to the FRB before acquiring control of any bank holding company, such as Seacoast, and the OCC before acquiring control of any national bank, such as Seacoast Bank. Upon receipt of such notice, the bank regulatory agencies may approve or disapprove the acquisition. The Change in Bank Control Act creates a rebuttable presumption of control if a person or group acquires the power to vote 10% or more of the Company's outstanding common stock. The overall effect of such laws is to make it more difficult to acquire a bank holding company and a bank by tender offer or similar means than it might be to acquire control of another type of corporation. Consequently, shareholders of the Company may be less likely to benefit from the rapid increases in stock prices that may result from tender offers or similar efforts to acquire control of other companies. Investors should be aware of these requirements when acquiring shares of the Company's stock.

Governance and Financial Reporting Obligations: Seacoast is required to comply with various corporate governance and financial reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules and regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and the NASDAQ Global Select Market stock exchange. In particular, the Company is required to include management and independent registered public accounting firm reports on internal controls as part of its Annual Report on Form 10-K in order to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company has evaluated its controls, including compliance with the SEC rules on internal controls, and has and expects to continue to spend significant amounts of time and money on compliance with these rules. Failure to comply with these internal control rules may materially adversely affect the Company's reputation, its ability to obtain the necessary certifications to financial statements, and the value of the Company's securities. The assessments of the Company's financial reporting controls as of December 31, 2024 are included in this report under “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.”

Corporate Governance: The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act addressed many investor protection, corporate governance, and executive compensation matters that affect most U.S. publicly traded companies. The Dodd-Frank Act: (1) granted shareholders of U.S. publicly traded companies an advisory vote on executive compensation; (2) enhanced independence requirements for Compensation Committee members; and (3) required companies listed on national securities exchanges to adopt incentive-based compensation claw-back policies for executive officers.

Incentive Compensation: The Dodd-Frank Act required the banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint rules or guidelines for financial institutions with more than $1 billion in assets, which prohibit incentive compensation arrangements that the agencies determine to encourage inappropriate risks by the institution. The federal banking agencies issued proposed rules in 2011 and issued guidance on sound incentive compensation policies. In 2016, the federal banking agencies also proposed rules that would, depending upon the assets of the institution, directly regulate incentive compensation arrangements and would require enhanced oversight and recordkeeping. In May 2024, these proposed rules were reintroduced, with public comment requested. As of December 31, 2024, these rules have not been implemented. The Company and Seacoast Bank have undertaken efforts to ensure that their incentive compensation plans do not encourage inappropriate risks and that policies are in place to provide for recovery (i.e., "clawback") of erroneously awarded incentive compensation, consistent with three key principles: that incentive compensation arrangements should appropriately balance risk and financial rewards, be compatible with effective controls and risk management, and be supported by strong corporate governance.

Shareholder Say-On-Pay Votes: The Dodd-Frank Act requires public companies to provide shareholders with an advisory vote on executive compensation (known as say-on-pay votes), the frequency of a say-on-pay vote, and the golden parachutes available to executives in connection with change-in-control transactions. Public companies must give shareholders the opportunity to vote on say-on-pay proposals at least every three years and the opportunity to vote on the frequency of say-on-pay votes at least every six years, indicating whether the say-on-pay vote should be held annually, biennially, or triennially. The Company has annually included in the proxy statement a separate advisory vote on the compensation paid to executives. The say-on-pay, the say-on-parachute and the say-on-frequency votes are advisory and explicitly nonbinding and cannot override a decision of the Company's Board of Directors.

Volcker Rule: Section 13 of the BHC Act, commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule,” generally prohibits banking organizations with greater than $10 billion in assets from (i) engaging in certain proprietary trading, and (ii) acquiring or retaining an ownership interest in or sponsoring a “covered fund,” all subject to certain exceptions. The Volcker Rule also specifies certain limited activities in which bank holding companies and their subsidiaries may continue to engage and requires banking organizations to implement compliance programs. The Company became subject to the Volcker Rule effective January 1, 2024, and this had no material effect on the Company's activities or operations.

Other Regulatory Matters: The Company and its subsidiaries are also subject to oversight by the SEC, the PCAOB, the NASDAQ stock exchange and various state securities and insurance regulators. The Company and its subsidiaries have from time to time received requests for information from regulatory authorities in various states, including state attorneys general, securities regulators and other regulatory authorities, concerning business practices. Such requests are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business.

Capital Requirements: The Company and Seacoast Bank are required under federal law to maintain certain minimum capital levels based on ratios of capital to total assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. The required capital ratios are minimums, and the FRB and OCC may determine that a banking organization, based on its size, complexity or risk profile, must maintain a higher level of capital in order to operate in a safe and sound manner. Risks such as concentration of credit risks and the risk arising from non-traditional activities, as well as the institution’s exposure to a decline in the economic value of its capital due to changes in interest rates, and an institution’s ability to manage those risks are important factors that are to be taken into account in assessing an institution’s overall capital adequacy. The following is a brief description of the relevant provisions of these capital rules and their potential impact on the Company's and Seacoast Bank's capital levels.

The Company and Seacoast Bank are subject to the following risk-based capital ratios: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, which includes CET1 and additional Tier 1 capital, and a total risk-based capital ratio, which includes Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 is primarily comprised of the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus net of treasury stock, plus retained earnings, and certain qualifying minority interests, less certain adjustments and deductions, including with respect to goodwill, intangible assets, mortgage servicing assets and deferred tax assets subject to temporary timing differences. Additional Tier 1 capital is primarily comprised of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests and grandfathered trust preferred securities. Tier 2 capital consists of instruments disqualified from Tier 1 capital, including qualifying subordinated debt, other preferred stock and certain hybrid capital instruments, and a limited amount of loan loss reserves up to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, subject to certain eligibility criteria. The capital rules also define the risk-weights assigned to assets and off-balance sheet items to determine the risk-weighted asset components of the risk-based capital rules, including, for example, “high volatility” commercial real estate, past due assets, structured securities and equity holdings.

The leverage capital ratio, which serves as a minimum capital standard, is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to quarterly average total consolidated assets net of goodwill, certain other intangible assets, and certain required deduction items. The required minimum leverage ratio for all banks and bank holding companies is 4%.

In addition, the capital rules require a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% above each of the minimum risk-based capital ratio requirements (CET1, Tier 1 and total risk-based capital), which is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. These buffer requirements must be met for a bank or bank holding company to be able to pay dividends, engage in share buybacks or make discretionary bonus payments to executive management without restriction.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, among other things, requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to take “prompt corrective action” regarding depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five regulatory capital tiers: “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized.” A depository institution’s capital tier will depend upon how its capital levels compare to various relevant capital measures and certain other factors, as established by regulation. FDICIA imposes progressively more restrictive restraints on operations, management and capital distributions, depending on the category in which an institution is classified. FDICIA generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized.

Seacoast Bank is subject to minimum ratios to be considered well-capitalized. The FRB has not yet revised the well-capitalized standard for bank holding companies to reflect the higher capital requirements imposed under the current capital rules. For purposes of the FRB’s Regulation Y, including determining whether a bank holding company meets the requirements to be a financial holding company, bank holding companies, such as the Company, must maintain a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater and a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater to be well-capitalized. If the FRB were to apply the same or a similar well-capitalized standard to bank holding companies as that applicable to Seacoast Bank, the Company’s capital ratios as of December 31, 2024 would exceed such revised well-capitalized standard. Also, the FRB may require bank holding companies, including the Company, to maintain capital ratios substantially in excess of mandated minimum levels, depending upon general economic conditions and a bank holding company’s particular condition, risk profile and growth plans.

Failure to be well-capitalized or to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on the operations or financial condition of the Company or Seacoast Bank. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could also result in restrictions on the Company’s or Seacoast Bank’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute capital or to receive regulatory approval of applications or other restrictions on growth.

In 2024, the Company’s and Seacoast Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were above the well-capitalized standards and met the capital conservation buffer as of December 31, 2024. Based on current estimates, we believe that the Company and Seacoast Bank will continue to exceed all applicable well-capitalized regulatory capital requirements and the capital conservation buffer in 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the consolidated capital ratios of Seacoast and Seacoast Bank were as follows:

Payment of Dividends: The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from Seacoast Bank and its other subsidiaries. The Company's primary source of cash is dividends from Seacoast Bank. The prior approval of the OCC is required if the total of all dividends declared by a national bank (such as Seacoast Bank) in any calendar year will exceed the sum of such bank’s net profits for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years, less any required transfers to surplus. Federal law also prohibits any national bank from paying dividends that would be greater than such bank’s undivided profits after deducting statutory bad debts in excess of such bank’s allowance for possible loan losses.

In addition, the Company and Seacoast Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The appropriate federal bank regulatory authority may prohibit the payment of dividends where it has determined that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice. The OCC and the FRB have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a bank’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsound and unsafe banking practice. The OCC and the FRB have each indicated that depository institutions and their holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings.

In accordance with FRB policy, the Board of Directors of a bank holding company must consider different factors to ensure that its dividend level is prudent relative to maintaining a strong financial position, and is not based on overly optimistic earnings scenarios, such as potential events that could affect its ability to pay, while still maintaining a strong financial position. As a general matter, the FRB has indicated that the Board of Directors of a bank holding company should consult with the FRB and eliminate, defer or significantly reduce the bank holding company’s dividends if:

• its net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends;
• its prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with its capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or
• it will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

The Company has historically relied upon dividends from Seacoast Bank and securities offerings to provide funds to pay the Company’s expenses and to service the Company’s debt. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Seacoast Bank distributed $59.6 million to the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Seacoast Bank distributed $40.7 million to the Company. Prior approval by the OCC is required if the total of all dividends declared by a national bank in any calendar year exceeds the bank’s profits for that year combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years. Under this restriction Seacoast Bank is eligible to distribute dividends up to $188.9 million to the Company, without prior OCC approval, as of December 31, 2024.

It is the policy of the FRB that bank holding companies should pay cash dividends on common stock only on income available during the past year, only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization's expected future needs and financial condition, and only if the level of cash dividends does not undermine the bank holding company's ability to serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiary. The Company has paid quarterly dividends since the second quarter of 2021. Whether the Company continues to pay quarterly dividends and the amount of any such dividends will be at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors and will depend on the Company's earnings, financial condition, results of operations, business prospects, capital requirements, regulatory restrictions, and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Regulation of the Bank: As a national bank, Seacoast Bank is subject to comprehensive supervision and regulation by the OCC and is subject to its regulatory reporting requirements. Additionally, Seacoast Bank also is subject to certain FRB and FDIC regulations.

Seacoast Bank meets the definition of a “large institution” and is subject to direct supervision by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau for compliance with a wide range of consumer compliance laws, and for assessment of the effectiveness of the Bank's compliance management system. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act permits states to adopt consumer protection laws and regulations that are stricter than those regulations promulgated by the CFPB, and state attorneys general are permitted to enforce certain federal consumer financial protection law.

Broadly, regulations applicable to Seacoast Bank include limitations on loans to a single borrower and to its directors, officers and employees; restrictions on the opening and closing of branch offices; the maintenance of required capital ratios; the granting of credit under equal and fair conditions; the disclosure of the costs and terms of such credit; requirements to maintain reserves against deposits and loans; limitations on the types of investments that may be made by Seacoast Bank; and requirements governing risk management practices. Seacoast Bank is permitted under federal law to open a branch on a de novo basis across state lines where the laws of that state would permit a bank chartered by that state to open a de novo branch.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders: Seacoast Bank is subject to restrictions on extensions of credit and certain other transactions between Seacoast Bank and the Company or any non-bank affiliate. Generally, these covered transactions with either the Company or any affiliate are limited to 10% of Seacoast Bank’s capital and surplus, and all such transactions between Seacoast Bank and the Company and all of its non-bank affiliates combined are limited to 20% of Seacoast Bank’s capital and surplus. Loans and other extensions of credit from Seacoast Bank to the Company or any affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts. In addition, any transaction between Seacoast Bank and the Company or any affiliate are required to be on an arm’s length basis. Federal banking laws also place similar restrictions on certain extensions of credit by insured banks, such as Seacoast Bank, to their directors, executive officers and principal shareholders.

Reserves: FRB rules require depository institutions, such as Seacoast Bank, to maintain reserves against their transaction accounts, primarily interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing checking accounts. Reserve requirement ratios were reduced to zero percent in March 2020, and are subject to annual adjustment by the FRB.

FDIC Insurance Assessments and Depositor Preference: Seacoast Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC’s DIF up to the limits under applicable law, which currently are set at $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. Seacoast Bank is subject to FDIC assessments for its deposit insurance. The FDIC calculates quarterly deposit insurance assessments based on an institution’s average total consolidated assets less its average tangible equity, and applies one of four risk categories determined by reference to its capital levels, supervisory ratings, and certain other factors. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires the FDIC to adopt a restoration plan when the DIF reserve ratio falls below the statutory minimum of 1.35% or is expected to within six months. Such a plan was adopted by the FDIC in 2020 to restore the DIF to at least 1.35% by September 30, 2028. In 2022, based on projections indicating that achievement of the statutory minimum reserve ratio within the required timeframe was at risk, the FDIC amended the restoration plan and increased initial base deposit insurance assessment rates by two basis points, beginning in the first quarter of 2023. In response to the bank failures in early 2023, the FDIC implemented a special assessment to recover the losses to the DIF. The base for the special assessment was equal to an insured depository institution’s estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion. As Seacoast Bank did not have more than $5 billion in uninsured deposits at the measurement date, it was not subject to the special assessment.

Deposit insurance may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by a bank’s federal regulatory agency. In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution, including the claims of the FDIC on behalf of insured depositors, and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as a receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the institution, including those of the parent bank holding company.

Standards for Safety and Soundness: The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe, by regulation or guideline, operational and managerial standards for all insured depository institutions relating to: (1) internal controls; (2) information systems and audit systems; (3) loan documentation; (4) credit underwriting; (5) interest rate risk exposure; and (6) asset quality. The federal banking agencies have adopted regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement these required standards. These guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards used to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. Under the regulations, if a regulator determines that a bank fails to meet any standards prescribed by the guidelines, the regulator may require the bank to submit an acceptable plan to achieve compliance, consistent with deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans.

Anti-Money Laundering: A continued focus of governmental policy relating to financial institutions in recent years has been combating money laundering and terrorist financing. Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act requires that regulated banks such as Seacoast Bank: (i) establish an anti-money laundering program that includes training and audit components; (ii) comply with regulations regarding the verification of the identity of any person seeking to open an account; (iii) take additional required precautions with non-U.S. owned accounts; and (iv) perform certain verification and certification of money laundering risk for their foreign correspondent banking relationships. Failure of a financial institution to comply with the USA PATRIOT Act’s requirements could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution.

Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and have been active in imposing cease and desist and other regulatory orders and money penalty sanctions against institutions found to be violating these obligations. On January 1, 2021, Congress passed federal legislation that made sweeping changes to federal anti-money laundering laws, subject to pending implementation by regulatory rulemaking, and on June 30, 2021 FinCEN published the first set of “national AML priorities,” as required by the Bank Secrecy Act, which include, but are not limited to, cybercrime, terrorist financing, fraud, and drug/human trafficking. FinCEN is required to implement regulations to specify how covered financial institutions, such as the Company, should incorporate these national priorities into their AML programs. As of December 31, 2024, no such regulations have been proposed.

Economic Sanctions: The Office of Foreign Assets Control is responsible for helping to ensure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties, as defined by various Executive Orders and acts of Congress. OFAC publishes, and routinely updates, lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, including the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. If the Company finds a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, it must undertake certain specified activities, which could include blocking or freezing the account or transaction requested, and it must notify the appropriate authorities.

Concentrations in Lending: In 2006, the federal bank regulatory agencies released guidance on “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending” (the “Guidance”) and advised financial institutions of the risks posed by CRE lending concentrations. The Guidance requires that appropriate processes be in place to identify, monitor and control risks associated with real estate lending concentrations. Higher allowances for credit losses and capital levels may also be required. The Guidance is triggered when commercial real estate loan concentrations exceed either:

• Total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land of 100% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital; or
• Total reported loans secured by multifamily and non-farm nonresidential properties and loans for construction, land development, and other land of 300% or more of a bank’s total risk-based capital.

The Guidance also applies when a bank has a sharp increase in commercial real estate loans or has significant concentrations of commercial real estate secured by a particular property type. Seacoast Bank has exposures to loans secured by commercial real estate due to the nature of its markets and the loan needs of both its retail and commercial customers. Seacoast Bank believes that its long-term experience in commercial real estate lending, underwriting policies, internal controls, and other policies currently in place, as well as its loan and credit monitoring and administration procedures, are generally appropriate to managing its concentrations as required under the Guidance. At December 31, 2024, Seacoast Bank's construction and land development loans represented approximately 38% of total risk-based capital, well below the Guidance’s threshold. At December 31, 2024, the total commercial real estate exposure for Seacoast Bank represented approximately 237% of total risk- based capital, also below the Guidance’s threshold.

Debit Interchange Fees: Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are fees that merchants pay to card companies and card-issuing banks such as Seacoast Bank for processing electronic payment transactions on their behalf. The “Durbin Amendment” in the Dodd-Frank Act limits the amount of debit card interchange fees that may be received or charged by the debit card issuer, and is applicable to insured depository institutions with $10 billion or more in assets (inclusive of affiliates) as of the end of the previous calendar year. The limitations specified by the Durbin Amendment became effective for Seacoast Bank on July 1, 2023.

On October 25, 2023, the FRB issued a proposed rule that would reduce the amount of debit card interchange fees received by debit card issuers. In addition, the proposed rule would allow for an update to the debit card interchange fee cap every other year based on an analysis of certain costs incurred by debit card issuers. If the rule is adopted as currently proposed, it would result in a further reduction to Seacoast Bank's debit card interchange fees.

Community Reinvestment Act: Seacoast Bank is subject to the provisions of the CRA, which imposes a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of entire communities where the bank accepts deposits, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The OCC’s assessment of Seacoast Bank’s CRA record is made available to the public. Following the enactment of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, CRA agreements with private parties must be disclosed and annual CRA reports must be made to a bank’s primary federal regulator. A bank holding company is not permitted to become or remain a financial holding company and no new activities authorized under GLBA may be commenced by a holding company or by a bank financial subsidiary if any of its bank subsidiaries receive less than a “Satisfactory” CRA rating in its latest CRA examination. Federal CRA regulations require, among other things, that evidence of discrimination against applicants on a prohibited basis, and illegal or abusive lending practices be considered in the CRA evaluation. Seacoast Bank has a rating of "Outstanding" in its most recent CRA evaluation.

On October 24, 2023, the OCC, the FRB, and FDIC issued a final rule to modernize their respective CRA regulations. The revised rules substantially alter the methodology for assessing compliance with the CRA, with material aspects taking effect January 1, 2026 and revised data reporting requirements taking effect January 1, 2027. Among other things, the revised rules evaluate lending outside traditional assessment areas generated by the growth of non-branch delivery systems, such as online and mobile banking, apply a metrics-based benchmarking approach to assessment, and clarify eligible CRA activities. The final rules were challenged in federal court and a preliminary injunction was granted in March 2024 enjoining implementation of the rules. The effective dates will be extended for each day the injunction remains in place, pending the resolution of the lawsuit.

If the final rules are reinstated, they are likely to make it more challenging and/or costly for the Bank to receive a rating of at least "Satisfactory" on its CRA exam.

Privacy and Data Security: The GLBA generally prohibits disclosure of consumer information to non-affiliated third parties unless the consumer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. Financial institutions are further required to disclose their privacy policies to customers annually. Financial institutions, however, will be required to comply with state law if it is more protective of consumer privacy than the GLBA. The GLBA also directs federal regulators, including the FDIC and the OCC, to prescribe standards for the security of consumer information. Seacoast Bank is subject to such standards, as well as standards for notifying customers in the event of a security breach. Seacoast Bank is similarly required to have an information security program to safeguard the confidentiality and security of customer information and to ensure proper disposal. Customers must be notified when unauthorized disclosure involves sensitive customer information that may be misused. The federal banking agencies also require banks to notify their regulators within 36 hours of a “computer-security incident” that rises to the level of a “notification incident.”

Consumer Regulation: Activities of Seacoast Bank are subject to a variety of statutes and regulations designed to protect consumers. These laws and regulations include, among numerous other things, provisions that:

• limit the interest and other charges collected or contracted for by Seacoast Bank;
• govern Seacoast Bank’s disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;
• require Seacoast Bank to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether it is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;
• prohibit Seacoast Bank from discriminating on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors when it makes decisions to extend credit;
• govern the manner in which Seacoast Bank may collect consumer debts; and
• prohibit unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices in the provision of consumer financial products and services.

In March 2023, the CFPB issued a final rule to implement Section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which requires lenders to collect, and report information about lending to "women-owned, minority-owned and small businesses." This rule is due to take effect in stages depending upon lending volume of the depository institution beginning in 2025. However, the final rule has been subject to ongoing court challenges and may be revised by the CFPB. The Bank is monitoring these developments.

In December 2024, the CFPB finalized a rule that would substantially limit overdraft fees that larger institutions such as the Bank may charge consumers, with an effective date of October 1, 2025. If implemented, this rule would impact the Bank's noninterest income. However, this rule has been challenged in court and may be revised by the CFPB. The Bank is monitoring these developments.

Mortgage Regulation: The CFPB adopted a rule that implements the ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act (the “ATR/QM rule”), which requires lenders to consider, among other things, income, employment status, assets, payment amounts, and credit history before approving a mortgage, and provides a compliance “safe harbor” for lenders that issue certain “qualified mortgages.” The ATR/QM rule defines a “qualified mortgage” to have certain specified characteristics, and generally prohibits loans with negative amortization, interest-only payments, balloon payments, or terms exceeding 30 years from being qualified mortgages. The rule also establishes general underwriting criteria for qualified mortgages, including that monthly payments be calculated based on the highest payment that will apply in the first five years of the loan and that the borrower have a total debt-to-income ratio that is less than or equal to 43%. While “qualified mortgages” will generally be afforded safe harbor status, a rebuttable presumption of compliance with the ability-to-repay requirements will attach to “qualified mortgages” that are “higher priced mortgages” (which are generally subprime loans).

The CFPB has also issued rules to implement requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act pertaining to mortgage loan origination (including with respect to loan originator compensation and loan originator qualifications) as well as integrated mortgage disclosure rules. In addition, the CFPB has issued rules that require servicers to comply with certain standards and practices with regard to: error correction; information disclosure; force-placement of insurance; information management policies and procedures; requiring information about mortgage loss mitigation options be provided to delinquent borrowers; providing delinquent borrowers access to servicer personnel with continuity of contact about the borrower’s mortgage loan account; and evaluating borrowers’ applications for available loss mitigation options. These rules also address initial rate adjustment notices for adjustable-rate mortgages, periodic statements for residential mortgage loans, and prompt crediting of mortgage payments and response to requests for payoff amounts.

Non-Discrimination Policies: Seacoast Bank is also subject to, among other things, the provisions of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, both of which prohibit discrimination based on race or color, religion, national origin, sex, and familial status in any aspect of a consumer or commercial credit or residential real estate transaction. The Department of Justice and the federal bank regulatory agencies have issued an Interagency Policy Statement on Discrimination in Lending that provides guidance to financial institutions in determining whether discrimination exists, how the agencies will respond to lending discrimination, and what steps lenders might take to prevent discriminatory lending practices.

Anti-Bribery Laws: Federal law prohibits offering or giving a bank official or any third party (or for the bank official to solicit or receive for himself or a third party) "anything of value" other than what is given or offered to the bank itself. Further, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it unlawful to make payments to foreign government officials to assist in obtaining or retaining business. The Company and Seacoast Bank have implemented a Code of Business Ethics that governs the behavior of its officers and employees to ensure compliance with such laws.

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should consider the factors described below, as well as the risk factors and uncertainties discussed in our other public filings with the SEC under the caption “Risk Factors” in evaluating us and our business and making or continuing an investment in our stock. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us are described below. The risks contained in this Form 10-K are not the only risks facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or future results. The trading price of our securities could decline due to the materialization of any of these risks, and our shareholders may lose all or part of their investment. This Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that may not be realized as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, the risks described herein and in our other public filings with the SEC. Please refer to the section in this Form 10-K titled “Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for additional information regarding forward-looking statements.

Credit Risk

Deterioration in the real estate markets, including the secondary market for residential mortgage loans, can adversely affect us.

A decline in residential real estate market prices or reduced levels of home sales could result in lower single family home values, adversely affecting the liquidity and value of collateral securing commercial loans for residential land acquisition, construction and development, as well as residential mortgage loans and residential property collateral securing loans that we hold, mortgage loan originations and gains on the sale of mortgage loans. Declining real estate prices cause higher delinquencies and losses on certain mortgage loans, generally, and particularly on second lien mortgages and HELOCs. Significant ongoing disruptions in the secondary market for residential mortgage loans can limit the market for and liquidity of most residential mortgage loans other than conforming Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac loans. Deteriorating trends could occur, including declines in real estate values, financial stress on borrowers as a result of job losses or other factors. These could have adverse effects on borrowers that result in higher delinquencies and greater charge-offs in future periods, which would adversely affect our financial condition, including capital and liquidity, or results of operations. In the event our allowance for credit losses on loans is insufficient to cover such losses, our earnings, capital and liquidity could be adversely affected.

Our real estate portfolios are exposed if weakness in the Florida housing market or general economy arises.

Florida has historically experienced deeper recessions and more dramatic slowdowns in economic activity than other states and a decline in real estate values in Florida may be significantly larger than the national average. Declines in home prices and the volume of home sales in Florida, along with the reduced availability of certain types of mortgage credit, could result in increases in delinquencies and losses in our portfolios of home equity lines and loans, and commercial loans related to residential real estate acquisition, construction and development. Declines in home prices coupled with high or increased unemployment levels or increased interest rates could cause losses which adversely affect our earnings and financial condition, including our capital and liquidity.

We are subject to lending concentration risk.

Our loan portfolio contains several industry and collateral concentrations including, but not limited to, commercial and residential real estate. Due to the exposure in these concentrations, disruptions in markets, economic conditions, changes in laws or regulations or other events could cause a significant impact on the ability of borrowers to repay and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A substantial portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate. In weak economies, or in areas where real estate market conditions are distressed, we may experience a higher than normal level of nonperforming real estate loans. The collateral value of the portfolio and the revenue stream from those loans could come under stress, and additional provisions for the allowance for credit losses could be necessitated. Our ability to dispose of foreclosed real estate at prices at or above the respective carrying values could also be impaired, causing additional losses.

Commercial real estate is cyclical and poses risks of loss to us due to our concentration levels and risk of the asset, especially during a difficult economy, including the current stressed economy. As of December 31, 2024, 52% of our loan portfolio was comprised of loans secured by commercial real estate. The banking regulators continue to give commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny, and banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans are expected to implement improved underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies and portfolio stress testing, as well as higher levels of allowances for expected losses and capital levels as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposures.

Seacoast Bank has a commercial real estate concentration risk management program and monitors its exposure to CRE; however, there can be no assurance that the program will be effective in managing our concentration in CRE.

NPAs could result in an increase in our provision for credit losses on loans, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

At December 31, 2024, our nonaccrual loans totaled $92.4 million or 0.90% of the loan portfolio and our NPAs (which includes nonaccrual loans) were $98.9 million or 0.65% of total assets. In addition, we had approximately $15.6 million in accruing loans that were 30 days or more delinquent at December 31, 2024. Our NPAs adversely affect our net income in various ways. We generally do not record interest income on nonaccrual loans, thereby adversely affecting our income, and increasing our loan administration costs. When the only source of repayment expected is the underlying collateral, we are required to mark the related loan to the then fair market value of the collateral, if less than the recorded amount of our investment, which may result in a loss. These loans also increase our risk profile and the capital our regulators believe is appropriate in light of such risks. We may incur additional losses relating to an increase in nonperforming loans. If economic conditions and market factors negatively and/or disproportionately affect some of our larger loans, then we could see a sharp increase in our total net charge-offs and our provision for credit losses on loans. Any increase in our NPAs and related increases in our provision for losses on loans could negatively affect our business and could have a material adverse effect on our capital, financial condition and results of operations.

Decreases in the value of these assets, or the underlying collateral, or in these borrowers’ performance or financial conditions, whether or not due to economic and market conditions beyond our control, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the resolution of NPAs requires significant commitments of time from management and our personnel, which can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities. There can be no assurance that we will not experience increases in nonperforming loans in the future, or that NPAs will not result in losses in the future.

Our allowance for credit losses on loans may prove inadequate or we may be adversely affected by credit risk exposures.

Our business depends on the creditworthiness of our customers. We review our allowance for credit losses on loans for adequacy, at a minimum quarterly, considering economic conditions and trends, reasonable and supportable forecasts, collateral values and credit quality indicators, including past charge-off experience and levels of past due loans and NPAs. The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. We cannot be certain that our allowance will be adequate over time to cover credit losses in our portfolio because of unanticipated adverse changes in the economy, market conditions or events adversely affecting specific customers, industries or markets, or borrowers repaying their loans. Generally, the credit quality of our borrowers may deteriorate as a result of economic downturns in our markets. For example, inflation could lead to increased costs to our customers, making it more difficult for them to repay their loans or other obligations, increasing our credit risk. If the credit quality of our customer base or their debt service behavior materially decreases, if the risk profile of a market, industry or group of customers declines or weakness in the real estate markets and other economics were to arise, or if our allowance for credit losses on loans is not adequate, our business, financial condition, including our liquidity and capital, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our allowance and may require an increase in the provision for credit losses or the recognition of loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. If charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for credit losses on loans, we will need additional provisions to increase the allowance, which would result in a decrease in net income and capital, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Interest Rate Risk

We must effectively manage our interest rate risk. The impact of changing interest rates on our results is difficult to predict and changes in interest rates may impact our performance in ways we cannot predict.

Our profitability is largely dependent on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income paid to us on our loans and investments and the interest we pay to third parties such as our depositors, lenders and debt holders. Changes in interest rates can impact our profits and the fair values of certain of our assets and liabilities. Prolonged periods of unusually low interest rates may have an incrementally adverse effect on our earnings by reducing yields on loans and other earning assets over time. Increases in market interest rates may reduce our customers’ desire to borrow money from us or adversely affect their ability to repay their outstanding loans by increasing their debt service obligations through the periodic reset of adjustable interest rate loans. If our borrowers’ ability to pay their loans is impaired by increasing interest payment obligations, our level of NPAs would increase, producing an adverse effect on operating results. Increases in interest rates can have a material impact on the volume of mortgage originations and re-financings, adversely affecting the profitability of our mortgage finance business. Higher market interest rates and increased competition for deposits may result in higher interest expense, as we may offer higher rates to attract or retain customer deposits. Increases in interest rates also may increase the amount of interest expense we pay to creditors on short and long-term debt. Interest rate risk can also result from mismatches between the dollar amounts of re-pricing or maturing assets and liabilities and from mismatches in the timing and rates at which our assets and liabilities re-price. Changes in market values of investment securities classified as available for sale are impacted by higher rates and can negatively impact our other comprehensive income and equity levels through accumulated other comprehensive income, which includes net unrealized gains and losses on those securities. Further, such losses could be realized into earnings should liquidity and/or business strategy necessitate the sales of securities in a loss position. We actively monitor and manage the balances of our maturing and re-pricing assets and liabilities to reduce the adverse impact of changes in interest rates, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to avoid material adverse effects on our net interest margin in all market conditions.

The FRB has implemented significant economic strategies that have impacted interest rates, inflation, asset values, and the shape of the yield curve, over which the Company has no control and which the Company may not be able to adequately anticipate.

Changes in interest rates and monetary policy have a significant impact on our activities and results of operations. The actions of the Federal Reserve influence the rates of interest that the Company charges on loans and that the Company pays on borrowings and interest-bearing deposits and can also affect the value of the Company's on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Sustained higher interest rates increase the Company's cost of funding and may result in lower demand for loans by our customers. Conversely, lower interest rates may reduce our realized yield on variable rate loans and investment securities and on new loans and securities, which would reduce our interest income and cause downward pressure on net interest income and net interest margin. A significant reduction in our net interest income could have a material adverse impact on our capital, financial condition and results of operations. The Company cannot predict the nature or timing of future changes in monetary, economic, or other policies, or the effect that changes will have on the Company’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations.

Our cost of funds may increase as a result of general economic conditions, FDIC insurance assessments, interest rates and competitive pressures.

We have traditionally obtained funds through local deposits and thus we have a base of lower cost transaction deposits. Generally, we believe local deposits are a cheaper and more stable source of funds than other borrowings because interest rates paid for local deposits are typically lower than interest rates charged for borrowings from other institutional lenders or brokers. Our costs of funds and our profitability and liquidity are likely to be adversely affected if, and to the extent, we have to rely upon higher cost borrowings from other institutional lenders or brokers to fund loan demand or liquidity needs, and changes in our deposit mix, pricing, and growth could adversely affect our profitability and the ability to expand our loan portfolio.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risks could affect operations and jeopardize our financial condition.

Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our funding sources include customer deposits, federal funds purchases, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and short- and long-term debt. We are also members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, where we can obtain advances collateralized with eligible assets. We maintain a portfolio of securities that can be used as a secondary source of liquidity. Other sources of liquidity available to us or Seacoast Bank include the acquisition of additional deposits, the issuance and sale of debt securities, and the issuance and sale of preferred or common securities in public or private transactions.

Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate or on terms which are acceptable to us could be impaired by other factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy in general. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a downturn in the markets in which our loans are concentrated or adverse regulatory action against us. In addition, our access to deposits may be affected by the liquidity and/or cash flow needs of depositors. Although we have historically been able to replace maturing deposits and FHLB advances as necessary, we might not be able to replace such funds in the future and can lose a relatively inexpensive source of funds and increase our funding costs if, among other things, customers move funds out of bank deposits and into alternative investments, such as the stock market, that may be perceived as providing superior expected returns. Recently proposed changes to the Federal Home Loan Bank system could adversely impact the Company's access to Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings or increase the cost of such borrowings. Access to liquidity may also be negatively impacted by the value of our securities portfolio, if liquidity and/or business strategy necessitate the sales of securities in a loss position. Access to liquidity may also be negatively impacted by the value of our securities portfolio, if liquidity and/or business strategy necessitate the sales of securities in a loss position. We may be required to seek additional regulatory capital through capital raises at terms that may be very dilutive to existing shareholders.

Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry.

Adverse developments or concerns affecting the financial services industry in general or financial institutions that are similar to us or that may be viewed as being similar to us, such as bank failures and disruption in the United States banking industry, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Several financial institutions have failed or required outside liquidity support, often as a result of the inability of the institutions to obtain needed liquidity. The impact of this situation led to heightened risk of additional stress to other financial institutions, and the financial services industry generally as a result of increased lack of confidence in the financial sector. Banking regulators have historically taken action to strengthen public confidence in the banking system, including to ensure that depositors had access to their deposits, including uninsured deposit accounts, but there can be no assurance that such actions will stabilize the financial services industry and financial markets in response to future adverse events impacting the financial services industry. While we currently do not anticipate liquidity constraints of the kind that caused certain other financial institutions to fail or require external support, constraints on our liquidity could occur as a result of unanticipated deposit withdrawals, because of market distress or our inability to access other sources of liquidity, including through the capital markets due to unforeseen market dislocations or interruptions.

Moreover, some of our customers may become less willing to maintain deposits at Seacoast because of broader market concerns with the level of insurance available on those deposits. Our business and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by continued soundness concerns regarding financial institutions generally and our counterparties specifically and limitations resulting from further governmental action in an effort to stabilize or provide additional regulation of the financial system, as well as the impact of excessive deposit withdrawals. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar events, have in the past and may in the future lead to erosion of customer confidence in the banking system or certain banks, deposit volatility, liquidity issues, stock price volatility and other adverse developments. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from bank failures or other related or similar events, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to receive dividends from our subsidiaries could affect our liquidity and ability to pay interest on our trust preferred securities or reinstate dividends.

We are a legal entity separate and distinct from Seacoast Bank and our other subsidiaries. Our primary source of cash, other than securities offerings, is dividends from Seacoast Bank. These dividends are the principal source of funds to pay dividends on our common stock, interest on our trust preferred securities and interest and principal on our debt. Various laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that Seacoast Bank may pay us, as further described in “Supervision and Regulation - Payment of Dividends.” Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. Limitations on our ability to receive dividends from our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and on our ability to pay dividends on common stock. Additionally, if our subsidiaries’ earnings are not sufficient to make dividend payments to us while maintaining adequate capital levels, we may not be able to make payments on our trust preferred securities or reinstate dividend payments to our common shareholders.

Business and Strategic Risks

Our business strategy includes continued growth, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.

We intend to continue to pursue a growth strategy for our business. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in pursuing such growth strategies. Our ability to continue to grow successfully will depend on a variety of factors, including economic conditions, continued availability of desirable business opportunities, customer demand for our products and services, the competitive responses from other financial and non-financial institution competitors, and our ability to successfully serve a growing number of client relationships. There can be no assurance growth opportunities will be available or growth will be successfully managed. Failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, and could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Also, if our growth occurs more slowly than anticipated or declines, our operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Our future success is dependent on our ability to compete effectively in highly competitive markets.

We operate in markets throughout the State of Florida, each with unique characteristics and opportunities. Our future growth and success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in these and other potential markets. We compete for loans, deposits and other financial services in geographic markets with other local, regional and national commercial banks, thrifts, credit unions, mortgage lenders, and securities and insurance brokerage firms. Many of our competitors offer products and services different from us, and have substantially greater resources, name recognition and market presence than we do, which benefits them in attracting business. Larger competitors may be able to price loans and deposits more aggressively than we can, and have broader customer and geographic bases to draw upon. In addition, some of our competitors are subject to less regulation and/or more favorable tax treatment.

Consumers may decide not to use banks to complete their financial transactions, which could adversely affect our net income.

Technology and other changes now allow parties to complete financial transactions without banks. For example, consumers can pay bills, transfer funds directly and obtain loans without banks. This process could result in the loss of interest and fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the income generated from those deposits.

Transactions utilizing digital assets, including cryptocurrencies, stablecoins and other similar assets, have increased substantially. Certain characteristics of digital asset transactions, such as the speed with which such transactions can be conducted, the ability to transact without the involvement of regulated intermediaries, the ability to engage in transactions across multiple jurisdictions, and the anonymous nature of the transactions, are appealing to certain consumers notwithstanding the various risks posed by such transactions. Accordingly, digital asset service providers which, at present are not subject to the extensive regulation to which banking organizations and other financial institutions are subject, have become active competitors for our customers' banking business. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower cost of deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and increased competition may negatively affect our earnings by creating pressure to lower prices or credit standards on our products and services requiring additional investment to improve the quality and delivery of our technology, reducing our market share, or affecting the willingness of our clients to do business with us. Non-bank financial technology providers invest substantial resources in developing and designing new technology, particularly digital and mobile technology, and are beginning to offer more traditional banking products either directly or through bank partnerships.

In addition, the widespread adoption of new technologies, including internet banking services, mobile banking services, cryptocurrencies and payment systems, and artificial intelligence, could require substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our existing products and services as we grow and develop our internet banking and mobile banking channel strategies in addition to remote connectivity solutions. We might not be successful in developing or introducing new products and services, integrating new products or services into our existing offerings, responding or adapting to changes in consumer behavior, preferences, spending, investing and/or saving habits, achieving market acceptance of our products and services, reducing costs in response to pressures to deliver products and services at lower prices or sufficiently developing and maintaining loyal customers.

Further, we may experience a decrease in customer deposits if customers perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market, as providing superior expected returns. When customers move money out of bank deposits in favor of alternative investments, we may lose a relatively inexpensive source of funds, and be forced to rely more heavily on borrowings and other sources of funding to fund our business and meet withdrawal demands, thereby increasing our funding costs and adversely affecting our net interest margin.

Hurricanes or other adverse weather events, as well as climate change, could negatively affect our local economies or disrupt our operations, which would have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our market areas in Florida are susceptible to hurricanes, tropical storms and related flooding and wind damage and other similar weather events. Such weather events can disrupt operations, result in damage to properties and negatively affect the local economies in the markets where we operate. We cannot predict whether or to what extent damage that may be caused by future weather events will affect our operations or the economies in our current or future market areas, but such events could result in a decline in loan originations, a decline in the value or destruction of properties securing our loans and an increase in delinquencies, foreclosures or loan losses, negatively impacting our business and results of operations. As a result of the potential for such weather events, many of our customers have incurred significantly higher property and casualty insurance premiums on their properties located in our markets, which may adversely affect real estate sales and values in our markets. Climate change may be increasing the nature, severity, and frequency of adverse weather conditions, making the impact from these types of natural disasters on us or customers worse.

Further, concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Federal and state banking regulators and supervisory authorities, investors and other stakeholders have increasingly viewed financial institutions as important in helping to address the risks related to climate change both directly and with respect to their customers, which may result in financial institutions coming under increased pressure regarding the disclosure and management of their climate risks and related lending and investment activities. Given that climate change could impose systemic risks upon the financial sector, either via disruptions in economic activity resulting from the physical impacts of climate change or changes in policies as the economy transitions to a less carbon-intensive environment, we face regulatory risk of increasing focus on our resilience to climate-related risks, including in the context of stress testing for various climate stress scenarios. Ongoing legislative or regulatory uncertainties and changes regarding climate risk management and practices may result in higher regulatory, compliance, credit and reputational risks and costs. Investors, consumers and businesses may also change their behavior on their own as a result of these concerns. The state of Florida could be disproportionately impacted by long-term climate changes. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions (which could impact customer creditworthiness), operating process changes, changes in demand for products and services, and the like resulting from new laws, regulations, and changing consumer and investor preferences regarding our, or other companies', response to climate change. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

Changes in accounting rules applicable to banks could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in a restatement of our prior period financial statements.

The anti-takeover provisions in our Articles of Incorporation and under Florida law may make it more difficult for takeover attempts that have not been approved by our Board of Directors.

Florida law and our Articles of Incorporation include anti-takeover provisions, such as provisions that encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to consult with our Board of Directors, and which enable the Board of Directors to negotiate and give consideration on behalf of us and our shareholders and other constituencies to the merits of any offer made. Such provisions, as well as super-majority voting and quorum requirements, and a staggered Board of Directors, may make any takeover attempts and other acquisitions of interests in us, by means of a tender offer, open market purchase, a proxy fight or otherwise, that have not been approved by our Board of Directors more difficult and more expensive. These provisions may discourage possible business combinations that a majority of our shareholders may believe to be desirable and beneficial. As a result, our Board of Directors may decide not to pursue transactions that would otherwise be in the best interests of holders of our common stock.

Operational Risk

The implementation of new lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risk.

We continuously evaluate our service offerings and may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business in the future. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, we undergo a process to assess the risks of the initiative, and invest significant time and resources to build internal controls, policies and procedures to mitigate those risks, including hiring experienced management to oversee the implementation of the initiative. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved, and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business and/or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could require the establishment of new key and other controls and have a significant impact on our existing system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business and/or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.

Employee misconduct could expose us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.

We are vulnerable to reputational harm because we operate in an industry in which integrity and the confidence of our customers are of critical importance. Our employees could engage in fraudulent, illegal, wrongful or suspicious activities, and/or activities resulting in consumer harm that adversely affects our customers and/or our business. The precautions we take to detect and prevent such misconduct may not always be effective, such misconduct may result in regulatory sanctions and/or penalties, serious harm to our reputation, financial condition, customer relationships or the ability to attract new customers. In addition, improper use or disclosure of confidential information by our employees, even if inadvertent, could result in serious harm to our reputation, financial condition and current and future business relationships.

We are subject to losses due to fraudulent and negligent acts.

Financial institutions are inherently exposed to fraud risk. Criminals are turning to new sources, including artificial intelligence, to steal personally identifiable information in order to impersonate our clients to commit fraud. Fraudulent activity can take many forms and has escalated as more tools for accessing financial services emerge, such as real-time payments. Fraud schemes are broad and continuously evolving. A fraud can be perpetrated by a customer of Seacoast, an employee, a vendor, or members of the general public. We are subject to fraud risk in connection with the origination of loans, ACH transactions, wire transactions, digital payments, ATM transactions, checking and other transactions. When we originate loans, we rely heavily upon information supplied by loan applicants and third parties, including the information contained in the loan application, property appraisal, title information and employment and income documentation provided by third parties. If any of this information is misrepresented and such misrepresentation is not detected prior to loan funding, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. Although the Company seeks to mitigate fraud risk and losses through continued investment in systems, resources, and controls, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be effective in detecting fraud or that we will not experience fraud losses or incur costs or other damage related to such fraud, at levels that adversely affect our financial results or reputation.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and procedures, including internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, current and potential shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm the trading price of our common stock.

Management regularly monitors, reviews and updates our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal control over financial reporting. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable assurances that the controls will be effective. Any failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Failure to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment could prevent us from accurately reporting our financial results, preventing or detecting fraud or providing timely and reliable financial information pursuant to our reporting obligations, which could result in a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting and the restatement of previously filed financial statements and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, ineffective internal controls could cause our investors to lose confidence in our financial information, which could affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our operations rely on external vendors.

We rely on certain external vendors to provide products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations, particularly in the areas of operations, treasury management systems, information technology and security, exposing us to the risk that these vendors will not perform as required by our agreements and exposing us to operational and informational security risks, including risks associated with operational errors, information system failures, interruptions or breaches and unauthorized disclosures of sensitive or confidential client or customer information. An external vendor’s failure to perform in accordance with our agreement could be disruptive to our operations, which could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Our regulators also impose requirements on us with respect to monitoring and implementing adequate controls and procedures in connection with our third party vendors.

From time to time, we may decide to retain new vendors for new or existing products and services. Transition to these new vendors may not proceed as anticipated and could negatively impact our customers or our ability to conduct business, which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. To mitigate this risk, the Company has an established process to oversee vendor relationships.

We must effectively manage our information systems risk.

We rely heavily on our communications and information systems to conduct our business. The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products, services and methods of delivery (including those related to or involving artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies). Our ability to compete successfully depends in part upon our ability to use technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands. We have and will continue to make technology investments to achieve process improvements and increase efficiency. Many of the Company’s competitors invest substantially greater resources in technological improvements than we do. We may not be able to effectively select, develop or implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers, which may negatively affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Evolving business practices, including having certain employees working remotely, introduces additional operational risk, including increased cybersecurity risk. These cyber risks include the risks of greater phishing, malware, and other cybersecurity attacks, vulnerability to disruptions of our information technology infrastructure and telecommunications systems for remote operations, increased risk of unauthorized dissemination of confidential information, limited ability to restore the systems in the event of a systems failure or interruption, greater risk of a security breach resulting in destruction or misuse of valuable information, and potential impairment of our ability to perform critical functions, including wiring funds, all of which could expose us to risks of data or financial loss, litigation and liability and could seriously disrupt our operations and the operations of any impacted customers.

Disruptions to our information systems or security breaches could adversely affect our business and reputation.

Our communications and information systems remain vulnerable to unexpected disruptions and failures. Any failure or interruption of these systems could impair our ability to serve our customers and to operate our business and could damage our reputation, result in a loss of business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny or enforcement or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability. While we have developed extensive recovery plans, we cannot assure that those plans will be effective to prevent adverse effects upon us and our customers resulting from system failures. While we maintain an insurance policy which we believe provides sufficient coverage at a manageable expense for an institution of our size and scope with similar technological systems, we cannot assure that this policy would be sufficient to cover all related financial losses and damages should we experience any one or more of our or a third party’s systems failing or failing to prevent, being breached, or experiencing a cyber-attack.

Notwithstanding the strength of our defensive measures, the threat from cyber-attacks is severe, attacks are sophisticated and attackers respond rapidly to changes in defensive measures, and there is no assurance that our response to any cyber-attack or system interruption, breach or failure will be fully effective to mitigate and remediate the issues resulting from such an event, including the costs, reputational harm and litigation challenges that we may face as a result. Cybersecurity risks also occur with our third-party service providers, and may interfere with their ability to fulfill their contractual obligations to us, with attendant financial loss or liability that could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. We offer our clients the ability to bank remotely and provide other technology based products and services, which services include the secure transmission of confidential information over the Internet and other remote channels. To the extent that our clients' systems are not secure or are otherwise compromised, our network could be vulnerable to unauthorized access, malicious software, phishing schemes and other security breaches. To the extent that our activities or the activities of our clients or third-party service providers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches and malicious software could expose us to claims, regulatory scrutiny, litigation and other possible liabilities. While to date we have not experienced a significant compromise, significant data loss or material financial losses related to cybersecurity attacks, our systems and those of our clients and third-party service providers are under constant threat and it is possible that we could experience a significant event in the future. We may suffer material financial losses related to these risks in the future or we may be subject to liability for compromises to our client or third-party service provider systems. Any such losses or liabilities could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations, and could expose us to reputation risk, the loss of client business, increased operational costs, as well as additional regulatory scrutiny, possible litigation, and related financial liability. These risks also include possible business interruption, including the inability to access critical information and systems. In addition, as the domestic and foreign regulatory environment related to information security, data collection and use, and privacy becomes increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, compliance with those requirements could also result in additional costs.

We collect and store sensitive data, including personally identifiable information of our customers and employees as well as sensitive information related to our operations. Our collection of such Company and customer data is subject to extensive regulation and oversight. Computer break-ins of our systems or our customers’ systems, thefts of data and other breaches and criminal activity may result in significant costs to respond, liability for customer losses if we are at fault, damage to our customer relationships, regulatory scrutiny and enforcement and loss of future business opportunities due to reputational damage. Although we, with the help of third-party service providers, will continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures to protect sensitive data, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. We advise and provide training to our customers regarding protection of their systems, but there is no assurance that our advice and training will be appropriately acted upon by our customers or effective to prevent losses. In some cases, we may elect to contribute to the cost of responding to cybercrime against our customers, even when we are not at fault, in order to maintain valuable customer relationships.

The development and use of artificial intelligence (“AI”) presents risks and challenges that may adversely impact our business.

We or our third-party (or fourth-party) vendors, clients or counterparties may develop or incorporate AI technology in certain business processes, services, or products. The development and use of AI presents a number of risks and challenges to our business. The legal and regulatory environment relating to AI is uncertain and rapidly evolving, both in the U.S. and internationally, and includes regulatory schemes targeted specifically at AI as well as provisions in intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, employment, and other laws applicable to the use of AI. These evolving laws and regulations could require changes in our implementation of AI technology and increase our compliance costs and the risk of non-compliance. AI models, particularly generative AI models, may produce output or take action that is incorrect, that reflects biases included in the data on which they are trained, that results in the release of private, confidential, or proprietary information, that infringes on the intellectual property rights of others, or that is otherwise harmful. In addition, the complexity of many AI models makes it difficult to understand why they are generating particular outputs. This limited transparency increases the challenges associated with assessing the proper operation of AI models, understanding and monitoring the capabilities of the AI models, reducing erroneous output, eliminating bias, and complying with regulations that require documentation or explanation of the basis on which decisions are made. Further, we may rely on AI models developed by third parties, and, to that extent, would be dependent in part on the manner in which those third parties develop and train their models, including risks arising from the inclusion of any unauthorized material in the training data for their models and the effectiveness of the steps these third parties have taken to limit the risks associated with the output of their models, matters over which we may have limited visibility. Any of these risks could expose us to liability or adverse legal or regulatory consequences and harm our reputation and the public perception of our business or the effectiveness of our security measures.

Regulatory and Litigation Risk

We operate in a heavily regulated environment. Regulatory compliance burdens and associated costs can affect our business, including our reputation, the value of our securities, and the results of our operations.

We and our subsidiaries are regulated by several regulators, including, but not limited to, the FRB, the OCC, the FDIC, the CFPB, the SBA, the SEC and NASDAQ. Our success is affected by state and federal regulations affecting banks and bank holding companies, the securities markets and banking, securities and insurance regulators. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect consumers and depositors, not shareholders. The financial services industry also is subject to frequent legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes, the effects of which cannot be predicted. These changes, if adopted, could require us to maintain more capital, liquidity and risk controls, which could adversely affect our growth, profitability and financial condition. Any such changes in law can impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to our operating policies and procedures, or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Further, we expect to continue to commit significant resources to our compliance with various corporate governance and financial reporting requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules and regulations adopted by the SEC, the PCAOB and NASDAQ. Our failure to track and comply with the various rules may materially adversely affect our reputation, ability to obtain the necessary certifications to financial statements, and the value of our securities.

The CFPB has issued mortgage-related rules required under the Dodd-Frank Act addressing borrower ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage standards. The CFPB has also issued rules for loan originators related to compensation, licensing requirements, administration capabilities and restrictions on pursuance of delinquent borrowers. These rules could have a negative effect on the financial performance of Seacoast Bank's mortgage lending operations such as limiting the volume of mortgage originations and sales into the secondary market, increased compliance burden and impairing Seacoast Bank's ability to proceed against certain delinquent borrowers with timely and effective collection efforts.

Banks with greater than $10 billion in total consolidated assets are subject to certain additional regulatory requirements, including limits on the debit card interchange fees that such banks may collect, changes in the manner in which assessments for FDIC deposit insurance are calculated, and providing the authority to the CFPB to supervise and examine such banks.

Additionally, in December 2024, the CFPB finalized a rule that would treat discretionary overdraft services offered by banks with more than $10 billion in assets as credit, bringing them for the first time under Regulation Z, the implementing regulation of the Truth in Lending Act and capping these fees at $5. As of December 31, 2024, this rule has been challenged in court.

Compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act's requirements may necessitate that we hire or contract with additional compliance or other personnel, design and implement additional internal controls, or incur other significant expenses, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

See the discussion above at "Supervision and Regulation" for an additional discussion of the extensive regulation and supervision the Company and the Bank are subject to.

We are required to maintain capital to meet regulatory requirements, and if we fail to maintain sufficient capital, whether due to losses, growth opportunities, or an inability to raise additional capital or otherwise, our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, as well as our compliance with regulatory requirements, would be adversely affected.

Both we and Seacoast Bank must meet regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity and our regulators may modify and adjust such requirements in the future. Our ability to raise additional capital, when and if needed in the future, will depend on conditions in the capital markets, general economic conditions and a number of other factors, including investor perceptions regarding the banking industry and the market, governmental activities, many of which are outside our control, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed or on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to meet these capital and other regulatory requirements, our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Although the Company currently complies with all capital requirements, we may be subject to more stringent regulatory capital ratio requirements in the future and we may need additional capital in order to meet those requirements. Our failure to remain “well-capitalized” for bank regulatory purposes could affect customer confidence, our ability to grow, our costs of funds and FDIC insurance costs, our ability to pay dividends on common stock, our ability to make distributions on our trust preferred securities, our ability to make acquisitions, and our business, results of operations and financial condition, generally. Under FDIC rules, if Seacoast Bank ceases to be a “well-capitalized” institution, its ability to accept brokered deposits and the interest rates that it pays may both be restricted.

Federal banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including for compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with any supervisory actions to which we are or become subject as a result of such examinations may adversely affect us.

The FRB and the OCC periodically conduct examinations of our business and Seacoast Bank’s business, including for compliance with laws and regulations, and Seacoast Bank also may be subject to future regulatory examinations by the CFPB, as discussed in the “Supervision and Regulation” section above. If, as a result of an examination, the FRB, the OCC and/or the CFPB were to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, asset concentrations, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk, or other aspects of any of our or Seacoast Bank’s operations had become unsatisfactory, or that we or our management were in violation of any law, regulation or guideline in effect from time to time, the regulators may take a number of different remedial actions as they deem appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to restrict our growth, to change the composition of our concentrations in portfolio or balance sheet assets, to assess civil monetary penalties against our officers or directors or to remove officers and directors.

Higher FDIC deposit insurance premiums and assessments could adversely affect our financial condition.

FDIC insurance premiums we pay may change and be significantly higher in the future. Market developments may significantly deplete the insurance fund of the FDIC and reduce the ratio of reserves to insured deposits, thereby making it requisite upon the FDIC to charge higher premiums prospectively. FDIC deposit insurance premiums and assessments may increase as a result of future increases in assessment rates, required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums, special assessments or other changes, and could reduce our profitability. Any increases in our assessment rate, future special assessments, or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums could reduce our profitability or limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, which could have a material adverse effect on our assets, business, cash flow, condition (financial or otherwise), liquidity, prospects or results of operations.

Tax law changes and interpretations may have a negative impact on our earnings.

The enactment of the Tax Reform Act has had, and is expected to continue to have, far reaching and significant effects on us, our customers and the U.S. economy. Further, U.S. tax authorities may at any time clarify and/or modify legislation, administration or judicial changes or interpretations the income tax treatment of corporations. Such changes could adversely affect us, either directly or as a result of the effects on our customers. While lower income tax rates should result in improved net income performance over prospective periods, the extent of the benefit will be influenced by the competitive environment and other factors.

As of December 31, 2024, we had net deferred tax assets of $103.0 million, based on management's estimation of the likelihood of those DTAs being realized. These and future DTAs may be reduced in the future if our estimates of future taxable income from our operations and tax planning strategies do not support the amounts recorded.

Merger-Related Risks

If we fail to successfully integrate our acquisitions or to realize the anticipated benefits of them, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected.

We intend to continue to regularly evaluate potential acquisitions and expansion opportunities. To the extent we grow through acquisition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to manage this growth adequately or profitably. Acquiring other banks, branches or businesses, as well as other geographic and product expansion activities, involve various risks including:

• risk of unknown, undisclosed or contingent liabilities that could arise after the closing of an acquisition and for which there is no indemnification obligation or other price protection mechanism associated with the acquisition;
• unanticipated costs and delays, including as a result of enhanced regulatory scrutiny;
• risks that acquired new businesses do not perform consistent with our growth and profitability expectations;
• risks of entering new market or product areas where we have limited experience;
• risks that growth will strain our infrastructure, staff, internal controls and management, which may require additional personnel, time and expenditures;
• exposure to potential asset quality issues with acquired institutions;
• difficulties, expenses and delays of integrating the operations and personnel of acquired institutions, and start-up delays and costs of other expansion activities;
• inaccurate estimates of value assigned to acquired assets;
• potential disruptions to our business;
• possible loss of key employees and customers of acquired institutions;
• potential short-term decrease in profitability;
• potential dilution of our current shareholders or a decline in our share price resulting from the issuance in connection with an acquisition of equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, any of which may be senior to our common stock as to distributions and in liquidation;
• litigation; and
• diversion of our management’s time and attention from our existing operations and businesses.

Attractive acquisition opportunities may not be available to us in the future.

While we seek continued organic growth, we anticipate continuing to evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities presented to us in our core markets and beyond. The number of financial institutions headquartered in Florida, the Southeastern United States, and across the country continues to decline through merger and other activity. We expect that other banking and financial companies, many of which have significantly greater resources, will compete with us to acquire financial services businesses. This competition, as the number of appropriate merger targets decreases, could increase prices for potential acquisitions which could reduce our potential returns, and reduce the attractiveness of these opportunities to us. Also, acquisitions are subject to various regulatory approvals. If we fail to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, we will not be able to consummate an acquisition that we believe is in our best interests. Among other things, our regulators consider our capital, liquidity, profitability, regulatory compliance, including with respect to anti-money laundering obligations, consumer protection laws and CRA obligations and levels of goodwill and intangibles when considering acquisition and expansion proposals. Any acquisition could be dilutive to our earnings and shareholders’ equity per share of our common stock.

Our business strategy includes significant growth plans, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively, or if we fail to successfully integrate our acquisitions or to realize the anticipated benefits of them.

We intend to continue to pursue an organic growth strategy for our business while also regularly evaluating potential acquisitions and expansion opportunities. If appropriate opportunities present themselves, we expect to engage in selected acquisitions of financial institutions, branch acquisitions and other business growth initiatives or undertakings. There can be no assurance that we will successfully identify appropriate opportunities, that we will be able to negotiate or finance such activities or that such activities, if undertaken, will be successful. While we have substantial experience in successfully integrating institutions we have acquired, we may encounter difficulties during integration, such as the loss of key employees, the disruption of operations and businesses, loan and deposit attrition, customer loss and revenue loss, possible inconsistencies in standards, control procedures and policies, and unexpected issues with expected branch closures costs, operations, personnel, technology and credit, all of which could divert resources from regular banking operations. Achieving the anticipated benefits of these mergers is subject to a number of uncertainties, including whether we integrate these institutions in an efficient and effective manner, governmental actions affecting the financial industry generally, and general competitive factors in the marketplace. Failure to achieve these anticipated benefits could result in a reduction in the price of our shares as well as in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues and diversion of management's time and energy and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There are risks associated with our growth strategy. To the extent that we grow through acquisitions, there can be no assurance that we will be able to adequately or profitably manage this growth. Acquiring other banks, branches or other assets, as well as other expansion activities, involves various risks including the risks of incorrectly assessing the credit quality of acquired assets, encountering greater than expected costs of integrating acquired banks or branches into us, the risk of loss of customers and/or employees of the acquired institution or branch, executing cost savings measures, not achieving revenue enhancements and otherwise not realizing the transaction’s anticipated benefits. Our ability to address these matters successfully cannot be assured. In addition, our strategic efforts may divert resources or management’s attention from ongoing business operations, may require investment in integration and in development and enhancement of additional operational and reporting processes and controls and may subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny.

Our growth initiatives may also require us to recruit and retain experienced personnel to assist in such initiatives. Accordingly, the failure to identify and retain such personnel would place significant limitations on our ability to successfully execute our growth strategy. In addition, to the extent we expand our lending beyond our current market areas, we could incur additional risks related to those new market areas. We may not be able to expand our market presence in our existing market areas or successfully enter new markets.

If we do not successfully execute our acquisition growth plan, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and growth prospects. In addition, if we were to conclude that the value of an acquired business had decreased, that conclusion may result in an impairment charge to goodwill or other tangible or intangible assets, which would adversely affect our results of operations. While we believe we have the executive management resources and internal systems in place to successfully manage our future growth, there can be no assurance growth opportunities will be available or that we will successfully manage our growth.

Additionally, we may pursue divestitures of non-strategic branches or other assets. Such divestitures involve various risks, including the risks of not being able to timely or fully replace liquidity previously provided by deposits which may be transferred as part of a divestiture, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

General Risk Factors

Shares of our common stock are not insured deposits and may lose value.

Shares of our common stock are not savings accounts, deposits or other obligations of any depository institution and are not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other governmental agency or instrumentality, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity, and are subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of principal.

Any future economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on our capital, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth.

Management continually monitors market conditions and economic factors affecting our business. If conditions were to worsen nationally, regionally or locally, then we could see a sharp increase in our total net charge-offs and also be required to significantly increase our allowance for credit losses. Furthermore, the demand for loans and our other products and services could decline. An increase in our non-performing assets and related increases in our provision for credit losses, coupled with a potential decrease in the demand for loans and our other products and services, could negatively affect our business and could have a material adverse effect on our capital, financial condition, results of operations and future growth. Our customers may also be adversely impacted by changes in regulatory, trade (including tariffs), monetary, and tax policies and laws, all of which could reduce demand for loans and adversely impact our borrowers' ability to repay our loans. The U.S. government’s decisions regarding its debt ceiling and the possibility that the U.S. could default on its debt obligations may cause further interest rate increases, disrupt access to capital markets and deepen recessionary conditions. The effects of a possible economic downturn could continue for many years after the downturn is considered to have ended.

A reduction in consumer confidence could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Significant market volatility driven in part by concerns relating to, among other things, bank failures, actions by the U.S. Congress or imposed through Executive Order by the President of the United States, as well as global political actions or events, including natural disasters, health emergencies or pandemics, could adversely affect the U.S. or global economies, with direct or indirect impacts on the Company and our business. Results could include reduced consumer and business confidence, credit deterioration, diminished capital markets activity, and actions by the Federal Reserve impacting interest rates or other U.S. monetary policy.

We must attract and retain skilled personnel.

Our success depends, in substantial part, on our ability to attract and retain skilled, experienced personnel in key positions within the organization. Competition for qualified candidates in the activities and markets that we serve is intense. If we are not able to hire, adequately compensate, or retain these key individuals, we may be unable to execute our business strategies and may suffer adverse consequences to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

The Company’s information security program is designed to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, alteration, or destruction, and to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information assets, including employee and customer non-public information, financial data, and internal operational information. Our Chief Information Security Officer, who reports to our Chief Risk Officer, manages our information security strategy and development within our overarching Enterprise Risk Management program.

The Company’s cybersecurity program, including our information security policies, is designed to align with regulatory guidance and industry practices. To protect our information systems, network, and information assets from cybersecurity threats, we use various security tools, products and processes that help identify, prevent, investigate, and remediate cybersecurity threats and security incidents.

The Company’s Information Security team monitors threat intelligence sources to research evolving threats, investigates the potential impact to financial services companies, examines company controls to detect and defend against those threats, and proactively adjusts company defenses against those threats. The Information Security team also actively monitors company networks and systems to detect suspicious or malicious events, including through penetration testing and periodic vulnerability scans, a managed security service provider supplements our efforts to provide 24 hours a day, seven days a week coverage, and we work with leading cybersecurity companies and organizations to leverage third party technology and expertise as appropriate.

We maintain policies and procedures for the safe storage, handling and secure disposal of customer information. Each employee is expected to be responsible for the security and confidentiality of customer information, and we communicate this responsibility to employees upon hiring and regularly throughout their employment. Annually, we provide employees with mandatory security awareness training. The curriculum includes the recognition and appropriate handling of potential phishing emails, which could, ultimately, place sensitive customer or employee information at risk. The Company employs a number of technical controls to mitigate the risk of phishing emails targeting employees. We test employees monthly to determine their susceptibility to phishing test emails, and we require susceptible employees to take additional training and provide regular reports to management.

As part of our information security program, we have adopted a Cyber Incident Response Plan (“Incident Response Plan”) which is administered by our CISO who closely coordinates with the Company’s Information Technology team. The Incident Response Plan describes the Company’s processes, procedures, and responsibilities for responding to cybersecurity incidents, and identifies those team members responsible for assessing potential security incidents, declaring an incident, and initiating a response. The Incident Response Plan outlines action steps for investigating, containing, and remediating a cybersecurity incident, and includes procedures for escalation and reporting of potentially significant cybersecurity incidents to the Company’s Senior Leadership Team, including the CEO, CFO, CRO, Head of Legal, and the Board of Directors. As necessary, the Company may retain a third-party firm to assist with forensic investigation and management of cybersecurity incidents. Annually, our incident response team performs exercises to simulate responses to cybersecurity events. Each exercise results in lessons learned and subsequent improvement to the Incident Response Plan.

The Company conducts due diligence prior to engaging third-party service providers which have access to the Company's networks, systems, and/or customer or employee data. Risk assessments are performed using Service Organization Controls (SOC) reports, self-attestation questionnaires, and other tools. Third-party service providers are required to comply with the Company’s policies regarding non-public personal information and information security. Third parties processing non-public personal information are contractually required to meet all legal and regulatory obligations to protect customer data against security threats or unauthorized access. After contract execution, Seacoast requires critical and high-risk providers to have an ongoing monitoring plan.

While we do not believe that our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition have been materially adversely affected by any cybersecurity incidents, cybersecurity threats are pervasive, and cybersecurity risk has increased in recent years. Despite our efforts, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management processes and measures described will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. We face risks from certain cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, result of operations or financial condition. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for further discussion of the material risks associated with an interruption or breach in our information systems or infrastructure.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing the Company’s business and affairs, including risks associated with cybersecurity threats. The Board oversees the Company’s corporate risk governance processes primarily through its committees, and oversight of cybersecurity threats is delegated primarily to our Information Technology Committee.

The Enterprise Risk Management Committee of the Board has primary responsibility for overseeing the Company’s comprehensive ERM program. The ERM program assists senior management in identifying, assessing, monitoring, and managing risk, including cybersecurity risk, in a rapidly changing environment. Cybersecurity matters and assessments are regularly included in both ITC and ERMC meetings.

The Board’s oversight of cybersecurity risk is supported by our CISO. The CISO attends ITC and ERMC meetings and provides cybersecurity updates to these Board committees. The CISO also provides annual risk assessments and reports regarding the information security program to the full Board of Directors. Our CRO, in conjunction with our CISO, facilitates the involvement of the ITC in oversight of potentially significant cybersecurity incidents.

The Company’s CISO directs the company’s information security program and our information technology risk management. In this role, in addition to the responsibilities discussed above, the CISO supports the information security risk oversight responsibilities of the Board and its committees. The CISO is also responsible for the Company’s information technology governance, risk, and compliance program and ensures that high level risks receive appropriate attention. The Information Security team examines risks to the Company’s information systems and assets, designs and implements security solutions, monitors the environment, and provides responses to threats.

Our CISO has cybersecurity and information technology experience spanning more than 30 years. Prior experience includes serving as the CISO for a multi-national cloud hosting organization serving the legal community and several senior leadership roles in both information technology and information security at a large financial institution, Fortune 500 organizations and a large professional services firm. The CISO holds a degree in Computer Science and maintains appropriate industry certifications.

Seacoast maintains its corporate headquarters in a 68,000 square foot building at 815 Colorado Avenue in Stuart, Florida. The building is owned by Seacoast Bank.

Seacoast Bank owns or leases all of the buildings in which its business operates. At December 31, 2024, Seacoast Bank had 77 branch offices, all located in Florida, in addition to stand-alone commercial lending offices, including one in Georgia. For additional information regarding properties, please refer to Note 7 - Bank Premises and Equipment and Note 11 - Lease Commitments to our audited consolidated financial statements.

The Company and its subsidiaries, because of the nature of their businesses, are at all times subject to numerous legal actions, threatened or filed. Management presently believes that none of the legal proceedings to which it is a party are likely to have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, operating results or cash flows.

The purpose of this discussion and analysis is to aid in understanding significant changes in the financial condition of Seacoast Banking Corporation of Florida and its subsidiaries (“Seacoast” or the “Company”) and their results of operations. Nearly all of the Company’s operations are contained in its banking subsidiary, Seacoast National Bank (“Seacoast Bank” or the “Bank”). Such discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included in this report.

The emphasis of this discussion will be on the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023*. Additional information about the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in* 2022 and changes in the Company’s financial condition and results of operations from 2022 to 2023 may be found in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

This discussion and analysis contains statements that may be considered “forward-looking statements” as defined in, and subject to the protections of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See the “Special Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for additional information regarding forward-looking statements.

For purposes of the following discussion, the words “Seacoast” or the “Company” refer to the combined entities of Seacoast Banking Corporation of Florida and its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries.

Overview – Strategy and Results

Seacoast Banking Corporation of Florida (“Seacoast” or the “Company”), a financial holding company registered under the BHC Act of 1956, is one of the largest banks in Florida, with $15.2 billion in assets and $12.2 billion in deposits as of December 31, 2024. Its principal subsidiary is Seacoast National Bank (“Seacoast Bank”), a wholly owned national banking association. The Company provides integrated financial services including commercial and consumer banking, wealth management, mortgage and insurance services to customers through advanced online and mobile banking solutions, and Seacoast Bank's network of 77 full-service branches across Florida.

Seacoast is executing a balanced growth strategy, combining organic growth with strategic acquisitions in Florida's most attractive growing markets. The Company has expanded its presence across the state with 16 acquisitions since 2014, strengthening market share, increasing the customer base and lowering operating costs through economies of scale. The acquisition of Professional Holding Corp., parent company of Professional Bank, was completed on January 31, 2023. The transaction further expanded Seacoast’s presence in the tri-county South Florida market, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties, Florida’s largest MSA and the 8th largest in the nation. The Company's acquisition strategy has not only increased customer households and been accretive to earnings, but has also opened markets and expanded Seacoast's customer base.

Results of Operations

2024 Financial Performance Highlights

• Net income of $121.0 million, an increase of $17.0 million, or 16%, compared to 2023, and adjusted net income1 of $132.5 million, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 1%, compared to 2023.
• Noninterest income increased $4.3 million, or 5%, compared to 2023, to $83.4 million.
• Return on average tangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 0.98%, compared to 0.91% for the year ended December 31, 2023.
• Return on tangible common equity for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 10.39%, compared to 10.38% for the year ended December 31, 2023.
• New loan production was $2.5 billion, an increase of 40%, or $714.8 million, compared to 2023, while net loans grew 3%, or $237.0 million from 2023, to $10.2 billion.

1 Non-GAAP measure, see “Explanation of Certain Unaudited Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to GAAP.

• Growth in total deposits from 2023 of 4%, or $465.5 million, to $12.2 billion.
• Continued strong capital position, with a Tier 1 capital ratio of 14.8%, and a tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio of 9.60%.
• Tangible book value per share increased to $16.12 at December 31, 2024 from $15.08 at December 31, 2023.

Net Interest Income and Margin

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2024, totaled $432.0 million, decreasing $56.3 million, or 12%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Higher interest expense on deposits resulting from higher short term rates and higher balances was partially offset by higher yields and higher balances on loans and securities. Net interest income (on a fully taxable equivalent basis)1 for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $433.0 million, decreasing $56.0 million, or 11%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Accretion of purchase discount on acquired loans added $41.7 million in interest income for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $56.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Purchase marks from bank acquisitions in previous years are expected to continue to decline.

Net interest margin (on a fully taxable equivalent basis)1 decreased 53 basis points to 3.24% in 2024 compared to 3.77% in 2023. Average interest-earning assets increased $379.9 million, or 3%, during 2024 to $13.4 billion compared to $13.0 billion in 2023. During 2024, yields on interest-earning assets increased to 5.44% from 5.32% in 2023 due to the higher interest rate environment. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $797.6 million, or 10%, during 2024 to $9.2 billion, including a $788.2 million, or 10%, increase in interest-bearing deposits. The cost of average interest-bearing liabilities in 2024 increased 80 basis points to 3.20% from 2.40% in 2023, reflecting the impact of higher interest rates.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, net interest income and net interest margin began to improve, with a decline in deposit costs following cuts to the Federal Funds rate. The Company expects a continued increase in net interest income and expansion of net interest margin into 2025 if short term interest rates remain flat or continue to decline.

During 2024, average securities increased $83.4 million to $2.7 billion. Yields on securities increased 50 basis points from 3.18% in 2023 to 3.68% in 2024, benefiting from higher rates on new purchases and favorable repricing on variable rate bonds.

Average loans totaled $10.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, increasing $207.1 million, or 2%, compared to $9.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. Yields on loans increased five basis points from 5.88% in 2023 to 5.93% in 2024, benefiting from higher rates on new production and increasing rates on variable rate loans. Accretion of purchase discounts on acquired loans added 42 basis points to loan yields in 2024, compared to 57 basis points in 2023.

During 2024, average transaction deposits (noninterest and interest-bearing demand deposits) decreased $703.5 million, or 10%, compared to 2023, as customers favored money market accounts, which increased $833.4 million, or 28% from 2023. The Company’s deposit mix remains favorable, with 86% of average deposit balances comprised of savings, money market, and demand deposits in 2024. The cost of average total deposits (including noninterest-bearing demand deposits) increased by 73 basis points to 2.23% in 2024, compared to 1.50% in 2023, primarily the result of higher short-term interest rates and an increasingly competitive deposit market.

Sweep repurchase agreements with customers averaged $269.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 1%, compared to $271.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The average rate on customer repurchase accounts was 3.49% in 2024, compared to 3.07% in 2023.

The Company had an average balance of $184.0 million in FHLB borrowings outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2024, with an average interest rate of 4.20%. The average balance of FHLB borrowings was $175.2 million at 3.64% in 2023.

In 2024, average long-term debt of $106.6 million had an average rate of 7.02%. In 2023, average long-term debt of $104.2 million had an average rate of 6.96%.

The following table details the Company’s average balance sheets, interest income and expenses, and yields and rates1, for the past three years:

(In thousands, except ratios)

33

The following table shows the impact of changes in volume and rate on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities1:

(In thousands)

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses was $16.3 million in 2024 compared to $37.5 million in 2023. In 2024, the provision reflects additions to the allowance for credit losses in keeping with higher loan balances, partially offset by lower overall allowance coverage on total loans, consistent with generally stabilizing economic trends. Included in 2023 is $26.6 million of day-1 provision for credit losses on loans added through the acquisition of Professional.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income (excluding securities gains and losses) totaled $91.4 million in 2024, an increase of $9.4 million, or 11%, compared to 2023. Noninterest income accounted for 17% of total revenue in 2024 and 14% in 2023 (net interest income plus noninterest income, excluding securities gains and losses).

Noninterest income is detailed as follows:

(In thousands, except percentages)

Service charges on deposits for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased $2.6 million, or 14%, compared to the prior year to $20.9 million. This increase primarily reflects the Company's investments in talent and market expansion across the state, which have resulted in continued growth, particularly in treasury management services to commercial customers. Overdraft-related fees for both consumer and commercial accounts represented 32% of total service charges on deposits in 2024 compared to 35% in 2023.

Interchange revenue totaled $7.6 million in 2024, a decrease of 45% from $13.9 million in 2023. The decrease in interchange income was primarily due to the impact of the Durbin amendment, which became effective for the first time for the Company on July 1, 2023, limiting network interchange fees earned on debit card transactions.

Wealth management revenues, including brokerage commissions and fees and trust income, increased $2.4 million, or 19%, to $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The wealth management team continued to demonstrate notable success in building relationships, contributing to a 20% increase in assets under management year-over-year to $2.1 billion as of December 31, 2024.

Insurance agency income totaled $5.2 million in 2024, an increase of 15% from $4.5 million in 2023, reflecting continued growth and expansion of insurance services.

Mortgage banking fees remained flat at $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 2023. The impact on demand of higher interest rates and limited housing inventory have continued to result in lower saleable production.

BOLI income totaled $10.1 million in 2024, an increase of $1.7 million, or 20%, compared to the prior year, with policy exchanges executed in the first quarter of 2024 resulting in improved ongoing yields.

Other income totaled $30.8 million in 2024, reflecting an increase of $8.4 million, or 37%, year-over-year. The increase reflects variability in income from SBIC investments, loan swap-related fees, gains on the strategic sales of nonperforming commercial real estate loans, and other fees correlating with growth in customers and accounts.

Securities losses in 2024 totaled $8.0 million compared to securities losses in 2023 of $2.9 million. In 2024, the Company sold approximately $217.0 million in available-for-sale securities, resulting in losses of $12.0 million, allowing for reinvestment at higher yields. These losses were partially offset by gains of $4.1 million on the sale of the Company’s holdings of Visa Class B stock.

Noninterest Expense

The Company has demonstrated its commitment to efficiency through disciplined, proactive management of its cost structure. Noninterest expenses in 2024 totaled $343.3 million, including $7.1 million related to branch consolidation and other expense reduction initiatives, and $0.3 million in costs to prepare for and recover from hurricane events. In 2023, noninterest expenses totaled $395.6 million, including $33.2 million in acquisition-related expenses and $5.2 million in expense reduction initiatives.

Adjusted noninterest expense1 in 2024 totaled $335.9 million, a decrease of 6% from 2023, reflecting the success of strategic expense reduction initiatives executed in late 2023 and early 2024.

(In thousands, except percentages)

Salaries and wages totaled $162.3 million in 2024, a decrease of $15.3 million, or 9%, compared to 2023. The decline in 2024 reflects workforce reductions implemented in late 2023 and early 2024 to reduce overhead and offset revenue compression associated with higher interest rates. Results in 2023 also included $5.8 million in merger-related costs.

During 2024, employee benefit costs, which include costs associated with the Company's self-funded health insurance benefits, 401(k) plan, payroll taxes, and unemployment compensation, decreased $1.7 million, or 6%, compared to 2023. The decreases compared to 2023 are related to reductions in the workforce completed in late 2023 and early 2024.

The Company utilizes third parties for core data processing systems. Ongoing data processing costs are directly related to the number of transactions processed and the negotiated rates associated with those transactions. Outsourced data processing costs totaled $36.6 million in 2024, a decrease of $15.5 million, or 30%, compared to 2023. Results in 2023 included $17.4 million in merger-related costs.

Total occupancy, furniture and equipment expenses in 2024 totaled $37.6 million, a decrease of $3.0 million, or 7%, compared to 2023. Lower costs in 2024 were achieved through consolidation of locations as part of the Company's expense reduction initiatives.

During 2024, marketing expenses totaled $10.8 million, an increase of $1.6 million, or 18%, compared to $9.2 million in 2023. Planned investments in branding and in marketing campaigns across the state led to higher marketing expenses in 2024.

Legal and professional fees decreased by $7.9 million in 2024, or 45%, to $9.6 million. Results in 2023 included $6.5 million in merger-related costs.

FDIC assessments were $8.4 million in 2024, compared to $8.6 million in 2023.

Amortization of intangibles decreased $4.8 million, or 17%, to $23.9 million during 2024 from $28.7 million in 2023. The acquisition of Professional in 2023 added $48.9 million in core deposit intangible assets, which are amortized using an accelerated amortization method.

Other real estate owned expense and net loss (gain) on sale was a net loss of $0.4 million in 2024, compared to a net loss of $1.0 million in 2023. Charges in each year primarily relate to valuation adjustments on former branch properties.

Provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments was $1.0 million in 2024 and $1.2 million in 2023.

Other expense totaled $24.3 million and $29.2 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease of $4.8 million, or 17%, reflects the Company's achievement of expense reduction initiatives in late 2023 and early 2024.

Income Taxes

In 2024, the provision for income taxes totaled $34.9 million, compared to $30.2 million in 2023. The increase reflects higher pre-tax income in 2024. Discrete taxes related to share-based compensation resulted in a net expense of $0.2 million and a benefit of $0.5 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Fourth Quarter Results and Analysis

Net income totaled $34.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, an increase of $3.4 million, or 11%, from the third quarter of 2024, and an increase of $4.5 million, or 15%, compared to the fourth quarter of 2023. Adjusted net income1 totaled $40.6 million, an increase of $10.0 million, or 33%, from the third quarter of 2024, and an increase of $9.2 million, or 29%, compared to the fourth quarter of 2023. Diluted earnings per share was $0.40 and adjusted diluted EPS12was $0.48 in the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to diluted EPS of $0.36 and adjusted diluted EPS1 of $0.36 in the third quarter of 2024 and compared to diluted EPS of $0.35 and adjusted diluted EPS1 of $0.37 in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Net revenues, which are calculated as net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent basis plus noninterest income excluding securities gains and losses were $132.9 million, an increase of $2.5 million, or 2%, from the third quarter of 2024 and an increase of $4.7 million, or 4%, from the fourth quarter of 2023.

Net interest income totaled $115.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, an increase of $9.1 million, or 9%, from the third quarter of 2024 and an increase of $5.0 million, or 4%, compared to the fourth quarter of 2023. The increase in the fourth quarter of 2024 was largely driven by a 26 basis point decline in the cost of deposits. Accretion on acquired loans totaled $11.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, $9.2 million in the third quarter of 2024, and $11.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Net interest margin increased 22 basis points to 3.39% in the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to 3.17% in the third quarter of 2024. Excluding the effects of accretion on acquired loans, net interest margin expanded 15 basis points to 3.05% in the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to 2.90% in the third quarter of 2024. Loan yields decreased one basis point from the prior quarter to 5.93%. Excluding the effects of accretion on acquired loans, loan yields decreased 10 basis points, from 5.58% in the third quarter of 2024 to 5.48% in the fourth quarter of 2024. Securities yields increased two basis points to 3.77%, compared to 3.75% in the prior quarter. The cost of deposits declined 26 basis points, from 2.34% in the prior quarter, to 2.08% in the fourth quarter of 2024. Lower interest expense on deposits reflects the impact of recent cuts to the Federal Funds rate.

The provision for credit losses was $3.7 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, compared to $6.3 million in the third quarter of 2024 and $4.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Noninterest income, excluding securities gains and losses, totaled $25.5 million for the fourth quarter of 2024, an increase of $2.0 million, or 8%, when compared to the third quarter of 2024, and an increase of $5.7 million, or 29%, compared to the fourth quarter of 2023. Results for the fourth quarter of 2024 included an $8.0 million loss on the repositioning of a portion of the available-for-sale securities portfolio. Securities with an average book yield of 2.8% were sold, and the proceeds of approximately $113 million were reinvested in agency mortgage-backed securities with an average book yield of 5.4%, for an estimated earnback of less than three years. Other changes compared to the third quarter of 2024 included the following:

• Service charges on deposits totaled $5.1 million, a decrease of $0.3 million, or 5%, from the prior quarter and an increase of $0.3 million, or 6%, from the prior year quarter. The fourth quarter of 2024 was modestly impacted by hurricane-related fee waivers, while our investments in talent and significant market expansion across the state resulted in continued growth in treasury management services to commercial customers compared to the prior year.
• Wealth management income totaled $4.0 million, an increase of $0.2 million, or 5%, from the prior quarter and an increase of $0.8 million, or 23%, from the prior year quarter.
• Insurance agency income totaled $1.2 million, a decrease of 18% from the prior quarter, reflecting typical fourth quarter seasonality, and an increase of 8% from the prior year quarter.
• Other income totaled $10.3 million, an increase of $2.5 million, or 31%, from the prior quarter and an increase of $4.7 million, or 85% from the prior year quarter. Fourth quarter 2024 results include gains on SBIC investments and gains on the sale of two nonperforming commercial real estate loans.

Noninterest expenses for the fourth quarter of 2024 totaled $85.6 million, an increase of $0.8 million, or 1%, from the third quarter of 2024 and a decrease of $0.8 million, or 1%, from the fourth quarter of 2023. Results in the fourth quarter of 2024 included:

12Non-GAAP measure, see “Explanation of Certain Unaudited Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to GAAP.

• Salaries and wages totaled $42.4 million, an increase of $1.7 million, or 4%, compared to the prior quarter and an increase of $3.9 million, or 10%, from the prior year quarter, reflecting continued onboarding of banking teams and talent across our footprint.
• Employee benefits totaled $6.5 million, a decrease of $0.4 million, or 6%, compared to the prior quarter and a decrease of $0.1 million, or 2%, from the prior year quarter. The decrease from the prior quarter is due to seasonally lower 401(k) and payroll tax expense.
• Outsourced data processing costs totaled $8.3 million, an increase of $0.3 million, or 4%, compared to the prior quarter and a decrease of $0.3 million, or 4%, from the prior year quarter. Higher customer transaction volume contributed to the increase over the prior quarter.
• Occupancy costs totaled $7.2 million, an increase of $0.1 million, or 2%, compared to the prior quarter and a decrease of $0.3 million, or 4%, from the prior year quarter. The fourth quarter of 2024 included $0.2 million in preparation and recovery costs related to Hurricane Milton.
• Marketing expenses totaled $2.1 million, reflecting a decrease of $0.6 million, or 22%, compared to the prior quarter and a decrease of $0.9 million, or 29%, from the prior year quarter, primarily associated with the timing of various marketing campaigns. We will continue to invest in marketing and branding supporting customer growth initiatives.
• Legal and professional fees totaled $2.8 million, an increase of $0.1 million, or 4%, compared to the prior quarter and a decrease of $0.5 million, or 15%, from the prior year quarter.

Explanation of Certain Unaudited Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This report contains financial information determined by methods other than Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The financial highlights provide reconciliations between GAAP and adjusted financial measures including net income, fully taxable equivalent net interest income, noninterest income, noninterest expense, tax adjustments, net interest margin and other financial ratios. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in its analysis of the Company’s performance and believes these presentations provide useful supplemental information, and a clearer understanding of the Company’s performance. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures enhance investors’ understanding of the Company’s business and performance and if not provided would be requested by the investor community. These measures are also useful in understanding performance trends and facilitate comparisons with the performance of other financial institutions. The limitations associated with operating measures are the risk that persons might disagree as to the appropriateness of items comprising these measures and that different companies might define or calculate these measures differently. The Company provides reconciliations between GAAP and these non-GAAP measures. These disclosures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP.

The following table provides reconciliations between GAAP and adjusted (non-GAAP) financial measures.

(In thousands except per share data)

38

(In thousands except per share data)

39

(In thousands except per share data)

40

Financial Condition

Total assets increased $596.1 million, or 4.1%, year-over-year to $15.2 billion at December 31, 2024, notably due to organic growth of loans and deposits.

Securities

Information related to yields, maturities, carrying values and fair value of the Company’s securities is set forth in “Note 3 - Securities” of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $2.4 billion in securities available-for-sale, and $635.2 million in securities held-to-maturity. The Company's total debt securities portfolio increased $340.0 million, or 12%, from December 31, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, there were $993.9 million of debt securities purchased and $428.0 million in paydowns and maturities. Debt securities with a fair value of $217.0 million were sold in 2024, resulting in $12.0 million in realized losses. The Company took advantage of favorable market conditions to reposition a portion of its AFS portfolio and reinvest the proceeds in debt securities at higher yields. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there were $100.9 million of debt securities purchased, $167.1 million acquired through the acquisition of Professional and $287.9 million in paydowns and maturities over the same period. $82.9 million of securities were sold in 2023, with $2.9 million in realized losses.

Debt securities generally return principal and interest monthly. The modified duration of the available-for-sale securities portfolio and the total portfolio was 4.7 and 4.9, respectively, at December 31, 2024, compared to 4.5 and 4.9, respectively, at December 31, 2023.

At December 31, 2024, available-for-sale securities had gross unrealized losses of $211.3 million and gross unrealized gains of $3.5 million, compared to gross unrealized losses of $217.7 million and gross unrealized gains of $4.4 million at December 31, 2023.

The credit quality of the Company’s securities holdings is primarily investment grade. U.S. Treasury securities, obligations of U.S. government agencies, and obligations of U.S. government sponsored entities totaled $2.4 billion, or 82%, of the total portfolio at December 31, 2024.

The portfolio includes $129.5 million, with a fair value of $121.2 million, in private label residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. Included are $119.8 million, with a fair value of $111.8 million, in private label residential securities with weighted-average credit support of 22%. The collateral underlying these mortgage investments includes both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans. Commercial securities totaled $9.6 million, with a fair value of $9.4 million. These securities have weighted-average credit support of 27%. The collateral underlying these mortgages are primarily pooled multifamily loans.

The Company also has invested $278.3 million in floating rate collateralized loan obligations. Collateralized loan obligations are special purpose vehicles that purchase first lien broadly syndicated corporate loans while providing support to senior tranche investors. As of December 31, 2024, all of the Company's collateralized loan obligations were in AAA/AA tranches with weighted-average credit support of 36%. The Company utilizes credit models with assumptions of loan level defaults, recoveries, and prepayments to evaluate each security for potential credit losses. The result of this analysis did not indicate expected credit losses.

Held-to-maturity securities consist solely of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored entities, each of which is expected to recover any price depreciation over its holding period as the debt securities move to maturity. The Company has significant liquidity and available borrowing capacity through other sources if needed, and has the intent and ability to hold these investments to maturity.

At December 31, 2024, the Company has determined that all debt securities in an unrealized loss position are the result of both broad investment type spreads and the current interest rate environment. Management believes that each investment will recover any price depreciation over its holding period as the debt securities move to maturity, and management has the intent and ability to hold these investments to maturity. Therefore, at December 31, 2024, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded.

The maturity distribution of AFS securities is detailed in the following table.

(In thousands)

42

The following table details the maturity distribution of HTM securities.

(In thousands)

43

Loan Portfolio

The Company remains committed to sound risk management procedures. Portfolio diversification in terms of asset mix, industry, and loan type has been and continues to be an important element of the Company’s lending strategy. The average loan size is $383 thousand, and the average commercial loan size is $814 thousand at December 31, 2024, reflecting the Company’s longtime focus on granularity and on creating valuable customer relationships. Lending policies contain guardrails that pertain to lending by type of collateral and purpose, along with limits regarding loan concentrations and the principal amount of loans. The Company's exposure to commercial real estate lending remains well below regulatory limits (see “Loan Concentrations”).

The following table details loan portfolio composition at December 31, 2024 and 2023 for portfolio loans, purchased credit deteriorated loans and loans purchased which are not considered credit deteriorated (“Non-PCD”) as defined in “Note 4 - Loans.”

(In thousands)

(In thousands)

Loans, net of unearned income and excluding the allowance for credit losses, were $10.3 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $237.0 million, or 2.4%, compared to December 31, 2023.

The amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2024, and 2023 included net deferred costs of $43.9 million and $43.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024, the remaining fair value adjustments on acquired loans were $128.1 million, or 4.3% of the outstanding acquired loan balances, compared to $174.0 million, or 4.8% of the acquired loan balances at December 31, 2023. The discount is accreted into interest income over the remaining lives of the related loans on a level yield basis.

Construction and land development loans decreased $119.6 million, or 15.6%, totaling $648.1 million at December 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023. These loans, extended to both commercial and consumer customers, are collateralized by and for the purpose of funding land development and construction projects. Repayment is from the proceeds of the sale, refinancing or permanent financing of the property. In 2023, the Company acquired $151.0 million in construction and land development loans from Professional, and pay downs and conversion of acquired and originated loans to permanent is contributing to the decrease year-over-year.

Commercial real estate owner occupied loans totaled $1.7 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $16.3 million, or 1% compared to December 31, 2023. Commercial real estate owner occupied loans are extended to commercial customers for the purpose of acquiring or refinancing real estate to be occupied by the borrower's business. These loans are collateralized by the subject property and the repayment of these loans is largely dependent on the performance of the company occupying the property.

Commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans increased $183.9 million, or 6%, totaling $3.5 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $3.3 billion December 31, 2023. Non-owner occupied CRE loans are collateralized by properties where the source of repayment is typically from the sale or lease of the property. Within the non-owner occupied CRE portfolio, the largest segment is Retail properties, which totaled approximately $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024, with an average loan size of $2.3 million. This segment targets grocery or credit tenant-anchored shopping plazas, single credit tenant retail buildings, smaller outparcels, and other small retail units. The second-largest segment in the non-owner occupied CRE portfolio is office properties, which totaled $568.3 million at December 31, 2024, with an average loan size of $1.7 million. This segment targets low to mid-rise suburban offices and is broadly diversified across many types of professional services, with limited exposure to central business districts. Other non-owner occupied CRE loans include $439.1 million in loans collateralized by industrial or warehouse properties, $375.7 million collateralized by multi-family residential properties, $336.2 million collateralized by hotels or motels, and $597.5 million collateralized by other property types, including restaurants, schools and recreation centers.

Residential real estate loans increased $171.1 million, or 7%, year-over-year to $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2024. Included in the balance as of December 31, 2024 were $1.0 billion of fixed rate mortgages, $970.2 million of ARMs, and $614.7 million in home equity loans and HELOCs, compared to $1.0 billion, $865.2 million and $488.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Substantially all residential mortgage originations have been underwritten to conventional loan agency standards, including loans having balances that exceed agency value limitations. The average LTV of our HELOC portfolio is 64% with 31% of the portfolio being in the first lien position at December 31, 2024, compared to an average LTV of 63% with 35% of the portfolio being in the first lien position at December 31, 2023.

Commercial and financial loans increased year-over-year by $43.5 million, or 3%, totaling $1.7 billion at December 31, 2024. The purpose of these loans may be to provide working capital, asset acquisition or for other business purposes, and are generally supported by projected cash flows of the business, collateralized by business assets, and/or guaranteed by the business owners. The Company continues to exercise a disciplined approach to lending and is benefiting from the investments made in recent years to attract talent from large regional banks across its markets. This talent is onboarding significant new relationships, resulting in increased loan production.

The Company also provides consumer loans, which include installment loans, auto loans, marine loans and other consumer loans, which decreased $58.2 million, or 23%, year-over-year to a total of $193.3 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $251.6 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease is partly due to the transfer to held-for-sale of $20.0 million in consumer loans previously acquired through bank acquisitions.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had unfunded commitments to extend credit of $2.9 billion, compared to $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023 (see “Note 15 - Contingent Liabilities and Commitments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements).

Loan production and late-stage pipelines (loans in underwriting and approval or approved and not yet closed) are detailed in the following table for the periods specified:

(In thousands)

Commercial and commercial real estate originations in 2024 totaled $1.9 billion, compared to $1.1 billion in 2023. Higher originations are the result of investments made in recent years to attract commercial banking talent. This talent is onboarding significant new relationships, resulting in increased loan production. Commercial and commercial real estate pipelines were $605.4 million as of December 31, 2024, an increase of 97% from $306.5 million at December 31, 2023.

SBA originations totaled $82.4 million in 2024, an increase of $33.5 million, or 68%, from 2023. The SBA pipeline increased 40% to $28.8 million at December 31, 2024 from $20.6 million at December 31, 2023.

Residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market totaled $71.7 million in 2024, an increase of 8% compared to $66.3 million in 2023. Residential saleable pipelines were $6.7 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $2.7 million as of December 31, 2023.

Residential loan production retained in the portfolio for 2024 was $245.3 million, compared to $260.5 million in 2023. The pipeline of residential loans intended to be retained in the portfolio was $35.1 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $44.4 million as of December 31, 2023.

Consumer originations, which includes HELOCs, totaled $216.0 million during 2024, compared to $346.2 million during 2023, reflecting a decrease of $130.2 million, or 38%. The consumer pipeline was $17.4 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $18.7 million as of December 31, 2023.

The following table presents loans by maturity, separately presenting fixed rate loans from those with floating or adjustable rates.

(In thousands)

Loan Concentrations

The Company has developed prudent guardrails to manage loan types that are most impacted by stressed market conditions in order to minimize credit risk concentration to capital. Outstanding balances for commercial and commercial real estate loan relationships greater than $10 million totaled $2.7 billion, representing 26% of the total portfolio at December 31, 2024, compared to $2.3 billion, or 23%, at December 31, 2023. The Company’s ten largest commercial and commercial real estate funded and unfunded relationships at December 31, 2024 aggregated to $547.5 million, of which $433.0 million was funded, compared to $505.7 million at December 31, 2023, of which $348.3 million was funded.

Concentrations in total construction and land development loans and total commercial real estate loans are maintained well below regulatory limits. Construction and land development and commercial real estate loan concentrations as a percentage of subsidiary bank total risk-based capital, were 38% and 237%, respectively, at December 31, 2024, compared to 48% and 244% as of December 31, 2023. Regulatory guidance suggests limits of 100% and 300%, respectively. On a consolidated basis, construction and land development and commercial real estate loans represent 36% and 224%, respectively, of total consolidated risk-based capital. To determine these ratios, the Company defines commercial real estate in accordance with the guidance on “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending” (the “Guidance”) issued by the federal bank regulatory agencies in 2006 (and reinforced in 2015), which defines commercial real estate loans as exposures secured by land development and construction, including 1-4 family residential construction, multifamily property, and non-farm nonresidential property where the primary or a significant source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property (i.e. loans for which 50 percent or more of the source of repayment comes from third party, non-affiliated, rental income) or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent financing of the property. Loans to real estate investment trusts and unsecured loans to developers that closely correlate to the inherent risks in commercial real estate markets would also be considered commercial real estate loans under the Guidance. Loans on owner-occupied commercial real estate are generally excluded. In addition, the Company is subject to a geographic concentration of credit because it primarily operates in Florida.

Nonperforming Loans, Troubled Borrower Modifications, Other Real Estate Owned, and Credit Quality

Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2024 totaled $98.9 million, an increase of $26.2 million, or 36%, compared to 2023, and were comprised of $92.4 million of nonaccrual loans, and $6.4 million of OREO, including $5.5 million of branches taken out of service. As of December 31, 2023, nonperforming assets included nonaccrual loans of $65.1 million and OREO of $7.6 million including $7.3 million of branches taken out of service. Approximately 69% of nonaccrual loans were secured with real estate at December 31, 2024. Nonperforming loans to total loans outstanding at December 31, 2024 increased to 0.90% from 0.65% at December 31, 2023. NPAs to total assets at December 31, 2024 increased to 0.65% from 0.50% at December 31,

2023. A significant portion of nonaccrual loans have collateral values well in excess of balances outstanding, and therefore, no loss is expected.

The table below sets forth details related to nonaccrual loans.

(In thousands)

(In thousands)

(In thousands, except percentages)

The Company recognized interest income of $1.3 million and $0.5 million on nonaccrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had troubled borrower modification loans with an amortized cost of $11.6 million and $17.5 million, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

Management establishes the allowance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The forecasts of future economic conditions are over a period that has been deemed reasonable and supportable, and in segments where it can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts, the Company reverts to longer-term historical loss experience to estimate losses over the remaining life of the loans. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments.

Net charge-offs for 2024 were $27.1 million, or 0.27% of average loans, compared to $21.4 million, or 0.22%, for 2023. The ratio of allowance to total loans decreased to 1.34% at December 31, 2024 from 1.48% at December 31, 2023.

Activity in the allowance for credit losses is summarized as follows:

(In thousands)

(In thousands)

(In thousands, except percentages)

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Liquidity Risk Management and Contractual Commitments

Liquidity risk involves the risk of being unable to fund assets with the appropriate duration and rate-based liability, as well as the risk of not being able to meet unexpected cash needs. Liquidity planning and management are necessary to ensure the ability to fund operations cost effectively and to meet current and future potential obligations such as loan commitments and unexpected deposit outflows.

Funding sources include primarily customer-based deposits, collateral-backed borrowings, brokered deposits, cash flows from operations, cash flows from the loan and investment portfolios and asset sales, primarily secondary marketing for residential real estate mortgages. Cash flows from operations are a significant component of liquidity risk management and the Company considers both deposit maturities and the scheduled cash flows from loan and investment maturities and payments when managing risk.

Cash and cash equivalents, including interest-bearing deposits, totaled $476.6 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $447.2 million at December 31, 2023.

Deposits are a primary source of liquidity. The stability of this funding source is affected by numerous factors, including returns available to customers on alternative investments, the quality of customer service levels, perception of safety and competitive forces. Total uninsured deposits were estimated to be $4.4 billion at December 31, 2024, representing 36% of overall deposit accounts. This includes public funds under the Florida Qualified Public Depository program, which provides loss protection to depositors beyond FDIC insurance limits. Excluding such balances, the uninsured and uncollateralized deposits were 30% of total deposits. The Company has liquidity sources as discussed below, including cash and lines of credit with the FRB and FHLB, that represent 138% of uninsured deposits, and 167% of uninsured and uncollateralized deposits.

In addition to $476.6 million in cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2024, the Company had $5.7 billion in available borrowing capacity, including $4.0 billion in available collateralized lines of credit, $1.3 billion of unpledged debt securities available as collateral for potential additional borrowings, and available unsecured lines of credit of $348.0 million. The Company may also access funding by acquiring brokered deposits. Brokered deposits at December 31, 2024 totaled $293.6 million compared to $122.3 million at December 31, 2023.

Contractual maturities for assets and liabilities are reviewed to meet current and expected future liquidity requirements. Sources of liquidity are maintained through a portfolio of high quality marketable assets, such as residential mortgage loans, debt securities available-for-sale and interest-bearing deposits. The Company is also able to provide short-term financing of its activities by selling, under an agreement to repurchase, United States Treasury and Government agency debt securities not pledged to secure public deposits or trust funds.

The Company has traditionally relied upon dividends from Seacoast Bank and securities offerings to provide funds to pay the Company’s expenses and to service the Company’s debt. During 2024, Seacoast Bank distributed $59.6 million to the Company and, at December 31, 2024, is eligible to distribute dividends to the Company of approximately $188.9 million without prior regulatory approval. At December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents at the parent of $95.8 million, compared to $101.7 million at December 31, 2023.

The following table presents contractual obligations by remaining maturity. All deposits presented in the table with indeterminate maturities such as interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing demand deposits, savings accounts and money market accounts are presented as having a maturity of one year or less. The Company considers these low cost deposits to be its largest, most stable funding source, despite having no contracted maturity.

(In thousands)

50

Deposits and Borrowings

The following table details the Company's customer relationship funding as of:

(In thousands, except percentages)

The Company benefits from a diverse and granular deposit base that serves as a significant source of strength. Total deposits increased $465.5 million, or 4%, to $12.2 billion at December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023.

Noninterest demand deposits represented 27% of total deposits at December 31, 2024 compared to 30% at December 31, 2023 primarily driven by the higher interest rate environment driving a mix shift to money market products. Transaction account balances (noninterest demand and interest-bearing demand) represented 49% of total deposits at December 31, 2024, compared to 54% at December 31, 2023.

Time deposits over $250,000 were $549.9 million and $550.3 million at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The following table details the remaining maturities of time deposits of $250,000 and greater at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands, except percentages)

Customer repurchase agreements totaled $232.1 million at December 31, 2024, decreasing $142.5 million, or 38%, from December 31, 2023. Repurchase agreements are offered by Seacoast to select customers who wish to sweep excess balances on a daily basis for investment purposes.

At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, long-term debt included $72.5 million and $72.2 million, respectively, related to trust preferred securities issued by trusts organized or acquired by the Company. At December 31, 2024, the average interest rate in effect on our outstanding subordinated debt related to trust preferred securities was 6.34%, compared to 7.34% at December 31, 2023. The acquired junior subordinated debentures were recorded at fair value, which collectively was $2.8 million lower than face value at December 31, 2024. This amount is being amortized into interest expense over the acquired subordinated debts' remaining term to maturity. All trust preferred securities are guaranteed by the Company on a junior subordinated basis.

Under Basel III and FRB rules, qualified trust preferred securities and other restricted capital elements can be included as Tier 1 capital, within limitations. The Company believes that its trust preferred securities qualify under these capital rules.

In 2022, the Company acquired $12.3 million in senior debt through the acquisition of Apollo. Contractual interest is paid on a semiannual basis at a fixed rate of 5.50% until October 30, 2025, at which point the rate converts to a floating rate of 3-month SOFR plus 533 basis points until maturity in 2030. The debt was recorded at fair value, resulting in a $0.4 million premium that is being amortized into interest expense over the remaining term to maturity.

In 2023, the Company acquired $25.0 million in subordinated debt through the acquisition of Professional that qualifies as Tier 2 Capital. Contractual interest is paid on a semiannual basis at a fixed interest rate of 3.375% until January 30, 2027, at which point the rate converts to a 3-month SOFR rate plus 203 basis points paid quarterly until maturity in 2032. The debt was recorded at fair value, resulting in a $3.9 million discount that is being accreted into interest expense over the remaining term to maturity.

FHLB advances totaled $245.0 million at December 31, 2024 with a weighted-average interest rate of 4.19%, compared to $50.0 million at December 31, 2023 with an interest rate of 3.23%.

See “Note 9 - Borrowings” to the Company's consolidated financial statements for more detailed information pertaining to borrowings.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

In the normal course of business, the Company may engage in a variety of financial transactions that, under GAAP, either are not recorded on the balance sheet or are recorded on the balance sheet in amounts that differ from the full contract or notional amounts. These transactions involve varying elements of market, credit and liquidity risk.

Lending commitments include unfunded loan commitments and standby and commercial letters of credit. For loan commitments, the contractual amount of a commitment represents the maximum potential credit risk that could result if the entire commitment had been funded, the borrower had not performed according to the terms of the contract, and no collateral had been provided. A large majority of loan commitments and standby letters of credit expire without being funded, and accordingly, total contractual amounts are not representative of our actual future credit exposure or liquidity requirements. Loan commitments and letters of credit expose the Company to credit risk in the event that the customer draws on the commitment and subsequently fails to perform under the terms of the lending agreement.

For commercial customers, loan commitments generally take the form of revolving credit arrangements. For retail customers, loan commitments generally are lines of credit secured by residential property. These instruments are not recorded on the balance sheet until funds are advanced under the commitment. Unfunded commitments to extend credit were $2.9 billion at December 31, 2024, and $2.7 billion at December 31, 2023 (see “Note 15 - Contingent Liabilities and Commitments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements).

In the normal course of business, the Company and Seacoast Bank enter into agreements, or are subject to regulatory agreements that result in cash, debt and dividend restrictions. A summary of the most restrictive items follows:

Seacoast Bank may be required to maintain reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. There was no reserve requirement at December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Under FRB regulation, Seacoast Bank is limited as to the amount it may loan to its affiliates, including the Company, unless such loans are collateralized by specified obligations. At December 31, 2024, the maximum amount available for transfer from Seacoast Bank to the Company in the form of loans approximated $185.2 million, if the Company has sufficient acceptable collateral. There were no loans made to affiliates during the periods ending December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Capital Resources and Management

The Company's equity capital at December 31, 2024 increased $75.2 million, or 3.6%, from December 31, 2023, to $2.2 billion. Changes in equity included increases from net income of $121.0 million, partially offset by the issuance of cash dividends on common stock totaling $61.6 million.

The ratio of shareholders’ equity to period end total assets was 14.39% and 14.46% at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The ratio of tangible shareholders’ equity to tangible assets was 9.60% and 9.31% at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Activity in shareholders’ equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 follows:

(In thousands)

At December 31, 2024, capital ratios for Seacoast and Seacoast Bank are well above regulatory requirements for well-capitalized institutions. Management’s use of risk-based capital ratios in its analysis of the Company’s capital adequacy are not GAAP financial measures. Seacoast’s management uses these measures to assess the quality of capital and believes that investors may find it useful in their analysis of the Company. The capital measures are not necessarily comparable to similar capital measures that may be presented by other companies and Seacoast does not nor should investors consider such non-GAAP financial measures in isolation from, or as a substitute for GAAP financial information (see “Note 13 - Regulatory Capital”).

The Company’s total risk-based capital ratio was 16.18% at December 31, 2024, an increase from 15.92% at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the Bank’s leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to adjusted total assets) was 10.66%, compared to 10.32% at December 31, 2023, well above the minimum to be well-capitalized under regulatory guidelines.

The following table shows the components of regulatory capital to calculate regulatory capital ratios.

(In thousands, except percentages)

54

The Company and Seacoast Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The appropriate federal bank regulatory authority may prohibit the payment of dividends where it has determined that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice. The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from Seacoast Bank and its other subsidiaries, and the Company’s primary source of cash and liquidity, other than securities offerings and borrowings, is dividends from its bank subsidiary. Seacoast Bank can pay up to $188.9 million of dividends to the Company without OCC approval (see “Part I. Item 1. Business”).

The OCC and the FRB have policies that encourage banks and bank holding companies to pay dividends from current earnings, and have the general authority to limit the dividends paid by national banks and bank holding companies, respectively, if such payment may be deemed to constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. If, in the particular circumstances, either of these federal regulators determined that the payment of dividends would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice, either the OCC or the FRB may, among other things, issue a cease and desist order prohibiting the payment of dividends by Seacoast Bank or us, respectively. The Board of Directors of a bank holding company must consider different factors to ensure that its dividend level, if any, is prudent relative to the organization’s financial position and is not based on overly optimistic earnings scenarios such as any potential events that may occur before the payment date that could affect its ability to pay, while still maintaining a strong financial position. As a general matter, the FRB has indicated that the Board of Directors of a bank holding company, such as Seacoast, should consult with the FRB and eliminate, defer, or significantly reduce the bank holding company’s dividends if: (i) its net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (ii) its prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with its capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or (iii) it will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

The Company has paid quarterly dividends since the second quarter of 2021. Whether the Company continues to pay quarterly dividends and the amount of any such dividends will be at the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors and will depend on the Company's earnings, financial condition, results of operations, business prospects, capital requirements, regulatory restrictions, and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

The Company has seven wholly owned trust subsidiaries that have issued trust preferred stock. Trust preferred securities from acquisitions were recorded at fair value when acquired. All trust preferred securities are guaranteed by the Company on a junior subordinated basis. The FRB’s rules permit qualified trust preferred securities and other restricted capital elements to be included under Basel III capital guidelines, with limitations, and net of goodwill and intangibles. The Company believes that its trust preferred securities qualify under these revised regulatory capital rules and believes that it can treat all its trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital. For regulatory purposes, the trust preferred securities are added to the Company’s tangible common shareholders’ equity to calculate Tier 1 capital.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, including prevailing practices within the financial services industry. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments in the application of certain of its accounting policies that involve significant estimates and assumptions. The Company has established policies and control procedures that are intended to ensure valuation methods are well controlled and applied consistently from period to period. These estimates and assumptions, which may materially affect the reported amounts of certain assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements, and changes in this information over time and the use of revised estimates and assumptions could materially affect amounts reported in subsequent financial statements. Management, after consultation with the Company’s Audit Committee, believes the most critical accounting estimates and assumptions that involve the most difficult, subjective and complex assessments are:

• the allowance and the provision for credit losses;
• acquisition accounting and purchased loans;
• intangible assets and impairment testing, and;
• fair value of financial instruments

The following is a discussion of the critical accounting policies intended to facilitate a reader’s understanding of the judgments, estimates and assumptions underlying these accounting policies and the possible or likely events or uncertainties known to the Company that could have a material effect on reported financial information. For more information regarding management’s judgments relating to significant accounting policies and recent accounting pronouncements, see “Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies” to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) represents management’s best estimate of expected future credit losses related to the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The estimate of the ACL requires significant judgment and is based on a variety of factors. Management establishes the allowance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Economic forecast data is sourced from Moody’s Analytics, a firm widely recognized for its research, analysis, and economic forecasts. The forecast may utilize one scenario or a composite of scenarios based on management's judgment and expectations around the current and future macroeconomic outlook. The forecasts of future economic conditions are over a period that has been deemed reasonable and supportable, and in segments where it can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts, the Company reverts to longer-term historical loss experience to estimate losses over the remaining life of the loans. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments.

One of the most significant judgments in estimating the Allowance for credit losses relates to the macroeconomic forecasts. As of December 31, 2024, the Company utilized a blend of Moody’s most recent “U.S. Macroeconomic Outlook Baseline” (Baseline), “Alternative Scenario 1 – Upside- 10th Percentile” (S1), and “Alternative Scenario 3 - Downside - 90th Percentile” (S3) scenarios. The weighting applied in the December 31, 2024 analysis reflects an improvement in the economic outlook as compared to December 31, 2023, and considers the anticipated actions taken by the FRB with regard to monetary policy and interest rates and the potential impact of those actions. The forecasted credit losses incorporate numerous macroeconomic variables, although specific variables have a greater impact on the outcome than others. Specifically, changes in expectations indicated by the Commercial Real Estate Price Index have the most significant impact on the estimate of expected losses for commercial real estate non-owner-occupied loans and construction and land development loans, the housing price index is the economic forecast variable most significantly impacting the estimate of expected losses for residential loans, and the unemployment rate is a significant contributor to commercial and consumer loans.

Management considers a range of macroeconomic forecast data in connection with the allowance estimation process. It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one economic factor might affect the overall allowance because a wide variety of factors and inputs are considered in the allowance estimate. Changes in the factors and inputs may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all product types. Additionally, changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor may offset deterioration in others. Under the range of scenarios considered as of December 31, 2024, use of solely Moody’s S3 downside scenario would have resulted in an increase to the modeled allowance results of approximately $66 million or 66 basis points. This estimate reflects the sensitivity of the modeled allowance estimate to macroeconomic forecast data but does not consider other qualitative adjustments that could increase or decrease modeled loss estimates calculated using this alternative economic scenario.

Seacoast conducted an additional sensitivity by increasing loss sensitivities by 5% and 10% to each of the loan pools. Estimated credit losses increased by $6 million and $11 million, respectively, from the probability weighted model outcomes, but does not consider other qualitative adjustments that could increase or decrease modeled loss estimates. Changes in the loss assumptions and forecasts of economic conditions could significantly affect the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses at the balance sheet date or lead to significant changes in the estimate from one reporting period to the next.

Qualitative adjustments may be made to modeled reserves based on an assessment of internal and external influences on credit quality not fully reflected in the quantitative components of the allowance model. These influences may include elements such as changes in concentration, macroeconomic conditions, recent observable asset quality trends, staff turnover, regional market conditions, employment levels, model risk, and loan growth.

For additional information regarding the Company's methodology for calculating the Allowance for Credit Losses, see Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies and Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acquisition Accounting and Purchased Loans

The Company accounts for acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, including loans, are recorded at fair value. All loans acquired are recorded at fair value in accordance with the fair value methodology prescribed in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. The fair value estimates associated with the loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of expected principal, interest and other cash flows. Loans are identified as PCD when they have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. An allowance for expected credit losses on PCD loans is recorded at the date of acquisition through an adjustment to the loans’ amortized cost basis. In contrast, expected credit losses on loans not considered PCD are recognized through the provision for credit losses at the date of acquisition.

The non-credit discount or premium related to PCD loans and the fair value adjustment on non-PCD loans are amortized or accreted to Interest and fees on loans over the contractual life of the loans using the effective interest method. In the event of prepayment, unamortized discounts or premiums are recognized in Interest and fees on loans.

Fair value estimates for acquired assets and assumed liabilities are based on the information available, and are subject to change for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as additional information relative to closing date fair values becomes available.

Intangible Assets and Impairment Testing

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. The core deposit intangible, which is the majority of the remaining intangible asset balance, represents the excess intangible value of acquired deposit customer relationships. Core deposit intangibles are amortized using an amortization method that reflects the expected value over time, and are evaluated for indications of potential impairment at least annually. Goodwill is not amortized but rather is evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis. We performed an annual impairment test of goodwill in the fourth quarter of 2024 and concluded that no impairment existed.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

AFS securities

AFS securities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on market quotations when available or, if not available, by using quoted market prices for similar securities, pricing models or discounted cash flow analyses, using observable market data where available. The fair value of AFS securities is based upon pricing obtained from third party pricing services. Based on internal review procedures and the fair values provided by the pricing services, the Company believes that the fair values provided by the pricing services are consistent with the principles of ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. On occasion, pricing provided by the pricing services may not be consistent with other observed prices in the market for similar securities. Using observable market factors, including interest rate and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities and default rates, the Company may at times validate the observed prices using a discounted cash flow model and using the observed prices for similar securities to determine the fair value of its securities.

Seacoast analyzes AFS debt securities quarterly for credit losses utilizing both quantitative and qualitative assessments to determine if a security has a credit loss. Quantitative assessments are based on a discounted cash flow method. Qualitative assessments consider a range of factors including: rating downgrades, subordination, amortized loan-to-value, and the ability of the issuers to pay all amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms.

For AFS securities, if any portion of the decline in fair value is related to credit, the amount of allowance is determined as the portion related to credit, limited to the difference between the amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security. If the Company has the intent to sell or believes it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell an impaired AFS security before recovery of the amortized cost basis, the credit loss is recorded as a direct write-down of the amortized cost basis. Declines in the fair value of AFS securities that are not considered credit related are recognized in "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income" on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Derivatives

The Company enters into derivative contracts, including interest rate swaps, to meet the needs of customers who request such services and to manage the Company's interest rate risk. The fair value of these derivatives is based on a discounted cash flow approach and is based upon the estimated amount the Company would receive or pay to terminate the instruments, taking into account current interest rates and, when appropriate, the current credit worthiness of the counterparties. For additional information regarding the Company's derivatives see Note 6 – Derivatives.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

Fluctuations in interest rates may result in changes in the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, cash flows and net interest income. This risk is managed using simulation modeling to calculate the most likely interest rate risk utilizing estimated loan and deposit growth. The objective is to optimize the Company’s financial position, liquidity, and net interest income while limiting volatility.

Senior management regularly reviews the overall interest rate risk position and evaluates strategies to manage the risk. The Company's ALCO uses simulation analysis to monitor changes in net interest income due to changes in market interest rates. The simulation of rising, declining and flat interest rate scenarios allows management to monitor and adjust interest rate sensitivity to assess the impact of market interest rate swings. The analysis of the impact on net interest income over a twelve- month period is subjected to instantaneous changes in market rates and is monitored at least quarterly.

The following table presents the ALCO simulation model's projected impact of a change in interest rates on the projected baseline net interest income for the 12 and 24 month periods beginning on January 1, 2025, holding all balances on the balance sheet static. It is important to note that the results in the table below assume parallel shifts in the yield curve and do not take into account changes in the slope of the yield curve nor changes in balance sheet size or mix.

The computations of interest rate risk do not necessarily include certain actions management may undertake to manage this risk in response to changes in interest rates. Management may adjust asset or liability pricing or structure in order to manage interest rate risk through an interest rate cycle. This may include the use of investment portfolio purchases or sales or the use of derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, options, caps, floors, futures or forward contracts.

The Company's calculation of interest rate sensitivity for the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below. The balances of interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities are presented in the periods in which they reprice to market rates or mature. The amounts are aggregated to reflect the interest rate sensitivity gap. This analysis includes assumptions for prepayments of loans and securities and assumptions for core deposit re-pricing.

The computations of interest rate sensitivity are based on the static balance sheet and do not necessarily include certain actions management may undertake to manage this risk in response to changes in interest rates in the future. This may include specific efforts to change the size of the balance sheet or the relative composition of fixed versus variable rate assets and liabilities as well as qualitative changes that could impact quantitative performance.

(In thousands)

Market Risk

Market risk refers to potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, and other relevant market rates or prices.

Interest rate risk, defined as the exposure of net interest income and EVE to adverse movements in interest rates, is the Company’s primary market risk, and mainly arises from the structure of the balance sheet (non-trading activities). The Company is also exposed to market risk in its investing activities. The ALCO meets regularly and is responsible for reviewing the interest rate sensitivity position of the Company and establishing policies to monitor and limit exposure to interest rate risk. The policies established by the ALCO are reviewed and approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk, within policy limits approved by the Board of Directors. These limits reflect the Company’s tolerance for interest rate risk over short-term and long-term horizons.

The Company also performs valuation analyses, which are used for evaluating levels of risk present in the balance sheet that might not be taken into account in the net interest income simulation analyses. Whereas net interest income simulation highlights exposures over a relatively short time horizon, valuation analysis incorporates all cash flows over the estimated remaining life of all balance sheet positions. The valuation of the balance sheet, at a point in time, is defined as the discounted present value of asset cash flows minus the discounted value of liability cash flows, the net result of which is the EVE. The sensitivity of EVE to changes in the level of interest rates is a measure of the longer-term re-pricing risks and options risks embedded in the balance sheet. In contrast to the net interest income simulation, which assumes interest rates will change over a period of time, EVE uses instantaneous changes in rates.

EVE values only the current balance sheet, and does not incorporate the growth assumptions that are used in the net interest income simulation model. As with the net interest income simulation model, assumptions about the timing and variability of balance sheet cash flows are critical in the EVE analysis. Particularly important are the assumptions driving prepayments and the expected changes in balances and pricing of the indeterminate life deposit portfolios. Core deposits are a more significant funding source for the Company, making the lives attached to core deposits more important to the accuracy of our modeling of EVE. The Company periodically reassesses its assumptions regarding the indeterminate lives of core deposits utilizing an independent third-party resource to assist.

The following table presents the projected impact of a change in interest rates on the balance sheet. This change in interest rates assumes parallel shifts in the yield curve and does not take into account changes in the slope of the yield curve.

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates is used in this analysis, a gradual shift in interest rates would have a much more modest impact. Since EVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon, i.e., the next fiscal year. Further, EVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, change in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

Effects of Inflation and Changing Prices

The consolidated financial statements and related financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money, over time, due to inflation.

Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the general level of inflation. However, inflation affects financial institutions by increasing their cost of goods and services purchased, as well as the cost of salaries and benefits, occupancy expense, and similar items. Inflation and related increases in interest rates generally decrease the market value of investments and loans held and may adversely affect liquidity, earnings, and shareholders’ equity. Mortgage origination and refinancing tends to slow as interest rates increase, and higher interest rates will likely reduce the Company’s earnings from such activities and the income from the sale of residential mortgage loans in the secondary market.

Stock Performance Graph

The line graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Seacoast common stock with the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the S&P U.S. BMI Banks - Southeast Region Index for the same period. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2019 (the last day of trading for the year ended December 31, 2019) in each of Seacoast common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the S&P U.S. BMI Banks - Southeast Region Index. The cumulative total return represents the change in stock price and the amount of dividends received over the period, assuming all dividends were reinvested.

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SELECTED QUARTERLY INFORMATION

QUARTERLY CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)

62

(In thousands, except per share data)

63

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in SEC Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.

In connection with the preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was performed, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to management and the Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes.

Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. This assessment was based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in *Internal Control—*Integrated Framework 2013. Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective.

The Company's independent registered public accounting firm, Crowe LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting which is included herein.

(c) Change in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, there were no changes in the internal control over financial reporting that occurred or that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting.