Gibraltar Industries, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

The Company

Gibraltar Industries, Inc. (the "Company") is a leading manufacturer and provider of products and services for the residential, renewable energy, agtech and infrastructure markets. The Company's mission is to make life better for people and the planet, fueled by advancing the disciplines of engineering, science, and technology. The Company is innovating to reshape critical markets in sustainable power, comfortable and efficient living, and productive growing throughout North America. Furthermore, the Company strives to create compounding and sustainable value for its stockholders and stakeholders with strong and relevant leadership positions in higher growth, profitable end markets focused on addressing some of the world's most challenging opportunities. The foundation of the Company's strategy is built on three core pillars: Business System, Portfolio Management, and Organization Development.

1. Business System reflects the necessary systems, processes, and management tools required to deliver consistent and continuous performance improvement, every day. The Company's business system is a critical enabler to grow, scale, and deliver its plans. The Company's focus is on deploying effective tools to drive growth, improve operating performance, and develop the organization utilizing 80/20 and lean quote-to-cash initiatives along with digital systems for speed, agility and responsiveness. The Business System pillar challenges existing operating paradigms, drives day-to-day performance, forces prioritization of resources, tests the Company's business models, and drives new product and services innovation.

2. Portfolio Management is focused on optimizing the Company’s business portfolio in higher growth markets with leadership positions while ensuring its financial capital and human resources are effectively and efficiently deployed to deliver sustainable, profitable growth while increasing its relevance with customers and shaping its markets.

3. Organization Development drives the Company’s continuous focus on ensuring it has the right design and structure to scale the organization in order to execute the Company’s plans and meet commitments. The

Company's focus is on creating an environment for our people to have the best opportunity for success, continue to develop, grow and learn. At core of this pillar is the Company’s development process focused on helping employees reach their potential, improve performance, develop career roadmaps, identify ongoing education requirements, and respective succession plans. The Company believes doing so helps it attract and retain the best people to execute its business plans.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility is a key consideration in everything from the products the Company makes and the suppliers the Company engages with, to the Company's employment practices, business strategies, and future plans. The Company is committed to making a difference in the lives of the people the Company's businesses touch, and to creating meaningful impact every day through the Company's work and relationships.

A sense of responsibility to people and the planet is woven into the values that define the Company's purpose and drive the Company's culture. Every day the Company's choices and actions are governed by its values:

• Make it better - We challenge ourselves and our way of thinking every day to exceed the needs of our customers. We raise the bar - and set new standards.
• Make it right - We care about doing the right thing for each other, our customers, and communities by holding ourselves to the highest standards of ethics and safety.
• Make it together - We work collaboratively with our customers and each other - teamwork sets us apart. We work to create a culture that is inclusive of different perspectives and experiences.
• Make an impact - We are here to make a difference. We drive change and deliver meaningful value to our customers, investors, and community.

The Company's efforts are focused on delivering positive impact in three key areas:

• Our People: The safety, well-being, and success of our people is our top priority. We are dedicated to developing their potential as professionals and future leaders, drawing on the unique abilities of each team member to build a rich, inclusive culture of difference-makers.
• Our Communities: Sharing our success with the communities where we live and work is vital to our purpose. By supporting local nonprofits and institutions as investors and volunteers, we help build resilience and strengthen the bonds that will help our communities thrive.
• The World: Our work is firmly rooted in making life better for people and the planet; we innovate in the service of possibility, acting responsibly to create positive, lasting change in our world. We promote sustainability across our value chain, developing products and services for our customers that reduce environmental impact and improve quality of life.

The Company's businesses reflect the Company's purpose, values and desire to make a positive impact on the world. The Company continues to transform itself to focus on providing solutions to some of humanity's greatest challenges - from harnessing energy and growing food more sustainably, to living and working with greater ease, efficiency, and comfort.

This transformation positions the Company to play a significant role in sustainable development matters, building partnerships with key players that help advance critical technologies, strengthening the Company's Residential, Renewables, Agtech and Infrastructure businesses, and enabling the Company to better respond to humanity's evolving needs.

Segments

The Company serves customers primarily in North America including home improvement retailers, wholesalers, distributors, contractors, renewable energy (solar) developers, and institutional and commercial growers of fruits, vegetables, flowers and other plants. At December 31, 2024, the Company operated thirty facilities, which were comprised of twenty-three manufacturing facilities, two distribution centers, and five offices, and were located within sixteen states, Canada and China. The Company's operational infrastructure provides the necessary scale to support regional and national customers in each of its markets.

The Company operates and reports its results in the following four reporting segments:

• Residential
• Renewables
• Agtech
• Infrastructure

The following table summarizes the primary products and, where applicable, services, applications, and end markets for each segment:

Residential Segment

Renewables Segment

Agtech Segment

6

Infrastructure Segment

The Company’s operating businesses have established strong positions in attractive end markets by building core capabilities in innovation, new products and services, manufacturing and field operations, business systems, quality performance, along with a healthy balance sheet and the strength of our people. The Company will continue its focus of time, talent, and energy on strengthening its position in each market it serves.

Attractive End Markets. The Company's businesses are focused on maintaining healthy and efficient home environments, supporting mail and package delivery, solving global challenges accelerating renewable energy generation, increasing the supply of locally-grown and more sustainably-produced food and plants, and improving the country’s transportation infrastructure and ways of transporting people.

Value-Added Products and Services. The Company provides optimal solutions to its customers: roof-related ventilation and weather protection to support healthy home environments; mail and package storage for home and retail and non-retail sites; racking, foundation, and electrical systems for photovoltaic solar systems, controlled environmental agriculture systems and custom commercial growing greenhouses for biologically grown food, floriculture, and other plants; and structural bearings, expansion joints and rubber products for bridges and other transportation structures. The Company's products and services are highly engineered, supported with intellectual property, and driven by effective business systems and IT infrastructure.

Commitment to Customers and Quality. The Company strives to be connected directly with its end customers, where it receives unfiltered feedback on performance, insight on customer problems and opportunities, and cooperation on ideas for new products, services, and business model optimization. The Company's commitment to quality is a core operating tenet, and its quality management systems are designed to ensure the Company delivers to meet customer and stakeholder expectations.

Strong Liquidity Profile. The Company strives to manage its cash resources to ensure sufficient liquidity to fund growth initiatives, support the seasonality of its businesses and manage effectively through economic cycles. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's liquidity was $664.6 million, including $269.5 million of cash and $395.1 million of availability under its revolving credit facility. The Company believes its low leverage and ample borrowing capacity, along with flexibility in its Credit Agreement, provides the Company with the financial capacity to fund its ongoing business requirements, strategic initiatives, and acquisition opportunities.

Recent Developments

On February 11, 2025, the Company purchased all the outstanding stock of Lane Supply, Inc., a privately held company that designs, manufactures and installs structural canopies serving the convenience store, travel center, food retail, and quick serve restaurant markets, for $120 million in an all cash transaction, subject to customary working capital and other adjustments. Lane Supply, Inc. will be reported as part of the Company's Agtech segment.

On December 17, 2024, the Company sold its electronic locker business within its Residential segment to a third party and received net proceeds of $28 million.

Customers and Products

The Company's customers are located primarily throughout North America. One customer, a home improvement retailer which purchases from the Residential segment, represented 12%, 13% and 14% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No other customer in any segment or segments accounted for more than 10% of the Company's consolidated net sales.

Residential

The Residential segment serves both the residential repair and remodeling and new housing construction markets in North America with products and services including roof and foundation ventilation products, single point and centralized mail and package solutions, outdoor living space products (sun-shading), rain dispersion systems, metal roofing job site services, and other construction accessories. The Company's residential product offerings are sold through major retail home centers, building material wholesalers, building product distributors, roofing distributors, residential contractors, property management companies, manufactured housing dealers, postal services distributors and providers, and online directly to end consumers.

The Company's residential product offerings consist of roof edging and flashing, soffits and trim, drywall corner bead, metal roofing and accessories, rain dispersion products, including gutters and accessories, and exterior retractable awnings. Each of these product offerings can be sold separately or as part of a system solution. In addition, the Company's residential product offerings consist of mail and package solutions including single mailboxes, cluster style mail and parcel boxes for single and multi-family housing, and package locker systems.

The Company strives to improve its product-solution offerings while adapting to local and regional building codes and new products recently introduced include efficient-installation ventilation solutions, next generation single mailboxes, pipe flashings and remote-controlled deck awnings and valances for sun protection. The Company's ventilation and roof flashing products provide protection and extend the life of residential structures while providing a safer, healthier environment for residents. The Company's building products are manufactured primarily from galvanized and painted steel, anodized and painted aluminum, and various resins. The Company's cluster box mail delivery products provide delivery cost savings to the postal service while offering secure storage for delivered mail and packages.

The Company leverages its production capabilities and supply chain across the United States ("U.S.") while maintaining the capability to support the many local and regional customer requirements. The production facilities and processes are designed to provide a broad, but locally focused product range of residential products, and includes automated roll forming and injection molding, welding, stamping, and finished painting. The Company maintains its equipment through daily maintenance and a preventive maintenance program. In some cases, the Company sources products from third-party vendors to optimize cost and quality in order to provide the very best and affordable solution for customers.

Renewables

The Renewables segment designs, manufactures and installs solar energy mounting systems including foundation, racking, and electrical balance of systems for developers, EPCs and owners / operators of solar fields.

An integral part of solar projects is the design, engineering, and fabrication of unique structures and electrical balance of systems ("eBOS"), as well as the field installation of both, whether applied to a ground-mounted or carport systems. The Company provides both fixed tilt and tracker racking systems along with either a screw or pile driven foundation systems. Most of the Company's production is completed using computer numerical control machines, roll forming machines, laser cutters and other fabrication tools. The structural metal components are designed, engineered, fabricated and installed in accordance with applicable building codes.

New products introduced in recent years include screw-based racking and foundation solutions, operating software to optimize solar energy investments, and single-axis tracker systems. Recent product development efforts focused on increasing the amount of domestic content in the single-axis tracker system and integrating the Company’s fixed tilt and tracker systems with a leading domestic manufacturer of solar modules. These efforts provide customers a clearer, more flexible route to securing valuable tax credit incentives tied to the domestic content included in solar projects. The Company's screw-based racking foundation offers rapid and secure installation on any terrain. The Company's operating software enables its team to optimize solar project design utilizing solar irradiance data and topography analysis to quickly and automatically generate multiple potential layouts for complex projects. The single-axis tracker systems support and adapt to a variety of site conditions while also reducing the typical civil work preparation and installation costs associated with projects. The patented design eliminates complexities incorporated in traditional systems, simplifying the operations and maintenance of the system, along with streamlining the installation process. Other products offered include solar racking systems for both carports and pile-driven ground mount systems and eBOS. Solar racking systems for carports serve as protection for cars from the effects of the sun and intense heat while providing a renewable energy source. Similarly, solar racking systems installed on idle land, such as solid waste landfills, or on challenging, rocky terrain, converts such land into a useful property by providing clean renewable power generating capabilities. An eBOS system supports the conversion of captured sunlight to direct current energy. The Company is a full eBOS solution provider, from combiner boxes that take multiple source circuits and combine them into a single output to pre-fabricated and customized wire harnesses and source circuit lengths which greatly shorten field installation time.

Agtech

The Agtech segment provides controlled environmental agriculture solutions for growing fruits, vegetables and flowers, supplies custom greenhouses and structural canopies for research, education, retail and commercial applications. Turnkey growing facilities, with the structure and multiple subsystems, are designed, integrated, manufactured, constructed and installed for large-scale indoor commercial growers of fruits and vegetables, plants and flowers, and agricultural research and development facilities with over 100 universities in the United States. Large scale greenhouse facilities are unique to a particular type of plant, vegetable, flower, or fruit, and require unique structures, growing systems, and the integration of the structure and the systems.

Infrastructure

The Infrastructure segment serves highway and bridge construction and airports through commercial and transportation contractors and fabricators. The Company's products include expansion joints, structural bearings, rubber pre-formed seals and other sealants, elastomeric concrete, and bridge cable protection systems. Infrastructure's products are manufactured primarily from plate, rail and structural steel along with various resin and rubber based materials. The products manufactured are highly engineered to meet the exact specifications for the particular project undertaken.

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act has been the main funding source since 2022 with a five-year mission to modernize our nation’s infrastructure. The Infrastructure segment has been a benefactor of the additional funding that has driven expansion in highway, bridge, and airport markets. The Company continues to expand into adjacent markets such as bridge protection systems, high speed and traditional rail, and telecom.

Engineering and Technical Services

The Company's business segments employ engineers and other technical personnel to perform a variety of key tasks which include the identification and implementation of improvements to its manufacturing process, redesign of its products for better performance, the development of new products and identification and execution of cost reduction activities. In addition, the Company's engineering staff employs a range of software to design highly specialized and technically precise products. In the Renewables, Agtech, and Infrastructure segments, drawings are approved and stamped by state licensed professional engineers as required by individual projects. Technical service personnel also work in conjunction with the Company's sales and product management teams in the new product development process to determine the types of products and services that suit the needs of customers.

Suppliers and Raw Materials

The Company's business is required to maintain sufficient quantities of raw material inventory in order to accommodate customers' delivery requirements. Accordingly, the Company plans its purchases to maintain raw materials at sufficient levels to satisfy the anticipated needs of customers. The Company has implemented enterprise resource planning systems along with a corporate wide SIOP (Sales, Inventory, Operations Planning process) to better manage inventory, forecast customer orders, enable efficient supply chain management, and allow for timely counter-measures to changing market conditions.

The primary raw materials the Company purchases are flat-rolled, structural and plate steel, aluminum coil and extrusions, and resins. The Company purchases flat-rolled and plate steel and aluminum at regular intervals on an as-needed basis, primarily from the major North American mills, as well as a limited amount from domestic service centers and foreign steel importers. Substantially all of its resins are purchased from domestic vendors, primarily through distributors, with a small amount purchased directly from manufacturers. Management continually evaluates improvements in the Company's purchasing practices across its geographically dispersed facilities in order to streamline purchasing across similar commodities.

The Company purchases natural gas and electricity from suppliers in proximity to its operations.

Intellectual Property

The Company actively protects its proprietary rights by the use of trademark, copyright, and patent registrations. While the Company does not believe that any individual item of its intellectual property is material, the Company believes its trademarks, copyrights, and patents provide the Company with a competitive advantage when marketing its products to customers. The Company also believes its brands are well recognized in the markets it serves and the Company believes the brands stand for high-quality manufactured goods at a competitive price. These trademarks, copyrights, and patent registrations help the Company maintain product leadership positions for the goods it offers.

Sales and Marketing

In 2024, approximately 60% of the Company's revenues were generated from sales to retailers, wholesalers and distributors and approximately 40% from products and services that were sold directly to the end user. The Company's sales process regularly includes a competitive bid process, and its reputation for product and service quality and meeting delivery requirements make the Company a preferred provider for many customers.

The Company's marketing focus is to build an enhanced cohesive brand strategy for Gibraltar—ensuring the Company has a defined purpose and values and ensuring the Company's brand messages reflect the needs of the market and the capabilities of its businesses with "We advance the art and science of making and celebrate the people that make life better."

The Company's customer relationship management systems provides important aggregate market data and visibility into sales account status and enabling cross-sell and up-sell opportunities.

Backlog

Backlog represents the value of the total confirmed orders at a point in time for which performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. Only actual orders with signed contracts are included in the Company's backlog. This metric is useful as it reflects the committed amount the Company expects to recognize as revenue in the near-term.

While the majority of the Company's products have short lead time order cycles, the Company has aggregated approximately $250 million of backlog at December 31, 2024. The backlog primarily relates to certain business units in the Company's Renewables, Agtech, and Infrastructure segments. The Company believes that the performance obligations related to the majority of its backlog will be satisfied and related revenue recognized during 2025.

Competition

The Company operates in highly competitive markets with several competitors participating in each of its end markets. The Company goes to market with a focused and broad range of high quality products, executes with speed and industry-leading service, and value-based pricing. Furthermore, the Company's focus on project management and field operations in its Renewables and Agtech segments is critical to these businesses.

Seasonality

The Company’s end markets have historically experienced seasonal demand fluctuation, with lower demand typically in the first and fourth quarters. Levels of residential and commercial construction can be cyclical and can depend on interest rates, availability of financing, inflation, employment, spending habits, consumer confidence and cost and availability of skilled labor. Furthermore, general economic forces, such as tax credit expirations, imposed tariffs and changes in the Company’s products and customer mix can and have shifted traditional seasonal fluctuations in revenue over the past few years.

Governmental Regulation

The Company's production processes involve the use of environmentally regulated materials. The Company believes that the Company operates its business in material compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, and does not anticipate any material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations to maintain compliance with such laws and regulations. However, the Company could incur operating costs or capital expenditures in complying with new or more stringent environmental requirements in the future or with current requirements if they are applied to its manufacturing facilities or distribution centers in a way the Company does not anticipate. In addition, new or more stringent regulation of the Company's energy suppliers could cause them to increase the price of energy.

The Company's operations are also governed by many other laws and regulations covering its labor relationships, the import and export of goods, the zoning of its facilities, taxes, its general business practices, and other matters. The Company believes that it is in material compliance with these laws and regulations and does not believe that future compliance with such laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Human Capital - Organization Development

The foundation for the Company's focus on organizational development is built on two fundamental beliefs:

• The Company's ability to perform and deliver shareholder value is dependent on our people, and
• Each member of the Company's team plays an important role in creating an environment where individuals are respected, valued and have the opportunities to thrive.

The Company seeks to support an array of career pathways and life journeys by engaging the entire organization, with areas of focus that include Health and Safety, Learning and Development, Diversity and Inclusion, Compensation and Benefits, as well as Communication and Employee Engagement.

The Company employed 2,097 full-time employees and 10 part-time employees at December 31, 2024. Of the Company's 2,107 total employees, 747 were classified as salaried and 1,360 classified as hourly. The Company also engaged approximately 270 full-time equivalent temporary agency employees at December 31, 2024 Approximately 8% of the Company's U.S. workforce was represented by unions through two collective bargaining agreements ("CBAs") as of December 31, 2024. Both of the Company's CBAs were successfully renegotiated in 2024 and one of the CBAs will expire April 30, 2027 and the other will expire March 31, 2028. The Company considers its employee relations to be good.

Health and Safety

Safety is a top priority. The Company expects each team member of the Company to follow the Company's safety standards, best practices, and support the Company's key safety initiatives, The Company expects all team members to be accountable to themselves and each other and collaborate on safety solutions. The Company believes all accidents and near-misses are preventable as the Company strives to create a zero-incident work environment.

The Company has continued to invest in the Company's safety organization by implementing a disciplined safety management and reporting process to measure and review the Company's safety results continuously in each location. The Company's CEO reviews safety performance monthly, including recordable incidents, near misses, and first aid cases. Safety performance and best practices are also reviewed quarterly enterprise-wide during the Company's Town Hall meetings.

Each of the Company's businesses has a safety team that collaborates with the Company's leaders and employees to assess risks to identify mitigating actions to prevent accidents. The Company's businesses also identify additional safety investments required for training, education, equipment, and processes as part of the Company's annual budget and capital planning procedure.

Diversity and Inclusion

The Company supports and encourages a culture where diversity of thought flourishes and all employees feel appreciated, included, and know they have an equal opportunity to develop, grow, and succeed based on their performance. The Company believes demonstrating respect and valuing perspectives and contributions are critical to cultivating the Company's best and most successful outcomes.

Key workforce demographics as of December 31, 2024 are shown in the tables below. While the figures below are aggregated, the Company measures and strives to reflect in the Company's teams the diversity of the communities in which the Company operates.

Employee Composition by Gender and Age

Number of Employees by Employment Type

Ethnic Background of Employees

Leadership Development

The Company's leadership development journey blends on-the-job experiences with peer learning, self-study and facilitated training sessions. The Company's leaders have access to courses and application tools for a variety of situations including Goal-Setting, Problem-Solving, Receiving and Delivering Feedback, Delegating, Leading through Change, Time Management, and Behavior-based Interviewing among other topics.

Internet Information

Copies of the Company’s Proxy Statements on Schedule 14A filed pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through the Company’s website (www.gibraltar1.com (http://www.gibraltar1.com)) as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files the material with, or furnishes it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The contents of the Company's website or any other website referenced are not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, and the market price for its common stock are subject to numerous risks, many of which are driven by factors that cannot be controlled or predicted. The following discussion, as well as other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” describe certain business and other risks affecting the Company. In conjunction with reviewing the forward-looking statements and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, consideration should be given to the risk factors described below as well as those in the Safe Harbor Statement at the beginning of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks are not the only risks to which the Company is exposed. The Company's business operations and the market for its securities could also be adversely affected by additional factors that are not presently known to the Company, or that it currently considers to be immaterial to its operations.

Risks Related to the Company's Business Operations

Macroeconomic factors outside of the Company's control may adversely affect its business, its industry, and the businesses and industries of many of its customers and suppliers.

Macroeconomic factors can have and have had a significant impact on the Company's business, customer demand and the availability of credit and other capital, affecting the Company's ability to generate profitable margins. The Company's operations are subject to the effects of domestic and international economic conditions, including global industrial production rates, inflation, deflation, interest rates, availability of capital, debt levels, consumer spending, energy availability, commodity prices, and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions, including government monetary and trade policies, tax laws and regulations. In addition, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar impact the prices the Company charges and costs it incurs to export and import products. The Company is unable to predict the impact on its business of changes in domestic and international economic conditions. Market conditions, as well as domestic or global economies, or certain industry sectors of those economies that are key to the Company's sales, may deteriorate, and could result in a corresponding decrease in demand for the Company's products and negatively impact the Company's results of operations and financial condition.

The volatility of the commodity market with respect to the Company's principal raw materials and component parts and inconsistencies in the availability of the Company's principal raw materials and component parts, has impacted, and could continue to impact, the Company's business, results of operations, and cash flows.

The Company's principal raw materials are commodity products primarily consisting of steel, aluminum, and resins. The Company also purchases component parts such as glass for greenhouse roofing systems. As a result, the Company is exposed to changes in the price and availability of steel, aluminum, resins and glass. Furthermore, although not purchased by the Company, the Company also has exposure related to the availability of solar modules which has impacted the installation of, and which can and has reduced demand for, the Company's solar racking projects, as experienced in 2022, 2023 and 2024. The availability and pricing of raw materials and component parts can be volatile due to a number of factors beyond the Company's control, including general economic conditions, domestic and worldwide supply and demand, labor costs and availability, competition, freight costs and transportation, import duties, tariffs, and currency exchange rates. The Company may not be successful in passing along pricing increases to its customers or in its efforts to mitigate the impact of supply chain disruptions.

Failures by the Company's suppliers to deliver raw materials or component parts according to schedule, or at all, have resulted in manufacturing delays, capacity constraints, project delays, cost inflation and logistics delays and has affected, and may affect the Company's ability to meet its customers' needs. Furthermore, the failure of any sourced raw materials or components to conform to the Company's specifications could also result in delays in its ability to timely deliver and may have an adverse impact on the Company's relationships with its customers and its ability to fully realize the revenue expected from sales to those customers.

In addition, commodity price fluctuations can and have resulted in the Company adjusting its prices or to offer additional services or enhanced products at a higher cost to the Company, which could reduce the Company's gross profit, net income, and cash flow and cause the Company to lose market share.

The Company is subject to the risk of tariffs and other restrictions on import of solar modules, which have adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect its Renewables business.

Tariffs placed on imported products used by the Company's customers, such as solar modules, have and could continue to affect cost and availability of these products to the Company's customers which could impact the demand for the Company's products or services. Furthermore, while the Company does not sell or import solar modules, the goods and services the Company provides for its customers in the Renewables segment depends upon the supply of solar modules for which such shortages or import challenges have resulted in project delays over the past three years. The supply has been primarily impacted by two regulatory items relative to anti-dumping and countervailing duties and importation requirements for sourcing of solar modules. While these have lessened over the past year, they have impacted the timing and progress of the Company's customers' projects. As a result, the Company's operating results have been and could be further adversely impacted by an additional determinations or additional claims and investigations initiated by government.

Demand for the Company's products in its Residential segment is significantly influenced by general economic conditions and trends in consumer spending on living spaces and home exteriors, and adverse trends in, among other things, inflation, interest rates, the health of the economy, repair and remodel and new construction activity, industrial production, consumer confidence and discretionary spending and institutional funding constraints could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.

Demand for products in the Company’s Residential segment is significantly influenced by a number of economic factors affecting its customers, including distributors, dealers, retailers, contractors, architects, builders, homeowners and institutional and commercial consumers. Demand for products in the Company’s Residential segment depends on the level of residential improvement and renovation and new construction activity, and, in particular, the amount of spending on living spaces and home exteriors. Home and commercial renovation and improvement and new construction activity are affected by, among other things, interest rates, consumer confidence and spending habits, demographic trends, housing affordability levels, unemployment rates, institutional funding constraints, industrial production levels, tariffs, actual inflation levels and uncertainty with respect to future inflation levels, recession possibility and general economic conditions.

Demand for products in the Company’s Residential segment depends primarily on the level of repair and remodel activity and, to a lesser extent, new construction activity, which are in turn impacted by interest rates and inflation. The combination of high interest rates and high inflation in recent years has reduced the affordability of mortgages and increased the cost of home improvement projects. These trends could and may have resulted in reduced levels of repair and remodel as well as new construction activity and demand for the Company’s products, and, while inflation levels have moderated in recent months, the Company anticipates that these trends may continue for the foreseeable future. While home prices and equity levels of current homeowners remained strong throughout 2024, elevated interest rates could cause home prices to decrease and a weakness or reduction in home prices may result in a decreased demand for the Company’s residential products. The Company cannot predict if or when interest rates or inflation levels will decline or, once they have declined, if they will remain low, or the impact that any such decline may have on home prices, repair and remodel activity, new construction activity, demand for the Company’s products, the Company’s business generally or its financial condition.

Adverse trends in any of the foregoing factors could reduce the Company’s sales and have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Such factors could also alter the balance of the Company’s sales among its segments.

The Company’s business would suffer if the Company does not effectively manage its manufacturing processes, including, without limitation, adjusting production to meet demand, integrating new manufacturing facilities, and achieving cost-savings initiatives.

The Company continually reviews its manufacturing operations in an effort to achieve increased manufacturing efficiencies, to integrate new technologies and to address changes in its product lines and in-market demand. Periodic manufacturing integrations, realignments and cost-savings programs and other changes have adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, its operating efficiency and results of operations during the periods in which such programs are being implemented. Such programs may include the addition of manufacturing lines and the consolidation, integration and upgrading of facilities, functions, systems and procedures, including the introduction of new manufacturing technologies and product innovations. These programs involve substantial planning, often require capital investments, and may result in charges for fixed asset impairments or obsolescence and substantial severance costs. The Company’s ability to achieve cost savings or other benefits within the time frames the Company anticipates is subject to many estimates and assumptions, a number of which are subject to significant economic, competitive and other uncertainties. While the Company anticipates that enhancing these capabilities will ultimately decrease its costs, the introduction of these capabilities has required significant initial investment, and the Company cannot be certain it will realize the benefits of this initiative when anticipated or at all. If these investments and other changes are not effectively integrated into the Company’s manufacturing processes, the Company may suffer from production delays, lower efficiency and manufacturing yields, increased costs and reduced net sales.

The Company also faces risks in starting up new manufacturing facilities, including with respect to expanding its overall production capacity as well as moving production to such new facilities, that could increase costs, divert management attention and reduce the Company’s operating results. The Company must also effectively address changes to its manufacturing operations resulting from growth of its business generally, including as a result of acquisitions, and introduction of new products. As the Company increases its manufacturing capacity to meet market demand, integrate newly acquired manufacturing operations or begin to manufacture new products at scale, the Company may face unanticipated manufacturing challenges as production volumes increase, new processes are implemented and new supplies of raw materials used in these products are secured. As a result, increases in manufacturing capacity or integrating new operations may initially be associated with lower efficiency and manufacturing yields and increased costs, including shipping costs to fill back-orders. If the Company experiences production delays or inefficiencies, a deterioration in the quality of its products or other complications in managing changes to its manufacturing processes, including those that are designed to increase capacity, enhance efficiencies and reduce costs or that relate to new products or technologies, the Company may not achieve the benefits that it anticipates from these actions when expected, or at all, and its operations could experience disruptions, its manufacturing efficiency could suffer and its business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The success of the Company's business depends on the Company's senior management team, as well as other key employees and the Company's ability to attract, retain, develop and motivate a skilled and diverse workforce.

The Company's success is dependent on the management and leadership skills of its senior executive and divisional management teams. The Company cannot provide assurance that the Company will be able to retain its existing senior management personnel, or that the Company will have a successor prepared and available upon any loss of such personnel, or that the Company will be able to attract additional qualified personnel through external recruitment when needed.

Additionally, the Company may not be able to successfully compete for, attract, retain, develop or motivate a skilled and diverse workforce that the Company's business may require. The Company's business is dependent on engineers and other technical personnel to execute a variety of key responsibilities which include, but are not limited to, the identification and implementation of improvements to the Company's manufacturing process, redesign of the Company's products for better performance, the development of new products, and the identification and execution of cost reduction activities. Also, technical service personnel work in conjunction with the Company's sales force in the new product development process to determine the types of products and services that suit the particular needs of the Company's customers. Furthermore, the Company's business may be adversely impacted by the availability of labor at its manufacturing and distribution facilities, or in the field at its customers' project sites.

The unexpected loss of a member of the Company's senior management team, key employee or highly-skilled associate, including due to aggressive recruiting for talent in the current labor market, or the Company's inability to attract and retain additional personnel could deplete the Company's institutional knowledge base, erode the Company's competitiveness and prevent the Company from successfully executing its business strategy.

A significant portion of the Company's net sales are concentrated with a few customers. The loss of any of those customers would adversely affect the Company's business, results of operations, and cash flows.

A loss of sales from the Company's significant customers, whether due to a decrease in demand from the end markets the Company serves, the loss or bankruptcy of any significant customer, a decrease in the prices that the Company can realize from sales of its products to its significant customers, or a significant decrease in business from any of the Company's significant customers, could have an adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and cash flows. The Company's ten largest customers accounted for approximately 38%, 37%, and 41% of the Company's net sales during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, with its largest customer accounting for approximately 12%, 13% and 14% of the Company's consolidated net sales during each of the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. If the Company loses business from one or more of these customers, the Company's business, results of operations, and cash flows would be adversely affected.

The Company's encounters a high degree of competition in each of its segments and increased competition or failure to successfully compete could reduce the Company's revenue, gross profit, net income, and cash flows.

Each of the Company's segments operates in a highly competitive business environment and encounters a high degree of competition from a number of competitors. Competition is based primarily on product functionality, quality, price, raw material and inventory availability, as well as the ability to meet delivery and construction schedules dictated by customers. Additionally, the principal markets the Company participates in are characterized by changing technologies and new products and services, thus the Company also faces competition from the introduction of new products and services or technologies by competitors. The Company competes in its principal markets with companies of various sizes, some of which have greater scale, access to capital and other resources than the Company, and may have more established brand names and may be better able to withstand a change in conditions in the principal markets the Company serves. Increased competition could force the Company to lower its prices or to offer additional services or enhanced products at a higher cost to the Company, which could reduce the Company's gross profit, net income, and cash flow, and could cause the Company to lose market share. Further, if the Company does not have sufficient resources to invest or is otherwise unable to correctly identify customer needs and preferences, innovate and drive improvements or efficiencies in existing products, develop new products, technologies or services in the markets the Company participates in, or successfully commercialize its innovation efforts, the Company may lose market share. Even when the Company successfully innovates and develops new and enhanced products and services, the Company often incurs substantial costs in doing so, and the Company's revenue, gross profit, net income and cash flows may be impacted.

If the subcontractors the Company relies upon do not perform their contractual obligations, the Company's business, results of operations and cash flows would be adversely affected.

Some of the Company's construction contracts with customers involve subcontracts with other companies that perform a portion of the services or provide systems that are integral to the end product that the Company provides to its customers. The Company depends on the quality and timeliness of work performed by its subcontractors. There is a risk the subcontractors may not perform their contractual obligations, which may subject the Company to customer concerns or disputes. Any such disputes or concerns could materially and adversely impact the Company's ability to perform the Company's obligations as the prime contractor.

The Company's ongoing and expected restructuring plans and other cost savings initiatives may not be as effective as the Company anticipates, and the Company may fail to realize the cost savings and increased efficiencies that the Company expects to result from these actions, which could negatively affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company continually strives to simplify or improve processes, eliminate excess capacity and reduce costs in all areas of its operations, which from time to time includes restructuring and integration activities. The Company has implemented significant restructuring and integration activities across its manufacturing, sales and distribution footprint, which include workforce reductions and facility consolidations. Costs of future initiatives may be material and the savings associated with them are subject to a variety of risks, including the Company's inability to effectively eliminate duplicative back-office overhead, overlapping sales personnel, rationalize manufacturing capacity, synchronize information technology systems, consolidate warehousing and distribution facilities and shift production to more economical facilities. As a result, the contemplated costs to effect these initiatives may materially exceed estimates. The initiatives the Company is contemplating may require consultation with various employees and consultants which may influence the timing, costs and extent of expected savings and may result in the loss of skilled employees in connection with the initiatives.

If the Company is unable to implement its cost savings initiatives or is unable to implement them as timely and/or effectively as planned, the Company's business may be adversely affected by the negative impact on the Company's ability to continue to meet customer demand, maintain a high level of quality throughout the execution of the plans, and achieve the anticipated financial benefits of such plans. This may result in a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Climate change and climate change legislation or regulations may adversely affect the Company's business and results of operations.

Legislative and regulatory changes in response to the potential effects of climate change may require additional costs and investment for compliance, including an increase in the Company's capital expenditures to reduce the Company's greenhouse gas emissions and increased cost of purchased energy for both the Company and its suppliers, which may increase the Company's costs to procure raw materials, components or equipment parts. As climate change continues to increase the severity of weather, physical effects—such as damage to facilities, capital equipment and inventory or disruption in production, product distribution or field operations as a result of heat, drought, wildfires, major storm events and shifts in regional weather patterns and intensities—may also significantly affect the Company's business and financial results. Concerns over global climate change and environmental sustainability over time, including due to expectations of the Company's stockholders, customers and employees, may influence the Company's strategic direction, supply chain, or delivery channels. Any legislative or regulatory requirements that relate to the Company's business could be significant and may adversely affect the Company's business and results of operations.

The Company's insurance coverage may be inadequate to protect against a potential hazard incident to its business.

The Company maintains customary insurance policies for businesses of its type, including property, business interruption, product liability and casualty insurance coverage, but such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential claims, including losses resulting from interruptions in the Company’s production capability or product liability claims relating to the products the Company manufactures. Consistent with market conditions in the insurance industry, premiums and deductibles for some of the Company’s insurance policies have increased in recent years, sometimes substantially, and may, in the future, increase further. In some instances, some types of insurance may become available only for reduced amounts of coverage, if at all. In addition, the Company’s insurers could deny coverage for claims. If the Company were to incur a significant liability for which its as not fully insured or that its insurers disputed, the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Future terror attacks, war, natural disasters or other catastrophic events or public health crises beyond the Company's control could negatively impact the Company's business, results of operations, and cash flows.

Terror attacks, war, or other civil disturbances, natural or man-made disasters (which may become more frequent due to climate change), other catastrophic events or public health crises could cause catastrophic loss or other material damage to the Company's facilities or lead to economic instability, decreased capacity to produce the Company's products and decreased demand for the Company's products. The Company has experienced operating disruptions related to severe weather across the U.S. From time to time, terrorist attacks worldwide have caused instability in global financial markets. The Company continues to monitor the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as well as other conflicts, including the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, for any potential disruptions to the Company's operations. The Company could incur uninsured losses and liabilities arising from such events, and any resulting business interruptions could have an adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to Information Technology

The Company's business and financial performance may be adversely affected by cybersecurity attacks, information systems interruptions, equipment failures, and technology integration.

The Company relies on information technology ("IT") systems, some of which are provided and/or managed by third-parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, including sensitive data such as confidential business information and personally identifiable data relating to the Company's employees, customers and other business partners, and to manage or support a variety of critical business processes and activities, such as receiving and fulfilling orders, billing, collecting and making payments, shipping products, providing services and support to customers, and fulfilling contractual obligations. The Company's ability to effectively manage its business depends on the security, reliability, and capacity of these IT systems. These systems, including those the Company acquires through business acquisitions can be damaged, disrupted or shut down due to attacks by computer hackers, computer viruses, ransomware, human error or malfeasance, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication or utility failures, catastrophes, or other unforeseen events. While, the Company maintains IT measures designed to protect the Company against intellectual property theft, data breaches, sabotage and other external or internal cyber-attacks or misappropriation, cyber-attacks are increasingly difficult to identify and prevent, and it is possible that potential vulnerabilities could go undetected for an extended period. The Company's systems are not fully redundant and the Company's disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient. Any interruptions to the Company's IT systems could disrupt the Company's operations, causing delays or cancellation of customer orders or impeding the manufacture or shipment of products, processing of transactions or reporting of financial results. Security breaches can result in the misappropriation, destruction or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or personal data belonging to the Company or to the Company's employees, partners, customers, or suppliers. Furthermore, security breaches could damage customer, business partner and employee relationships and the Company's reputation and result in legal claims and proceedings, liability and penalties under data protection laws and regulations. Some of the Company's IT systems have experienced past security breaches, although they did not have a material adverse effect on the Company's operating results. There can be no assurance that future incidents will not have material adverse effects on the Company's operations or financial results.

In addition, the Company's IT systems require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain and enhance existing systems and develop new systems to keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology, evolving legal and regulatory standards and customer expectations, changes in the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to data and information systems, and the IT needs associated with the Company's changing products and services. In addition, the Company is subject to data privacy and security laws, regulations, and customer-imposed controls in a number of jurisdictions as a result of having access to and processing confidential, personal and/or sensitive data in the course of the Company's business. Compliance with the varying data privacy regulations across the U.S. and around the world has required and will continue to require significant expenditures. Further, there is increasing regulation regarding responses to cybersecurity incidents, including reporting to regulators, which could subject us to additional liability and reputational harm. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully maintain, enhance and upgrade the Company's IT systems as necessary to effectively address changing cybersecurity risks and legal requirements, and the Company's efforts to do so may be affect the Company's results of operations.

Risks Related to Acquisitions

The Company's strategy depends, in part, on identification, management and successful business and system integration of future acquisitions.

Historically, the Company has grown through a combination of internal growth plus external expansion through acquisitions. The Company intends to continue to seek additional acquisition opportunities in accordance with the Company's business strategy. However, the Company cannot provide any assurance that the following risks involved in completing acquisitions will not occur nor adversely impact the Company's operations and financial results:

• Failure to identify appropriate acquisition candidates, or, if the Company does, failure to successfully negotiate the terms of an acquisition;
• Diversion of senior management’s attention from existing business activities;
• Failure to integrate any acquisition into the Company's operations successfully;
• Unforeseen obligations, loss of key customers, suppliers, and employees of the acquired businesses, or loss of existing customers and suppliers;
• Difficulties or delays in integrating and assimilating information and systems that may require significant unforeseen upgrades or replacement of the Company's primary IT systems across significant parts of the Company's business and operations, which could lead to interruptions of information flow internally and to the Company's customers and suppliers;
• The need to raise additional funds through additional equity or debt financing, which could be dilutive to stockholder value, increase the Company's interest expense and reduce the Company's cash flows and available funds; and
• Adverse impact on overall profitability if the acquired business does not achieve the return on investment projected at the time of acquisition.

Risks Related to Financing and Accounting Matters

The Company provides product warranties and, if the Company's product warranty obligations were significantly in excess of its reserves, the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The Company provides various warranties on its products and services, depending on the product and service and subject to various limitations. Management estimates warranty reserves, based on factors such as historical warranty costs and short- and long-term warranty trends by product, as a proportion of sales by product. Management also considers various relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the Company’s stated warranty policies and procedures, as part of the evaluation of the Company’s warranty liability. Because warranty issues may surface later in the life cycle of a product, management continues to review these estimates on a regular basis and considers adjustments to these estimates based on actual experience compared to historical estimates. Estimating the required warranty reserves requires a high level of judgment, especially as many of the Company’s products are at a relatively early stage in their product life cycles, and the Company cannot be sure that its warranty reserves will be adequate for all warranty claims that arise. Material warranty obligations, including, but not limited to, those in excess of the Company’s reserves, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increases in future levels of leverage and size of debt service obligations could adversely affect the Company's ability to raise additional capital to fund the Company's operations, limit the Company's ability to react to changes in the economy or the Company's industries and prevent the Company from meeting the Company's obligations.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding indebtedness, but has $395.1 million available for borrowing under its revolving credit facility. The Company's ability to make scheduled payments on, or refinance, its future debt obligations depend on the Company's financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic, industry and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond the Company's control. The Company may need to incur debt in the future to fund strategic acquisitions, investments or for other purposes, which debt could have significant adverse consequences to the Company's business. Any sustained weakness in general economic conditions and/or U.S. or global capital markets could adversely affect the Company’s ability to raise capital on favorable terms or at all. The Company’s access to funds under its credit facility is dependent on the ability of the financial institutions that are parties to that facility to meet their funding commitments. Those financial institutions may not be able to meet their funding commitments if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests within a short period of time. Longer term volatility and continued disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of uncertainty, changing or increased regulation of financial institutions, reduced alternatives or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect the Company’s access to the liquidity needed for its businesses in the longer term. Such disruptions could require the Company to take measures to conserve cash until the markets stabilize or until alternative credit arrangements or other funding for its business needs can be arranged. The Company's Credit Agreement entered into on December 8, 2022, contains several financial and other restrictive covenants. A significant decline in the Company's operating income or use of the Company's Credit Agreement (or other additional indebtedness) for acquisitions, operations and capital expenditures could cause the Company to violate these covenants which could result in the Company incurring additional financing fees that would be costly and adversely affect the Company's profitability and cash flows.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

Imposed tariffs and potential future tariffs may result in increased costs and could adversely affect the Company's results of operations.

Tariffs imposed in the U.S. on certain steel and aluminum products imported into the U.S. have created volatility in the market and have increased the costs of these inputs. Increased costs for imported steel and aluminum products have led domestic sellers to respond with market-based increases to prices for such inputs as well. These tariffs, along with any additional tariffs or trade restrictions that may be implemented by the U.S. or other countries, could result in further increased costs, shifting in competitive positions and a decreased available supply of steel, resins and aluminum as well as additional imported components and inputs. The Company may not be able to pass price increases on to its customers and may not be able to secure adequate alternative sources of steel, resins and aluminum on a timely basis. While retaliatory tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods have not yet had a significant impact, the Company cannot predict further developments. The tariffs could adversely affect the

Company's income from operations for some of the Company's businesses and customer demand for some of the Company's products which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

The expiration, elimination or reduction of solar rebates, credits and incentives may adversely impact the Company's business, results of operations, and cash flows.

A variety of federal, state and local government agencies provide incentives to promote electricity generation from renewable sources such as solar power. These incentives are in the form of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives which help to motivate end users, distributors, system integrators and others to install solar powered generating systems. Any changes to reduce, shorten or eliminate the scope and availability of these incentive programs could materially and adversely impact the demand for the Company's related products, and the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

The timing and progress of many of the Company's renewable energy customers’ projects are impacted by incentives provided by the Federal solar tax credit also known as Investment Tax Credits ("ITC"). The Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") signed into law on August 16, 2022, among other things, provides for a variety of enhanced ITC and Production Tax Credits for renewable energy systems subject to specific dates and requirements. Demand for the Company's products could be adversely impacted if the Company does not meet the above standards in order to enable its customer to obtain the full enhanced tax credits.

The Company is subject to litigation and legal proceedings and may be subject to additional litigation, arbitration or legal proceedings in the future.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of its operations and businesses that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, contract and employment claims, personal injury claims, product liability claims and warranty claims. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty and, regardless of the outcome, the Company may incur significant costs and experience a diversion of management resources as a result of litigation. The results of any such litigation could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The nature of the Company's business exposes the Company to product liability and other claims, and other legal proceedings and could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The Company is a party in product liability and other claims relating to the products the Company manufactured and distributed. Although the Company currently maintains what the Company believes to be suitable and adequate insurance in excess of the Company's self-insured amounts for product liability and other claims, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms or that such insurance will provide adequate protection against potential liabilities. Product liability claims could be expensive to defend and could divert the attention of the Company's management and other personnel for significant periods of time, regardless of the ultimate outcome. Claims of this nature could also have a negative impact on customer confidence in the Company's products, the Company's brands and the Company. The Company cannot assure you that any current or future claims will not adversely affect the Company's reputation, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

The Company could incur substantial costs in order to comply with, or to address any changes in or violations of, environmental, health, safety and other laws that could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The Company's operations and facilities are subject to a variety of stringent federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations, including those relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety. Compliance with these laws and regulations sometimes involves substantial operating costs and capital expenditures. Failure to maintain or achieve compliance with these laws and regulations or with the permits required for the Company's operations could result in substantial costs and liabilities, such as fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party claims for property damage or personal injury, cleanup costs or temporary or permanent discontinuance of operations, including claims arising from the businesses and facilities that the Company has sold. The Company is subject to the risk that the Company, its employees, its affiliated entities, its contractors, its agents or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of any of these laws, for which the Company might be held responsible, particularly as the Company expands its operations geographically through organic growth and acquisitions. The Company cannot provide assurance that the Company's internal controls and compliance systems, including the Company's Code of Ethics and Statement of Policy, will protect the Company from acts committed by the Company's employees, agents or business partners that violate U.S. and/or non-U.S. laws, including the laws governing payments to government officials, bribery, fraud, kickbacks and false claims, pricing, sales and marketing practices, conflicts of interest, competition, employment practices, workplace behavior, export and import compliance, economic and trade sanctions, money laundering and data privacy. An actual or alleged violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil or criminal penalties, debarment from government contracts, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, competitive or reputational harm, litigation or regulatory action and other consequences that might adversely affect the Company's results of operations, financial condition or strategic objectives. For certain businesses the Company has divested, the Company has provided limited indemnifications for environmental contamination to the successor owners. The Company has also acquired and expects to continue to acquire businesses and facilities to add to the Company's operations. While the Company sometimes receives indemnification for pre-existing environmental contamination, the party providing the indemnification may not have sufficient resources to cover the cost of any required measures. Certain facilities of the Company have been in operation for many years and the Company may be liable for remediation of any contamination at the Company's current or former facilities; or at off-site locations where waste has been sent for disposal, regardless of fault or whether the Company, its predecessors or others are responsible for such contamination. The Company has been responsible for remediation of contamination at some of the Company's locations, and while such costs have not been material to date, the cost of remediation of any of these and any newly-discovered contamination cannot be quantified, and the Company cannot assure you that it will not materially affect the Company's profits or cash flows. Changes in laws, regulations or enforcement policies, including without limitation new or additional regulations affecting disposal of hazardous substances and waste, greenhouse gas emissions or use of fossil fuels, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Securing the Company's IT systems is integral and foundational to its everyday operations. The mission of the Company's cybersecurity team is to focus on defining and deploying its information security strategy, sustaining a robust employee cyber awareness and training program, executing security engineering, providing continuous monitoring of its operations, responding and coordinating the response and investigation of cyber incidents, building and testing its disaster recovery plans in support of its businesses’ continuity plan requirements, and developing its cyber and information security policies. The Company employs a dedicated cybersecurity team led by its head of information and cybersecurity who reports directly to the Company's Chief Digital Information Officer. Combined, the Company's cybersecurity team has nearly four decades of security and technology operations expertise along with numerous security certifications.

The Company's cybersecurity strategy is based on recognized best practices, standards, and frameworks for cybersecurity and information technology, including the Center for Information Security ("CIS") Controls and National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST"). The strategy focuses on implementing technologies, controls, and processes to constantly monitor, identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks. The Company also has a cybersecurity incident response plan that is designed to provide a framework across all functions for a coordinated identification and response to security incidents.

Beyond technologies, processes, and controls, the Company's cybersecurity program also includes exercises designed to sustain a high level of awareness and readiness across its employee base of the risks that threat actors pose to the Company. Whether it is through the Company's monthly company-wide cyber training; its frequent in-house phishing exercises, regular tabletop exercises with the Company's Board of Directors, management, and employees; or its cyber business continuity planning sessions, the Company strives to provide education so its employees can be a positive force in the protection of the Company's systems.

The Company engages leading cybersecurity firms to assist with its security engineering and operations; provide independent evaluations of its security posture through regular assessment, penetration testing, or ethical hacking; and to audit and provide advice on how to make its security operations and controls more effective.

Furthermore, the Company utilizes third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions to assist in operating the business. The cybersecurity risks associated with the use of certain providers are covered under a vendor management process. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity and/or quantity of information processed, the vendor management process may include reviewing cybersecurity practices of these providers, contractually imposing obligations on the provider, inspecting independently audited reports, and/or conducting its own security assessments of their services.

The Company’s Board of Directors has ultimate oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk. Senior leadership, including the Chief Digital Information Officer, updates the Board of Directors on the Company's cybersecurity and information security posture at least quarterly at the Company’s board meetings, or more frequently as determined to be necessary or advisable. These updates include a review of cybersecurity incidents determined to have a moderate to high business impact, even if immaterial to the Company as a whole. The Audit and Risk Committee has responsibility for assisting the Board in the review and oversight of risks affecting the Company, and oversees the enterprise risk management process, which includes, with the assistance of internal audit, assessing the Company’s exposure to cybersecurity risk and the effectiveness of the Company’s processes and controls to address and respond to those risks. Management is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, integrating cybersecurity considerations into the company’s overall risk management strategy, and for communicating key priorities to employees, as well as for approving budgets, helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

Notwithstanding the focus and emphasis on cybersecurity, the Company has experienced and will continue to experience cybersecurity incidents. While prior incidents have not had a material effect on the Company's business, there can be no guarantee that the Company will not experience a future incident that does have a material effect on its business. See "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Information Technology - The Company's business and financial performance may be adversely affected by cybersecurity attacks, information systems interruptions, equipment failures, and technology integration" for more information on the Company's cybersecurity risks.

The Company leases its principal executive office and corporate headquarters in Buffalo, New York. The number, type, location and classification of the properties used by the Company's operations by segment and corporate as of December 31, 2024, were as follows:

The Company believes that its properties are effectively utilized, well maintained, in good condition, and will be able to accommodate the Company's capacity needs to meet current levels of demand. In addition, the Company believes that its properties are located to optimize customer service, market requirements, distribution capability and freight costs.

From time to time the Company has been and may in the future become involved in litigation, as well as other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of the Company's business. The Company maintains liability insurance against risks arising out of the normal course of business. While the outcome of these legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company's management, based on currently available facts, does not believe that the ultimate outcome of any pending litigation will have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

See Note 15 to the Company's consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the Company’s risk factors and its consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 1A and Item 8, respectively, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain information set forth in this Item 7 constitutes “forward-looking statements” as that term is used in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are based, in whole or in part, on management’s beliefs, estimates, assumptions, and currently available information. For a more detailed discussion of what constitutes a forward-looking statement and of some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from such forward-looking statements, please refer to the “Safe Harbor Statement” on page 4 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Company Overview

The Company is a leading manufacturer and provider of products and services for the residential, renewable energy, agtech, and infrastructure markets.

The Company operates and reports its results in the following four reporting segments:

• Residential
• Renewables
• Agtech
• Infrastructure

The Company serves customers primarily in North America including home improvement retailers, wholesalers, distributors, contractors, renewable energy (solar) developers, institutional and commercial growers of fruits, vegetables, flowers and other plants. The Company's operational infrastructure provides the necessary scale to support local, regional, and national customers in each of its markets.

Demand for products and services in the segments and end markets the Company's businesses serve are subject to economic conditions that are influenced by various factors. These factors include but are not limited to changes in general economic conditions, interest rates, exchange rates, commodity costs, federal subsidies for renewable energy projects, supply limitations that impact the availability of solar modules and therefore solar racking installations, demand for residential construction, demand for repair and remodeling, governmental policies and funding, tax policies and incentives, tariffs, trade policies, weather patterns, the level of non-residential construction and infrastructure projects, demand for renewable energy sources, and climate change. The Company believes the key elements of its strategy outlined in Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will allow the Company to respond timely to these factors.

Operating Performance Measures

The Company uses certain operating performance measures, specifically consolidated gross margin, operating margin by segment and consolidated operating margin, to manage its businesses, set operational goals, and establish performance targets for incentive compensation for its employees. The Company defines consolidated gross margin as a percentage of total consolidated gross profit to total consolidated net sales. The Company defines operating margin by segment as a percentage of total income from operations by segment to total net sales by segment and consolidated operating margin as a percentage of total consolidated income from operations to total consolidated net sales. The Company believes gross margin and operating margin may be useful to investors in evaluating the profitability of its segments and the Company on a consolidated basis.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

For a discussion of the Company's results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and for a comparison of such results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 results please refer to "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 that was filed with the SEC on February 21, 2024.

The following table sets forth selected results of operations data (in thousands) and its percentages of net sales for the years ended December 31:

The following table sets forth the Company’s net sales by reportable segment for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

Consolidated net sales decreased from 2023 by $69.0 million, or 5.0%, to $1.3 billion for 2024 compared to 2023. The decrease in revenue was the combined result of volume decline in the Company's Residential and Renewables segments along with portfolio management activities in the prior year, the 2023 sale of the Company's Japan-based solar racking business in the Renewables segment and the prior year liquidation of the processing business in the Agtech segment. The decrease was partially offset by growth in the Company's Agtech segment along with revenues generated from a 2023 acquisition in the Residential segment. Consolidated backlog decreased 24% to $252 million down from $330 million at the end of the prior year.

Net sales in the Residential segment decreased 4.0%, or $32.3 million, to $782.5 million in 2024 compared to $814.8 million in 2023. Organic decline of 4.4% was driven by a slower residential market, including the repair and remodel sector. This decrease was partially offset by recent participation gains with existing and new customers along with $3.5 million of sales generated by the recent acquisition.

Net sales in the Renewables segment decreased by 13.7%, or $45.3 million, to $285.4 million in 2024 compared to $330.7 million in 2023. The decrease was driven by trade and regulatory headwinds associated with the two independent AD/CVD investigations which compelled the industry to significantly focus on completing panel installations and administrative reporting requirements ahead of the December 3, 2024 expiration of the tariff moratorium on panels granted through the two-year Presidential Proclamation from June 2022, along with the aforementioned portfolio management actions and other industry headwinds. Order backlog decreased 32% from the prior year as a result of these challenges.

Net sales in the Agtech segment increased 5.4%, or $7.8 million, to $152.8 million in 2024 compared to $145.0 million in 2023. The revenue increase was primarily driven by projects accelerating in our produce division, partially offset by $4.1 million of revenues recorded in the prior year related to the aforementioned portfolio management actions. Although backlog decreased 23% year over year in this segment, the Company anticipates the addition of new projects in both the produce and commercial markets as the Company completes design work and finalize products for launch.

Net sales in the Infrastructure segment increased 0.9%, or $0.8 million, to $88.0 million in 2024 compared to $87.2 million in 2023, the result of continued strong execution. Backlog increased 10% year over year. Demand and quoting remain strong, supported by continued investment at the federal and state levels.

The Company's consolidated gross margin increased to 26.9% for 2024 compared to 26.3% for 2023. This increase was the result of improved price to material cost alignment, continued operational efficiencies, along with 80/20 initiatives and favorable business and product mix.

Selling, general, and administrative ("SG&A") expenses decreased by $9.9 million, or 4.8%, to $197.5 million for 2024 from $207.4 million for 2023. The $9.9 million decrease was the result of lower performance-based compensation expense and sales commissions compared to the prior year along with a recovery on a receivable written down in 2023 associated with a distressed cannabis customer. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales was unchanged at 15.1% for both 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company recognized intangible asset impairment charges of $11.3 million in 2024 due to rebranding initiatives resulting in the discontinuation of indefinite-lived trademarks in the Agtech and Renewables segments of $6.0 million and $5.3 million, respectively. During 2023, the Company recognized intangible asset impairment charges of $3.8 million. The impairment was largely the result of a rebranding initiative that resulted in the discontinuation of an indefinite-lived trademark of $3.2 million in the Agtech segment, and to a lesser extent, the write-off of amortizing intangibles for $0.6 million related to a discontinued product line in the Renewables segment.

The following table sets forth the Company’s income from operations and income from operations as a percentage of net sales by reportable segment for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

The Residential segment operating margin increased to 19.0% in 2024 from 17.6% in 2023. The increase in operating margin was driven by effective price/cost management, solid execution and 80/20 productivity initiatives.

The Renewables segment generated an operating margin of 1.2% in 2024 compared to 9.1% in 2023. The decrease in operating margin was impacted by lower volume resulting from the aforementioned trade and regulatory challenges in this segment along with product line mix associated with the launch and learning curve of the new tracker product line in the current year. Furthermore, margin was impacted by restructuring activities related to addressing customer issues arising from discontinued solar tracker solutions and the indefinite-lived trademark impairment charge recorded in the current year.

The Agtech segment generated an operating margin of 7.2% in 2024 compared to (0.6)% in 2023. The year over year improvement in operating margin was due to the result of volume leverage, product mix shift and improved execution along with the recovery on a receivable written down in 2023 associated with a distressed cannabis customer and the impact of prior year portfolio management actions.

The Infrastructure segment operating margin increased to 24.2% in 2024 compared to 21.2% in 2023. The margin improvement was driven by favorable product line mix, 80/20 productivity initiatives and strong operating execution.

Unallocated corporate expenses increased $1.3 million, or 3.4%, to $41.4 million in 2024 from $40.1 million for 2023.

The Company recorded interest income of $6.2 million for 2024, compared to interest expense of $3.0 million for 2023. Income in the current year was the result of earnings on certain interest-bearing cash accounts. Expense in the prior year was the result of outstanding balances on the Company's revolving credit facility during 2023, while no amounts were outstanding during 2024.

The Company recorded other income of $24.7 million in 2024, compared to $1.3 million in 2023. The current year income is primarily the result of a $25.3 million gain related to the sale of the Company's electronic locker business within its Residential segment. In 2023, the income is the combined result of foreign currency translation fluctuations and changes in the fair market valuation allowance related to the liquidation of the processing business, offset by a $0.6 million pre-tax net loss relating to the sale of the Company's Japan-based solar racking business within its Renewables segment.

The Company recognized a provision for income taxes of $36.6 million, an effective tax rate of 21.0%, for 2024 compared with a provision for income taxes of $38.5 million, an effective tax rate of 25.8%, for 2023. The effective tax rate for 2024 was equal to the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% due to state taxes and nondeductible permanent differences offset by a partial release of the valuation allowance previously recorded on a capital loss carryforward that can be utilized due to the 2024 sale of the Company's electronic locker business within its Residential segment. The effective tax rate for 2023 exceeded the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% due to state taxes and nondeductible permanent differences partially offset by favorable discrete items due to an excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table sets forth the Company's liquidity position as of (in thousands):

Sources of Liquidity

The Company's primary sources of liquidity are comprised of cash on hand and available borrowing capacity provided under the Company's Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a revolving credit facility and letters of credit in an aggregate amount equal to $400 million and terminates on December 8, 2027. The Company can request additional financing to increase the revolving credit facility to $700 million or enter into a term loan of up to $300 million subject to conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement. See Note 8 to the Company's consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on the Company’s Credit Agreement.

Generally, the Company's foreign operations have generated cash flow from operations sufficient to invest in working capital and fund their capital improvements. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's foreign subsidiaries held $8.9 million and $6.9 million of cash, respectively.

The Company believes that these sources, together with cash expected to be generated from operations, should provide the Company with ample liquidity and capital resources to meet both its short-term and long-term cash requirements and to continue to invest in operational excellence, growth initiatives and the development of the organization.

Uses of Cash / Cash Requirements

The Company's material short-term cash requirements primarily include accounts payable, certain employee and retiree benefit-related obligations, operating lease obligations, capital expenditures, and other purchase obligations originating in the normal course of business for inventory purchase orders and contractual service agreements. The Company's principal capital requirements are to fund its operations' working capital and capital improvements, as well as provide capital for acquisitions and to strategically allocate capital through repurchases of Company stock under the Company's current authorized program ending May 2, 2025. The Company will continue to invest in growth opportunities as appropriate while focusing on working capital efficiency and profit improvement opportunities to minimize the cash invested to operate its business. See Notes 7, 9, 14 and 16 to the Company's consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further detail on the Company's accrued expenses, employee and retiree benefit-related obligations, operating lease obligations and historical capital expenditures.

Over the long-term, the Company expects that future investments, including strategic business acquisitions, may be financed through a number of sources, including internally available cash, availability under the Credit Agreement, new debt financing, the issuance of equity securities, or any combination of the aforementioned.

These expectations are forward-looking statements based upon currently available information and may change if conditions in the credit and equity markets deteriorate or other circumstances change. To the extent that operating cash flows are lower than current levels, or sources of financing are not available or not available at acceptable terms, the Company's future liquidity may be adversely affected. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Financing and Accounting Matters - Increases in future levels of leverage and size of debt service obligations could adversely affect the Company's ability to raise additional capital to fund the Company's operations, limit the Company's ability to react to changes in the economy or the Company's industries and prevent the Company from meeting the Company's obligations."

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth selected cash flow data for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2024 of $174.2 million consisted of net income of $137.3 million, non-cash net charges totaling $29.7 million, which include depreciation, amortization, intangible asset impairment, stock compensation, gain on sale of business, exit activity costs, benefit of deferred income taxes and other non-cash charges, and $7.2 million of cash generated from working capital and other net operating assets largely due increases in accounts payable, the result of the timing of purchases and vendor payments, and other current assets, the result of the timing of income taxes payments and other receivables incurred.

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2023 of $218.5 million consisted of net income of $110.5 million, non-cash net charges totaling $67.0 million, which include depreciation, amortization, intangible asset impairment, stock compensation, exit activity costs, provision for deferred income taxes and other non-cash charges, and $41.0 million of cash generated from working capital and other net operating assets largely due to the Company's focus on reducing its investment in inventory to better align with lower sales volumes while still meeting customer demand.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for 2024 of $8.5 million consisted of net proceeds of $28.1 million from the sale of the Company's electronic locker business within its Residential segment in the fourth quarter of 2024 and receipt of the $0.3 million final working capital settlement resulting from the sale of the Company's Japan-based solar racking business in the Company's Renewables segment in the fourth quarter of 2023, offset by net capital expenditures of $19.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for 2023 of $15.7 million consisted of net cash paid of $10.4 million for the acquisition of a privately held Utah-based company in the third quarter of 2023 and net capital expenditures of $13.9 million, offset by net proceeds of $8.0 million from the sale of the Company's Japan-based solar racking business in the Company's Renewables segment in the fourth quarter of 2023 and receipt of the $0.6 million final working capital settlement related to the 2022 acquisition of QAP.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for 2024 of $12.2 million consisted of common stock repurchases. The Company paid $10.0 million in the current year for the repurchase of 154,796 shares under the Company's authorized share repurchase program. The remainder of the repurchased common stock of $2.2 million related to the net settlement of tax obligations for participants in the Company's equity incentive plans and excise taxes on stock repurchases.

Net cash used in financing activities for 2023 of $120.3 million consisted of net long-term debt payments of $91.0 million and $29.3 million of common stock repurchases. Net long-term debt payments consisted of $141.0 million in long-term debt payments, offset by $50.0 million in proceeds from borrowing on the Company's long-term debt credit facility. The Company paid $26.0 million in 2023 to repurchase of 538,575 shares under the Company's authorized share repurchase program. The remainder of the repurchased common stock of $3.3 million related to the net settlement of tax obligations for participants in the Company's equity incentive plans.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make decisions based upon estimates, assumptions, and factors it considers relevant to the circumstances. Such decisions include the selection of applicable principles and the use of judgment in their application, the results of which could differ from those anticipated.

A summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our most critical accounting estimates that require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments include revenue recognition on contracts with customers. Management reviews these estimates on a regular basis and makes adjustments based on historical experience, current conditions, and future expectations. Management believes these estimates are reasonable, but actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition on Contracts with Customers

The vast majority of the Company's sales contracts are for standard products with revenue recognized at the point in time the Company transfers control to the customer. The point in time the Company transfers control is based on when the Company determines the customer has legal title, significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset, and the Company has a present right to payment for the product. However, revenue representing approximately 36%, 35% and 40% of the Company's 2024, 2023 and 2022 consolidated net sales, respectively, was recognized over time under the cost-to-cost method as the Company satisfied its performance obligations. This method of revenue recognition pertains to activities within the Renewables, Agtech, and Infrastructure segments.

Revenue recognized on contracts over time using the cost-to-cost method for measuring progress is recognized as work progresses toward completion based on the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion. Revenues are recognized proportionally as costs are incurred under this method. Contract costs include all direct costs related to contract performance and factors inherent in the estimation process include direct labor hours, direct material costs, and other direct costs. The estimates of total costs to be incurred at completion of each contract are sensitive to significant judgments and assumptions, such as the expected costs to complete installation, which are affected by customer site-specific conditions as well as availability and cost of third-party contractors to complete the installation process. These estimates impact the timing and amount of net sales recognized on in-progress performance obligations with customers. The Company on a regular basis reviews its estimates and the progress and performance of the performance obligation for substantially all contracts that the Company recognizes revenue over time under the cost-to-cost method. Any adjustments or changes in these estimates affecting revenues are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting, resulting in the cumulative effect of changes reflected in the period. When any individual contract's estimated total costs to be incurred exceeds the contract's transaction price, the Company recognizes the estimated contract loss in the period in which such loss is determined. A significant change in an estimate on one or more contracts could have a material effect on the Company's results of operations.

The following table summarizes the impact of the changes in contract estimates on net sales and the estimated contract losses recognized in the Company's operating results during the years ended December 31 (in millions):

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For additional information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 to the Company's consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is exposed to various market risk factors, including changes in general economic conditions, competition, and raw materials pricing and availability. In addition, the Company is exposed to other financial market risks, primarily related to its long-term debt and foreign operations.

Raw Material Pricing Risk

The Company is subject to market risk exposure related to volatility in the price of the Company's principal raw materials of steel, aluminum and resins, which are cyclical in nature and have been historically volatile. Exposure to commodity price fluctuations are generally managed through alignment of the Company's materials costs with pricing to customers by passing increases in raw material costs through to customers and maintaining inventory levels not in excess of the Company's production requirements. The Company may experience unfavorable cost-price alignment if increases in these raw material costs cannot be partially or fully passed on to customers, or if the timing of price increases lags behind the raw material cost increases. The Company cannot accurately calculate the pre-tax impact a one percent change in the commodity costs would have on the Company's 2024 operating results as the change in commodity costs would both impact the cost to purchase materials and the selling prices the Company offers to customers. The impact to the Company's operating results would significantly depend on the competitive environment and the costs of other alternative products, which could impact the Company's ability to pass commodity costs to customers.

Interest Rate Risk

The Company intends to utilize variable interest rate debt to manage interest rate risk, and would consider utilizing fixed rate debt if borrowings were expected to be outstanding for an extended period of time. The Company's available variable rate debt consisted of the revolving credit facility under the Company's Credit Agreement, of which there was no outstanding indebtedness as of and during the year ended December 31, 2024, and there was no other debt outstanding as of and during the year ended December 31, 2024. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement's revolving credit facility bear interest, at the Company's option, at a rate equal to an additional margin plus (a) a base rate, (b) a daily simple SOFR rate, (c) a term SOFR rate or (d) for certain foreign currencies, a foreign current rate. A hypothetical 1% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have had a material effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Foreign Exchange Risk

The Company has foreign exchange risk due to the Company's international operations, primarily in Canada, and through sales to and purchases from foreign customers and vendors. Changes in the values of currencies of foreign countries affect the Company's financial position and cash flows when translated into U.S. dollars. The Company principally manages its exposures to many of these foreign exchange rate risks solely through management of its core business activities. The Company cannot accurately calculate the pre-tax impact that a one percent change in the exchange rates of foreign currencies would have on the Company's 2024 operating results as the changes in exchange rates would impact the cost of materials, the U.S. dollar revenue equivalents, and potentially the prices offered to foreign customers.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Management of the Company, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered in this report. Based upon that evaluation and the definition of disclosure controls and procedures contained in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of the end of such period the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of Gibraltar Industries, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the Company’s evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included below in this Item 9A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company implemented a new Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system for two of the Company's operating units in the Residential segment during the quarter ended December 31, 2024. The implementation of these ERP systems are expected to, among other things, improve user access security and automate a number of accounting and reporting processes and activities, thereby decreasing the amount of manual processes previously required. Except for the implementations of these ERP systems, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined by Rule 13a-15(f)) that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Gibraltar Industries, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Gibraltar Industries, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Gibraltar Industries, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2024 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 19, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

February 19, 2025