Smith & Wesson Brands, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Apr 30, 2023

Introduction

General

We are one of the world’s leading manufacturers and designers of firearms. We manufacture a wide array of handguns (including revolvers and pistols), long guns (including modern sporting rifles), handcuffs, firearm suppressors, and other firearm-related products for sale to a wide variety of customers, including firearm enthusiasts, collectors, hunters, sportsmen, competitive shooters, individuals desiring home and personal protection, law enforcement and security agencies and officers, and military agencies in the United States and throughout the world. We sell our products under the Smith & Wesson, M&P, and Gemtech brands. We manufacture our products at our facilities in Springfield, Massachusetts, Houlton, Maine, and Deep River, Connecticut. We currently store finished good inventory and fulfill customer orders from our distribution center in Columbia, Missouri. We also sell our manufacturing services to other businesses to attempt to level-load our factories. We sell those services under our Smith & Wesson and Smith & Wesson Precision Components brands. In fiscal 2022, we announced our plan to move our headquarters and significant elements of our operations (including our distribution center) to a new facility being constructed in Maryville, Tennessee, or the Relocation. See Note 16 — Commitments and Contingencies and Note 17 — Restructuring for more information regarding this plan.

Smith & Wesson was founded in 1852 by Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson. Mr. Wesson purchased Mr. Smith’s interest in 1873. The Wesson family sold Smith & Wesson to Bangor Punta Corp. in 1965. Lear Siegler Corporation purchased Bangor Punta in 1984, thereby acquiring ownership of Smith & Wesson. Forstmann Little & Co. purchased Lear Siegler in 1986 and sold Smith & Wesson shortly thereafter to Tomkins Corporation, an affiliate of U.K.-based Tomkins PLC. We purchased Smith & Wesson from Tomkins in May 2001 and renamed our company Smith & Wesson Holding Corporation. In January 2017, we changed the name of our company from Smith & Wesson Holding Corporation to American Outdoor Brands Corporation. In May 2020, in preparation for the spin-off of our outdoor products and accessories business, or the Separation, which was completed on August 24, 2020, we changed our name to Smith & Wesson Brands, Inc. Unless otherwise noted, all discussion below, including amounts and percentages for all periods, reflect the results of operations and financial condition from continuing operations. As such, our former outdoor products and accessories business is reported as discontinued operations and has been excluded.

We maintain our principal executive offices at 2100 Roosevelt Avenue, Springfield, Massachusetts 01104. Our telephone number is (800) 331-0852. Our website is located at www.smith-wesson.com (http://www.smith-wesson.com). Through our website, we make available free of charge our annual reports on Form 10-K, our proxy statements, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to any of these documents filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These documents are available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We also post on our website the charters of our Audit; Compensation; Nominations and Corporate Governance; and Environment, Social, and Governance Committees; our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Code of Conduct, and any amendments or waivers thereto; and any other corporate governance materials contemplated by the regulations of the SEC and the Nasdaq Global Select Market. These documents are also available in print by contacting our corporate secretary at our executive offices.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us,” and “our company” refer to Smith & Wesson Brands, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. “Common stock” refers to the common stock, par value $.001 per share, of our company. Our most recently completed fiscal year ended on April 30, 2023, or fiscal 2023.

Our objective is to be the undisputed market leader in the firearm industry. Key elements of our strategy to achieve this objective and deliver long-term stockholder value are as follows:

• drive organic growth by leveraging our brands and maintaining a robust product pipeline to increase market share in markets in which we participate;
• design, produce, and market high-quality, innovative firearms and related accessories that meet the needs and desires of our consumer and professional customers and that drive customer satisfaction and loyalty;
• create a leverageable infrastructure by streamlining and standardizing our business operations; and
• deploy our cash flow in such a manner so as to maximize return on invested capital.

Strategy

Our objective is to be the undisputed market leader in the firearm industry. Key elements of our strategy to achieve this objective are as follows:

Drive Organic Growth by Leveraging Brands and Designing Innovative New Products

We are focused on driving organic growth by ensuring a robust new product pipeline and leveraging our brands to help us to increase market share in markets in which we participate and to expand into adjacent and complementary markets by (1) capitalizing on the goodwill developed through our historic 171 year old “Smith & Wesson” brand; (2) enhancing our relationships with key retailers, distributors, and buying groups; and (3) introducing new products. During the last two fiscal years, we have introduced numerous new products, including variations and product lines around the Smith & Wesson and Gemtech brands. We plan to continue to introduce new products in fiscal 2024.

Design, Produce, and Market High-Quality Products that Drive Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty

We are focused on designing, producing, and marketing high-quality, innovative firearms and related accessories that meet the needs and desires of our consumer and professional customers and that drive customer satisfaction and loyalty. Our ongoing research and development, product engineering, product sourcing, marketing, and distribution activities are critical components of our ability to offer successful products. We believe that by offering high-quality products and services on a timely and cost-effective basis, as well as providing world-class customer service, training, and support, we will drive customer satisfaction and loyalty. We regard our high-quality, innovative products as the most important aspect of our customer satisfaction and loyalty, but we also offer customer service and support with various programs, such as toll-free customer support numbers, e-mail customer question and answer communications, broad service policies, and product warranties.

Create a Leverageable Infrastructure by Streamlining and Standardizing our Business Operations

We intend to continue to streamline and standardize certain administrative functions of our business with a goal toward driving profitability and improving the ease with which our customers are able to do business with us. A streamlined and standardized approach requires investing in an integrated and configurable technology infrastructure in areas such as enterprise resource planning, or ERP, and compliance. We intend to continue investing in such systems to further enhance our efficiency, improve information reporting, and strengthen internal controls.

Deploy our Cash Flow in Such a Manner so as to Maximize Return on Invested Capital

During fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2023, we generated a total of $154.5 million in cash from operations. During the same period, we invested $114.2 million in cash to acquire property, equipment, and patents, of which $77.9 million was to fund the Relocation, repurchased $90.0 million of our outstanding stock, distributed $33.4 million in dividends, and borrowed $25.0 million from our revolving line of credit. We intend to continue our focus on developing, growing, and protecting our iconic firearm brands and using our cash flow from operations on actions that will maximize our return on invested capital. In addition to investing, as needed, in organic growth, especially in machinery, equipment, and new product development, we intend to continue to utilize cash generated in fiscal 2024 to fund the Relocation.

Products

Introduction

Our products combine our legacy of 171 years of American manufacturing and engineering expertise with modern technological advances. Driven by the needs of the individual firearm owner, we continually strive to improve the experience of buying, owning, and shooting a firearm. We also strive to leverage our tradition of innovation in materials, performance, and engineering, along with our proven history of reliability, to produce feature-rich, safe, durable, accurate, and high-performing firearms that satisfy the needs of our broad range of customers. Our introduction of new products is intended to enhance our competitive position and broaden our participation in the overall market.

We have substantially enhanced the breadth and quality of our portfolio of products over the years. We have always been a leader in the revolver market. The introduction of our popular M&P pistol in 2005 resulted in us becoming one of the leaders in the polymer pistol market as well, serving both the consumer sporting goods market and law enforcement agencies. The launch of our M&P modern sporting rifle in 2006 enabled us to capture what we estimate is the leading share of the modern sporting rifle market. The addition of our Gemtech branded firearm suppressor products in 2017 expanded our firearm-related product offerings. Our firearm suppressors are compatible with most pistols and rifles on the market and complement our firearm products. We currently participate in two categories of the long gun market: modern sporting rifles and shotguns and both core categories of the handgun market: semi-automatic pistols and revolvers.

Product Development

All of our firearms and firearm-related products are currently sold under our Smith & Wesson and Gemtech brands. Our customers include distributors; federal, state, and municipal law enforcement agencies and officers; government and military agencies; and retailers.

Our product development strategy is to understand our consumers’ needs and preferences and then design and develop products to uniquely meet those requirements. Throughout this process, we test multiple concepts with firearm owners and potential purchasers. We compare these test results against a growing database of prior concepts to identify those with the greatest market potential. Additional market research is completed to optimize the desired features and benefits. While this development process is ongoing, our launch timing for new products depends on market conditions to maximize sales across the entire product portfolio.

In fiscal 2023, we introduced a number of new products, including (i) the Smith & Wesson M350 revolver, which is a double-action/single-action revolver that expanded on our X-frame line of revolvers; (ii) the M&P9 M2.0 Metal pistol, which features an aluminum frame, the new M2.0 flat trigger design, and a 17-round capacity, as well as our C.O.R.E red dot mounting system; (iii) the Smith & Wesson Equalizer ®, which features 10-round, 13-round, and 15-round magazine options; (iv) the M&P 5.7, our first handgun offering in the increasingly popular 5.7x28mm caliber, which features a new and innovative design, the Tempo Barrel System (a rotating design that harnesses the speed of the 5.7x28mm round); and (v) the M&P FPC, an innovative side-folding pistol carbine featuring a threaded barrel, in-stock magazine storage, and a locking latch for secure transportation that is compatible with full-size and compact 9mm M&P magazines.

Our customers continue to demand premium firearms that provide a competitive edge in sport shooting and hunting. Our Performance Center products are engineered and manufactured to meet this need, and they incorporate many custom features not found in our standard products, such as enhanced triggers for smoother trigger pull, ported barrels for better muzzle control, and specialty sights for quicker target acquisition. In fiscal 2023, we introduced the Performance Center M&P9 Competitor, which features a Performance Center trigger, our C.O.R.E red dot mounting system, flat-face trigger design, enhanced sear for a better trigger feel, flared magazine well, oversized magazine release, and lightening cuts on the slide.

In fiscal 2023, we also introduced several new and innovative products within our Gemtech line of firearm suppressors, including (i) the Neutron 7.62, which is a 6.6” firearm suppressor that is both durable and light and that features Gemtech's ETM (easy-to-mount) application; (ii) the Abyss 5.56, which is designed to allow rounds to pass through the suppressor while gasses expand into the baffle spaces, lowering pressure, minimizing muzzle flash, and reducing decibels; and (iii) the GVAC™ 5.56 Upper system, which was designed to optimize suppressed shooting by utilizing a gas block system to reduce the amount of gas blowback.

Our net sales for fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $479.2 million, $864.1 million, and $1.1 billion, respectively. Our gross profit for fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 totaled $154.5 million, $374.6 million, and $449.0 million, respectively. Total assets as of April 30, 2023 and 2022 were $541.3 million and $497.5 million, respectively.

Handguns

We manufacture an extensive variety of handgun models that includes revolvers and pistols. A revolver is a handgun with a cylinder that holds the ammunition in a series of rotating chambers that are successively aligned with the barrel of the firearm during each firing cycle. There are two general types of revolvers: single-action and double-action. To fire a single-action revolver, the hammer is pulled back to cock the firearm and align the cylinder before the trigger is pulled. To fire a double-action revolver, a single trigger pull advances the cylinder as it cocks and releases the hammer. A pistol is a handgun in which the ammunition chamber is an integral part of the barrel and which is fed ammunition from a magazine contained in the grip. The firing cycle ejects the spent casings and loads a new round into the chamber.

We have long been known as an innovator and leader in the revolver market and most of our revolvers are currently marketed under the Smith & Wesson brand. We sell a wide range of sizes from small-frame revolvers used primarily for concealed carry and personal protection to large-frame revolvers used primarily for recreational and competitive sport shooting. Our extra-large frame revolvers primarily address the handgun-hunting market.

Our small-frame revolvers have been carried by law enforcement personnel and personal defense-minded citizens for over 150 years. Our revolvers are available in a variety of models and calibers, with applications in virtually all professional and consumer markets.

We offer pistols under our Smith & Wesson brand. Our full size and compact M&P line of pistol products have been engineered with input from professional users and are designed to offer performance, safety, and durability that meet the standards of global law enforcement and military personnel, as well as features attractive to consumers. We believe that our M&P branded pistol products are the most ergonomic, feature-rich, and innovative products on the market today. Our range of full-size and compact M&P pistol products are made with a polymer frame, a rigid stainless-steel chassis, and a black, through-hardened corrosion resistant finished stainless-steel barrel and slide for durability. Our M&P pistol products feature patented and easily changed palm swell grips in four sizes, allowing the user to customize grips in a matter of seconds; a passive trigger safety to prevent the pistol from firing if dropped; an enlarged trigger guard to accommodate gloved hands; a sear lever release that eliminates the need to press the trigger in order to disassemble the firearm; an ambidextrous slide stop and reversible magazine release to accommodate right- and left-handed shooters; an optional internal locking system and magazine safety; and a universal equipment rail to allow the addition of accessories, including lights and lasers.

In fiscal 2012, we launched the M&P Shield pistol to address the growing personal protection and concealed carry market. The M&P Shield features a slim concealable profile, 9mm, 380 Auto, 40 S&W, and 45 Auto calibers, and M&P ergonomics. Since the launch of the M&P Shield, we have introduced several additional models, most recently, the Shield Plus with enhanced features and capacity. We believe the M&P Shield pistol is one of the most popular firearms in the market, with over five million units having been shipped.

Our Performance Center department has been providing specialized products and services for the most demanding shooting sports enthusiasts since 1990. To meet the requirements of law enforcement professionals, competitive shooters, collectors, and discriminating sport enthusiasts who demand superior products, our Performance Center personnel conceptualize, engineer, and craft products to create enhanced versions of our standard products. Our craftsmen are highly skilled and experienced gunsmiths. Performance Center products are typically made in limited production quantities, although we offer a number of catalog variations in order to increase product availability.

Our “Classics” department makes it possible to own historic firearms that are manufactured today but modeled after original favorites, such as the Model 29, the firearm made famous by the movie character Dirty Harry. These firearms are newly crafted with designs that take advantage of some of the most famous and collectible firearms that we have ever made. Our Classics department also makes commemorative firearms and employs master engravers to craft one-of-a-kind custom firearms. These custom-made applications reflect the skill and vision of the master engraver and the artistic expression of the owner. We offer a number of catalog variations of Classics and engraved Classics to our customers.

Long Guns

Our modern sporting rifles are designed to satisfy the functionality and reliability needs of recreational, personal, defense, and professional users, including global military, law enforcement, and security personnel. These long guns are popular with consumers as hunting, personal protection, and sporting target rifles and are sold through our sporting good distributors, retailers, and dealers. We offer M&P and Volunteer series modern sporting rifles in four different calibers (22LR, 5.56mm NATO (223), 308 Winchester (7.62x51mm), and 6.5 Creedmoor) for multiple recreational and professional uses. We also offer upper assemblies so firearm owners can easily modify their modern sporting rifle to suit the needs and tasks of the various forms of sport shooting and hunting. Our broad product portfolio of modern sporting rifles includes a .22 caliber model, an opening price-point sport model, a hunting caliber model for longer range effectiveness, and several models designed for professional users.

In fiscal 2023, we continued to expand our modern sporting rifle line with the introduction of the Volunteer series, which is designed to deliver the rugged performance of competition-ready S&W precision with the advantage of the name-brand accessories that discerning shooters want. In fiscal 2023, we introduced the 6mm ARC to the line. This budding caliber offers improved long-range capabilities and was intended to keep our Volunteer Series at the forefront of this evolving category.

Other Products and Manufacturing Services

Our other products and manufacturing services include the following:

Parts: We sell parts to support our firearm business, including barrels and magazines that are manufactured at our facilities or purchased from third parties.

Handcuffs: We are one of the largest manufacturers of handcuffs and restraints in the United States. We fabricate these products from the highest-grade carbon or stainless steel. Our patented Lever Lock cuffs offer a double-locking system for added security and comfort, without extra tools or keys. Internal locks help prevent tampering and smooth ratchets allow for swift cuffing and an extra measure of safety. We have the ability to customize handcuffs to fit customer specifications.

Firearm Suppressors: We are one of the nation’s oldest firearm suppressor manufacturers and an active participant in the firearm suppressor market around the world. We believe our Gemtech branded firearm suppressors have been involved in setting standards used by the military in suppressor testing, implementation, and safety. Our firearm suppressors are constructed from high grade aluminum, steel, or titanium and are compatible with every major type of rimfire and centerfire pistol and centerfire rifle caliber currently on the market.

Manufacturing Services: We utilize our substantial manufacturing capabilities to provide services to third-party customers. Our manufacturing services include forging, heat treating, rapid prototyping, tooling, finishing, plating, machining, and custom plastic injection molding. We believe our manufacturing services provide us with increased flexibility and reduced supply chain risk. We also believe that business-to-business sales provide profitable revenue stream diversification and enable us to maximize capacity utilization of our manufacturing assets. We market our manufacturing services under the Smith & Wesson and Smith & Wesson Precision Components brand names.

Marketing, Sales, and Distribution

General

We go to market in a variety of ways, including two-step distribution, strategic retailers, and buying groups consisting of certain large, regional retailers, utilizing direct sales employees to service these customers. We also sell firearms directly to law enforcement agencies and manufacturing services directly to other businesses. We sell internationally primarily through distributors, which, in turn, sell to retail stores and government agencies.

Our top five commercial distributors in the United States accounted for a total of 44.0%, 44.3%, and 43.4% of our net sales for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Those commercial distributors are not regionally exclusive and have many of the same dealer customers. Therefore, we believe that the loss of one or more of these distributors would not materially impact sales as the remaining distributors would be allocated additional sales.

We sell our products worldwide. International sales accounted for 4%, 3%, and 2% of our net sales for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our businesses own tooling that is located at various suppliers in Asia and North America.

For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, marketing, advertising, and promotion expenses were $14.7 million, $17.5 million, and $12.5 million, respectively, excluding the cost of rebates and promotions reflected in gross profit.

We market our products using a multi-faceted approach to consumers through independent dealers, large retailers, in-store retail channels, direct to consumer, and range operations using focused marketing and promotional campaigns, which include print, broadcast, and digital advertising campaigns; social and electronic media; and in-store retail merchandising strategies. We are prominently featured in vertical print media, including editorial coverage in an extensive list of leading firearms and outdoor magazines, including Guns & Ammo, American Rifleman, Shooting Times, American Handgunner, Shooting Illustrated, American Hunter, Outdoor Life, and Field & Stream. We also sponsor many outdoor television, internet, and online programs that generate significant editorial exposure. We sponsor a number of firearm safety, shooting, and hunting events and organizations.

We print various product catalogs that are distributed to our dealers and mailed directly, on a limited basis, to consumers. We also attend various trade shows, such as the Shooting, Hunting, Outdoor Trade (SHOT) Show, the National Association of Sporting Goods Wholesalers Show, the International Association of Chiefs of Police Show, the Association of the United States Army Show, or AUSA Show, the International Weapons Exhibition Show, or IWA Show, in Europe, and various distributor, buying group, and consumer shows.

GUNSMARTS: The SMITH & WESSON GUNSMARTS program is designed to welcome new firearm owners into the firearm community and highlight key resources available to those who have just purchased their first pistol, rifle, or revolver. As a cornerstone of the campaign, we released a new video series devoted to helping inform, educate, and excite those who have recently joined the firearm community. Hosted on YouTube, the SMITH & WESSON GUNSMARTS video series covers a comprehensive set of topics that takes the viewer from the basics of firearm safety through their first trips to the range – all in a simple, inviting manner. In fiscal 2023, we introduced our third season of GUNSMARTS, which provides beginner, intermediate, and advanced shooters with valuable education and instruction around firearm safety, personal defense, shooting sports, and recreational firearm use.

Digital Marketing

We utilize our websites, including www.smith-wesson.com (http://www.smith-wesson.com) and www.gemtech.com, to market our products and services and to provide a wide range of information regarding our company to customers, consumers, dealers, distributors, investors, and government and law enforcement agencies worldwide. Social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Twitter, are effective ways for us to communicate the features and benefits of our products. Our direct-to-consumer e-mail marketing helps us to further engage our consumers and communicate the value of our brands. We continue to invest in new digital marketing capabilities to provide best-in-class customer experiences. Our websites are designed to inform, inspire, and prepare our customers for the next step in their firearms journey. We believe our digital platform supports future sales growth and profitability.

Service and Support

We utilize a variety of methods for supporting our consumers and dealers. We have a toll-free customer service number, e-mail, and social media messaging to answer questions and resolve issues regarding our products. In addition, we offer a limited one-year warranty program and a lifetime service policy under which we repair defects in material or workmanship in our products without charge for as long as the original purchaser owns the firearm. We also maintain a number of authorized warranty centers throughout the world and provide both warranty and charge repair services at our facilities.

Suppliers

We manufacture most of the components for our firearms, but purchase certain components and parts, including bolt carriers, rifle receivers, magazines, small parts, and rifle stocks, from third parties. We also purchase ammunition for product testing. Most of our major suppliers for our products are U.S. based and provide materials, components, and parts, such as steel, polymer components, and metal-injected-molded components. The costs of these materials, components, and parts are at competitive rates. We have become less dependent on any particular supplier by strategically sourcing parts and raw material from multiple suppliers based on quality, cost, and risk. Whenever appropriate, we ensure that we have primary and secondary sources of supply for critical parts and components. We are also able to leverage our supply base to supplement our internal capacity and provide flexibility in our response to changes in market conditions. We use numerous raw materials, such as steel, wood, lead, brass, and plastics, in producing and testing our products. We have alternative sources for these raw materials.

Facilities

We have three manufacturing facilities at which we produce our products: a 575,000 square-foot facility located in Springfield, Massachusetts; two facilities totaling 44,000 square-feet located in Houlton, Maine; and a 150,000 square-foot facility located in Deep River, Connecticut. We conduct our handgun and long gun manufacturing and some of our manufacturing service activities at our Springfield facility. Our Houlton facility is a machining center only with no assembly, finishing, or small parts operations for our firearms. We also produce handcuffs and other restraint devices at our Houlton facility. We use our Deep River facility for custom plastic injection molding services, rapid prototyping, and tooling. All of these facilities are ISO 9001 certified.

We perform in our own facilities most of the machining and all of the assembly, inspection, and testing of the firearms that we sell. We produce our major firearm components utilizing computer-assisted machines. Our skilled employees use sophisticated automated testing equipment to ensure the proper functioning of our firearms. Every firearm is test fired before shipment. Our Springfield and Houlton facilities operate primarily on two shift patterns: a seven day, 12-hour rotating shift schedule and a five day, 8-hour shift schedule.

We are party to a lease agreement, dated October 26, 2017, between us and Ryan Boone County, LLC, or the Original Missouri Landlord, concerning certain real property located in Boone County, Missouri on which we have been operating our distribution center, or the Missouri Lease. The 633,000 square foot facility, which was constructed for us, was completed in 2018 and then sold and leased back to us. This facility currently serves as our distribution center and operates two shifts of four 10-hour days. We are party to a sublease, pursuant to which American Outdoor Brands, Inc., our former wholly owned subsidiary, or AOUT, subleases from us 64.7% of this facility, or the Missouri Sublease under the same terms as the Missouri Lease.

As part of the Relocation, on January 31, 2023, we entered into (i) an assignment and assumption agreement with AOUT, pursuant to which AOUT will assume all of our rights, entitlement, and obligations in, to, and under the Missouri Lease, in each case effective on January 1, 2024, subject to a number of conditions precedent, or the Assignment and Assumption Agreement, and (ii) an amended and restated guaranty in favor of RCS-S&W Facility, LLC, as successor in interest to the Original Missouri Landlord, pursuant to which Smith & Wesson Sales Company was added as a guarantor, or the Amended and Restated Guaranty. We intend to terminate the Missouri Sublease on or around the effective date of the Assignment and Assumption Agreement. In addition, we intend to relocate a portion of our plastic injection molding operations to Maryville and will evaluate selling the remaining molding operations used in our Connecticut operations to a third party. As of April 30, 2023, the construction of our new facility in Maryville was in progress and we expect to complete construction in line with our original projections.

We seek to minimize inventory costs through an integrated planning and production system. All facilities operate utilizing SAP, a fully integrated ERP system.

Research and Development

Through our advanced products engineering departments, we enhance existing products and develop new products for all our businesses. Through our research and development personnel, we conceive, design, and develop potential products that we believe will be attractive to our customers and help address the needs, wants, and desires of our target consumer base. In so doing, we must seek to anticipate and respond to trends and shifts in consumer preferences by continually adjusting our product mix with innovative features and designs and marketing them in an effective manner. Prior to introducing any product, we assess its cost of production and delivery, estimate its potential sales volume and margin, and conduct vigorous prototype and production-quality sample testing. In fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, our gross spending on research activities relating to the development of new products was $7.6 million, $7.3 million, and $7.5 million, respectively. As of April 30, 2023, we had 40 employees at our various facilities engaged in ongoing research and development activities for all of our brands.

Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights

We recognize the importance of innovation and protecting our intellectual property. Accordingly, we own numerous patents related to our products. We apply for patents whenever we develop innovative new products, unique designs, or processes of commercial importance. We do not believe that our business is materially dependent on any single patent.

Because of the significance of our brand names, our trademarks, service marks, trade dress, and copyrights are also important to our business. We have an active global program of trademark registration, monitoring, and enforcement. We believe that our Smith & Wesson and Gemtech brands, and our S&W monogram trademarks are known and recognized by the public worldwide and are important to our firearm business.

We intend to vigorously pursue and challenge infringements of our patents, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, and copyrights, as we believe the goodwill associated with them is a cornerstone of our branding strategy.

Competition

We encounter competition in the firearms industry from both domestic and foreign manufacturers. Although some competitors manufacture as wide a variety of firearms as we do, most of our competitors manufacture only certain types of firearms. We are one of the largest manufacturers of handguns, modern sporting rifles, and handcuffs in the United States. We compete primarily based upon innovation, quality, reliability, durability, price, performance, consumer brand awareness, and customer service and support. Our customer service organization is proactive in offering timely responses to customer inquiries. We believe we can effectively compete with all our present competitors. Our primary competitors are Ruger and Taurus in the revolver market; Glock, Ruger, Sig Sauer, Springfield Armory, and Taurus in the pistol market; and Sig Sauer, Ruger, Springfield Armory, and Daniel Defense in the modern sporting rifle market.

Customers

We sell our products through a variety of federally licensed distribution channels. Depending upon the product or service, our customers include distributors; federal, state, and municipal law enforcement agencies and officers; government and military agencies; and retailers.

We grant payment terms to most commercial customers ranging from 20 to 60 days. However, in some instances, we provide longer payment terms.

During fiscal 2023, sales into our professional channel accounted for approximately 8.5% of our net sales, which included state and local law enforcement agencies, the federal government, and international customers. The remaining 91.5% of our net sales was through federal firearm licensees to domestic consumers.

Seasonality

Our business is seasonal with sales generally peaking in our fourth fiscal quarter, which ends April 30, as a result of most industry events and distributor shows normally scheduled during the early spring months. In addition, because of our operating schedule, which includes a summer and a winter shutdown of our manufacturing facilities, we have an increased number of operating days in our fourth fiscal quarter, which allows our shipping and production volumes to exceed other quarters. Seasonality, however, can be disrupted by external events, such as COVID-19, results of federal, state, and local elections; and periodic social and political unrest, crime, and other factors that may drive sales or impact channel inventories, which may slow or accelerate our sales.

Governmental Regulations of Firearms

Our business is primarily regulated by the ATF, which licenses the manufacture, sale, and import of firearms and firearm suppressors in the United States. The ATF conducts periodic audits of our facilities that hold federal firearms licenses.

There are also various state laws, regulations, and local ordinances relating to firearm characteristics, features, and sales, as well as firearm magazine capacities. Local firearm dealers must comply with state and local laws, regulations, and ordinances pertaining to firearm, firearm suppressor, and magazine sales within their jurisdictions. We manufacture several firearm models and magazines in various capacities that comply with those laws, regulations, and ordinances for sales in those states and localities. In Massachusetts, for example, there are regulations related to the weight of the trigger pull, barrel length, material strength, and independent testing of handguns. California, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, and New York, as well as other states, the District of Columbia, and other localities, have similar laws, ordinances, and restrictions. In addition, California and the District of Columbia require any new pistols to contain a microstamping mechanism, which must be able to etch or imprint, in two locations, a microstamp array of characters that identify the make, model, and serial number of the pistols onto each cartridge case when the pistol is fired, and New York adopted a similar requirement in 2022. No commercially produced firearm has utilized the microstamping process, which is considered by most to be unfeasible, and we have no plans to utilize any microstamping feature in our firearms. Therefore, we will not sell into California or the District of Columbia any pistol that is subject to the microstamping feature requirement, and we will need to comply with applicable requirements in New York under the new law.

Warnings and instructions concerning the safe operation of our firearms and firearm suppressors are contained in Safety & Instruction Manuals included in all boxes in which firearms and firearm suppressors are shipped and are also available for download from our Smith & Wesson and Gemtech websites.

Environmental Health and Safety

We are subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws and regulations that regulate the health and safety of our workforce, including those regulations monitored by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, or OSHA, the National Fire Protection Association, and the Department of Public Health. Though not exhaustive, examples of applicable regulations include confined space safety, walking and working surfaces, machine guarding, and life safety.

We are also subject to numerous federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other things, emissions to the air; discharges to land, surface, subsurface strata and water; and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste and other materials. These laws require us to make significant expenditures of both a capital and expense nature. Several of the more significant federal laws applicable to our operations include the Clean Air Act; the Clean Water Act; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA; and the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, or RCRA.

We are required to remediate hazardous waste at our facilities. Currently, we own a designated site in Springfield, Massachusetts that contains two release areas, which are the focus of remediation projects as part of the Massachusetts Contingency Plan, or MCP. The MCP provides a structured environment for the voluntary remediation of regulated releases. We may be required to remove hazardous waste or remediate the alleged effects of hazardous substances on the environment associated with past disposal practices at sites not owned by us. We have received notice that we are a potentially responsible party from the Environmental Protection Agency and/or individual states under CERCLA or a state equivalent at two sites.

In our efforts to satisfy our environmental responsibilities and to comply with environmental laws and regulations, we have established, and periodically update, policies relating to the environmental standards of performance for our operations. We have in place programs that monitor compliance with various federal, state, and local environmental regulations. However, in the normal course of our manufacturing operations, we are subject to governmental proceedings and orders pertaining to waste disposal, air emissions, and water discharges from our operations into the environment. We regularly incur substantial capital and operating costs to comply with environmental laws, including remediation of known environmental conditions which we fund through cash flows from operations. We spent $1.5 million and $1.4 million in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, respectively, on environmental compliance, primarily related to disposal fees and containers.

In the normal course of our business, we may become involved in various proceedings relating to environmental health and safety matters, and we are currently engaged in an environmental investigation and remediation. Our manufacturing facilities are located on properties with a long history of industrial use, including the use of hazardous substances. We have identified soil and groundwater contamination at our Springfield facility that we continue to monitor and remediate, as appropriate. Based on the situation, an environmental reserve may be recorded based upon currently enacted laws and regulations, currently available facts, experience in remediation efforts, existing technology, and the ability of other potentially responsible parties or contractually liable parties to pay the allocated portions of any environmental obligations. As of April 30, 2023, we do not have an open environmental reserve recorded in our consolidated balance sheet.

Based on information known to us, we do not expect current environmental regulations or environmental proceedings and claims to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, it is not possible to predict with certainty the impact on us of future environmental compliance requirements or of the cost of resolution of future environmental health and safety proceedings and claims, in part because the scope of the remedies that may be required is not certain, liability under federal environmental laws is joint and several in nature, and environmental laws and regulations are subject to modification and changes in interpretation. Additional or changing environmental regulation may become more burdensome in the future, and any such development could materially and adversely affect us.

Human Capital

Creating a positive work environment for our employees is critical to our ability to successfully execute our strategy. We are committed to a strong, healthy culture focused on respect for all employees, creating and sustaining a family atmosphere united under a clear vision, with the understanding of each function and individual’s responsibility for team results, collective pride in our company and our industry, and shared rewards for results. In order to ensure that we embody our values and that our culture remains healthy and strong, we place significant focus on our human resources.

Training & Development

Attraction, retention, and development of employees is critical to our success. We offer training and development programs to encourage advancement from within, including the following:

• tuition reimbursement for up to 100% of an employee’s advanced degree;
• computer numerical control, or CNC, machine apprentice training at a local community college in conjunction with a state-funded program;
• toolmaker apprentice training in conjunction with a state-funded program;
• wastewater treatment operator training leading to licensure;
• leadership effectiveness training for manufacturing managers in conjunction with a state-funded program;
• reimbursement for continuing professional education for our professionally licensed employees; and
• other in-house and cross-functional training to aid with career advancement.

We believe that this training and development leads to more valuable contributions and satisfaction for our employees within their existing roles and also positions employees for roles they aspire to attain. Finally, we conduct periodic compliance and industry training for employees on various topics that are important to our business, including sexual harassment, anti-corruption, and cybersecurity, among others.

Equal Opportunity

Our Talent Acquisition team focuses on ensuring that our workforce is representative of the local communities in which we operate and that our business is open and welcoming to everyone. This commitment extends to all levels of our organization, including within senior management and our Board of Directors. We are committed to hiring qualified candidates without regard to race, religion, color, sex, sexual orientation, pregnancy, gender, age, national origin, ancestry, physical or mental disability, genetic information, or any other status.

As of April 30, 2023, our workforce consisted of the following:

• 73% male and 27% female;
• 50% female executive officers;
• 12% under 25 years old, 24% between 25-35 years old, 24% between 35-45 years old, 17% between 45-55 years old, 19% between 55-65 years old, and 4% over 65 years old; and
• 54% Caucasian, 25% Hispanic/Latino/Latina, 9% Black, 3% Asian, 8% undisclosed, and 1% that identify as two or more races.

Our Talent Acquisition team emphasizes recruiting and retaining a talented and diverse workforce with special focus on hiring veterans, whenever possible. Annual voluntary turnover for fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021 was approximately 12%, 21%, and 18%, respectively. We believe turnover for fiscal 2022 and 2021 was impacted by our announcement of the Relocation.

We contract with a third party to review compensation practices on an annual basis to ensure we pay all employees equitably. We also partner with various recruiting services to expand our ability to attract a qualified workforce, as needed.

Health and Safety

Our Employee Assistance Program is supplemented by Cigna behavioral health tools in order to support employees’ mental, as well as physical health, needs.

We have a documented education and training plan to ensure employees are well trained on safety measures throughout the organization. We offer more than 55 different types of training, including lecture, classroom setting, and hands-on training to ensure our employees have the knowledge needed to ensure their safety, as well as the safety of others. The success of our training program has allowed us to maintain a relatively low level of safety claims and reduce lost work hours. Our calendar year 2022 and 2021 total recordable incident rate, or TRIR, of 2.3 and 2.2, respectively, and lost time incident rate, or LTIR, of 0.6 and 1.0, respectively, compares favorably to the latest OSHA industry data. According to OSHA, for our NAICS industry code, the calendar year 2021 and 2020 TRIR was 2.8 and 3.1, and the LTIR was 0.6 and 1.0, respectively. Our calendar year 2022 and 2021 near miss frequency rate was 1.0 and 0.44, respectively, and we did not have any fatalities in either year.

Total Rewards

Competitive pay and benefits have always been a highlight of our employee experience. We offer comprehensive benefit programs to our employees that allow them flexibility of choice through our Total Rewards framework of pay and service recognition, health and wellness, financial well-being, work/life balance, culture and community, and learning and development.

We are committed to ensuring that all of our employees are paid a fair wage. To that end, we offer generous wages and benefits to our employees, including the following:

• a comprehensive medical, dental, and vision plan for our employees and their families, for which we pay between 87% and 93% of the total cost;
• a 401(k) plan with a company match of up to 3% of the first 6% contributed by the employee;
• a profit-sharing plan, in which employees can earn up to 15% of their eligible earnings based on company profits;
• twelve annual holidays and a paid time off program, including paid sick and vacation time;
• paid and unpaid leaves of absence, including paid family and medical leave for employees working in qualified states;
• flexible spending and health savings accounts;
• life and disability insurance coverage;
• employee stock purchase plan;
• a dedicated health and wellness clinic for employees and their dependents;
• on-site cafeteria and fitness center;
• Employee Assistance Programs;
• product discounts; and
• license-to-carry subsidies.

Annual increases and incentive compensation for salaried and non-operations hourly employees are based on merit, which is communicated to employees upon hire and documented through our talent management program as part of the annual performance review process. Annual increases for hourly operations employees are based on a yearly market analysis for comparable jobs.

Headcount

As of April 30, 2023, we had 1,690 employees, including eight part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by a union in collective bargaining with us. Of our employees, 31% have 10 or more years of service with our company and 4% have greater than 25 years of service with our company. We believe that our employee relations are good and that the high quality of our employee base is instrumental to our success.

Information About our Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers:

Mark P. Smith has served as President and Chief Executive Officer since 2020. Mr. Smith served as Co-President and Co-Chief Executive Officer from 2020 to 2020. Mr. Smith served as President, Manufacturing Services of our company and as President of Manufacturing Services for Smith & Wesson Sales Company (formerly known as American Outdoor Brands Sales Company and Smith & Wesson Corp.), a subsidiary of our company, from 2016 until 2020. Mr. Smith served as Vice President of Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management from 2011 until 2016 and served as Vice President of Supply Chain Management from 2010 until 2011. He was Director Supply Chain Solutions for Alvarez & Marsal Business Consulting, LLC from 2007 until 2010. Mr. Smith held various positions for Ecolab, Inc., a developer and marketer of programs, products, and services for the hospitality, foodservice, healthcare, industrial, and energy markets, from 2001 until 2007, including Program Manager, Acquisition Integration Manager, Senior Manufacturing Planner, Plant Engineer, and Senior Production / Quality Supervisor. Mr. Smith was a Production Supervisor for Bell Aromatics, a manufacturer of flavors and fragrances, from 1999 until 2001.

Deana L. McPherson has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Assistant Secretary since 2020. Ms. McPherson served as Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer, Corporate Controller, and Assistant Treasurer from 2017 to 2020. Ms. McPherson served as Vice President, Corporate Controller, and Assistant Treasurer from 2009 to 2017. Ms. McPherson served as Corporate Controller from 2007 to 2009. From 2001 to 2007, Ms. McPherson held a number of increasingly responsible positions for Wood Group PLC, a $5.0 billion international energy services company, including, at her departure, Vice President of Finance for the Heavy Industrial Turbines division. From 1995 to 2001, she served as Accounting Manager of FiberMark DSI, Inc. (formerly Rexam DSI, Inc.), a producer of specialty fiber-based materials in the paper and packaging industry. From 1992 to 1995 she was employed as an auditor at Deloitte & Touche LLP. Ms. McPherson is a Certified Public Accountant registered with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Kevin A. Maxwell has served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer, and Secretary since 2021. From 2016 to 2021, he served in leadership positions within the legal department of WestRock Company, a publicly traded paper and packaging company, including as Vice President – Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary. From 2010 to 2016, Mr. Maxwell held a number of increasingly responsible positions with Mueller Water Products, Inc., a publicly traded water infrastructure company, including, Vice President – Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary. From 2004 to 2010, he served as a corporate associate in the London and Washington, DC offices of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom.

Susan J. Cupero has served as Vice President of Sales of our company since 2021. Ms. Cupero has held increasingly higher positions with our company during her 44 years of service, including Director of Independent Distributors from 2017 until assuming her current position, and Director of Sales Administration from 2015 until 2017.

The following summarizes the material risks of purchasing or owning our common stock. Additional unknown risks may also adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. Our business, operating results, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected by the nature and impact of the risks discussed below, as well as additional unknown risks, in which case the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected, and investors may lose part or all of the value of their investment. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below.

We have grouped these risk factors into the following general categories:

• Risks relating to economic, political, social, legislative, regulatory, and inflationary factors.
• Risks relating to manufacturing, the Relocation, raw materials and component supply, product development and performance, customer demand, and brand recognition.
• Risks relating to legal proceedings, product recalls, and other product liabilities.
• Risks relating to intellectual property, information systems, and cybersecurity.
• Risks relating to certain business matters and securities markets.

Risks Relating to Economic, Political, Social, Legislative, Regulatory, and Inflationary Factors

Our performance is impacted by a variety of economic, political, social, legislative, and regulatory factors.

A variety of economic, political, social, legislative, and regulatory factors could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our business may be adversely impacted by general economic conditions and consumer spending patterns. Economic uncertainty, high levels of unemployment, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary income, lack of consumer credit, increases in consumer debt levels, stock market declines, poor weather conditions, high energy prices, increased energy and commodity prices, higher costs for materials and services, high levels of tax, interest rates, inflationary conditions, increased labor costs, and other economic factors may adversely impact consumer spending on discretionary items and demand for our products. Economic conditions also affect governmental and budgetary policies, which may adversely affect our ability to sell our products to law enforcement, government, and military customers.

Our business may be adversely impacted by political, social, and related factors. Concerns about presidential, congressional, state, and local elections, and legislative and public policy shifts resulting from those elections, can adversely affect demand for our products. For example, demand for our products was negatively impacted by unified Republican control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government during the first two years of the Trump administration, and demand for our products may be negatively impacted by the results of the 2024 elections. In addition, speculation surrounding increased gun control at the federal, state, and local level and heightened fears of crime and terrorism can affect consumer demand for our products. These concerns often result in an increase in near-term consumer demand for our products and subsequent softening of demand when such concerns subside. For example, we experienced historic levels of demand for our products in parts of fiscal 2022 and 2021 as a result of the impact of COVID-19 and the social unrest experienced in the United States during the summer of calendar year 2020. Demand for our products subsequently returned to more normalized levels. As a result of these significant fluctuations in demand, our operating results can vary significantly from period to period and we may build and maintain inventory levels that are significantly in excess of customer demand.

Federal and state legislatures frequently consider legislation relating to the regulation of firearms, including the amendment or repeal of existing legislation. For example, in 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act was signed into law. Existing laws may also be affected by future judicial rulings and interpretations. Changes to existing legislation or the enactment of new legislation may seek to restrict the makeup of a firearm, including limitations on magazine capacity; mandate the use of certain technologies in a firearm; remove existing legal defenses in lawsuits; set minimum age limits to purchase certain firearms; or ban the sale and, in some cases, the ownership of various types of firearms and accessories. For example, 14 states and the District of Columbia restrict magazine capacity. Further, eight states have adopted some form of so called "gun industry accountability" laws that attempt to facilitate the filing of civil lawsuits by the respective state government or private individuals against certain industry participants. Other states are considering adopting similar laws. Interest in gun control legislation among federal and state legislatures tends to intensify following significant events, such as mass shootings. If restrictive legislation or restrictive changes to existing legislation are adopted, we could find it difficult, expensive, or even impossible to comply with such legislation, which could impede our ability to develop new products and distribute existing products. In addition, gun-control activists may succeed in imposing restrictions or an outright ban on private firearm ownership or particular firearm models, such as modern sporting rifles. Such restrictions or bans could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

In addition to these matters, which are largely beyond our control, demand for our products may also be adversely impacted by shortages of ammunition since potential purchasers of our products may choose not to purchase our products unless supplies of ammunition to use with our products are available. Since we do not manufacture ammunition, the supply of ammunition is beyond our control.

Our business is subject to extensive regulation.

Firearms Compliance.

Our business, as well as the business of all manufacturers and marketers of firearms and firearm parts, is subject to numerous federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, and protocols, including the rules and regulations of the ATF. If we fail to comply with ATF rules and regulations, the ATF may limit our activities or growth, fine us, or, ultimately, put us out of business.

The manufacture, sale, and purchase of firearms are subject to extensive federal, state, and local governmental regulation. The primary federal laws are the National Firearms Act of 1934, or NFA, the Gun Control Act of 1968, or GCA, and the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act of 1986, which have been amended from time to time. The NFA severely restricts the private ownership of fully automatic weapons and heavily regulates other firearms defined in that law and accompanying regulations, including firearm suppressors. The GCA places certain restrictions on the interstate sales of firearms, among other things. Most of our products are governed by the U.S. Department of Commerce and are regulated by the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security under the Export Administration Regulations. Certain of our products are governed by the U.S. Department of State and are subject to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations. We are generally required to obtain U.S. government authorization for exports, including licensure or other similar authorization prior to engaging in international transactions. The U.S. Government has discretion as to whether to grant a license. In addition, Congress may block a proposed sale of firearms that are export controlled by the Department of State valued at $1 million or more. Consequently, we may not be able to obtain export licenses or complete profitable contracts as a result of political or other reasons that are beyond our control. Failure to receive required licenses or authorizations, or the termination or suspension of our export privileges, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Export control laws also impact who is permitted to work in our facilities in most positions. Further, because our manufacturing process includes certain toxic, flammable, and explosive chemicals, we are subject to the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards, as administered by the Department of Homeland Security, which requires that we take additional reporting and security measures related to our manufacturing process.

In addition to federal requirements, state and local laws and regulations may place additional restrictions or prohibitions on firearm ownership and transfer. These laws and regulations vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Some states or other governmental entities have enacted, and others are considering, legislation restricting or prohibiting the ownership, use, sale, or importation of certain categories of firearms, firearm suppressors, ammunition, ammunition feeding devices, or all of these products. For example, in 2023, Washington became the tenth state to adopt restrictions on the sale of modern sporting rifles. Several states require internal or external locking mechanisms for firearms sold in their jurisdictions. Some states mandate, or are considering mandating, certain design features based on perceived safety or other grounds. Such legislation could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. California maintains a roster of handguns that are certified for sale in the state. From time to time, certain of our products have been removed from the roster (meaning that they can no longer lawfully be sold by retailers) and certain of our products may be removed from the roster in the future. Finally, our ability to sell our products in international markets is impacted by local laws, rules, and regulations in those markets. For example, in 2022, Canada adopted a freeze on the sale, purchase, or transfer of handguns within Canada.

Existing industry protections may be repealed or affected by judicial rulings. For example, the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act of 2005, or the PLCAA, was enacted by Congress in 2005 in order to protect firearms manufacturers and dealers from liability when their legally manufactured and lawfully sold products are later used in criminal acts. The PLCAA (or the state law equivalent of the PLCAA) could be repealed, amended, or affected by future judicial rulings and interpretations. If the PLCAA (or the state law equivalent of the PLCAA) were repealed, amended, or reinterpreted, firearm manufacturers could face a significant increase in litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Environmental Compliance.

We are subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws that regulate or otherwise relate to the protection of the environment, including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, CERCLA, and the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended by RCRA. CERCLA and RCRA and related state laws subject us to the potential obligation to remove or mitigate the environmental effects of the disposal or release of certain pollutants at our manufacturing facilities and at third-party or formerly owned sites at which contaminants generated by us may be located. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur expenditures in order to comply with these requirements. Further, we may become subject to governmental proceedings and orders pertaining to waste disposal, air emissions, and water discharges.

We may not have identified all existing contamination on our properties, and our operations may cause contamination in the future. As a result, we could incur additional costs to clean up contamination that exceed the amount of our reserves, and our reserves may increase from time to time. Furthermore, it is not possible to predict with certainty the impact on us of future environmental compliance requirements or the cost to satisfy future regulatory proceedings and claims.

We could also be adversely affected by future laws and regulations related to climate change, including laws related to greenhouse gas emissions. These laws and regulations could lead to increased environmental compliance costs and increased energy and raw materials costs, in addition to other impacts.

Employment and Occupational Health and Safety Compliance.

We are subject to a number of employment and occupational health and safety laws and regulations, including the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, that could significantly increase our operating costs and reduce our operational flexibility.

Corruption Compliance.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or FCPA, and local anti-corruption laws, among other things, prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of influencing official decisions. Our efforts to comply with the FCPA, or other applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations, may cause us to limit our international business activities, or result in reducing or impeding our sales growth in numerous foreign countries. Further, our internal control policies and procedures, or those of our vendors, may not adequately protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed or alleged to have been committed by our employees, agents, or vendors. Any such violations could lead to civil or criminal monetary and non-monetary penalties and/or could damage our reputation.

Privacy Compliance.

Changing privacy laws in the United States (where, among others, the California Consumer Privacy Act became effective in 2020 and its successor, the California Privacy Rights Act, became effective January 1, 2023), Europe (where the General Data Protection Regulation became effective in 2018), and elsewhere have created new individual privacy rights, imposed increased obligations on companies handling personal data, and increased potential exposure to fines and penalties.

Compliance with laws, regulations, and other requirements, including, but not limited to, those discussed above, is costly and time consuming, and our failure to comply could cause us to incur fines and penalties, lead to restrictions on our ability to manufacture and sell our products and services, or otherwise negatively impact our ability to import or export the products that we sell. In addition, these laws, regulations, and other requirements may change or be applied or interpreted in ways that will require us to modify our products, subject us to enforcement risk, expose us to reputational harm, or impose on, or require us to incur, additional costs, including substantial compliance costs, which may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We face risks associated with international activities.

Our foreign sales and purchases of certain components expose us to various economic, political, and other risks, including the following:

• compliance with U.S. and local laws and regulatory requirements, including adverse changes in those laws and requirements;
• transportation delays or interruptions;
• foreign exchange rate fluctuations;
• limitations on imports and exports;
• imposition of restrictions on currency conversion or the transfer of funds;
• the possibility of appropriation of our assets without just compensation;
• taxes, tariffs, and duties;
• the burdens and costs of compliance with a variety of foreign laws; and
• political or economic instability in countries in which we conduct business, including possible terrorist acts.

Any one or more of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We are exposed to protectionist trade restrictions, including tariffs and potential trade laws.

The federal government has, at times, put in place tariffs and other trade restrictions with respect to other countries, including limiting trade and imposing tariffs on imports from foreign countries. In addition, other countries have, at times, threatened or put in place tariffs of their own.

We are currently subject to tariffs on certain of our products. Protectionist trade restrictions, such as changes in tariff structures, export or import compliance laws, or other trade policies in the United States or foreign countries could reduce our ability to sell our products in foreign markets, the ability of foreign customers to purchase our products, and our ability to import products, components, and raw materials from foreign suppliers. Tariffs that result in increased costs or adversely impact the availability of imported products, components, or raw materials used in the production of our products could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. In particular, increased input costs may require us to increase the prices of our products, which may result in lower demand for our products or lower gross margins on such products if we are unable to increase the price of those products to our customers. In addition, the imposition of tariffs on products that we export to international markets could make those products more expensive compared to those of our competitors if we pass the additional costs on to our customers, which may also adversely impact our business.

Rising inflation has adversely affected us, and may continue to adversely affect us, by increasing material, labor, and other costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

Inflation can adversely affect us by increasing material, labor, and other costs required to operate and grow our business. Many of the markets in which we sell our products, including our primary market in the United States, have experienced, and continue to experience high levels of inflation, which we believe have depressed, and may continue to depress, consumer demand for our products and have reduced, and may continue to reduce, our profitability. For example, in response to inflationary pressures, we have increased the rate of pay for certain of our hourly job categories and have experienced increases in the cost of certain of the components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies necessary for the production of our products, and such increases may continue to impact us in the future. Because we typically purchase these supplies based on short-term commitments from our suppliers, we are exposed to risks associated with significant levels of cost inflation. If we are unable to increase our prices to offset the effects of inflation, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Manufacturing, the Relocation, Raw Materials and Component Supply, Product Development and Performance, Customer Demand, and Brand Recognition

We must continue to introduce new products that are successful in the marketplace.

Our success depends on our ability to continue to conceive, design, produce or source, and market in a timely manner a continuing stream of innovative new products that appeal to consumers, achieve market acceptance, and drive customer satisfaction and loyalty. The development of new products is a lengthy and costly process. Any new products that we develop and introduce to the marketplace may be unsuccessful in achieving customer or market acceptance or may achieve success that does not meet our expectations for a variety of reasons, including delays in introduction, unfavorable cost comparisons with alternative products, unfavorable customer or consumer acceptance, and unfavorable performance. Our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected if we fail to introduce new products that consumers want to buy or we incur significant expenses related to proposed new products that prove to be unsuccessful for any reason.

We are subject to risks associated with the Relocation.

In connection with the Relocation, we are building a new facility in Maryville and will relocate our corporate headquarters, some of our Springfield, Massachusetts manufacturing operations, a portion of our Deep River, Connecticut plastic injection molding operations, and our Columbia, Missouri distribution operations to Maryville. While we expect to complete the majority of these relocation activities during fiscal 2024, we anticipate that certain activities, such as the relocation of a portion of our Connecticut plastic injection molding operations, will not be completed until fiscal 2025.

There are a number of significant risks associated with the Relocation, including the following:

• we may not complete the Relocation during the expected timeframe or within our anticipated budget and have already experienced significant increases in the cost of construction of our Maryville facility;
• we may not have adequate cash resources, borrowing capacity, or other forms of available consideration at favorable terms that would enable us to pay for the Relocation;
• a portion of our cash flows from operations have been, and will continue to be, dedicated to funding the Relocation and have not been, and will not be, available for other purposes;
• we may not meet the spending, headcount, and wage commitments that we are required to meet in order to receive certain governmental incentives associated with the Relocation;
• we may experience changes in federal, state, and local laws and regulations that prevent or delay the Relocation from proceeding or increase the cost of the Relocation;
• we incurred, and may continue to incur, capital expenditures for the Relocation in excess of our expected capital expenditures; and
• we may not effectively transition our workforce as part of the Relocation, in which case we could experience business disruption as a result of a loss of historical knowledge and a lack of business continuity. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increased turnover and challenges in recruiting additional employees and retaining existing employees. In particular, we may be unable to recruit employees with the requisite skills to work at our Maryville facility, and we may struggle to recruit and retain employees to work in our existing facilities that are being impacted by the Relocation, namely, our facilities in Springfield and Deep River.

Any one or more of these risks could cause us to fail to realize the expected benefits of the Relocation. In addition, the Relocation has required a substantial commitment of our management’s time and attention and we anticipate that it will continue to do so, which may materially and adversely affect our day-to-day business activities.

Our operating facilities are critical to our success, and we may incur business disruptions.

We operate in only four facilities, and our success depends on our ability to efficiently operate each facility.

We currently produce most of our products at our Springfield facility. This facility also currently houses our principal research, development, engineering, design, sales, finance, and management functions. We frequently make certain changes in our manufacturing operations to modernize the facility and associated equipment and systems as a result of the age of the facility and the continued need to introduce certain efficiencies in manufacturing and other processes in order to produce our anticipated volume of products in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant capital and other expenditures with respect to the facility, but we may not be successful in continuing to improve efficiencies. A disruption of the operation of this facility would adversely affect our ability to produce many of our products and serve our customers.

In recent years, substantially all of our products have been distributed from our Columbia distribution center. As part of the Relocation, we will be moving our distribution operations to our new facility in Maryville. The Columbia facility has included, and the new Maryville facility will include, computer controlled and automated equipment, which is complex and may be subject to a number of risks related to security or computer viruses, the proper operation of software and hardware, electronic or power interruptions, and other system failures. Our ability to successfully operate our facilities depends on numerous factors, including the proper design of the facilities, the ability to employ an adequate number of skilled workers to operate the facilities, the design and operation of computer controlled and automated systems, the design of software systems to operate the facilities, and the integration of the facilities into our ERP system. Difficulties or delays in performing any of these critical tasks could negatively impact our operating results, and a disruption of the operation of these facilities would adversely affect our ability to distribute our products to our customers.

We also depend on our Houlton facility, which is used primarily as a machining facility for our firearms, as well as for the manufacturing of all of our handcuffs and restraints, and our Deep River facility, which is used primarily for custom plastic injection molding services, rapid prototyping, and tooling. A disruption in the activities of these facilities could adversely affect our firearm manufacturing operations.

The operations at our facilities may be interrupted or impaired by various operating risks, including, but not limited to, risks associated with the following:

• catastrophic events, such as fires, floods, earthquakes, explosions, natural disasters, severe weather, including hurricanes, tornados and droughts, and pandemics, including COVID-19, or other similar occurrences;
• interruptions in the delivery of raw materials or other manufacturing inputs;
• adverse government regulations;
• equipment breakdowns or failures;
• prolonged power failures;
• unscheduled maintenance outages;
• telecommunication and information system disruptions or failures due to any number of causes, including cyber-attacks;
• violations of our permit or licensing requirements or revocation of permits or licenses;
• releases of pollutants and hazardous substances;
• disruptions in transportation infrastructure, including roads, bridges, railroad tracks, and tunnels;
• human errors;
• criminal acts;
• shortages of equipment and spare parts; and
• labor shortages and disputes.

Business disruptions may impair our production and distribution capabilities and materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. The casualty and business interruption insurance that we maintain may not be adequate to protect us from the types and amounts of losses we may incur or from the adverse effects that may be caused by disruptions in our operations, such as the long-term loss of customers or an erosion of our brand image.

We rely on our supply chain for our production and any interruptions in these arrangements could disrupt our ability to fill our customers’ orders.

We utilize contract manufacturers for a portion of our production requirements, particularly during periods of very high customer demand, in order to increase our manufacturing capacity and reduce our capital expenditures for facilities that may not always operate at peak capacity. Qualifying new contract manufacturers is time consuming and may result in unforeseen disruptions in our manufacturing and operations. The loss of our relationships with our contract manufacturers or their inability to conduct their services for us as anticipated in terms of capacity, cost, quality, and timeliness could adversely affect our ability to fill customer orders in accordance with required delivery, quality, and performance requirements. If this were to occur, the resulting decline in net sales could harm our business.

The ability of our suppliers to effectively satisfy our production requirements could be impacted by their financial difficulty or various operating risks, including catastrophic events, pandemics such as COVID-19, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, interruptions in the delivery of raw materials or other manufacturing supplies, adverse government regulations, or equipment breakdowns or failures. The failure of any supplier to perform to our expectations could result in supply shortages or delays for certain products and product components and harm our business. If we experience significantly increased demand for our products, or if we need to replace an existing supplier, we may be unable to supplement or replace our production capacity on a timely basis or on terms that are acceptable to us, which may increase our costs, reduce our profitability, and harm our ability to deliver our products on time. For certain of our products, it may take a significant amount of time to identify and qualify a supplier that has the capability and resources to meet our product specifications in sufficient volume and satisfy our service and quality control standards. A number of factors related to our suppliers are beyond our control, including political and economic instability in the countries in which they operate, their financial and managerial instability, their failure to meet our standards or production deadlines, their lack of adequate quality control, problems they encounter with production capacity, their labor problems, the availability of raw materials, product quality issues, currency exchange rates, transport availability, cost, inflation, and other factors. Although we have insurance to cover potential loss from most of our suppliers for these events, we could experience losses in excess of our insured limits and any claims for various losses could be denied. In addition, failure to take adequate steps to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on us, as well as require additional resources to restore our supply chain.

The capacity of our contract manufacturers to produce our products also depends upon the cost and availability of raw materials. Our contract manufacturers and other suppliers may not be able to obtain sufficient supply of raw materials, which could result in delays in deliveries of our products by our manufacturers or increased costs. Any shortage of raw materials or inability of a manufacturer to produce or ship our products in a timely manner, or at all, could impair our ability to ship orders of our products in a cost-efficient, timely manner and could cause us to miss the delivery requirements of our customers. As a result, we could experience cancellations of orders, refusals to accept deliveries, or reductions in our prices and margins, any of which could harm our financial performance, reputation, and operating results.

We have occasionally received, and may receive in the future, product deliveries from suppliers that fail to conform to our quality control standards. In such circumstances, our inability to utilize those products in production could have a negative effect on our net sales and increase our administrative and shipping costs if we are unable to obtain replacement products in a timely manner.

We may be unable to forecast demand for our products accurately.

We often schedule internal production and place orders for product components and raw materials with third-party suppliers before receiving firm orders from our customers. Demand for our products can vary significantly from period to period. If we fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products to deliver to our customers. Factors that could affect our ability to accurately forecast demand for our products include the following:

• our failure to accurately forecast customer acceptance of new products;
• an increase or decrease in consumer demand for our products or our competitors' products;
• new product introductions by competitors;
• our relationships with customers;
• general market conditions and other factors, which may result in order cancellations or changes in the rate of reorders placed by customers;
• general market conditions, economic conditions, and consumer confidence levels, which could reduce demand for discretionary items, such as our products; and
• the domestic political environment, including debates over the regulation of various consumer products related to our industry.

Internal inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Inventory levels in excess of consumer demand within our distribution channel may also impact our ability to sell our internal inventory. For example, inventory levels in the distribution channel were elevated for much of fiscal 2023 as our customers adjusted to more normal levels of demand following the historic levels of demand for our products in parts of fiscal 2022 and 2021, which we believe resulted in lower than anticipated net sales of our internal inventory in fiscal 2023. If we underestimate demand for our products, we and our third-party suppliers may not be able to produce products to meet customer demand, and this could result in delays in the shipment of products and lost net sales, as well as damage to our reputation and customer relationships. Our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted if we are unable to forecast demand for our products accurately.

We may fail to align our capacity with demand for our products.

From time to time, we have been capacity constrained and have been unable to satisfy on a timely basis the demand for some of our products. We believe that we have improved our manufacturing productivity by adding capacity, increasing daily production quantities, increasing operational availability of equipment, reducing machinery down time, extending machinery useful life, increasing manufacturing efficiency, and contracting with suppliers to obtain additional finished parts. Future significant increases in demand for our products, if any, may require us to further expand our manufacturing capacity, particularly through the purchase of additional manufacturing equipment and the addition of manufacturing space, and we may not be able to increase our capacity in time to satisfy these increases. Capacity constraints may prevent us from satisfying customer orders and result in a loss of market share to competitors that are not capacity constrained. At other times, we may suffer excess capacity and increased overhead costs, particularly if we increase our capacity to meet actual or anticipated demand, which decreases or does not materialize. Our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted if we fail to align our capacity with demand for our products.

Shortages of and price increases for components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies may delay or reduce our sales and increase our costs.

Although we manufacture most of the components for our firearms, we purchase certain components and parts from third parties, including bolt carriers, rifle receivers, magazines, slides, small parts, barrels, and rifle stocks. We also purchase ammunition for product testing. Most of the major suppliers for our products are U.S.-based and provide materials, components, and parts, such as raw steel, polymer components, and metal-injected-molded components. We have become increasingly dependent on a small number of key vendors that supply components and parts for our firearms as a result of our decision to increase our manufacturing flexibility by using third parties that can supplement our internal capacity to better react to changes in market conditions. We also use numerous raw materials, including steel, wood, lead, brass, and plastics, that we purchase from third-party suppliers to produce and test our products. The price of these raw materials may fluctuate substantially, depending on a variety of factors, including demand, weather, supply conditions, transportation costs, energy prices, work stoppages, government regulation, environmental protection, and other unpredictable factors. Any and all of these factors may be exacerbated by global climate change. Inflationary pressures have resulted in increases in the cost of certain of the components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies necessary for the production of our products, and such increases may continue to impact us in the future. In addition, uncertainties related to governmental fiscal policies, including increased duties, tariffs, or other trade restrictions, could result in an increase in the price of components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies we purchase from third-party suppliers. In an inflationary environment, we may be unable to raise the price of our products sufficiently to keep up with the rate of inflation, which would reduce our profitability and cash flows.

Our inability to obtain sufficient quantities of components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies from independent sources necessary for the production of our products could result in reduced or delayed sales or lost orders. Any delay in or loss of sales could materially and adversely impact our operating results. Many of the components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies used in the production of our products are available only from a limited number of suppliers. In most cases, we do not have long-term supply contracts with these suppliers. As a result, we could be subject to increased costs, supply interruptions, and difficulties in obtaining materials and finished products. Our suppliers also may encounter difficulties or increased costs in obtaining the materials necessary to produce the components and parts that we use in our products. The time lost in seeking and acquiring new sources of supply or our inability to locate alternative sources of supply of comparable quality at an acceptable price, or at all, could negatively impact our net sales and profitability.

Our business is highly dependent upon our brand recognition and reputation.

We believe that maintaining a high level of brand recognition and a strong reputation are critical to our success, particularly with respect to retaining existing customers and attracting new customers.

We anticipate that our advertising, marketing, public relations, and promotional efforts will increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to seek to enhance our brand recognition and consumer demand for our products. Historically, we have relied on print and electronic media advertising to increase consumer awareness of our brands to increase purchasing intent and conversation. We expect that we will increasingly rely on other forms of media advertising, including social media and digital marketing. Our future growth and profitability will depend in large part upon the effectiveness and efficiency of our advertising, marketing, public relations, and promotional programs. These brand promotion activities may not be effective, and their efficacy will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to:

• determine the appropriate creative message and media mix and markets for advertising, marketing, and promotional expenditures;
• select the appropriate markets, media, and specific media vehicles in which to advertise;
• identify the most effective and efficient level of spending in each market, media, and specific media vehicle; and
• effectively manage marketing costs, including creative and media expenses, in order to maintain acceptable customer acquisition costs.

Increases in the pricing of one or more of our marketing and advertising channels could increase our marketing and advertising expenses or cause us to choose less expensive, but possibly less effective, marketing and advertising channels. If we implement new marketing and advertising strategies, we may incur significantly higher costs than our current costs, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our operating results. Implementing new marketing and advertising strategies also could increase the risk of devoting significant capital and other resources to endeavors that do not prove to be cost effective. We also may incur marketing and advertising expenses significantly in advance of the time we anticipate recognizing revenue associated with such expenses, and our marketing and advertising expenditures may not generate sufficient levels of brand awareness and conversation or result in increased net sales. Even if our marketing and advertising expenses result in increased net sales, the increase might not offset our related expenditures. If we are unable to maintain our marketing and advertising channels on cost-effective terms or replace or supplement existing marketing and advertising channels with similarly or more effective channels, our marketing and advertising expenses could increase substantially, our customer base could be adversely affected, and our business, operating results, financial condition, and reputation could suffer.

Consumers are increasingly using online platforms to learn about firearms, and we face pressure to reach our customers through social media platforms. We plan to continue to expand our brand recognition and product loyalty through social media and our websites, with generation of original content. These efforts are intended to yield greater traffic to our websites and increase our consumer demand. We are subject to de-platforming, whereby our ability to share information on social platforms or websites could be blocked, limiting our ability to reach our customers. In addition, we may determine that certain of our products and brands benefit from endorsements and support from particular sporting enthusiasts, athletes, or other celebrities, and those products and brands may become personally associated with those individuals. As a result, sales of the endorsed products could be adversely affected if any of those individuals’ images, reputations, or popularity were to be negatively impacted. Also, in 2021, we were one of a number of companies that received a notice from the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, concerning deceptive or unfair conduct around endorsements and testimonials, which recommended that we take any steps necessary to ensure that our practices do not violate the law. Our internal policies and procedures may not adequately protect us from inappropriate acts committed or alleged to have been committed by our employees or social media partners, in which case we could be exposed to penalties and other sanctions by the FTC or other regulatory bodies.

Poor product quality or performance, or defects in our products, could harm us.

We believe that the value of our brand depends, in part, on the value consumers place on the quality of our products. Poor product quality or performance could adversely impact the value of our brand and materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. In particular, we have experienced manufacturing and design issues with respect to certain of our firearms and have initiated product recalls and safety alerts in the past and may experience similar issues in the future, which may result in the initiation of product recalls and safety alerts in the future. For example, in October 2021, we issued a safety recall notice for certain of our new M&P 12 shotguns that were manufactured prior to October 15, 2021. Based on the volume of products we have shipped into the market, any future recalls, safety alerts, or product liability claims could result in us incurring significant warranty, support, and repair costs. Such incidents could harm our reputation, damage the value of our brands, and cause us to lose business, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. We generally provide a limited one-year warranty and a lifetime service policy to the original purchaser of our new firearm products.

We face intense competition.

We operate in highly competitive consumer markets. Our competitors include major domestic and international companies. Competitive conditions could result in pricing pressures, lower sales, reduced profitability, and lower market share. Some of our competitors may have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, and other resources and, in certain cases, may have lower cost structures than we have that may afford them competitive advantages. As a result, they may be able to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of products, negotiate lower prices on raw materials and components, deliver competitive products at lower prices, and introduce new products and respond to customer requirements more effectively and quickly than we can.

Nearly all of our competitors are privately held, which may give them certain competitive advantages. For example, these competitors may be less focused on maintaining high levels of profitability, which may give them more flexibility to compete aggressively on price.

Competition is primarily based on innovation, quality, reliability, durability, price, performance, consumer brand awareness, and customer service and support. Our inability to compete in one or more of these areas could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We may be unsuccessful in making and integrating mergers, acquisitions, and investments, and completing divestitures.

We may seek to acquire, invest in, or sell companies, assets, or businesses, or enter into joint ventures with third parties. We may not be able to identify suitable targets or purchasers or successfully complete suitable transactions in the future, and completed transactions may not be successful. These transactions create risks, including the following:

• disrupting our ongoing business, including distracting management from our existing businesses;
• integrating acquired businesses and personnel into our business, including integrating information technology systems and operations across different cultures and languages and addressing the economic, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;
• working with partners or other ownership structures with shared decision-making authority;
• obtaining and verifying relevant information regarding a business prior to the consummation of the transaction, including the identification and assessment of liabilities, claims, or other circumstances that could result in litigation or regulatory risk exposure;
• obtaining required regulatory approvals and financing on favorable terms;
• retaining key employees, contractual relationships, and customers;
• the potential impairment of assets;
• the additional operating losses and expenses of businesses we acquire or in which we invest;
• incurring substantial indebtedness to finance an acquisition or investment;
• implementing controls, procedures, and policies at companies we acquire; and
• the dilution of interests of holders of our common stock through the issuance of equity securities.

Mergers, acquisitions, investments, and divestitures may not be successful and may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. Among the benefits we expect from potential, as well as completed, acquisitions and joint ventures are synergies, cost savings, growth opportunities, or access to new markets (or a combination thereof) and, in the case of divestitures, the realization of proceeds from the sale of businesses and assets to purchasers that place higher strategic value on these businesses and assets than we do. We intend to commence a process in fiscal 2024 or 2025 to dispose of the external customer portion of our plastic injection molding business located in our Deep River facility. We may not identify a suitable purchaser of the business or realize sale proceeds that meet our expectations even if we are able to complete a sale transaction.

We may have difficulty collecting amounts owed to us.

Certain of our customers have experienced, and may in the future experience, credit-related issues. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of customers, but these evaluations may not be completely effective. We generally grant payment terms to most customers ranging from 20 to 60 days and do not generally require collateral. Should more customers than we anticipate experience liquidity issues, or if payment is not received on a timely basis, we may have difficulty collecting amounts owed to us by such customers and our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted.

For fiscal 2023, sales to two of our customers exceeded 10.0% of our net sales, and three of our customers together accounted for approximately 39.4% of our accounts receivable. For fiscal 2022, sales to one of our customers exceeded 10.0% of our net sales, and two of our customers together accounted for approximately 36.8% of our accounts receivable. For fiscal 2021, four of our customers exceeded 10% of our net sales and together accounted for approximately 28.4% our accounts receivable.

Liability insurance coverage is expensive and may be difficult to obtain at commercially reasonable rates, or at all.

Our insurance policies are subject to periodic review by our insurers and may not be renewed at all or on similar or favorable terms. Because we manufacture and sell firearms, a number of insurance carriers have decided in the past, and may decide in the future, not to insure us. For example, in recent years, including in fiscal 2023, certain insurance carriers chose either to cancel our insurance coverage or not to submit proposals to insure us in areas such as auto, general liability, and products liability insurance, among others. In addition, if we or other firearm manufacturers sustain significant losses or make significant insurance claims, our ability to obtain future insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates could be materially and adversely affected. For example, our ability to obtain liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms has been adversely impacted by the $73 million settlement that was announced in 2022 between insurance carriers representing Remington Outdoor Company and plaintiffs in the Soto v. Bushmaster Firearms International, LLC case. Our liability insurance costs were $7.8 million, $8.3 million, and $5.9 million in fiscal 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

An inability to obtain liability insurance, significant increases in the cost of insurance we obtain, or losses in excess of our liability insurance coverage, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. In fiscal 2020, we established a wholly owned captive insurance company to help mitigate these risks, but our funding of the insurance company may not adequately cover the cost of claims against us, if any.

Risks Relating to Legal Proceedings, Product Recalls, and Other Product Liabilities

We are subject to lawsuits and governmental investigations and inquiries.

We are vigorously defending ourselves in a number of lawsuits. As a result of these or future lawsuits, we may have to pay significant damages or amounts in settlement above insurance coverage. An unfavorable outcome or prolonged litigation could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. Defending litigation of this nature is also expensive and time consuming and may divert the time and attention of our management.

Our products expose us to potential product liability, warranty liability, and personal injury claims, as well as litigation relating to the use or misuse of our products. These include allegations of defects in manufacturing and design, failure to warn of inherent dangers in the product itself or activities associated with the product, product performance issues, and negligence and strict liability. In addition, we could be subject to future litigation arising out of the criminal misuse of our firearms. If successful, such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Although we maintain product liability insurance in amounts that we believe are reasonable, we may not be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms, if at all, and product liability claims may exceed the amount of insurance coverage available to us. Because we manufacture and sell firearms, insurance carriers may decide not to insure our products or our company in the future. In addition, our reputation may be adversely affected by such claims, whether or not successful, including potential negative publicity about our products. Due to the nature of our products, we anticipate that we will continue to be involved in litigation, including product liability cases and claims in the future.

We have been and may continue to be subject to governmental investigations and inquiries. Such investigations and inquiries could subject us to various sanctions, including significant civil and criminal penalties, the indictment of our company or various of our officers and employees, our being prevented from bidding on domestic military and government contracts, restriction by the U.S. Government, including by the U.S. Department of State or U.S. Department of Commerce on exporting our products, private civil litigation arising out of the outcome of the investigations or inquiries, the diversion of time and attention of our management from normal business operations, and a negative impact on the perception of our company by investors, customers, and others. For example, in 2020 the office of the attorney general of New Jersey issued us a subpoena requesting certain business records as part of an investigation into potential violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act and, in 2022, certain gun control activists submitted a petition to the FTC suggesting that the FTC investigate and regulate our industry’s alleged unfair and deceptive advertising. Also in 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Reform issued us a subpoena requesting certain business records as part of an investigation into certain firearm manufacturers, including us. Responding to inquiries and investigations, including through litigation, is time consuming and costly, may disrupt our ongoing business and distract management from operating our business, and may expose us to litigation, including claims raised by private plaintiffs.

Our business involves the potential for product recalls and product liability and other claims against us.

As a distributor of non-firearm consumer products, such as handcuffs, we are subject to the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Act of 1972, as amended by the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, which empowers the Consumer Products Safety Commission to exclude from the market products that are found to be unsafe or hazardous, and similar laws under foreign jurisdictions. Under certain circumstances, the Consumer Products Safety Commission or comparable foreign agency could require us to repurchase or recall one or more of our products. Additionally, other laws and agencies regulate certain consumer products sold by us and more restrictive laws and regulations may be adopted in the future. Any repurchase or recall of our products could be costly and damage our reputation. If we were required to remove, or we voluntarily remove, our products from the market, our reputation could be tarnished, and we might have large quantities of finished products that we could not sell. We also face exposure to product liability claims in the event that one of our products is alleged to have resulted in property damage, bodily injury, or other adverse effects. In addition to the risk of substantial monetary judgments, fines, or penalties that may result from any governmental investigations, product liability claims, or regulatory actions, such events could result in negative publicity that could harm our reputation, adversely impact the value of our brands, and result in an increase in the cost of producing our products. Similar to product liability claims, we face exposure to class action lawsuits related to the performance, safety, or advertising of our products. Such class action lawsuits could result in substantial monetary judgments, injunctions related to the marketing and sale of products, and potentially harm our reputation.

In fiscal 2020, we formed a wholly owned captive insurance company, which provides product liability insurance to us and our subsidiaries. The product liability insurance that we carry is, in most cases, subject to large self-insured retentions for which we are responsible, and we may not be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms, if at all. Further, product liability claims may exceed the amount of insurance coverage. As a result, product recalls or product liability claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, we face other types of litigation arising out of alleged defects in our products or otherwise, such as class action lawsuits. Our insurance may not cover us in connection with a purported class action matter filed against us in 2022. Further, our insurance may not cover certain claims involving alleged defects in our products that do not involve personal injury or property damage.

Our product liability insurance program is an occurrence-based program based on our current and historical claims experience and the availability and cost of insurance. Our future product liability experience may not be consistent with our past experience and future claims and awards may substantially impact the costs of our insurance programs in the future.

We produce or source and sell products that create exposure to potential product liability, warranty liability, and personal injury claims and litigation.

Some of our products involve or are used in applications and situations that involve risk of personal injury and death. Our products expose us to potential product liability, warranty liability, personal injury claims, and litigation relating to the use or misuse of our products, including allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product or activities associated with the product, negligence, and strict liability. If successful, such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, defects in our products could reduce demand for our products and result in a decrease in sales and market acceptance and damage to our reputation.

Components used in our products may contain undetected defects that are subsequently discovered at any point in the life of the product. In addition, we obtain many of our finished products and product components from third-party suppliers and may not be able to detect defects in such products or components until after they are sold. Defects in our products may result in a loss of sales, recall expenses, delay in market acceptance, damage to our reputation, and increased warranty costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property, Information Systems, and Cybersecurity

We may be unable to protect our intellectual property or obtain the right to use intellectual property from third parties.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks, trade dress, customer records, monitoring, brand protection services, confidentiality agreements, and other contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property, but these measures may provide only limited protection. Our failure to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights or obtain the right to use necessary intellectual property from third parties may lead to our loss of trademark and service mark rights, brand loyalty, and notoriety among our customers and prospective customers. The scope of any intellectual property to which we have or may obtain rights may not prevent others from developing and selling competing products. In addition, our intellectual property may be held invalid upon challenge, or others may claim rights in, or ownership of, our intellectual property. Moreover, we may become subject to litigation with parties that claim, among other things, that we infringed their patents or other intellectual property rights. The defense and prosecution of patent and other intellectual property claims are costly and time-consuming and could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Patents may not be issued for the patent applications that we have filed or may file in the future. Our issued patents may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, and claims of our patents may not be of sufficient scope or strength, or issued in the proper geographic regions, to provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage. We have registered certain of our trademarks and trade dress in the United States and other countries. We have also recorded certain of our registered trademarks with customs officials in the United States and other countries. We may be unable to enforce existing, or obtain new, registrations of trademarks in key markets. Our failure to obtain or enforce such registrations could compromise our ability to protect our trademarks and brands fully and could increase the risk of challenges from third parties to our use of our trademarks and brands.

In addition to intellectual property that we own, some of our products and services may use or include intellectual property owned by third parties. As a result, it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our products, processes, and services. We may be unable to obtain or renew such licenses in the future on reasonable terms or at all. In the past, we did not consistently require our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality agreements, employment agreements, or proprietary information and invention agreements. Therefore, our former employees and consultants, and certain of our current employees, may try to claim some ownership interest in our intellectual property and may use our intellectual property competitively and without appropriate limitations. In addition, our acquired businesses may not have consistently required their employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality agreements, employment agreements, or proprietary information and invention agreements. Claims by such individuals may affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We may incur substantial expenses and devote significant resources in prosecuting others for their unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights.

We may become involved in litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Other companies, including our competitors, may develop intellectual property that is similar or superior to our intellectual property, duplicate our intellectual property, or design around our patents and may have or obtain patents or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit, or interfere with our ability to make, use, or sell our products. Effective intellectual property protection may be unavailable or limited in some foreign countries in which we sell products or from which competing products may be sold. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise use aspects of our intellectual property and products that we regard as proprietary. Our means of protecting our proprietary rights in the United States or abroad may prove inadequate, and competitors may be able to independently develop similar intellectual property. If our intellectual property protection is insufficient to protect our intellectual property rights, we could face increased competition in the markets for our products.

Should any of our competitors file patent applications or obtain patents that claim inventions also claimed by us, we may choose to participate in an interference proceeding to determine the right to a patent for these inventions because our business would be harmed if we fail to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights. Even if the outcome is favorable, this proceeding could be costly and disrupt our business.

We have filed lawsuits, and may file additional lawsuits in the future, to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. This litigation, whether successful or unsuccessful, could be costly and divert valuable resources, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operation.

Interruptions in the proper functioning of our information systems or other issues with our ERP systems could disrupt our operations.

We rely on our information systems to manage our business, data, communications, supply chain, ordering, pricing, billing, inventory replenishment, accounting functions, and other processes. Our systems are subject to damage or interruption from various sources, including computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber security breaches, attacks by hackers and other breaches, introduction of malware or ransomware, phishing attacks, denial of service attacks, blocking of authorized service attacks, vandalism, severe weather conditions, power outages, catastrophic events, terrorism, and human error, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. If our systems are damaged, fail to function properly, or otherwise become compromised or unavailable, we may incur substantial costs to repair or replace them, and we may experience loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our ability to perform critical functions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our information technology systems require periodic modifications, upgrades, and replacement that subject us to costs and risks, including potential disruption to our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel or outside firms to implement and operate existing or new systems, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new or modified systems or of integrating new or modified systems into our current systems. In addition, challenges implementing new or modified technology systems may cause disruptions in our business operations and have an adverse effect on our business operations if not anticipated and appropriately mitigated.

We operate our business utilizing SAP, which is a fully integrated ERP system. We continue to implement various modules and additional usages of SAP, including in connection with the Relocation. Any new implementations or usages of SAP, including those related to the Relocation, could result in a significant disruption to our business, and any disruption could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, utilizing SAP has required and will continue to require significant resources and refinement to fully realize the expected benefits of the system.

We are subject to cyber-security risks, including risks related to customer, employee, vendor, and other company data.

We use information technologies to securely manage operations and various business functions. We rely on various technologies, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit, and store electronic information. In addition, we facilitate a variety of business processes and activities, including reporting on our business and interacting with customers, vendors, and employees. We also collect and store data, including proprietary business information, and may have access to confidential or personal information that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations, and customer-imposed controls. Our systems are subject to recurring attempts by third parties to access information, manipulate data, or disrupt our operations. Despite our security design and controls and those of our third-party providers, we have in the past experienced, and may in the future become subject to, system damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to any number of causes, including cyber-attacks, data breaches, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, service provider failures, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events.

The cyber-security-related vulnerabilities that we face may also remain undetected for an extended period of time. We maintain contingency plans and processes to prevent or mitigate the impact of these events; however, these events could result in operational disruptions or the misappropriation of sensitive data and, depending on their nature and scope, could lead to the compromise of confidential information, improper use of our systems and networks, manipulation and destruction of data, defective products, production downtimes, operational disruptions, and exposure to liability. Such disruptions or misappropriations and the resulting repercussions, including, but not limited to, reputational damage and legal claims or proceedings, may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Certain Business Matters and Securities Markets

Our operating results may involve significant fluctuations.

Various factors contribute to significant periodic and seasonal fluctuations in our operating results. These factors may include the following:

• market acceptance of our products, including new products;
• market acceptance and new product introductions by our competitors;
• the timing of large domestic and international orders;
• cancellation of existing orders;
• changes in our sales mix;
• the cost of new product introductions;
• problems with our supply chain;
• the volume of customer orders relative to our capacity;
• timing of expenditures in anticipation of future customer orders;
• effectiveness in managing production processes and costs;
• transportation disruptions;
• changes in cost and availability of labor and finished products, product components, and raw materials;
• ability to manage inventory and inventory obsolescence;
• pricing and other competitive pressures;
• the effects of climate change;
• changes or anticipated changes in economic, political, social, legislative, regulatory, inflationary, and health factors;
• a material change in federal or state income tax regulations;
• the outcome of any litigation;
• adverse publicity surrounding our products, the safety of our products, or the use of our products;
• changes in amount and or timing of our operating expenses; and
• changes in laws and regulations that may affect the marketability of our products.

As a result of these and other factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful in the short term and our performance in a particular period may not be indicative of our performance in any future period.

For example, we experienced historic levels of demand for our products in parts of fiscal 2022 and 2021 as a result of the impact of COVID-19 and the social unrest experienced in the United States during the summer of calendar year 2020, which positively impacted our operating results. As overall market demand returned to more normal levels late in fiscal 2022, year-over-year comparisons of our operating results, particularly during fiscal 2023, became more challenging and less meaningful.

The trading price of our common stock has fluctuated widely in the past and may fluctuate widely in the future.

The trading price of our common stock has fluctuated widely in the past and may fluctuate widely in the future. For example, the trading price of our common stock closed at $35.40 per share on July 1, 2021 and closed at $13.73 on April 29, the final trading day of our fiscal 2022. Many factors could affect the trading price of our common stock, including the following:

• variations in our operating results;
• the relatively small public float of our common stock;
• introductions of new products and services by us or our competitors;
• the performance of our customers;
• changes in the estimates of our operating performance or changes in recommendations by any securities analysts that follow our stock;
• general economic, social, political, and market conditions and consumer spending patterns;
• governmental policies and regulations;
• investor reaction to news events;
• lack of investor interest in a firearm business;
• the general performance of the markets in which we participate; and
• factors relating to suppliers and competitors.

In addition, market demand for small-capitalization stocks like ours, and price and volume fluctuations in the stock market unrelated to our performance, could result in significant fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. The performance of our common stock could adversely affect our ability to raise equity in the public markets and adversely affect the growth of our business.

We are subject to risks related to corporate social responsibility and the growth in ESG investing.

The growing integration of environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, factors in making investment decisions is relatively new, and frameworks and methods used by investors for assessing ESG policies are not fully developed and vary considerably among the investment community. We have recently expanded our public disclosures related to ESG issues both in documents filed with the SEC, and through the publication of other relevant materials. Our disclosures or lack of disclosures, in addition to ESG disclosure criteria established by third parties, may impact our reputation. For example, public perception, including among our stakeholders, may depend, in part, on the policies and procedures we adopt and the disclosures we make, whether or not we meet third party ESG disclosure requirements (including those related to human rights) that the ESG investment community deems relevant, and whether we are perceived to fail to act responsibly in the areas on which we report. The subjective nature and wide variety of methods and processes used by stakeholders, including investors, to assess companies on ESG criteria could result in a negative perception about our ESG-related policies and practices or a misrepresentation of our policies and practices. If our stakeholders feel that we are failing to achieve progress with respect to ESG factors, or if we fail to meet ESG disclosure criteria set by third parties, our ability to attract and retain employees; the willingness of third parties to do business with us; investors’ willingness or ability to purchase or hold our securities; or our ability to access capital, could be impacted, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Further, ESG investing (also called sustainable investing, socially responsible investing, or impact investing) continues to grow in popularity and attract significant amounts of capital. Managers of these investments may screen out companies in certain sectors (such as the firearm industry) and otherwise exercise broad discretion in determining whether to invest in certain sectors or individual companies. The trading price of our common stock may be adversely impacted by the growth of ESG investing, including if such growth results in more investors choosing not to invest in our common stock or divesting from investments in our common stock.

Actions of social activists could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and our resources.

We have been, and may be in the future, subject to informal private or public inquiries and formal proxy proposals by activists urging us to take certain corporate actions, many of which we believe may not be in the best interests of our company or our stockholders. For example, in recent years, certain activists have submitted stockholder proposals requesting that our board of directors adopt a human rights policy. These activities may adversely affect our business in a number of ways, and responding to inquiries or proposals can be costly, time consuming, and disruptive to our operations and could meaningfully divert the attention of our resources, including those of our management team and our employees. For example, in response to these activities, we have engaged, and may engage in future third-party service professionals, including legal, financial, and communications advisors, to advise us, which has been, and may continue to be, costly. In addition, certain stockholder inquiries and proposals could create perceived uncertainties or concerns as to our future operating environment, legislative environment, strategy direction, or leadership, and could (i) result in the loss of potential business opportunities; (ii) harm our ability to attract or retain investors, customers, and employees; (iii) harm or disrupt our business and financial relationships; (iv) result in consumer boycotts of our products; and (iv) cause the trading price of our common stock to experience periods of decline, volatility, or stagnation. Activists have pressured and may continue to pressure our financial institutions, insurance carriers, customers, vendors, or other businesses and institutions with whom we maintain relationships to cease doing business with us or adopt actions that are not in the best interests of our company or our stockholders, inconsistent with the legal operation of our business, or contrary to the beliefs of our core consumers. Our reputation could be damaged if our core consumers believe that we have adopted the gun control agenda of certain activists. Finally, the actions of social activists may strengthen our competitors, particularly those that are privately held and not subject to these types of gun control focused stockholder activism. The actions of social activists could materially and adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our ability to operate our business efficiently may be adversely impacted if service providers refuse to work with us.

In recent years, gun control activists have sought to engineer boycotts of firearm products by service providers to our industry, certain of which have announced plans to discriminate against companies involved with the firearm industry. For example, some financial institutions and insurance companies no longer provide certain services to firearm manufacturers. Gun control activists have also targeted credit card companies and trucking and logistics companies, among others. Further, certain law firms have announced that they will no longer provide services to firearm manufacturers, and in 2022, we were notified by a law firm with which we had maintained a long-term relationship that it would no longer provide legal services to us. If additional service providers refuse to work with us, we would need to locate alternative service providers, which may adversely impact the delivery of important services to us and increase our costs. Further, we may be unable to locate suitable alternative service providers. The refusal of service providers to work with us could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We operate in a challenging market for talent and may fail to attract, motivate, train, and retain qualified personnel, including key personnel.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, motivate, train, and retain employees with the skills necessary to understand and adapt to the continuously developing needs of our customers. The increasing demand for qualified personnel makes it more difficult for us to attract and retain employees with requisite skill sets, particularly employees with specialized technical and trade experience. Changing demographics and labor work force trends also may result in a loss of knowledge and skills as workers with more tenure and experience retire. The market for both hourly workers and professional workers has been particularly challenging in recent years. In certain locations where we operate, the demand for labor has exceeded the supply of labor, resulting in higher labor costs. Despite our focused efforts to attract and retain employees, we experienced attrition rates in fiscal 2022 and 2021 that were higher than our historical rates, resulting in higher operating costs at some of our facilities in the form of higher wages and higher levels of overtime pay. We believe that the Relocation was a significant contributing factor to these higher rates of attrition, as certain employees, particularly those based in our Springfield headquarters and Deep River facility, left our employment to work for employers that will allow them to continue working near their homes or to work remotely. We expect that the market for both hourly workers and professional workers will remain challenging at least through fiscal 2024 and that the Relocation, which will require qualified employees in a new location, will continue to adversely impact our hiring and retention efforts in fiscal 2024. In addition to challenges associated with a competitive labor market, we may also struggle to identify qualified candidates who are comfortable or enthusiastic to work for a firearm business. If we fail to attract, motivate, train, and retain qualified personnel, or if we experience excessive turnover, we may experience declining sales, manufacturing delays or other operating inefficiencies, increased recruiting, training, and relocation costs, or other difficulties, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely impacted.

We rely on key executive and management personnel to manage our business efficiently and effectively. The loss of these employees, particularly during a challenging market for attracting and retaining employees, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Nevada law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and discourage a takeover.

We are incorporated in Nevada. Certain provisions of Nevada law and our articles of incorporation and bylaws make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in our stockholders’ interest or might result in a premium over the trading price for the shares held by our stockholders.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting in the past and may identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future that could result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

In fiscal 2020, we identified a material weakness in our control over financial reporting that was remediated in fiscal 2021. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements might not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If our remedial measures related to the material weakness that we identified in fiscal 2020 are insufficient to address the material weakness, or if additional material weaknesses in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial statements.

The AOUT spin-off could result in substantial tax liability to us and our stockholders.

We received opinions of tax advisors substantially to the effect that, for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, the AOUT spin-off and certain related transactions qualify for tax-free treatment under certain sections of the Internal Revenue Code. However, if the factual assumptions or representations made by us in connection with the delivery of the opinions are inaccurate or incomplete in any material respect, including those relating to the past and future conduct of our business, we will not be able to rely on the opinions. Furthermore, the opinions are not binding on the IRS or the courts. If, notwithstanding receipt of the opinions, the spin-off transaction and certain related transactions are determined to be taxable, we would be subject to a substantial tax liability. In addition, if the spin-off transaction is taxable, each holder of our common stock who received shares of AOUT in connection with the spin-off would generally be treated as receiving a taxable distribution of property in an amount equal to the fair market value of the shares received.

Even if the spin-off otherwise qualifies as a tax-free transaction, the distribution would be taxable to us (but not to our stockholders) in certain circumstances if future significant acquisitions of our stock or the stock of AOUT are deemed to be part of a plan or series of related transactions that included the spin-off. In this event, the resulting tax liability could be substantial. In connection with the spin-off, we entered into a tax matters agreement with AOUT, pursuant to which AOUT agreed to not enter into any transaction that could cause any portion of the spin-off to be taxable to us without our consent and to indemnify us for any tax liability resulting from any such transaction. In addition, these potential tax liabilities may discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control of us.

The following table sets forth information regarding our principal operating properties and other significant properties as of April 30, 2023. In general, our operating properties are well maintained, suitably equipped, and in good operating condition.

Information regarding our legal proceedings is discussed in Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

You should read the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto contained elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors, including those set forth under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.

The results of our outdoor products and accessories business, which was previously reported as a separate business segment, are being presented as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of income for all periods presented, See Note 3 – Discontinued Operations to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding these discontinued operations. Unless otherwise indicated, any reference to income statement items in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations refers to results from continuing operations.

2023 Highlights

Our operating results for fiscal 2023 included the following:

• Net sales of $479.2 million represented a decrease of $384.9 million, or 44.5%, from our fiscal 2022 net sales. The decrease in net sales was primarily as a result of a return to more normalized demand from the historic pandemic-related demand that lasted from March 2020 through the beginning of fiscal 2022 combined with a reduction in inventory within the distribution channel.
• Gross profit decreased $220.0 million, or 58.7%, from the prior fiscal year primarily as a result of lower sales volume. Gross margin decreased 11.1% from the prior fiscal year as a result of reduced sales volumes across nearly all product lines, combined with the impact of inflation, unfavorable fixed-cost absorption due to lower production volume, and expenses related to the Relocation. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by decreased compensation costs and favorable inventory valuation adjustments caused by amortization of variance capitalization offset by an increase in excess and obsolescence reserves.
• Net income was $36.9 million, or $0.80 per diluted share, compared with net income of $194.5 million, or $4.08 per diluted share, for the prior fiscal year.
• During fiscal 2023, we paid $18.3 million in dividends compared with $15.0 million in fiscal 2022.
• On September 30, 2021, we announced the Relocation. In connection with the Relocation, we are building a new facility in Maryville. Our corporate headquarters, some of our Springfield manufacturing operations, a portion of our Deep River plastic injection molding facility, and our Columbia distribution operations will be relocated to Maryville. In total, we expect to incur capital expenditures in connection with the construction and equipping of the new facility in an aggregate amount of approximately $160.0 million to $170.0 million through the end of fiscal 2024. Through April 30, 2023, we had incurred $93.5 million of capital expenditures and $18.5 million of other restructuring charges related to the Relocation.

Key Performance Indicators

We evaluate the performance of our business based upon operating profit, which includes net sales, cost of sales, selling and administrative expenses, and certain components of other income and expense. We also track our return on invested capital, and we use adjusted EBITDAS (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation expense, excluding certain non-operational items), which is a non-GAAP financial metric, as a supplemental measure of our performance in order to provide investors with an improved understanding of underlying performance trends. We evaluate the performance of our products using measurements such as gross margin per unit produced, units produced per day, revenue by trade channel, and incoming orders per day.

External Factors that Impact the Firearm Industry

The firearm industry has been subject to many external factors in the past that have significantly increased the volatility of revenue generated for companies within the industry. These factors include, among others, fears surrounding crime and terrorism; significant news events, such as those related to mass shootings; potential restrictions on the sale or makeup of firearms; actual and potential legislative, judicial, and regulatory actions; economic changes; and changes in the social and political environment, including congressional and presidential elections. See Item IA, Risk Factors, for further discussion of external factors that impact the firearm industry. Although these external factors have created demand surges and volatility in the firearm market, and often make it difficult to predict demand, we believe that those external factors have also likely contributed to a long-term increase in consumer interest in firearms. We estimate that the annual domestic non-military firearm market is approximately $3.5 billion for handguns and $1.6 billion for long guns, excluding shotguns, based on the latest data for industry shipments as calculated by the National Shooting Sports Foundation, or NSSF, utilizing Firearms and Ammunition Excise Tax data for calendar year 2022. According to calendar 2021 reports by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, or ATF, the U.S. firearm manufacturing industry grew at a 3.7% compound annual growth rate in units from 2016 through 2021, although there has been wide variation among years (e.g., 2019 to 2020 grew 58.0%). We believe that this expanding base of consumers combined with our strong brand reputation and attractive price points lend support to our goal of continuing to increase our market share.

Results of Operations

Net Sales and Gross Profit

The following table sets forth certain information regarding net sales and gross profit for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

The following table sets forth certain information regarding units shipped by trade channel for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (units in thousands):

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Fiscal 2023 Net Sales and Gross Profit Compared with Fiscal 2022

Sales of our handguns decreased $263.6 million, or 42.2%, from fiscal 2022, primarily as a result of a return to more normalized demand from the historic pandemic-related demand that lasted from March 2020 through the beginning of fiscal 2022 as competing products became more available through the replenishment of depleted channel inventory, partially offset by net sales generated from increased shipments of new products, which represented 26.8% of sales in the period, combined with one price increase of 5% on select products. Handgun unit shipments into the sporting goods channel decreased 48.4% from fiscal 2022, while overall consumer demand decreased 3.3%, (as indicated by adjusted background checks for handguns reported to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System, or NICS). In addition, during the fiscal year, handgun inventory in our distribution channel declined by 44.4%, which negatively impacted our net sales.

Sales of our long guns decreased $115.2 million, or 60.8%, from fiscal 2022. Similar to handgun sales, this decrease was primarily a result of lower demand for the majority of our long gun products as competing products became more available through the replenishment of depleted channel inventory, partially offset by increased shipments of new products in the fiscal year, which represented 36.3% of sales in the period. Unit shipments into the sporting goods channel decreased 59.9% from fiscal 2022, while overall consumer demand for long guns decreased 5.9%, as indicated by NICS. In addition, during the fiscal year, long gun inventory in our distribution channel declined by 49.6%, which negatively impacted our net sales.

We believe that overall firearm demand remains healthy, as indicated by NICS data, but has normalized from the surge levels we experienced during much of calendar years 2020 and 2021. We believe our comparable shipments year over year underperformed in comparison to NICS primarily because of an over-replenishment of our channel inventory during the first three quarters of fiscal 2022, at which time channel inventory peaked, and which led to our distribution partners actively seeking to reduce inventory of our products during fiscal 2023.

Other products and services sales decreased $6.1 million, or 12.1%, from fiscal 2022, primarily because of decreased sales of component parts and business-to-business sales, partially offset by increased sales of handcuffs.

New products, defined as any new SKU not shipped in the prior year, represented 25.8% of net sales for the 12 months ended April 30, 2023 and included three new pistols, one new modern sporting rifle, and many new product line extensions.

Gross margin for fiscal 2023 decreased by 11.1% from the prior fiscal year, primarily because of a combination of reduced sales volumes across nearly all product lines, the impact of inflation on raw material and finished parts, which increased approximately 9.6% over the prior year, the impact of inflation on labor costs, particularly as it relates to entry level positions, unfavorable fixed-cost absorption due to lower production volume, and expenses related to employee severance, partially offset by decreased compensation costs and favorable inventory valuation adjustments caused by amortization of variance capitalization offset by an increase in excess and obsolescence reserves. We generally attempt to mitigate inflationary impacts with price increases, when and where possible, based on market dynamics, and process improvements, although our ability to utilize process improvements in recent periods has been constrained by factors related to the Relocation.

Our inventory levels increased $40.5 million during fiscal 2023, as we slowly ramped down production to minimize impact to our employees and suppliers while replenishing stock to provide our customers with a more robust selection of inventory and position ourselves for potential increases in consumer demand and plan for the Relocation. During the second half of fiscal 2023, our inventory balances decreased $16.3 million. While inventory levels, both internally and in the distribution channel, in excess of demand may negatively impact future operating results, it is difficult to forecast the potential impact of distributor inventories on future revenue and income as demand is impacted by many factors, including seasonality, new product introductions, news events, political events, and consumer tastes. We expect our inventories to remain elevated as we begin our transition to our new facility in Maryville.

A discussion of our results of net sales and gross profit for fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021 is included in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2022, filed with the SEC on June 23, 2022.

Operating Expenses

The following table sets forth certain information regarding operating expenses for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Fiscal 2023 Operating Expenses Compared with Fiscal 2022

Operating expenses decreased $16.8 million from the prior fiscal year. Research and development expenses increased $288,000, primarily because of increased new product development costs, partially offset by decreased compensation-related costs. Selling, marketing, and distribution expenses decreased $6.2 million, primarily as a result of decreased compensation-related expenses, decreased co-op advertising expenses, decreased advertising costs, and decreased freight costs due to lower shipments, partially offset by increased spending on targeted customer promotions. General and administrative expenses decreased $10.9 million, primarily because of a decrease of $5.3 million in profit sharing expense, decreased profit-related compensation costs, lower costs associated with the Relocation, decreased legal-related expenses, and decreased bad debt expense, partially offset by increased travel and entertainment expenses. Fiscal 2023 general and administrative expenses were reduced by sublease income of $1.8 million, of which $1.6 million was reported in other income/(expense) in fiscal 2022.

Fiscal 2022 Operating Expenses Compared with Fiscal 2021

Operating expenses decreased $6.4 million from the prior fiscal year. Research and development expenses decreased $218,000, primarily because of decreased compensation-related costs, driven by temporarily unfilled positions, we believe as a result of the Relocation. Selling, marketing, and distribution expenses increased $553,000, primarily as a result of increased digital advertising costs and expenses relating to industry shows, partially offset by decreased co-op advertising expenses on lower sales and decreased freight costs due to lower shipments. General and administrative expenses decreased $6.8 million, primarily because of a decrease of $7.0 million related to Separation costs incurred in the prior year, $5.2 million of lower compensation-related expenses primarily as a result of the synergy savings realized from the Separation, and a decrease of $1.5 million in depreciation expenses, partially offset by an increase of $5.6 million of costs associated with the Relocation and $1.4 million of increased legal-related expenses.

Operating Income from Operations

The following table sets forth certain information regarding operating income for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

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Fiscal 2023 Operating Income from Operations Compared with Fiscal 2022

Operating income from operations for fiscal 2023 decreased $203.2 million, or 80.8%, from the prior fiscal year, primarily because of reduced sales volumes across nearly all product lines, unfavorable fixed-cost absorption, and increased spending on targeted customer promotions, partially offset by decreased profit sharing expense, decreased profit-related compensation costs, lower costs associated with the Relocation, decreased legal-related expenses, decreased bad debt expense, favorable inventory valuation adjustments, and the change in classification of rental income.

Fiscal 2022 Operating Income from Operations Compared with Fiscal 2021

Operating income from operations for fiscal 2022 decreased $68.0 million, or 21.3%, from the prior fiscal year, primarily because of reduced sales volumes across nearly all product lines, unfavorable fixed-cost absorption, expenses incurred in relation to the Relocation, and increased legal costs. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by lower promotional product spending, lower spend related to the Separation, decreased co-op advertising expenses, and decreased freight costs.

Other Income

The following table sets forth certain information regarding operating income for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Other income for fiscal 2023 decreased $2.7 million, or 94.8%, from the prior fiscal year, primarily as a result of the reclassification of sublease income to general and administrative expenses and interest expense, as applicable, in the current fiscal year.

Interest (Expense)

The following table sets forth certain information regarding interest expense for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Interest expense decreased by $1.8 million, or 84.5%, from the prior fiscal year primarily as a result of the reclassification of interest income on the sublease from other income combined with higher average interest rates paid on cash on deposit.

Income Tax Expense

The following table sets forth certain information regarding income tax expense for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

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We recorded income tax expense of $11.4 million for fiscal 2023, $46.5 million lower than the prior fiscal year, primarily because of decreased profitability. The effective tax rates were 23.5% and 22.9% for fiscal 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We recorded income tax expense of $57.9 million for fiscal 2022, $16.5 million lower than the prior fiscal year, primarily because of decreased profitability. The effective tax rates were 22.9% and 23.4% for fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net Income

The following table sets forth certain information regarding net income and the related per share data for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Fiscal 2023 Net Income Compared with Fiscal 2022

Net income decreased $157.6 million, or $3.32 per diluted share, from the prior fiscal year for reasons outlined above.

Fiscal 2022 Net Income Compared with Fiscal 2021

Net income decreased $49.1 million, or $0.34 per diluted share, from the prior fiscal year for reasons outlined above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal cash requirements are to (1) finance the growth of our operations, including working capital and capital expenditures, (2) fund the Relocation, and (3) return capital to our stockholders. Capital expenditures for the Relocation, new product development, and repair and replacement of equipment represent important cash needs.

The following table sets forth certain cash flow information for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Operating Activities

Operating activities represent the principal source of our cash flow.

Cash provided by operating activities was $16.7 million in fiscal 2023, or $121.1 million lower than the prior fiscal year. Cash from operating activities was negatively impacted by a $157.7 million reduction in net income, partially offset by an incremental $17.7 million decrease in inventory and an incremental $18.4 million increase in accounts payable.

Cash provided by operating activities was $137.8 million in fiscal 2022, or $179.4 million lower than the prior fiscal year. The fiscal 2022 cash from operating activities was negatively impacted by an incremental $83.4 million increase in inventory due to increased production capacity combined with reduced consumer demand, an incremental

$52.5 million decrease in accounts payable due to lower operating activities, and the impact of paying the fiscal 2021 profit sharing in fiscal 2022. These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by an incremental $14.9 million increase in accrued expenses as a result of the payment of deferred federal excise tax liabilities during the first quarter of 2021, the fulfillment of performance obligations relating to sales promotions in the prior year, and a $9.9 million decrease in accounts receivable due to timing of shipments and customer payments.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities in fiscal 2023 was $89.8 million, or $65.7 million higher than fiscal 2022. We recorded capital expenditures of $89.6 million for fiscal 2023, $65.6 million higher than fiscal 2022. Capital expenditures relating to the Relocation were $73.2 million for fiscal 2023, of which $513,000 is capitalized interest. Excluding spending related to the Relocation, we currently expect to spend between $20.0 million and $25.0 million on capital expenditures in fiscal 2024.

Additionally, as it relates to the Relocation, we currently expect to spend between $70.0 million and $75.0 million on capital expenditures in fiscal 2024, of which $50.0 million to $55.0 million is expected for the construction of the facility.

Cash used in investing activities in fiscal 2022 was $24.1 million, or $1.9 million higher than fiscal 2021 primarily due to cash used for capital expenditures.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities was $5.9 million in fiscal 2023 compared with cash used of $106.0 million in fiscal 2022. Cash provided by financing activities during fiscal 2023 was primarily a result of $25.0 million of borrowings under our revolving line of credit, partially offset by $18.3 million in dividend distributions.

Cash used in financing activities was $106.0 million in fiscal 2022, or $197.8 million lower than fiscal 2021. Cash used in financing activities during fiscal 2022 primarily included $90.0 million of share repurchases and $15.0 million in dividend distributions.

Finance Lease – We are a party to a material finance lease, the Missouri Lease, which is a $46.2 million lease for our Missouri distribution center that has an effective interest rate of approximately 5.0% and is payable in 240 monthly installments through fiscal 2039. The building is pledged to secure the amounts outstanding. During fiscal 2023, we paid approximately $1.2 million in principal payments relating to the Missouri Lease. With the completion of the Separation, we entered into the Missouri Sublease. On July 16, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Missouri Sublease, increasing the subleased space to 64.7% of the facility under the same terms as the Missouri Lease. On January 31, 2023, we entered into the Assignment and Assumption Agreement and the Amended and Restated Guaranty. We intend to terminate the Missouri Sublease on or around the effective date of the Assignment and Assumption Agreement. We recorded $2.3 million of income related to the Missouri Sublease, of which $1.1 million was recorded in general and administrative expenses and $1.2 million was recorded in interest income in our condensed consolidated statements of income.

Credit Facilities – We maintain an unsecured revolving line of credit with TD Bank, N.A. and other lenders, or the Lenders, which includes availability up to $100.0 million at any one time, or the Revolving Line. The revolving line provides for availability for general corporate purposes, with borrowings to bear interest at either the Base Rate or LIBOR rate, plus an applicable margin based on our consolidated leverage ratio, as of April 30, 2023. The credit agreement also provides a swingline facility in the maximum amount of $5.0 million at any one time (subject to availability under the revolving line). Each swingline loan bears interest at the Base Rate, plus an applicable margin based on our consolidated leverage ratio. In response to a Springing Lien Triggering Event (as defined in the credit agreement), we would be required to enter into certain documents that create in favor of TD Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party to such documents as legal, valid, and enforceable first priority lien on the collateral described therein. Subject to the satisfaction of certain terms and conditions described in the credit agreement, we have an option to increase the revolving line by an aggregate amount not exceeding $50.0 million. The revolving line matures on the earlier of August 24, 2025, or the date that is six months in advance of the earliest maturity of any permitted notes under the credit agreement.

On April 28, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit agreement to, among other things, replace LIBOR with SOFR as the interest rate benchmark and amend the definition of "Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio" to exclude unfinanced capital expenditures in connection with the Relocation.

As of April 30, 2023, we had $25.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the Revolving Line, which bore interest at 6.62%, which was equal to the LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin.

The credit agreement for our credit facility contains financial covenants relating to maintaining maximum leverage and minimum debt service coverage. We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of April 30, 2023.

Share Repurchase Programs – On March 2, 2021, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of $100.0 million of our common stock, subject to certain conditions, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions until March 2022. Pursuant to this authorization, during fiscal 2021, we purchased 3,380,447 shares of our common stock for $60.0 million, utilizing cash on hand. During fiscal 2022, we completed this stock repurchase program by purchasing 1,967,420 of our common stock for $40.0 million, utilizing cash on hand. On June 15, 2021, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $50.0 million of our common stock, subject to certain conditions, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, until August 2022. Pursuant to this authorization, during fiscal 2022, we completed this repurchase program by purchasing 2,788,152 shares of our common stock for $50.0 million, utilizing cash on hand. As of April 30, 2023, we had no authorized share repurchase programs. We did not purchase any shares of our common stock during fiscal 2023.

At April 30, 2023, we had $53.6 million in cash and cash equivalents on hand.

Based upon our current working capital position, current operating plans, and expected business conditions, we believe that our existing capital resources and credit facilities will be adequate to fund our operations for the next 12 months.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including net sales, the construction of the new facility in Maryville, the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing of introductions of new products and enhancements to existing products, and the costs to ensure access to adequate manufacturing capacity.

Inflation

During fiscal 2023, inflationary pressures resulted in increases in the cost of certain of the components, parts, raw materials, and other supplies necessary for the production of our products, as well as labor costs. We do not believe that inflation had a material impact on us during fiscal 2022 or 2021. We expect that there will be an increased impact from inflation during fiscal 2024.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon the Company's consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires that we make accounting estimates, judgments, and assumptions that can have a meaningful effect on the reporting of consolidated financial statements. See Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.

Critical accounting estimates are defined as those reflective of significant judgments, estimates, and uncertainties, which may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The Company believes the following are its critical accounting estimates:

Revenue Recognition

Description: We recognize revenue in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which became effective for us on May 1, 2018. Generally, all performance obligations are satisfied and revenue is recognized when the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customer, which is generally upon shipment but could be delayed until the receipt of customer acceptance.

Judgments and Uncertainties: In some instances, sales include multiple performance obligations. These may include sales promotion programs that entitle customers to receive rebates or free goods based upon their purchase of our products. The fulfillment of these free goods is our responsibility. We recognize revenue proportionally as each performance obligation is satisfied, based on the relative transaction price of each product. The net change in contract liabilities for a given period is reported as an increase or decrease to sales.

Our product sales are generally sold free on board, or FOB, shipping point and provide payment terms to most commercial customers ranging from 20 to 60 days of product shipment with a discount available in certain cases for early payment. In some instances, we may provide longer payment terms. We do not consider these extended terms to be a significant financing component of the contract because the payment terms are always less than one year. In all cases, we consider our costs related to shipping and handling to be a cost of fulfilling the contract with the customer.

Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: The liability relating to performance obligations is based on the estimated level of participation in the sales promotional program and the timing of the shipment of all products included in the promotional program. For contracts with discounted terms, we determine the transaction price upon establishment of the contract that contains the final terms of the sale, including the description, quantity, and price of each product purchased. We estimate variable consideration relative to the amount of cash discounts to which customers are likely to be entitled.

Valuation of Goodwill, Long-lived Tangible, and Intangible Assets

Description: We evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, or asset groups, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable. When such evaluations indicate that the related future undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the carrying values of the assets, such carrying values are reduced to fair value and this adjusted carrying value becomes the asset’s new cost basis. We determine fair value primarily using future anticipated cash flows that are directly associated with and are expected to arise as a direct result of the use and eventual disposition of the asset, or asset group, discounted using an interest rate commensurate with the risk involved.

Judgments and Uncertainties: Determining whether impairment indicators exist and estimating the fair value of our goodwill, tangible and intangible assets requires significant judgment. Estimating the fair value of goodwill requires management to make assumptions and projections of future cash flows, revenues, earnings, discount rates, long term growth rates, and other factors.

Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: The assumptions used to assess impairment consider historical trends, macroeconomic conditions, and projections consistent with our operating strategy. Changes in these estimates can have a significant impact on the assessment of fair value which could result in material impairment losses.

Inventories

Description: We value inventories at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out, or FIFO, method, or net realizable value.

Judgments and Uncertainties: An allowance for potential non-saleable inventory due to excess stock or obsolescence is based upon a detailed review of inventory, past history, and expected future usage.

Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: The assumptions used to assess inventory valuation consider historical activity. Changes in these estimates can have a significant impact on the assessment of excess and obsolete inventory, which could result in material losses.

Warranty

Description: We generally provide a limited one-year warranty and a lifetime service policy to the original purchaser of our new firearm products. We will also repair or replace certain products or parts found to be defective under normal use and service with an item of equivalent value, at our option, without charge during the warranty period. We provide for estimated warranty obligations in the period in which we recognize the related revenue.

Judgments and Uncertainties: We quantify and record an estimate for warranty-related costs based on our actual historical claims experience and current repair costs. We adjust accruals as warranty claims data and historical experience warrant. Should we experience actual claims and repair costs that are higher than the estimated claims and repair costs used to calculate the provision, our operating results for the period or periods in which such returns or additional costs materialize could be adversely impacted.

Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: The assumptions used to assess warranty consider historical trends. Changes in these estimates can have a significant impact on the assessment of warranty, which could result in material losses.

Relocation

Description: As part of the Relocation, we offered a severance and relocation package to every affected employee. The severance was, in part, based on the employee's service term, job function, and classification status, and required the employee to remain active and in good standing through their relocation date.

Judgments and Uncertainties: In accounting for severance and relocation costs, management must make a variety of assumptions and estimates, including, but not limited to, the number of employees that will meet all of the requirements to receive the severance and relocation package, the number of those employees that will be electing to relocate versus opt for severance, and the potential cost of self-insured benefits that may be incurred during any potential severance period. We consider current facts when determining these estimates.

Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: The liabilities relating to severance and relocation obligations is based on the number of employees affected by the Relocation, the number of employees that have decided to relocate, the estimated cost of benefits during the severance period, and the employees' terms of service and rates of pay as of the fiscal year end. Changes in these assumptions can have a significant impact on the estimate of these liabilities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The nature and impact of recent accounting pronouncements is discussed in Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any transactions, arrangements, or other relationships with unconsolidated entities that are reasonably likely to affect our liquidity or capital resources. We have no special purpose or limited purpose entities that provide off-balance sheet financing, liquidity, or market or credit risk support or that engage in leasing, hedging, research and development services, or other relationships that expose us to liability that is not reflected in our financial statements.

We do not enter into any market risk sensitive instruments for trading purposes. Our principal market risk relates to the variable interest rate associated with our credit agreement, which consists of a $100.0 million revolving line of credit that bears interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR or prime, at our election, plus an applicable margin based on our consolidated leverage ratio. For more information regarding our financing arrangements, see Note 5 — Notes, Loans Payable, and Financing Arrangements. As of April 30, 2023, we had $25.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the Revolving Line, which bore an interest rate of 6.62%, which is equal to the LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin. On April 28, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit agreement to, among other things, replace LIBOR with SOFR as the interest rate benchmark and amend the definition of "Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio" to exclude unfinanced capital expenditures in connection with the Relocation.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of April 30, 2023, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form-10-K. Based on that evaluation, we have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form-10-K, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide such reasonable assurance.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies may deteriorate.

Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework). Based on that evaluation, management believes that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of April 30, 2023.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2023 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which also audited our consolidated financial statements for fiscal 2023. Deloitte & Touche LLP's report on our internal control over financial reporting is included herein.

Inherent Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and we are is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our fourth fiscal quarter of 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.