Carlisle Companies Inc: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Overview

Carlisle Companies Incorporated (“Carlisle,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a leading manufacturer and supplier of innovative building envelope products and solutions that enable greater energy efficiency in buildings. Through our family of leading brands in our building products businesses, we provide labor-reducing and environmentally responsible solutions to contractors and building owners, with a keen focus on delivering the best-in-class Carlisle Experience to all channel partners.

Our Company website is www.carlisle.com (http://www.carlisle.com), through which we make available, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference and should not be considered part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references to "Notes" refer to our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Strategy

We strive to be a leading manufacturer and supplier of innovative building envelope products and solutions that enable greater energy efficiency in buildings in the various markets we serve. Our recently launched strategic plan, Vision 2030, builds on our track record of success following the pivot of Carlisle’s portfolio of general industrial businesses to a pure play building products company. Vision 2030 aims to leverage mega trends around energy efficiency, labor savings and the re-roofing cycle to generate above market growth driven by innovation, the Carlisle Experience and the Carlisle Operating System ("COS").

Key pillars of this strategic plan, which provides clarity and alignment, and are well-ingrained throughout the Company to guide our value-creating strategy going forward, include (1) dedication to driving above market organic revenue growth through continued investment in innovation and maintaining best-in-class production, service, and delivery capabilities, (2) utilizing COS, an operating structure and strategy deployment system based on lean enterprise and six sigma principles, consistently to drive efficiencies and operating leverage, (3) building scale with synergistic acquisitions, (4) continuing to invest in and develop exceptional talent, and (5) maintaining a balanced, returns-focused approach to capital deployment which includes returning excess capital to stockholders.

We utilize COS to drive improving operational performance. COS is a continuous improvement process that defines the way we do business and is deeply embedded in our culture throughout Carlisle’s operations. Waste is eliminated and efficiencies are improved enterprise-wide, driving both improvements to our sustainability efforts by reducing our carbon footprint and increasing profitability. These efforts expand beyond production areas, as COS drives new product innovation, engineering, supply chain management, warranty and product rationalization.

With accelerating demand for energy-efficient solutions for sustainable buildings of the future, we will continue to seek ways to improve our manufacturing processes to lower carbon emissions through COS. Importantly, we will continue to emphasize the development of energy efficient products, systems, and solutions on rooftops and throughout building envelopes that help to reduce carbon emissions from the built environment which is estimated to contribute as much as 30% of annual greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions.

We intend to continue to seek synergistic acquisitions that will enhance our ability to service our customers with a broader set of energy-efficient solutions. Refer to Notes 3 and 4 for further discussion of acquisitions made during the past three years and our discontinued operations.

We believe our proactive approach to continuous improvement initiatives and focus on delivering the Carlisle Experience to our customers allowed us to maintain margin resiliency in 2024. We remain focused on continuing our value-creating journey with the proven foundational pillars of Vision 2030 ingrained in our Carlisle culture of continuous improvement and returns-focused capital deployment.

Description of Business by Segment

Carlisle Construction Materials (“CCM”)

Products, Markets and Locations

The CCM segment has evolved from a supplier of the first single-ply ethylene propylene diene monomer (“EPDM”) roofing membranes in the early 1960s to today, where we deliver innovative, easy-to-install and energy-efficient solutions through the Carlisle Experience for customers who are creating the sustainable buildings of the future. CCM is a manufacturer and supplier of premium roofing products and related technologies primarily for the commercial construction market. CCM offers high-performance, single-ply roofing solutions that include EPDM, thermoplastic polyolefin (“TPO”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), architectural metal and roof garden systems.

EPDM, TPO and PVC membrane and polyisocyanurate ("polyiso") insulation are sold together in warranted systems or separately in non-warranted systems to the new construction, repair and replacement, and general construction markets. These products are primarily sold under the Carlisle SynTec, Versico, Weatherbond and Hunter Panels brands in the United States of America (“U.S.” or “United States”) and throughout the world, and EPDM membranes under the Resitrix and Hertalan brands primarily in Europe.

CCM operates manufacturing facilities located throughout the United States, its primary market, and in Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom ("U.K.") and Romania. The majority of CCM’s products are sold through a network of authorized sales representatives and distributors in North America and Europe.

Key Raw Materials

Key raw materials for this segment include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (“MDI”), polyol, EPDM polymer, TPO polymer, carbon black and coated steel. These raw materials generally have at least two vendor sources. The vendor typically has multiple processing facilities for key raw materials that are single sourced.

Seasonality

Revenues and earnings for CCM have historically been higher in the second and third quarters due to increased construction activity during those periods from favorable weather conditions.

Market Factors

CCM serves a large and diverse customer base; however, in 2024 CCM's two largest customers represented 33.7% of the Company’s consolidated revenues. The loss of either of these customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated revenues and operating income. Both of these customers' business is covered under a number of independent local agreements.

Demand for CCM’s energy-efficient roofing solutions is primarily driven by the need to replace older, existing roofs on non-residential structures, and to a lesser extent, new construction. Notably, CCM’s backlog of orders is not a significant factor for the segment, and thus not a reliable indicator of intermediate-term revenue as most products have relatively short order-to-delivery periods.

This segment faces competition from several competitors that produce roofing systems predominantly for commercial and building applications. The level of competition within this market varies by product line and region. As one of four major manufacturers in the single-ply industry, CCM competes through innovative products, long-term warranties and customer service. CCM offers separately priced extended warranty contracts on certain of its products ranging from five to 40 years, the most significant being those offered on its installed single-ply roofing systems primarily in the United States, subject to certain exclusions, that covers leaks in the roofing system attributable to a problem with the particular product or the installation of the product.

Strategy

Our strategy for the CCM segment is to:

• Leverage mega trends around energy efficiency, labor savings, and the re-roofing cycle supported by initiatives to accelerate innovation, and the Carlisle Experience;
• Continue to support its above average margin profile through COS; and
• Further expand our offering of innovative solutions to U.S. commercial roofing markets, including broadening our product breadth and geographic reach into architectural metals.

Key growth initiatives include:

• Grow profitability through the creation of value, based on labor and energy efficiency;
• Continue to drive and leverage the Carlisle Experience to deliver superior customer service;
• Drive innovation through enhanced focus on research and development to continue to introduce proprietary, differentiated, value-add products and solutions;
• Continue to invest in training employees and customers to drive a culture of continuous learning that creates brand loyalty; and
• Focus mergers and acquisitions on synergistic building envelope opportunities.

Carlisle Weatherproofing Technologies (“CWT”)

Products, Markets and Locations

The CWT segment was created in early 2022 to incorporate our acquisition of Henry Company LLC ("Henry") on September 1, 2021 and align our segments around our products and applications for the building envelope. CWT is a leading provider of high-performance waterproofing and moisture protection products, protective roofing underlayments, integrated air and vapor barriers, spray polyurethane foam and coating systems, and block-molded expanded polystyrene insulation for the building envelope. CWT offers an enhanced set of solutions and systems to aid in the design of efficient building envelope construction projects, backed by industry-leading product innovations and a focus on environmentally responsible principles.

CWT operates manufacturing facilities and distribution locations throughout the United States and Canada, its primary markets. The majority of CWT’s products are sold through distribution and retail outlets throughout North America.

Key Raw Materials

Key raw materials for this segment include MDI, silicone polymer, asphalt, glass mat and expanded polystyrene insulation bead. These raw materials generally have at least two vendor sources. The vendor typically has multiple processing facilities for key raw materials that are single sourced.

Seasonality

Revenues and earnings for CWT have historically been higher in the second and third quarters due to increased construction activity during those periods from favorable weather conditions.

Market Factors

This segment faces competition from numerous, usually local or regional competitors, that typically produce a subset of CWT’s broader suite of weatherproofing technologies used in both commercial and residential markets. The level of competition within these markets varies by product line, region and channel. As a leader in air and vapor barriers, waterproofing, spray foam and other insulation solutions, CWT competes through innovative products, long-term warranties and customer service. CWT's backlog of orders is not a significant factor for the segment, and thus not a reliable indicator of intermediate-term revenue as most products have relatively short order-to-delivery periods. The warranties offered on CWT products vary by solution.

Strategy

Our strategy for the CWT segment is to:

• Further expand our value proposition to building owners, contractors and home builders with our comprehensive suite of energy-efficient building products;
• Capture significant aftermarket opportunities as both residential and non-residential buildings are in need of both repair and energy-efficiency upgrades;
• Continue to expand margins through implementation of COS, strong incremental margins on volume growth and investments in our factories; and
• Further expand our presence in niche high-growth and high-margin opportunities including retail product expansion, advanced air, water, and vapor barriers, and enhancement of other building envelope adjacencies.

Key growth initiatives include:

• Drive sales and commercial excellence using system and bundle sales to leverage enhanced product breadth and the Carlisle Experience;
• Accelerate innovation to develop new integrated system solutions across the building envelope;
• Grow profitability through the creation of value, based on labor and energy efficiency, and leveraging COS throughout CWT’s manufacturing footprint;
• Continue development of proprietary, differentiated products;
• Utilize training to drive a culture of continuous learning that creates brand loyalty; and
• Focus mergers and acquisitions on synergistic building envelope opportunities.

Intellectual Property

We own or hold the right to use a variety of patents, trademarks, licenses, inventions, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights. We have adopted a variety of measures and programs to maintain the continued validity and enforceability of our various intellectual property rights.

Research and Development

Research and development activities include the development of new product lines, the modification of existing product lines to comply with regulatory changes, and the research of cost efficiencies through raw material substitution and process improvements. Our research and development expenses were $35.4 million, $28.7 million and $19.0 million, representing 0.7%, 0.6% and 0.3% of revenues in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Compliance with Government Regulations

We are subject to various government regulations, including environmental regulations. To date, our costs of complying with these regulations have not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position of any business segment. We do not expect to incur any material capital expenditures for environmental control facilities for the current fiscal year or any other subsequent period.

Sustainability

Carlisle’s sustainability history is fundamental to our culture. Our journey began in the early 1900s when we recycled rubber from our first inner tube production line, and now, over 100 years later, we consider sustainability a core attribute of the value we provide our customers. We believe our century-long legacy of responsible stewardship will help enable us to meet our net-zero GHG emission goal and inform the three pillars of our sustainability strategy: producing energy-efficient products, reducing our operational and value-chain emissions, and diverting construction material waste from landfills.

We work with the Science Based Targets Initiative ("SBTi"), an independent body that provides companies with the guidance and tools to establish emission reduction initiatives using targets grounded in climate-based science. In a pivotal step towards achieving our near-term emissions targets, Carlisle received validation of our scopes 1 & 2 absolute and scope 3 intensity targets from the SBTi. Furthermore, Carlisle submitted our Net Zero 2050 targets and is currently awaiting validation from the SBTi.

In 2024, we certified nine additional manufacturing facilities to the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System standard, bringing our total to 38 certified plants which represents over half of our operational footprint. We have also begun the process of preparing our sites for ISO 50001 implementation, including the installation of electric and natural gas meters.

Innovation is a fundamental practice at Carlisle and we believe that it is integral to our ability to achieve both our economic and sustainability goals aligned through Vision 2030. The growing demand for energy and labor-saving efficiencies, as well as increased preference for full building envelope solutions creates opportunities for Carlisle to provide new, innovative solutions that create value for both our customers and the environment. In recognition of these trends, we have committed to increasing our investment in research and development as part of our Vision 2030 strategy.

Carlisle has a longstanding history of environmental stewardship based on our core tenet of waste reduction. We have implemented various recycling programs including scrap repurposing, process tolerance improvement, and the purchase of raw materials with recycled content. The success of these programs has propelled us to surpass our original waste reduction goal of diverting 1 million tons of waste by 2030, and as a result, we have now increased our commitment and implemented a target of 2 million tons of waste diverted by 2030.

As we continue our sustainability journey, we continue to rely on the tenets of the Carlisle Environmental Sustainability Policy, which specifies the collection of detailed data from our facilities across the globe. Through evaluating the data, we can measure factors, like GHG emissions, which we will use to monitor our progress toward achieving our established targets. The policy further establishes a process to engage our supply chain and monitor compliance with Carlisle's policies for fair labor practices and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.

The Chair, President, and Chief Executive Officer reviews and approves the strategic direction for Carlisle’s sustainability approach, which is guided to execution through the Vice President of Sustainability and the ESG Steering Committee. The Vice President of Sustainability, reporting to the Chair, President, and Chief Executive Officer, leads the ESG Steering Committee, which is composed of key executives in the areas of human resources, COS, legal, and finance. The ESG Steering Committee develops strategy, provides oversight, and monitors accountability in our ESG and climate-related initiatives through the deployment of the Carlisle Environmental Sustainability Policy. The Vice President of Sustainability and members of the ESG Steering Committee work with senior leadership within Carlisle’s business units to deploy and accelerate Carlisle’s sustainability strategy. Periodically, Carlisle's Board of Directors (the "Board") reviews the status of our ESG initiatives.

Our environmental sustainability initiatives and strategy are discussed further in our 2023 Corporate Sustainability Report, which can be found on our website at www.carlisle.com (http://www.carlisle.com); this report is not incorporated by reference and should not be considered part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Human Capital Resources

Investing in Our People

As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 5,500 people, including approximately 4,700 employees in our U.S operations and excluding approximately 200 contractors.

We believe that talent attraction and retention are critical to our ability to achieve our strategy and that a trained, diverse and inspired workforce is integral to delivering value to our stakeholders. We begin with a recruiting process that reaches a wide array of potential employees and includes the engagement of specialized, diverse recruiting firms such as The Standard Diversity Network, Jobs4Women.net, Asian American Jobsite, African American Jobsite, Women in Manufacturing and many others.

We also partner with universities in the U.S. and outside the U.S., recruiting for talent in management, sales, finance, information technology and other functions from the communities in which we work. In addition, we engage certain universities for collaborative research and development, and training efforts. Each business segment collaborates with local high schools and trade schools to educate young people about manufacturing careers and attract them to the industry.

We offer several training programs to current employees intended to develop talent, including:

• Carlisle Leadership Summit, a leadership development program intended to identify and prepare high-performing employees for senior leadership roles and to recognize and continue to develop our most seasoned employees;
• Carlisle Leadership Program, a partnership with The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, a program for Director and VP level employees who are leading teams and demonstrating future potential for senior leadership roles. The program is intended to develop business and leadership skills in both applied and classroom environments;
• Accelerating Carlisle Leaders, a leadership development program designed for Senior Managers and new Directors that aims to increase business and leadership skills to prepare participants to lead at a higher level; and
• Carlisle Leadership Foundations, a leadership development program designed for employees who have recently advanced, or are expected to advance, to their first leadership roles and have the potential to take on greater roles in the future. The program is intended to help these employees define their own leadership style, to enable their future success and to build key leadership capabilities.

Fair Treatment

Carlisle maintains a policy of non-discriminatory treatment and respect of human rights for all current and prospective employees. Discrimination on the basis of an individual’s race, religion, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, disability, national origin or veteran’s status is not permitted by Carlisle and is illegal in many jurisdictions. Carlisle respects the human rights of all employees and strives to treat them with dignity consistent with standards and practices recognized by the international community. Carlisle is committed to respecting all human rights, as articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Labor Organization’s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

In addition to policies for fair treatment, in 2024, Carlisle continued its commitment to assessing engagement in the workplace by administering Gallup’s Q12 survey. As part of the survey follow-up, managers included their team members in creating action plans to increase engagement and feedback. This ensured everyone had a voice in the action planning process. Teams worked collectively throughout the year to make progress on their action plans.

Since 2021, we have maintained pay equity across our U.S. workforce. This means compensating employees the same when they perform the same job duties, while accounting for other factors, such as their experience level, job performance and tenure with the Company. Carlisle's minimum starting wage is $17 per hour for our entire U.S. workforce.

Health and Safety

Through COS, we have launched “Path to Zero,” an initiative to drive our safety incident rate to zero. At Carlisle, safety is everyone’s responsibility. This includes our own employees, as well as contractors, suppliers, customers and others. Carlisle is committed to adhering to safety policies, procedures and training to incorporate safety into all aspects of business operations. Safety and near-miss events are investigated to root cause to reduce overall exposure and share improvements. Carlisle measures and reviews safety performance and strives for continuous improvement along the Path to Zero.

Throughout 2024, our teams continued to support each other and focus on safety, as evidenced by our industry leading 0.75 OSHA Incident Rate. Carlisle continues to lead in safety performance and has consistently outperformed the industry since we started tracking this metric on a consolidated basis in 2018.

Labor Matters

Employees represented by unions, local work councils or collective bargaining agreements as of December 31, 2024, are listed below, with the number of employees represented and the expiration date of the applicable agreements:

(1) The two agreements between CWT - Canada and its employees that expired in December 2024 are currently in negotiation for renewal.

The Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows can be affected by a number of factors including those material factors set forth below, those set forth in our “Forward Looking Statements” disclosure in Item 7 and those set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, any one of which could cause the Company’s actual results to vary materially from recent results or from anticipated future results and make an investment in the Company speculative or risky.

Strategic, Business and Operational Risks

The Company’s earnings growth strategy is partially dependent on the acquisition and successful integration of other businesses.

The Company has a history of acquiring businesses as part of its earnings growth strategy. Typically, the Company considers acquiring companies that can be integrated within an existing business. Acquisitions of this type involve numerous risks, which may include a failure to realize expected revenue growth and operating and cost synergies from integration initiatives, increasing dependency on the markets served by the combined businesses or increased debt to finance the acquisitions.

The Company also considers the acquisition of businesses that may operate independent of existing businesses. Acquisitions of this type involve risks similar to those encountered when acquiring companies that can be integrated within an existing business, including a failure to realize expected revenue growth or operating and cost reductions within the acquired business, and could increase the possibility of diverting corporate management’s attention from its existing operations.

The successful realization of revenue growth, cost reductions and synergies with our existing businesses, and within acquired stand-alone businesses, and increases in profitability overall, are dependent upon successful integration initiatives. If these integration initiatives are not fully realized, there may be a negative effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including goodwill and/or intangible asset impairments, which may be material.

Refer to Note 3 for recent acquisition information.

The loss of, a significant decline in business with, or pricing pressure from, one or more of the Company’s key customers could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Company's CCM segment operates in several niche markets in which a large portion of the segment’s revenues are attributable to a few large customers. See “Item 1. Business—Overview—Description of Businesses by Segment” for a discussion of customer concentrations for CCM. A significant reduction in purchases by one or more of these customers could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of one or more of the Company’s segments.

Some of the Company’s key customers enjoy significant purchasing power that may be used to exert pricing pressure on the Company. Additionally, as many of the Company’s businesses are part of a long supply chain to the ultimate consumer, the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows could be adversely affected if one or more key customers elects to in-source or find alternative suppliers for the production of a product or products that the Company currently provides.

Failure to successfully complete restructuring activities could negatively affect the Company.

From time to time, the Company may undertake consolidation and other restructuring projects in an effort to reduce costs and streamline its operations. Such restructuring activities may divert management's attention from the Company’s core businesses, increase expenses on a short-term basis and lead to potential disputes with the employees, customers or suppliers of the affected businesses. If restructuring activities are not completed in a timely manner or if anticipated cost savings, synergies and efficiencies are not realized, there may be a negative effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Refer to Note 4 for a discussion of disposition matters.

Industry and Macroeconomic Risks

Several of the market segments that the Company serves are cyclical and sensitive to domestic and global economic conditions.

Several of the market segments in which the Company sells its products are, to varying degrees, cyclical and may experience periodic downturns in demand. For example, the CCM and CWT segments are susceptible to downturns in the commercial construction industry, particularly in the construction repair and replacement sectors, and the CWT segment is susceptible to downturns in the residential construction industry.

Uncertainty regarding global economic conditions may have an adverse effect on the businesses, results of operations and financial condition of the Company and its customers, distributors and suppliers. Among the economic factors which may affect performance are: manufacturing activity, commercial and residential construction, difficulties entering new markets and general economic conditions such as inflation, deflation, interest rates and credit availability. These effects may, among other things, negatively impact the level of purchases, capital expenditures and creditworthiness of the Company’s customers, distributors and suppliers, and therefore, the Company’s results of operations, margins and orders. The Company cannot predict if, when or how much worldwide economic conditions will fluctuate. These conditions are highly unpredictable and beyond the Company's control. If these conditions deteriorate, however, the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

The Company has significant concentrations in the construction market.

Most of the Company’s revenues and operating income are generated from the construction market. Construction spending is affected by economic conditions, changes in interest rates, inflationary pressures, demographic and population shifts, new housing starts, impacts on labor availability from U.S. immigration laws, policies and practices and changes in construction spending by federal, state and local governments. A decline in the construction market, particularly in construction repair and replacement activities, could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, adverse weather conditions such as heavy or sustained rainfall, cold weather and snow can limit construction activity and reduce demand for roofing materials.

The CCM and CWT segments compete through pricing, among other factors. Competition in these segments may increase pricing pressure on the Company which may negatively affect operating results in future periods.

Raw material costs are a significant component of the Company’s cost structure and are subject to volatility, including cost increases, significant disruptions to the Company's supply chains or significant shortages of materials.

The Company utilizes petroleum-based products, chemicals, resins and other commodities in its manufacturing processes. Raw materials, including inbound freight, accounted for approximately 66% of the Company’s cost of goods sold in 2024. Significant increases in the costs of these materials may not be recovered through selling price increases and significant disruption to the Company's supply chains or significant shortages of materials could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Company also relies on global sources of raw materials, which could be adversely impacted by unfavorable shipping or trade arrangements, including import and export tariffs and global economic conditions. Refer to “Part II—Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for additional information regarding commodity price risk.

Environmental, Regulatory and Legal Risks

The Company's operations are subject to risks related to environmental laws and regulations.

We are subject to stringent environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to air emissions, wastewater discharges, and chemical and hazardous waste management and disposal. Some of these environmental laws hold owners or operators of land or businesses liable for their own and for previous owners’ or operators’ releases of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes. Other environmental laws and regulations require the obtainment of, and compliance with, environmental permits. To date, costs of complying with environmental, health and safety requirements have not been material, and the Company did not have any significant accruals related to potential future costs of environmental remediation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, nor are any material asset retirement obligations recorded as of those dates. However, the nature of the Company’s operations and its long history of industrial activities at certain of its current or former facilities, as well as those acquired, could potentially result in material environmental liabilities or asset retirement obligations.

Global climate change and related regulations could negatively affect the Company.

Changes in environmental and climate change laws or regulations, including laws relating to GHG emissions, could lead to new or additional investment in the Company’s products or facilities and could increase environmental compliance expenditures. Changes in climate change concerns including GHG emissions, and the regulation of such concerns including climate-related disclosures, could subject the Company to additional costs and restrictions, including increased energy and raw material costs and other compliance requirements which could negatively impact the Company’s reputation, business, capital expenditures, results of operations and financial position.

As of the date of this filing, we have made several public commitments regarding our intended reduction of GHG emissions, including commitments to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 and the establishment of science-based targets to reduce GHG emissions from our operations and the operations of our value chain. Although we intend to meet these commitments, we may be required to expend significant resources to do so, which could increase our operational costs. Further, there can be no assurance of the extent to which any of our commitments will be achieved, or that any future investments we make in furtherance of achieving such targets and goals will meet investor expectations or any binding or non-binding legal standards regarding sustainability performance. Moreover, we may determine that it is in the best interest of the Company and our stockholders to prioritize other business, social, governance or sustainable investments over the achievement of our current commitments based on economic, regulatory and social factors, business strategy or pressure from investors, activist groups or other stakeholders. If we are unable to meet these commitments, then we could incur adverse publicity and reaction from investors, activist groups and other stakeholders, which could adversely impact the perception of our brands and our products and services by current and potential customers, as well as investors, which could in turn adversely impact our results of operations.

General Risk Factors

Cybersecurity breaches or significant disruptions of our information technology systems, increased compliance costs or violations of data privacy laws could adversely affect our business.

We rely on information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support critical business processes. Security breaches of these systems could result in the unauthorized or inappropriate access to confidential information or personal data entrusted to us by our business partners. While we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, cybersecurity breaches of our information technology systems, none of the breaches to date has had a material impact on the Company. Additionally, these systems may be disrupted as a result of attacks by computer hackers or viruses, human error or wrongdoing, operational failures or other catastrophic events. Cyber threats and the techniques used in cyberattacks change, develop and evolve rapidly, including from emerging technologies, such as advanced forms of artificial intelligence. The Company leverages its internal information technology infrastructures, and those of its business partners, to enable, sustain and protect its global business interests. However, any of the aforementioned breaches or disruptions or the impacts from changing technologies, including artificial intelligence, could result in legal claims, liability or penalties under privacy laws or damage to operations or to the Company's reputation, which could adversely affect our business.

We are subject to data privacy and security laws, regulations and customer-imposed controls as a result of having access to and processing confidential, personal and/or sensitive data in the ordinary course of business. If we are unable to maintain reliable information technology systems and appropriate controls with respect to privacy and security requirements, we may suffer regulatory consequences that could be costly or otherwise adversely affect our business. New laws that may restrict use or sharing of data or otherwise regulate artificial intelligence and machine learning may also lead to significant increases in the Company's cost of compliance or otherwise adversely affect our business.

The Company is subject to risks arising from widespread health emergencies.

The Company’s businesses operate in market segments that could be impacted by widespread health emergencies. Operating during a widespread health emergency exposes the Company to a number of risks, including diminished demand for our products and our customers’ products, suspensions in the operations of our manufacturing facilities, maintenance of appropriate labor levels, our ability to ship products to our customers, interruptions in our supply chains and distribution systems, increases in operating costs related to pay and benefits for our employees, collection of trade receivables in accordance with their terms, and potential impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, any of which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

While these risks have not to date, in the aggregate, had a material adverse impact on the Company, we are unable to predict the extent or duration of impacts from widespread health emergencies as they will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time, such as the duration and frequency of, and government responses to, such emergencies.

The Company’s processes to assess, identify, and manage material cybersecurity risks are included as part of the Company’s overall risk management program and include documented procedures and protocols to identify and monitor material cybersecurity risks, provide cybersecurity training and awareness, implement protective controls, and established incident response procedures. The Company also engages third-party professional cybersecurity consultants to assist with its cybersecurity processes, including conducting periodic tabletop exercises and system penetration testing. The Company maintains processes to oversee and identify certain risks from cybersecurity threats associated with its use of these third-party service providers and maintains protections in its vendor risk management process. Risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected, nor are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

The Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors oversees the assessment and management of the Company’s major financial risk exposures, including cybersecurity risk, and reviews the steps management has taken to monitor, control and mitigate such exposures. No less than annually, the Director of Information Security attends an Audit Committee meeting and presents for review and discussion the Company’s processes to assess, identify, manage and mitigate material cybersecurity risks. The Audit Committee subsequently reports on the presentation to the full Board of Directors.

The Company’s cybersecurity processes are managed by a dedicated department led by the Director of Information Security. The Director of Information Security has 11 years of cybersecurity work experience and carries a number of cybersecurity and security-related certifications. The dedicated department is responsible for developing and implementing the strategies, policies and procedures to manage and mitigate cybersecurity risks. The dedicated department utilizes documented incident response procedures to become informed of and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The dedicated department is comprised of an 11 person staff, several of whose members carry multiple cybersecurity and other security-related certifications. The Company’s internal audit department also provides support to the Company’s cybersecurity processes.

The number, location and size of the Company’s principal properties as of December 31, 2024, by segment follows:

The Company considers its principal properties, as well as the related machinery and equipment, to be generally well maintained, and suitable and adequate for its intended purposes.

The Company is a party to certain lawsuits in the ordinary course of business. Information about legal proceedings is included in Note 16 and is incorporated into this Part I, Item 3 by reference.

Carlisle Companies Incorporated (“Carlisle,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a leading manufacturer and supplier of innovative building envelope products and solutions for more energy-efficient buildings. Through our building products businesses, Carlisle Construction Materials ("CCM") and Carlisle Weatherproofing Technologies ("CWT"), and family of leading brands, we deliver innovative, labor-reducing and environmentally responsible products and solutions to customers through the Carlisle Experience. Carlisle is committed to generating superior stockholder returns and maintaining a balanced capital deployment approach, including investments in our businesses, strategic acquisitions, share repurchases and continued dividend increases.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of Company management. All references to “Notes” refer to our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For more information regarding our consolidated results, segment results, and liquidity and capital resources for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, refer to "Part II—Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K").

Executive Overview

We are pleased to report that 2024 was a successful year for Carlisle with diluted earnings per share ("EPS") from continuing operations of 18.34 which reflects a 29% increase over 2023. We achieved this EPS with 9% revenue growth along with operating margins from continuing operations of 22.8%, and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") margins of 26.6%, which were supported by resilient and recurring re-roofing revenue which more than mitigated the negative impact from the broader challenging construction environment.

In 2024, we executed on multiple strategic initiatives that strengthened our position as a pure-play building products company. We maintained our commitment to returning capital to stockholders, deploying $1.6 billion to repurchase shares using the proceeds from the divestiture of Carlisle Interconnect Technologies ("CIT"), our last non-building products business. Our acquisition playbook yielded significant results, with nearly $700 million deployed to strengthen our building envelope capabilities, including the strategic additions of MTL Holdings LLC ("MTL"), a leading provider of prefabricated perimeter edge metal systems and non-insulated architectural metal wall systems for commercial, institutional and industrial buildings, and PFB Holdco, Inc ("PFB"), a leading vertically integrated provider of expanded polystyrene and insulation products across Canada and the Midwestern United States. Overall, we believe our 2024 results represented progress in line with the goals outlined in our Vision 2030 strategy.

Vision 2030 positions us to benefit from the widely understood macro-trends, including growing commercial re-roofing demand, an ongoing housing shortage, and our ability to provide energy efficient and labor-saving solutions and systems. Furthermore, our 2024 acquisitions strengthen our position as a leading manufacturer within the building envelope and reinforce our commitment to acquire growth and create value through a superior integration playbook.

Summary Financial Results

(in millions, except per share amounts and percentages)

(1) Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin are intended to provide investors and others with information about Carlisle's and our segments' performance without the effects of items that, by their nature, tend to obscure core operating results due to potential variability across periods based on the timing, frequency and magnitude of such items. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this MD&A for more information about, and a detailed reconciliation of, these items.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Revenues

(in millions, except percentages)

The increase in revenues in 2024 primarily reflects higher sales in the non-residential construction end market of $468.6 million as continued inventory normalization and growing re-roof activity led to increased construction activity offset by lower sales in the residential construction end market of $58.1 million.

Revenues by Geographic Area

(in millions, except percentages)

Gross Profit

(in millions, except percentages)

Gross profit as a percentage of revenues increased in 2024, driven primarily by volume leverage on strong sales growth in our CCM segment.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

(in millions, except percentages)

Selling and administrative expenses increased in 2024, primarily due to several factors: a $41.5 million increase in wage and benefit expenses from higher equity incentive compensation and additional headcount from acquisitions; a $22.4 million increase in sales and marketing expenses driven by higher commissions from increased sales volumes; a $19.1 million increase in amortization expense, primarily related to the MTL acquisition; and $12.1 million in acquisition costs from the MTL and the PFB acquisitions.

Research and Development Expenses

(in millions, except percentages)

Research and development expenses were higher in 2024 primarily reflecting an increase in new product development expenses of $5.7 million at our CCM segment and $1.0 million at our CWT segment. The increase in research and development expenses is consistent with a key pillar of Vision 2030 to drive innovation, with a commitment to investing in the creation of new products and solutions that add value through advancements in sustainability and energy and labor efficiencies.

Other Operating Income, net

(in millions, except percentages)

The change in other operating income, net, primarily reflected a $5.0 million gain from an insurance settlement received in the second quarter of 2024, a $2.3 million reduction in losses from the sale of fixed assets, which occurred in 2023 but not in 2024, and a $1.8 million reduction in losses from fixed asset impairments, which also occurred in 2023 but not in 2024.

Operating Income

(in millions, except percentages)

Refer to Segment Results of Operations within this MD&A for further information related to segment operating income results.

Interest Expense, net

(in millions, except percentages)

Interest expense, net of capitalized interest, decreased during 2024 primarily reflecting lower long-term debt balances associated with the redemption in full of $300.0 million of our 0.55% unsecured senior notes due September 1, 2023 (the "2023 Notes") in September 2023 and the redemption in full of $400.0 million of our 3.50% unsecured senior notes due December 1, 2024 (the "2024 Notes") in December 2024. Refer to Note 13 for further information on our long-term debt.

Interest Income

(in millions, except percentages)

Interest income increased during 2024 primarily relating to higher yields compared to the prior year and a higher invested cash balance due to proceeds from the sale of CIT in the second quarter of 2024.

Other Non-Operating Expense (Income), net

(in millions, except percentages)

The change in other non-operating expense (income), net in 2024 primarily reflected a $21.1 million loss related to the accelerated recognition of pension actuarial losses within accumulated other comprehensive loss due to the settlements of portions of the Company's pension plan in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Income Taxes

(in millions, except percentages)

The provision for income taxes on continuing operations for 2024 is higher than 2023, primarily reflecting higher pre-tax income which equated to higher taxes of $34.3 million.

Refer to Note 8 for further information related to income taxes.

Income from Discontinued Operations

(in millions, except percentages)

Income from discontinued operations before taxes in 2024 primarily reflected the pre-tax gain on sale of the CIT business of $457.3 million and operating results of $56.7 million compared to the pre-tax loss on the sale of the Carlisle Fluid Technologies ("CFT") business of $82.5 million, partially offset by operating results of $99.5 million from CIT and $17.3 million from CFT in 2023.

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes for discontinued operations primarily reflected a tax provision created from the gain on the sale of CIT in 2024, compared to a tax benefit received due to the loss on sale of CFT in 2023.

Refer to Note 4 for additional information related to discontinued operations.

Segment Results of Operations

Carlisle Construction Materials

This segment produces a complete line of premium energy-efficient single-ply roofing products and warranted roof systems and accessories for the commercial building industry, including ethylene propylene diene monomer (“EPDM”), thermoplastic polyolefin (“TPO”) and polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”) membrane, polyisocyanurate ("polyiso") insulation, and engineered metal roofing and wall panel systems for commercial and residential buildings.

(in millions, except percentages)

(1) Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin are intended to provide investors and others with information about Carlisle's and our segments' performance without the effects of items that, by their nature, tend to obscure core operating results due to potential variability across periods based on the timing, frequency and magnitude of such items. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this MD&A for more information about, and a detailed reconciliation of, these items.

CCM’s revenue increased in 2024 primarily due to higher sales in the non-residential end market of $428.9 million, driven by inventory normalization and growing re-roof activity from pent-up demand. CCM’s operating margin and adjusted EBITDA margin increase in 2024 primarily reflected the volume leverage on higher sales.

Carlisle Weatherproofing Technologies

This segment produces building envelope solutions that drive energy efficiency and sustainability in commercial and residential applications. Products include high-performance waterproofing and moisture protection products, protective roofing underlayments, fully integrated liquid and sheet applied air/vapor barriers, sealants/primers and flashing systems, roof coatings and mastics, spray polyurethane foam and coating systems for a wide variety of thermal protection applications and other premium polyurethane products, block-molded expanded polystyrene insulation, engineered products for HVAC applications, and premium products for a variety of industrial and surfacing applications.

(in millions, except percentages)

(1) Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin are intended to provide investors and others with information about Carlisle's and our segments' performance without the effects of items that, by their nature, tend to obscure core operating results due to potential variability across periods based on the timing, frequency and magnitude of such items. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this MD&A for more information about, and a detailed reconciliation of, these items.

CWT’s revenue decreased in 2024 primarily reflecting lower sales in the residential end market of $80.1 million, partially offset by higher sales in the non-residential end market of $39.7 million. CWT’s operating margin and adjusted EBITDA margin decrease in 2024 primarily reflected higher operating costs to support longer term growth initiatives.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

A summary of our cash and cash equivalents by region follows:

(in millions)

We maintain liquidity sources primarily consisting of cash and cash equivalents as well as availability under the Company's Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the "Credit Agreement"). In the near term, cash on hand is our primary source of liquidity. The increase in cash and cash equivalents compared to December 31, 2023, is primarily related to cash received from the sale of the CIT business and cash generated from operations, partially offset by cash used on share repurchases, the purchases of MTL and PFB, repayment of senior notes, capital expenditures and payment of dividends to stockholders.

Upon permanent transfer of cash outside of certain jurisdictions, primarily in Canada, we may be subject to withholding taxes, and as such we have accrued $6.3 million in anticipation of those taxes as of December 31, 2024. In addition, in certain countries, primarily China, our cash is subject to local laws and regulations that require government approval for conversion of such cash to U.S. Dollars, as well as for transfer of such cash, both temporarily and permanently outside of that jurisdiction.

We believe we have sufficient cash on hand, availability under the Credit Agreement and operating cash flows to meet our anticipated business requirements for at least the next 12 months. At the discretion of management, the Company may use available cash on capital expenditures, dividends, share repurchases, acquisitions and strategic investments.

We also anticipate we will have sufficient cash on hand, availability under the Credit Agreement and operating cash flows to meet our anticipated long-term business requirements and to pay outstanding principal balances of our existing notes by the respective maturity dates. Another potential source of liquidity is access to public capital markets, subject to market conditions. We may access the capital markets for a variety of reasons, including to repay the outstanding balances of our outstanding debt and fund acquisitions. Refer to Note 13 for further information on long-term debt.

Sources and Uses of Cash and Cash Equivalents

(in millions)

Operating Activities

We generated operating cash flows totaling $1,030.3 million for 2024 (including working capital uses of $29.0 million), compared with $1,201.3 million for 2023 (including working capital sources of $107.6 million). Lower operating cash flows of $171.0 million in 2024 primarily reflected lower operating cash provided by discontinued operations of $173.0 million and an increase in working capital uses of $136.6 million, partially offset by higher income from continuing operations of $146.2 million.

The increase in working capital uses of $136.6 million related to a decrease in cash from higher inventory investments in 2024 of $261.7 million, reflecting the end of destocking of inventory experienced in 2023 and increased construction activity, partially offset by an increase in cash from accounts receivables of $68.1 million related to increased collections and accounts payable of $22.9 million related to higher inventory investments.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities of $1,229.6 million for 2024 primarily reflected net cash received from the sale of CIT of $1,998.0 million, partially offset by use of an aggregate of $676.9 million to fund the acquisitions of MTL and PFB and capital expenditures of $113.3 million.

Cash provided by investing activities of $352.4 million for 2023 primarily reflected net cash received from the sale of CFT of $510.6 million and proceeds from the sale of assets of $19.0 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $142.2 million and the use of $36.1 million for the acquisition of a business.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities of $2,110.2 million for 2024 primarily reflected share repurchases of $1,585.9 million, the redemption of the 2024 Notes of $400.0 million and cash dividend payments of $172.4 million, reflecting the increased annual dividend rate of $4.00 per share.

Cash used in financing activities of $1,349.7 million for 2023 primarily reflected share repurchases of $900.0 million, the redemption of the 2023 Notes of $300.0 million and cash dividend payments of $160.3 million.

Share Repurchases

On August 3, 2023, the Board approved a 7.5 million share increase in the Company's share repurchase program. We repurchased approximately 3.9 million shares in 2024 as part of our plan to return capital to stockholders, utilizing $1,585.9 million of our cash on hand. As of December 31, 2024, we had authority to repurchase 3.5 million shares.

Purchases may occur from time to time over an indefinite period of time in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions and through block trades, and no maximum purchase price has been set. The decision to repurchase shares depends on price, availability and other corporate developments and is subject to the discretion of the Board. The Company plans to continue to repurchase shares in 2025 on an opportunistic basis.

Debt Instruments

Senior Notes

On December 1, 2024, the Company redeemed in full the 2024 Notes at the redemption price of $407.0 million, consisting of the principal amount of $400.0 million and $7.0 million of interest.

We also have unsecured senior notes outstanding of $600.0 million due December 1, 2027 (at a stated interest rate of 3.75%), $750 million due March 1, 2030 (at a stated interest rate of 2.75%) and $550.0 million due March 1, 2032 (at a stated interest rate of 2.20%), each of which are rated BBB by Standard & Poor’s and Baa2 by Moody’s.

Revolving Credit Facility

During 2024, we had $22.0 million in borrowings and repayments under the Credit Agreement with a weighted average interest rate of 8.50%. During 2023, we had $84.0 million in borrowings and repayments under the Company's Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as amended (the "Prior Credit Agreement"), with a weighted average interest rate of 6.61%. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no borrowings under the Credit Agreement and Prior Credit Agreement, respectively, and $1.0 billion of availability.

Debt Covenants

We are required to meet various covenants and limitations under our senior notes and Credit Agreement, including certain leverage ratios, interest coverage ratios and limits on outstanding debt balances held by certain subsidiaries. We were in compliance with all covenants and limitations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Refer to Note 13 for further information on our debt instruments.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1. In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), the Company’s management must make informed decisions which impact the reported amounts and related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and assumptions on which to base estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates, including those related to business combinations, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, revenue recognition, and income taxes on an ongoing basis. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, terms of existing contracts, our observation of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers and information available from other outside sources, that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Business Combinations

As noted in "Item 1. Business. Business Strategy", we have a history and a strategy of acquiring businesses. We account for these business combinations as required by GAAP under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires us to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Deferred taxes are recorded for any differences between fair value and tax basis of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and can vary based on the structure of the acquisition as to whether it is a taxable or non-taxable transaction. To the extent the purchase price of the acquired business exceeds the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including deferred income taxes recorded in connection with the transaction, such excess is recognized as goodwill (see further below for our critical accounting estimate regarding post-acquisition accounting for goodwill). The most critical areas of judgment in applying the acquisition method include selecting the appropriate valuation techniques and assumptions that are used to measure the acquired assets and assumed liabilities at fair value, particularly for intangible assets, contingent consideration, acquired tangible assets such as property, plant and equipment, and inventory.

The key techniques and assumptions utilized by type of major acquired asset or liability generally include:

In selecting techniques and assumptions noted above, we generally engage third-party, independent valuation professionals to assist us in developing the assumptions and applying the valuation techniques to a particular business combination transaction. In particular, the discount rates selected are compared to and evaluated with (i)

the industry weighted-average cost of capital, (ii) the inherent risks associated with each type of asset and (iii) the level and timing of future cash flows appropriately reflecting market participant assumptions.

As noted above, goodwill represents a residual amount of purchase price. However, the primary items that generate goodwill include the value of the synergies between the acquired company and our existing businesses and the value of the acquired assembled workforce, neither of which qualifies for recognition as an intangible asset. Refer to Note 3 for more information regarding business combinations, specifically the items that generated goodwill in our recent acquisitions.

Subsequent Measurement of Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually, or more often if impairment indicators are present, at a reporting unit level. Goodwill is tested for impairment via a one-step process by comparing the fair value of goodwill with its carrying value. We recognize an impairment for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units based on the income approach utilizing the discounted cash flow method and the market approach utilizing the public company market multiple method. The key techniques and assumptions generally include:

We have determined that we have four reporting units and have allocated goodwill to those reporting units as follows:

(in millions)

Annual Impairment Test

We test our goodwill for impairment annually as of November 1. For the November 1, 2024 impairment test, the CCM - Commercial Roofing, CCM - Architectural Metals, CCM - Europe, and CWT reporting units were tested for impairment using a qualitative approach. Under this approach, an entity may assess qualitative factors as well as relevant events and circumstances to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The results of our analysis indicated that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the aforementioned reporting units were less than their carrying values and thus, a quantitative analysis was not performed.

We will continue to closely monitor actual results against expectations and assess whether any significant changes in current events or conditions alter our projections for estimated future cash flows, discount rates and market multiples.

While we believe our conclusions regarding the fair value estimates of our reporting units are appropriate, these estimates are inherently uncertain and involve various judgments and assumptions. Factors influencing these estimates include the growth rate and extent in the markets served by our reporting units, the realization of future sales price and volume increases, fluctuations in exchange rates, fluctuations in price and availability of key raw materials, future operating efficiencies and, with respect to discount rates, volatility in interest rates and the cost of equity.

Refer to Note 11 for more information regarding goodwill.

Subsequent Measurement of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

As discussed above, indefinite-lived intangible assets are recognized and recorded at their acquisition-date fair value. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually, or more often if impairment indicators are present, at the appropriate unit of account, which is generally the individual asset. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment via a one-step process by comparing the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. We recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the intangible asset's fair value. We generally estimate the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets consistent with the techniques noted above using our expectations about future cash flows, discount rates and royalty rates for purposes of the annual test. We monitor for significant changes in those assumptions during interim reporting periods. We also periodically re-assess indefinite-lived intangible assets as to whether their useful lives can be determined, and if so, we would begin amortizing any applicable intangible asset.

Annual Impairment Test

We test our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of November 1. For the November 1, 2024 impairment test, all indefinite-lived intangible assets, except for the Henry trade name related to ASP Henry Holdings, Inc., which we acquired in 2021, within the CWT reportable segment, were tested for impairment using the qualitative approach. The results of our analysis indicated that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the aforementioned indefinite-lived intangible assets were less than their carrying values and thus, a quantitative analysis was not performed over these assets. The Henry trade name was tested for impairment using the quantitative approach described above, resulting in a fair value that substantially exceeded the carrying value.

We will continue to closely monitor actual results against expectations and assess whether any significant changes in current events or conditions alter our projections about future estimated revenues and discount rates. If our expectations of revenues from this trade name do not materialize or if the discount rate increases (based on increases in interest rates, market rates of return or market volatility), we may be required to record intangible asset impairment charges, which may be material.

Refer to Note 11 for more information regarding intangible assets.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our products or services. Revenue is measured as the amount of total consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Total expected consideration, in certain cases, is estimated at each reporting period, including interim periods, and is subject to change with variability dependent on future events, such as customer behavior related to future purchase volumes, returns, early payment discounts and other customer allowances. Estimates for rights of return, discounts and rebates to customers, and other adjustments for variable consideration are provided for at the time of sale as a deduction to revenue, based on an analysis of historical experience and actual sales data. Changes in these estimates are reflected as an adjustment to revenue in the period identified. Sales, value added and other taxes collected concurrently with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.

Our critical judgments and estimates associated with revenue recognition primarily related to a group of customer contracts at our CIT business. The profile of these contracts generally included those in which CIT was a contract manufacturer or where CIT entered into an agreement to provide both services (engineering and design) and products resulting from those services and required us to recognize revenue over time, as opposed to a point in time. This required estimates of expected gross margin by customer. While CIT’s revenue is no longer disclosed discretely on the consolidated statement of income, it is included in discontinued operations income before income taxes and discretely disclosed in Note 4.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgments and estimates are required in the determination of the consolidated income tax expense.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and amounts reported in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets in the jurisdiction from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations.

We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain U.S. federal, state and foreign net operating loss, and credit carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we have provided a valuation allowance of $51.7 million on the deferred tax assets related to these carryforwards.

We (1) record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes, and (2) adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

EBIT, Adjusted EBIT, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT"), adjusted EBIT, adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") and adjusted EBITDA margin are intended to provide investors and others with information about our performance and our segments' performance without the effect of items that, by their nature, tend to obscure core operating results due to potential variability across periods based on the timing, frequency and magnitude of such items. As a result, management believes that these measures enhance the ability of investors to analyze trends in our business and evaluate our performance relative to similarly-situated companies. This information differs from net income, operating income, and operating margin determined in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance determined in accordance with GAAP. Our and our segments' EBIT, adjusted EBIT, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin follows. These non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

(in millions, except percentages)

25

(in millions, except percentages)

(in millions, except percentages)

Outlook

Revenues

Our expectations for segment revenues in 2025 follows:

26

Cash Flows

Our priorities for the use of cash are to invest in growth and performance improvement opportunities for our existing businesses through capital expenditures, pursue strategic acquisitions that meet our stockholder return criteria, pay dividends to stockholders and return value to stockholders through share repurchases.

Capital expenditures in 2025 are expected to be approximately $150 million. Planned capital expenditures for 2025 include new product and capacity expansion, business sustaining projects and cost reduction efforts.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally use words such as "expect," "foresee," "anticipate," "believe," "project," "should," "estimate," "will," "plans," "intends," "forecast," and similar expressions, and reflect our expectations concerning the future. Such statements are made based on known events and circumstances at the time of publication and, as such, are subject in the future to unforeseen risks and uncertainties. It is possible that our future performance may differ materially from current expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements, due to a variety of factors such as: increasing price and product/service competition by foreign and domestic competitors, including new entrants; technological developments and changes; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; our mix of products/services; increases in raw material costs that cannot be recovered in product pricing; domestic and foreign governmental and public policy changes including environmental and industry regulations; the ability of our customers to maintain appropriate labor levels under U.S. immigration laws, policies and practices; the ability to meet our goals relating to our intended reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, including our net zero commitments; threats associated with and efforts to combat terrorism; protection and validity of patent and other intellectual property rights; the identification of strategic acquisition targets and our successful completion of any transaction and integration of our strategic acquisitions; our successful completion of strategic dispositions; the cyclical nature of our businesses; the impact of information technology, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence or data security breaches at our businesses or third parties; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings; the emergence or continuation of widespread health emergencies, including, for example, expectations regarding their impact on our businesses, including on customer demand, supply chains and distribution systems, production, our ability to maintain appropriate labor levels, our ability to ship products to our customers, our future results, or our full-year financial outlook; and the other factors discussed in the reports we file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. In addition, such statements could be affected by general industry and market conditions and growth rates, the condition of the financial and credit markets and general domestic and international economic conditions, including inflation and interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations. Further, any conflict in the international arena, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine and war in the Middle East, may adversely affect general market conditions and our future performance. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which that statement is made, and we undertake no duty to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances, including unanticipated events, after the date on which that statement is made, unless otherwise required by law. New factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all of those factors, nor can it assess the impact of each of those factors on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

We are exposed to market risk in the form of changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices for raw materials. We may, from time to time, enter into derivative financial instruments to manage these risks; however, we do not utilize such instruments or contracts for speculative or trading purposes. In the event that we enter into a derivative financial instrument, it is possible that such future dated contracts could no longer serve as a hedge if the projected cash flow does not occur as anticipated at the time of contract initiation.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risks as a result of our borrowing and investing activities, which principally includes long-term borrowings used to maintain liquidity and to fund our business operations and capital requirements. We may enter into interest rate swaps from time to time to manage our mix of fixed and variable interest rate debt effectively. We may enter into other interest rate derivatives such as treasury locks or zero cost collars to manage forecasted interest rates associated with bond offerings. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no interest rate swaps or other derivative instruments in place and, at both dates, all of our long-term debt was fixed-rate and

U.S. Dollar denominated. The Credit Agreement also allows for borrowings of up to $1.0 billion at a variable interest rate. We had no outstanding borrowings under this facility as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The nature and amount of our long-term debt may vary from time to time as a result of business requirements, market conditions and other factors. We consider the risk to our results of operations from changes in market rates of interest to be minimal as our interest bearing debt instruments are fixed-rate.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

A portion of our operating cash flows are denominated in foreign currencies. As such we are exposed to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We are primarily exposed to the exchange rates of currencies including the Canadian Dollar, Euro, British Pound and Chinese Renminbi. We continually evaluate our foreign currency exposure based on current market conditions and the locations in which we conduct our business. We manage most of our foreign currency exposure on a consolidated basis, which allows us to net certain exposures and take advantage of natural offsets. In order to mitigate foreign currency risk, we may, from time to time, enter into derivative financial instruments, generally foreign currency forward contracts, to hedge the cash flows related to certain foreign currency denominated sales and purchase transactions expected in the near term and the related recognized trade receivable or payable. The gains and losses on these contracts offset changes in the value of the related exposures. It is our policy to enter into foreign currency derivative financial instruments only to the extent considered necessary to meet the objectives set forth above. We generally do not hedge the risk of foreign currency net investments into U.S. Dollars for financial reporting.

We had foreign exchange contracts with maturities less than one year for instruments that are designated and qualify as an accounting cash flow hedge with an aggregate U.S. Dollar equivalent notional value of $15.9 million and $26.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The gross fair value was $0.9 million and $(0.9) million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the contracts is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and is recognized in operating income when the underlying forecasted transaction impacts earnings. We also had foreign exchange contracts with maturities less than one year for instruments that are not designed as a cash flow hedge, but nonetheless are entered into as an economic hedge of certain foreign currency risk with an aggregate U.S. Dollar equivalent notional value of $11.5 million and $56.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The gross fair value was $0.0 million and $(0.6) million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The unrealized gains and losses resulting from these contracts are not significant and are recognized in other non-operating expense, net and partially offset corresponding foreign exchange gains and losses on the underlying items being economically hedged.

The near-term sensitivity of these contracts to changes in foreign currency exchange rates is also minimal as they are scheduled to mature within 12 months. Further, changes in the fair value of these contracts will be offset by changes in the cash flows of the underlying foreign currency denominated sales, purchases, assets and liabilities which the contracts are intended to mitigate (both accounting and economic hedges).

Commodity Price Risk

We continually address the impact of changes in commodity prices on our results of operations and cash flow. Our exposure to changes in commodity prices is principally indirect as we do not directly purchase exchange-traded commodities, but rather purchase raw materials that are a result of further downstream processing (as noted in Item 1 of this Form 10-K), primarily inputs resulting from processing petroleum-based products, chemicals and resins. We generally manage the risk of changes in commodity prices that impact our raw material costs by seeking to (i) offset increased costs through increases in prices, (ii) alter the nature and mix of raw materials used to manufacture our finished goods or (iii) enter into commodity-linked sales or purchase contracts, all to the extent possible based on competitive and other economic factors. We may also from time to time enter into derivative financial instruments to mitigate such impact; however, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no derivative financial instruments in place.

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation and as of December 31, 2024, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Management has prepared a report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting in which management has determined that the Company’s controls are effective. A copy of management’s report is set forth below.

(b) Changes in internal controls. During the fourth quarter of 2024, there were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

As discussed in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, the Company completed the acquisition of MTL Holdings LLC ("MTL") on May 1, 2024 and PFB Holdco ("PFB") on December 18, 2024. Management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of MTL or PFB, which represented approximately 8% and 6% of total assets, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, and approximately 2% and less than 1% of revenues, respectively, for the year then ended.

The Company's internal control over financial reporting has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, whose report with respect to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting is included in Item 8.