INVE Technologies, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2023

Statement Regarding Forward Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. For example, other than statements of historical facts, statements regarding our strategy, future operations and growth, financial position, expected financial or business results, projected costs, prospects, plans, market trends, potential market size, product attributes and benefits, growth drivers, competition and competitive advantages, objectives of management, management judgements and estimates, and the expected impact of changes in laws or accounting pronouncements constitute forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “will,” “believe,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “may,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Although we believe that our expectations reflected in or suggested by the forward-looking statements that we make in this Annual Report are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance or achievements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. While we may elect to update forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we specifically disclaim any obligation to do so, even if our expectations change, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. We also caution you that such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, not all of which are known to us or within our control, and that actual events or results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to our ability to successfully execute our business plan and sell our products; continued market acceptance and growth or expansion in our target markets; our ability to successfully compete; our history of losses; the effects of product and component shortages; our ability to obtain additional capital; the benefits and attributes of our products and services; the level of customer orders; the ability of our products to perform as expected; risks related to the recent COVID-19 pandemic; fluctuations in net cash provided and used by operating, financing and investing activities; sources and uses of our cash, and expense levels; the loss of significant customers or types of business; the impact of macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, on our business; and the risks discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report under the heading “Risk Factors”. These cautionary statements qualify all of the forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report.

Identiv and the Identiv logo are trademarks of Identiv, Inc., registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Certain product and service brands are also trademarks or registered trademarks of the Company, including HIRSCH, ScramblePad, TouchSecure, Velocity, Velocity Vision, Velocity AI, Bitse.io, Freedom, Enterphone MESH, 3VR, VisionPoint, Thursby Software, and Thursby SubRosa. Other product and brand names not belonging to Identiv that appear in this Annual Report may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

Each of the terms the “Company,” “Identiv,” “we," “us” and “our” as used herein refers collectively to Identiv, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise stated.

Overview

Our mission is to software-enable the entire physical world.

Our radio-frequency identification ("RFID") Internet of Things ("IoT") devices and IoT software platform are designed to digitally enable and secure any physical item. Our products enable unique and secure digital interaction with the physical world while simultaneously managing data flows from each physical object, thereby creating a software-enabled experience for the user that goes beyond a purely physical interaction.

Our physical security systems secure virtually every aspect of places and our interaction with them. Our systems provide customers with identification, access control, video surveillance and analytics. The result is a secure and responsive experience between the user and the place they are accessing. We believe our systems are built to meet the needs of various stakeholders, from engineers, systems designers, installers, and administrators to systems managers and individual users.

By digitally enabling physical "things," we make them more secure, responsive, feature-rich, interactive and customer-connected. RFID powers a wide range of IoT applications, including customer engagement, product authenticity, enhanced consumer experiences, instrumentation and sensor enabling, brand protection, product tracking, and tamper detection.

We execute our strategy of securing every place and thing through our two business segments: Identity segment for IoT and RFID-enabled solutions, and Premises segment for our physical security and access control.

• Identity: Our Identity business is focused on digitally enabling and securing every physical thing. Our designs and products include RFID-enabled IoT solutions to make digital and physical devices secure, responsive, and meaningful for the end user. Our RFID units have been integrated into more than a billion and a half IoT items around the world.
• Premises: Our Premises business is focused on securing every physical place. We offer what we believe to be one of the most comprehensive, end-to-end systems available from a single service provider in the physical security market. Our product portfolio includes identity credentials, access readers, access control systems, video management systems, and video analytics, deployed in a hyper-converged platform or a cloud-based architecture. Our platform is deployed across buildings worldwide, including sensitive government facilities, schools, utilities, hospitals, stores, and apartment buildings.

Market Drivers

Identity Segment:

In our Identity segment, the emerging RFID market is driven by pervasive use cases to the extent they are adopted by companies and consumers. For example, RFID devices can verify whether a syringe dispenses the exact right amount of a patient’s medication. Mobile phone accessories can work together intelligently with a person’s handset to create novel experiences and applications. Temperature-sensitive products can be tracked to ensure the shipment has stayed within its safety parameters and remains unspoiled. RFID-enabled smart packaging products allow service operators to remain in compliance with government regulations and, potentially, tax authorities.

These examples demonstrate the scale of the RFID market opportunity of hundreds of billions of units over time. As technology improves and costs drop, we believe competitive pressures will drive adoption across each sector until virtually all physical items have a sensor-augmented, integrated, digital existence – a vision we share with leading semiconductor manufacturers. Identiv enables tiny, low-cost RFID chips with highly tuned and optimized antennas, systems, software and security to become embedded in a wide range of products, providing a digital identity to almost any object on the planet.

Premises Segment:

Within our Premises segment, we believe the physical security market is undergoing a generational, technology-driven transformation. Fully integrated, software-defined, video, access and identity systems are being deployed to address evolving security threats that prior generations of security systems can no longer adequately secure. Lower cost of ownership, lower cost of administration, higher security and lower cost of upgrades and enhancements are the internal drivers of this technological transformation. Cyber-attacks, identity cloning and user expectations are some of the external forces also driving this generational turnover of systems and expansion of their reach. Our physical security platforms enable this transformation by encompassing each of the major components that work together to create a secure yet frictionless experience, tailored to the requirements of each customer and all stakeholders within each customer.

Competitive Advantages

Identity Segment:

In the Identity segment, we believe our core differentiation is our best-in-class designs, technologies, and intellectual property ("IP") that enable the secure digital capabilities of RFID chips to work within the analog world of antennas, power harvesting, data conversion and security. Our devices can be attached to a prescription bottle, affixed to a shipment pallet, or embedded in an athletic jersey; they must then communicate through radio frequency (RF) and harvest power from the radio signal of a phone or reader in order to run the chip. Furthermore, the device must perform reliably in real-world environments. We design the systems, the antennas, software, security and physical form that connects the chips, accesses their capabilities, manages RF communications and power conversion, and creates the platform for the digital experience, all harmoniously integrated with the physical experience of the product.

We make this happen with our library of designs, patented technologies like tag-on-metal, and IP we have developed working with early adopters of RFID in multiple customer verticals including mobility and healthcare. We believe we deepen our value and competitive advantage by providing both the devices themselves in high volume, as well as the readers and programmers to personalize and read the RFID devices. Our RFID readers are among the most widely deployed for NFC (near-field communication) and high-frequency RFID programming and reading, which we believe gives us both credibility with our customers’ engineering teams and the flexibility to add software value. We then work closely with our customers to build the complicated analog bridge and system to make the device function across radio frequencies. The result for the end user is an engaged, dynamic interaction with very high reliability, high data security and optimized power transfer.

Our vertical integration allows us to go directly from prototypes to pilot runs to volume production and deliver a high-quality product, even for the most complicated devices. Oftentimes, the customers' engineers want to improve the product, making adjustments from lessons learned or because our chip suppliers release new chips, new features, and new price points. We would then typically run another rapid cycle of re-design, re-prototype, re-pilot, and re-production processes. We believe the design-through-production platform incentivizes our customers to continue working with us as they drive increasing functionality and better performance into the experiences for their customers. We anticipate this dynamic will accelerate, driven by improving semiconductor performance as outlined in industry-recognized Moore's Law, and by competitive forces created when any digitally-enabled product is launched, pressuring others to catch up or lose the market opportunity.

Premises Segment:

In the Premises segment, we believe our competitive advantages are our technical depth and ability to offer a comprehensive, end-to-end product line with customization that meets the varying needs of our customers’ key stakeholders. Our platform encompasses the total digitization of physical places; it spans access control, video, analytics, access card readers, credentials, and hyperconverged appliances, with the ability to manage the system using on-premises, hybrid or cloud architectures, using hardware and software that are either enterprise-grade or small-business optimized. Our Premises products are developed and produced for high security applications and have met the requirements and are deployed in some of the most secure government facilities in the United States. We believe that a high-security foundation creates a solid base for all systems, whatever security level is needed.

Our Premises products are built on Identiv-designed and built hardware that reduces component vulnerabilities. We believe this purpose-built solution is more secure than comparable systems, and provides customers with higher performance, while retaining the ability to improve and quickly integrate new security features. We also embed cybersecure technology into all our access control, credentials, and door readers. From CAC/PIV credentials for US government customers to FICAM architecture that we helped to define, we believe our strong reputation in the physical security industry is a competitive advantage.

Growth Strategy

Identity Segment:

Our Identity segment growth strategy is focused on pervasive deployment of high-end, sensor-enabled RFID devices in every physical thing. We are engaged with technology early adopters, built on our reputation as the go-to partner for technologically complex advanced RFID devices. We believe there are three growth drivers in RFID: customer launches, design wins and technology expansion.

Use Case Examples

• Mobile Accessories: Our RFID devices embedded in mobile phone accessories enable rich, extensible experiences on a mobile device with an RFID-enabled accessory.
• Medical Devices: It is critical that a patient’s medication be dispensed at the right dosage and temperature. Our RFID devices, when attached to a syringe, can enable doctors and their patients to monitor medical compliance.
• Supply Chain Tracking: Our RFID devices, when attached to a shipment palette, enable a company to track the ambient conditions of goods in their supply chain, ensuring cold items remain cold and are delivered to the appropriate location.

Design Wins

Design wins are the key to our leadership in the market as it expands. We believe our technical expertise, leadership, IP, active customer engagements and reputation across all facets of RFID provide a pipeline of design win opportunities. We also engage in non-recurring engineering ("NRE") projects with strategic customers, with the expectation that many of these projects evolve into design wins.

Technology Expansion

Our ability to secure additional design wins and successful customer launches relies upon our best-in-class engineering team and production capabilities, as well as new technologies that we design and incorporate as new capabilities for our customers.

Premises Segment:

In our Premises segment, our platform has the capability to secure virtually every place on the planet. Our platform is anchored by the reliability and robustness of our complete security solution. This includes our Velocity single-pane solution and software, our line of controllers and IoT gateways including Mx, our EG Edge controller, our TouchSecure access sensors, our Velocity Vision video and our VisionAI machine-learning based analytics platform, our TS Cards credentials as well as our mobile credentials, and a wide range of integrations.

We build our Premises solution to meet the stringent requirements of the most high-security facilities in the world and offer a complete security solution that includes hardware, software, and professional services. Our broad product portfolio allows us to provide customers a complete deployment, allowing them to consolidate vendors, minimizing execution risk. This also leverages our channel strength as well as the engineering and product investments the company has made. A key focus area for us is growing sales of our software licenses and related maintenance services.

We sell our current high-security solution to customers within the U.S. government. Since we offer a fully featured product portfolio that meets the needs of many end users, we aim to drive sales of our solution to quasi-governmental customers like airports and commercial customers in verticals such as retail, medical, and education. We also expect to drive sales of our enterprise-level solution into the SMB markets that also have high-security needs, thereby expanding the market for our solution. Additionally, we have partnerships with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that make our products available to their respective sales teams, leveraging our engineering investment.

• Premises Software: Our software platform for premises digitization enables centralized management of a physical place, including control of doors, cameras, gates, elevators and other building equipment, monitoring users as they move around a facility, preventing unwanted access, maintaining compliance and providing a continuous audit trail. Our platforms are IT-centric and highly scalable from small businesses through global organizations, multi-tenant, special-purpose campuses such as schools, military bases, utilities and others. Our platforms are available as local software or cloud based, accessible through browser, mobile and desktop interfaces. We leverage data infrastructures across LAN's, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobile, RFID and emerging communication standards such as 5G and UWB (Ultra-Wideband). As communications infrastructure becomes fully wireless, low-power and high-security, our software is architected to support seamless migration to fully software-defined systems, compatible with pervasive RFID devices to enable a frictionless, convenient and secure experience in almost any physical location.
• Access Readers & Sensors: As most of the physical infrastructure becomes wireless, virtual and software-defined, the remaining device will be the sensors at the door. As platforms for local presence confirmation, video and audio interaction, and to signal a door to open, we believe our family of TouchSecure (TS) sensors will continue to play a key physical role in providing security and convenience at the door.
• Video Analytics: We have integrated a wide set of machine learning analytics into our Velocity Vision system. Integrated with our Velocity access management platform, we are bringing intelligence to physical security and the entire experience as people interact with buildings and other facilities around them.

Sales & Marketing Strategy

Our go-to-market strategy is consistent across our business. We believe our competitive advantage is our technical expertise, technology and know-how which covers both the user side and the programmer/reader/infrastructure side. With this depth of technology across the overall system we develop and prove our best-in-class use cases with our customers.

• Use-case Proliferation: We apply our digital marketing platforms, sales teams and channel partners to proliferate each use case as best-in-class. We target product engineers or other decision makers to build awareness of a proven solution. We drive our marketing message in terms that engineers value because we have established the benefits from comparable use cases. As a company adopts RFID and delivers superior product experiences, we believe that drives faster adoption by others, until a use-case becomes pervasive.
• Trusted advisor: Reducing adoption cost and risk: We have built a reputation as the trusted advisor to our customers by sharing benefits and pitfalls, risks and tradeoffs, as well as ways to mitigate them. We also communicate the risk of inaction, as others come to market with new capabilities. By highlighting risks of inaction, making customers aware of upcoming competitive threats and sharing insights into how they can confidently build competitive capabilities themselves, we believe we become their trusted advisor early in their learning and decision cycle. Then, because we help with the designs, provide devices as well as reader/programmers, and complete solutions or best-of-breed components, we often become a long-term partner, reducing their risks and efforts and improving their competitive advantages. Throughout this process, confidentiality is paramount. A capability developed uniquely with and for a customer is not shared with another. That is fundamental to our culture and to our business practices.
• Industry Leader and Facilitator: As we develop general use-case capabilities and insights, we share and leverage those cross-industry, adding value and building our competitive advantage. Specific differentiation established with a customer is protected. With this key guideline, we optimize our value across each use case, to each individual customer, and to the industry overall.

Research and Development

In RFID, we are a leader in a wide range of chip use cases, antenna designs across HF, UHF and LF (low frequency) as well as sensors, materials and form factors. We encompass both sides of the underlying technology platforms, the devices themselves as well as the programmers, testers, configurators and readers. We believe this provides credibility with customers, demonstrating an understanding of all components of the devices, because our devices are programming, configuring, testing and validating them at the time of production, as well as in use among customers. Similarly with our physical security IoT platforms, we encompass the total solution. We believe our technology and products span a far greater range of the platform solution than most of our competitors, encompassing readers, controllers, video, cards and software across local, cloud, mobile, and hybrid modes.

Our research and development (“R&D”) investment is highly leveraged because we optimally access expertise wherever we believe it is most advanced and most efficient. We maintain RFID R&D in Germany, in the region where the initial NFC and smart card technologies developed, and in Singapore/Southeast Asia, where the most advanced and flexible RFID production is centered. We also deploy Premises software and systems teams in India, Vietnam, Mexico and the U.S.

Proprietary Technology and Intellectual Property

We currently rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trademark laws, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights. Although we may seek to protect our proprietary technology through patents, it is possible that no new patents will be issued, that our proprietary products or technologies are not patentable, and that any issued patent will fail to provide us with any competitive advantages. The core of our proprietary technology is the combination of our advanced technical expertise combined with our intimate customer knowledge, enabling us to develop bring to market and sometimes patent products uniquely positioned to deliver benefits to customers. We have a portfolio of approximately 36 patent families (designs, patents, utility models, patents pending and exclusive licenses) in individual or regional filings, covering products, electrical and mechanical designs, software systems and methods and manufacturing process ideas for our various businesses. Additionally, we leverage our own ASIC designs for smart card interface in some of our reader devices. Our issued patents expire between 2024 and 2033.

Manufacturing and Sources of Supply

We utilize a combination of our own manufacturing facilities and the services of contract manufacturers in various countries around the world to manufacture our products and components. Our RFID devices are predominantly manufactured and assembled by our own internal manufacturing teams in Singapore and Thailand primarily using locally sourced components and are certified to the ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001:2015 quality manufacturing standard. Our premises sensors readers, controllers and software are manufactured primarily in California. Our video appliances are manufactured primarily in Wisconsin and Arizona. The majority of our smart card reader products and components are manufactured in Singapore, Cambodia and South Korea. We have implemented formal quality control programs to satisfy customer requirements for high quality and reliable products. To ensure that products manufactured by third parties are consistent with internal standards, our quality control programs include management of all key aspects of the production process, including establishing product specifications, selecting the components to be used to produce products, selecting the suppliers of these components and negotiating the prices for certain of these components. In addition, we may work with suppliers to improve process control and product design.

For the majority of our product manufacturing, we utilize a global sourcing strategy that serves all business solution areas within the company, which allows us to achieve economies of scale and uniform quality standards for our products. On an ongoing basis, we analyze the need to add alternative sources for both our products and components. For example, we currently utilize the foundry services of external suppliers to produce our ASICs for smart cards readers and RFID devices, and we use chips and antenna components from third-party suppliers. Wherever possible, we have qualified additional sources of supply for components.

Government Regulation

Our business is subject to government regulation as discussed under "Risk Factors".

Human Capital

Our key human capital management objectives are to attract, retain and develop the highest quality talent. To support these objectives, our human resources program is designed to develop talent to prepare them for critical roles and leadership positions for the future; reward and support employees through competitive pay and benefits; enhance our culture through efforts aimed at making the workplace more engaging and inclusive; acquire talent and facilitate internal talent mobility to create a high-performing and diverse workforce. As of December 31, 2023, we had 394 employees, of which 78 were in research and development, 93 were in sales and marketing, 181 were in manufacturing and 42 were in general and administrative. We are not subject to any collective bargaining agreements and, to our knowledge, none of our employees are currently represented by a labor union. To date, we have experienced no work stoppages and believe that our employee relations are generally good.

Corporate Information

Our corporate headquarters are located in Fremont, California. We maintain research and development facilities in California, India, Germany, manufacturing facilities in Singapore and Thailand, and local operations and sales facilities in Germany, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Japan, Canada, and the United States. We were founded in 1990 in Munich, Germany and incorporated in 1996 under the laws of the State of Delaware.

Availability of SEC Filings

We make available through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our Internet address is www.identiv.com (http://www.identiv.com). The content on our website is not, nor should it be deemed to be, incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. Our filings with the SEC are also available to the public through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

Risks Related to Our Customers, Products and Markets, and Our Business

Adverse global and regional economic conditions have and may continue to materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We conduct operations internationally with sales in the Americas, Europe and the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific regions. Our manufacturing operations and third-party contract manufacturers are located in China, Singapore, and Thailand/Southeast Asia. We also purchase certain products and key components from a limited number of sources that depend on the supply chain, including freight, to receive components, transport finished goods and deliver our products across the world. As a result, adverse global and regional economic conditions may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Such conditions, including but not limited to inflation, slower growth or recession, higher interest rates and currency fluctuations, and other conditions that may impact consumer confidence and spending may adversely affect demand for our products. During fiscal years 2023 and 2022, we were impacted by adverse macroeconomic conditions including but not limited to inflation, foreign currency fluctuations, and the slowdown of economic activity around the globe. Adverse conditions included experiencing delays and reductions in customer orders, shifting supply chain availability and component shortages. We also continue to be affected by supply chain challenges. Global economic conditions have also impacted our suppliers, contract manufacturers, logistics providers, and distributors, causing increases in cost of materials and higher shipping and transportation rates, which then impacted the pricing of our products. Price increases may not successfully offset cost increases or may cause us to lose market share and, in turn, may adversely impact our operations.

We depend on a number of suppliers and contract manufacturers for the production of our products and components making us potentially vulnerable to supply disruption.

Our reliance on suppliers and contract manufacturers for the production of our products and hardware components has and may continue to result in product delivery problems and delays. We may suffer a disruption if the supply of components causes us to be unable to purchase sufficient components on a timely basis. For example, the recent global semiconductor shortage that began in 2021 has and may continue to adversely impact our ability to meet product demand in a timely fashion. This shortage may persist for an indefinite period of time and has and may continue to have a negative impact on our revenue and operating results. Low inventory levels can affect our ability to meet customer demand, lengthen lead times and potentially cause us to miss opportunities, lose market share and/or damage customer relationships, also adversely affecting our business. Although we have taken steps to ensure we have adequate supply for expected customer demand, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. If we are not able to get the necessary products and components on a timely basis, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our financial performance depends on the extent and pace of RFID market adoption and end-user adoption of our RFID products and the timing of new customer deployments.

Our financial performance depends on the pace, scope and depth of end-user adoption of our RFID products in multiple industries. That pace, scope and depth continued to accelerate during 2023 which has caused large fluctuations in our operating results. If RFID market adoption, and adoption of our products specifically, does not meet our expectations, then our growth prospects and operating results will be adversely affected. If we are unable to meet end-user or customer volume or performance expectations, then our business prospects may be adversely affected. In addition, given the uncertainties of the specific timing of our new customer deployments, we cannot be assured that we will have appropriate inventory and capacity levels or that we will not experience inventory shortfalls or overages in the future. We seek to mitigate those risks by being deeply embedded in our customers' design cycle, working with our chip partners on long lead time components, managing our limited capital equipment needs within a short cycle and expanding our facilities to accommodate several scenarios for growth potential. If end users with sizable projects change or delay them, we may experience significant fluctuation in revenue on a quarterly or annual basis, and we anticipate that such uncertainty and fluctuations may continue to characterize our business for the foreseeable future.

The impact of health epidemics, pandemics and other outbreaks of infectious disease, such as the global pandemic caused by COVID-19, could negatively impact our operations, supply chain and customer base.

Our business and operations have and may in the future be adversely affected by health epidemics, pandemics and other outbreaks of infectious disease, such as the global COVID-19 pandemic. The recent COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread severely restricted the level of economic activity around the world, which has and may continue to impact timing of demand for our products and services. Our operations and supply chains for certain of our products or services may be negatively impacted by the regional or global outbreak of illnesses, including a resurgence of COVID-19 variants. Any resulting quarantines, labor shortages or other disruptions to our operations, or those of our suppliers or customers, have and may continue to adversely impact our sales and operating results, including through additional expenses and strain on the business as well as our supply chain. In addition, an outbreak of infectious disease could adversely affect some of the market verticals that we participate in as well as the general economies and financial markets of many countries, including those in which we operate, negatively impact supply and demand for our products and services, and result in delayed sales and extended payment cycles for our products and services. Further, a recession, depression, excessive inflation or other sustained adverse market events resulting from the outbreak of infectious diseases that may occur, could materially and adversely affect our business and that of our customers or potential customers. We are unable to accurately fully predict the effect of any such health concerns on our business, which could be affected by other factors we are not currently able to predict, including the success of actions taken to contain or treat future outbreaks of infectious diseases and reactions by consumers, companies, governmental entities and capital markets.

Our business could be adversely affected by reductions or delays in the purchase of our products or services for government security programs in the United States and globally.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from indirect sales to U.S. federal, state and local governments and government agencies, as well as from subcontracts under federal government prime contracts. Large government programs are an important market for our business, as high-security systems employing physical access, smart card, RFID or other access control technologies are increasingly used to enable applications ranging from authorizing building and network access for federal employees to paying taxes online, to citizen identification, to receiving health care. We believe that the success and growth of our business will continue to be influenced by our successful procurement of government business either directly or through our indirect sales channels. Accordingly, changes in government purchasing policies or government budgetary constraints, including government shutdowns, could directly affect our financial performance. Sales to government agencies and customers primarily serving the U.S. government, including further sales pursuant to existing contracts, may be adversely affected by factors outside our control, such as, federal government shutdowns or other Congressional actions to reduce federal spending, and by adverse economic, political or market conditions. A reduction in current or future anticipated sales to the U.S. government sector could harm our results of operations.

Additionally, we anticipate that an increasingly significant portion of our future revenues will come from government programs outside the U.S., such as electronic national identity, eGovernment and eHealth programs. We currently supply smart card readers, RFID products and credential provisioning and management solutions for various government programs in Europe, Asia and Australia and are actively targeting additional programs in these and other geographic areas. However, the allocation and availability of funding for such programs are often impacted by economic or political factors over which we have no control, and which may cause delays in program implementation, which could negatively impact our sales and results of operations.

Our U.S. government business depends upon the continuance of regulations that require federal agencies to implement security systems such as ours, and upon our ability to receive certain government approvals or certifications and demonstrate compliance in government audits or investigations. A failure to receive these government approvals or certifications or a negative audit result could result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While we are not able to quantify the amount of sales made to end customers in the U.S. government market due to the indirect nature of our selling process, we believe that orders from U.S. government agencies represent a significant portion of our revenues. The U.S. government, suppliers to the U.S. government and certain industries in the public sector currently fall, or may in the future fall, under regulations that require federal agencies to implement security systems that utilize physical and logical access control products and solutions such as ours. These regulations include, but are not limited to, HSPD 12 and FIPS 201 produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”). Discontinuance of, changes in, or lack of adoption of laws or regulations pertaining to security related to sales to end customers in the U.S. government market could adversely affect our sales.

Our U.S. government business is also dependent upon the receipt of certain governmental approvals or certifications and failure to receive such approvals or certifications could have a material adverse effect on our sales in those market segments for which such approvals or certifications are customary or required. Government agencies in the U.S. and other countries may audit our business as part of their routine audits and investigations of government procurement programs. Based on the outcome of any such audit, if any of our costs are found to be improperly allocated to a specific order, those costs may not be reimbursed, and any costs already reimbursed for such order may have to be refunded. If a government agency audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions. A negative audit could materially affect our competitive position and result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our revenues may decline if we cannot compete successfully in an intensely competitive market.

We target our products at the rapidly evolving market for security technologies. Many of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, purchasing and other resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or standards and to changes in customer requirements. Our competitors may also be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of products or solutions and may be able to deliver competitive products or solutions at a lower end user price.

We also experience indirect competition from certain of our customers who currently offer alternative products or solutions or are expected to introduce competitive offerings in the future. For example, in our Premises business, many of our dealer channel partners act as system integrators, providing installation and service, and therefore carry competitive lines of products and systems. This is a common practice within the industry as the integrators need access to multiple lines in order to support all potential service and user requirements. Depending on the technical competence of their sales forces, the comfort level of their technical staff with our systems and price pressures from customers, these integrators may choose to offer a competitor’s product. There is also business pressure to provide some level of sales to all vendors to maintain access to a range of products and systems.

We believe that the principal competitive factors affecting the markets for our products and solutions include:

• the extent to which products and systems must support evolving industry standards and provide interoperability;
• the extent to which products are differentiated based on technical features, quality and reliability, ease of use, strength of distribution channels and price;
• the ability to quickly develop new products and solutions to satisfy new market and customer requirements; and
• the total cost of ownership including installation, maintenance and expansion capability of systems.

Increased competition and increased market volatility in our industry could result in lower prices, reduced margins or the failure of our product and service offerings to achieve or maintain market acceptance, any of which could have a serious adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our percentage of revenue and customer concentration is significant in certain of our businesses.

Sales to our ten largest customers accounted for 30%, 25% and 32% of total net revenue in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. One customer accounted for 12% of net revenue in 2023, while no customer accounted for 10% or more of net revenue in 2022 and 2021. A significant amount of revenue is sourced from sales of products and systems to our OEM partners and an indirect sales network who sell to various entities within the U.S. federal government sector. We cannot guarantee that future reductions in U.S. government budgets will not impact our sales to these government entities or that the terms of existing contracts will not be subject to renegotiation. Our loss of one or more significant customers could have a significant adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business will not be successful if we do not keep up with the rapid changes in our industry.

The market for security products and related services is characterized by rapid technological developments, frequent new product introductions and evolving industry standards. To be competitive, we have to continually improve the performance, features and reliability of our products and services, particularly in response to competitive offerings, and quickly demonstrate the value of new products and services or enhancements to existing products and services. Our failure to develop and introduce new products and services successfully on a timely basis and to achieve market acceptance for such products and services could have a significant adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Security breaches, whether or not related to our products, could result in the disclosure of sensitive government information or private personal information that could result in the loss of clients and negative publicity.

Many of the systems we sell manage private personal information or protect sensitive information related to our customers in the government or commercial markets. A well-publicized actual or perceived breach of network or computer security in one of these systems, regardless of whether such a breach is attributable to our products, could adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products, and could result in the loss of customers, have an adverse effect on our reputation and reduce demand for our products.

As part of our technical support services, we agree, from time to time, to possess all or a portion of the security system database of our customers. This service is subject to a number of risks. For example, despite our security measures, our systems may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks by hackers, physical break-ins and service disruptions that could lead to interruptions, delays or loss of data. If any such compromise of our security were to occur, it could be very expensive to correct, could damage our reputation and result in the loss of customers, and could discourage potential customers from using our services. We could also be liable for damages and penalties. Although we do not believe we have experienced a cyber or physical security breach, we may experience breaches in the future. Our systems also may be affected by outages, delays and other difficulties. In addition, our insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover losses and liabilities that may result from such events.

Our business and reputation may be adversely affected by information technology system failures or network disruptions.

We may be subject to information technology system failures and network disruptions. These may be caused by natural disasters, accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, large-scale cybersecurity attacks, acts of terrorism or war, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or other events or disruptions. System redundancy may be ineffective or inadequate, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Such failures or disruptions could compromise company or customer data and result in delayed or cancelled orders and expose us to liability. System failures and disruptions could also impede the manufacturing and shipping of products, delivery of online services, processing of transactions and reporting of financial results. In addition, any such failures or disruptions could harm our reputation. Although we do not have operations in Russia or Ukraine, we do not and cannot know if the current uncertainties in these geopolitical areas may escalate and result in broad economic and security conditions, which could result in material implications for our business.

Sales of our products could decline and we could be subject to legal claims for damages if our products are found to have defects.

Despite our testing efforts, our products may contain defects that are not detected until after the products have been shipped. The discovery of defects or potential defects may result in damage to our reputation, delays in market acceptance of our products and additional expenditures to resolve issues related to the products’ implementation. If we are unable to provide a solution to actual or potential product defects that is acceptable to our customers, we may be required to incur substantial costs for product recall, repair and replacement, or costs related to legal or warranty claims made against us.

The global nature of our business exposes us to operational and financial risks and our results of operations could be adversely affected if we are unable to manage them effectively.

We market and sell our products and solutions to customers in many countries around the world. To support our global sales, customer base and product development activities, we maintain offices and/or business operations in several locations around the world, including the United Kingdom, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Canada, and the U.S. We also maintain manufacturing facilities in Singapore, Thailand and California and engage contract manufacturers in multiple countries outside the U.S. Managing our global development, sales, administrative and manufacturing operations places a significant burden on our management resources and our financial processes and exposes us to various risks, including:

• longer accounts receivable collection cycles;
• changes in foreign currency exchange rates;
• compliance with and changes in foreign laws and regulatory requirements;
• changes in political or economic conditions and stability, particularly in emerging markets;
• difficulties managing widespread sales and manufacturing operations and related costs;
• export controls;
• natural disasters;
• less effective protection of our intellectual property; and
• potentially adverse tax consequences.

Any failure to effectively mitigate these risks and effectively manage our global operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

If current or future export laws limit or otherwise restrict our business, we could be prohibited from shipping our products to certain countries, which could cause our business, financial condition and results of operations to suffer.

Some of our products are subject to export controls or other laws restricting the sale of our products under the laws of the U.S., the European Union (“EU”) and other governments. The export regimes and the governing policies applicable to our business are subject to change. We cannot be certain that such export authorizations will be available to us or for our products in the future. In some cases, we rely upon the compliance activities of our prime contractors, and we cannot be certain they have taken or will take all measures necessary to comply with applicable export laws. If we or our prime contractor partners cannot obtain required government approvals under applicable regulations, we may not be able to sell our products in certain international jurisdictions.

A significant portion of our revenue is through an indirect sales channel, and the loss of dealers, systems integrators, resellers, or other channel partners could result in decreased revenue.

We currently use an indirect sales channel that includes dealers, systems integrators, value added resellers and resellers to sell a significant portion of our products and solutions, primarily into markets or to customers where the channel partner may have closer customer relationships or greater access than we do. Some of these channel partners also sell our competitors’ products, and if they favor our competitors’ products for any reason, they may fail to market our products as effectively or to devote necessary resources that result in sales of our products, which could cause our sales to suffer. Indirect selling arrangements are intended to benefit both us and the channel partner, and may be long- or short-term relationships, depending on market conditions, competition in the marketplace and other factors. If we are unable to maintain effective indirect sales channels, there could be a reduction in the amount of product we are able to sell, and our revenues could decrease.

We depend upon third-party manufacturers and a limited number of suppliers, and if we experience disruptions in our supply chain or manufacturing, our business may suffer.

We rely upon a limited number of suppliers for some key components of our products which exposes us to various risks, including whether or not our suppliers will provide adequate quantities with sufficient quality on a timely basis and the risk that supplier pricing may be higher than anticipated. In addition, some of the basic components used in some of our products, such as semiconductors, may at any time be in great demand. This could result in components not being available to us in a timely manner or at all, particularly if larger companies have ordered significant volumes of those components, or in higher prices being charged for components we require. Disruption or termination of the supply of components or software used in our products could delay shipments of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results and could also damage relationships with current and prospective customers.

Many of our products are manufactured outside the U.S. by contract manufacturers. Our reliance on these manufacturers poses a number of risks, including lack of control over the manufacturing process and ultimately over the quality and timing of delivery of our products. If any of our contract manufacturers cannot meet our production requirements, we may be required to rely on other contract manufacturing sources or identify and qualify new contract manufacturers, and we may not be able to do this in a timely manner or on reasonable terms. Additionally, we may be subject to currency fluctuations, potentially adverse tax consequences, unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tariffs and other trade barriers, export controls, natural disasters, or political and economic instability. Any significant delay in our ability to obtain adequate supplies of our products from our current or alternative manufacturers could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, if we are not successful at managing the contract manufacturing process, the quality of our products could be jeopardized or inventory levels could be inadequate or excessive, which could result in damage to our reputation with our customers and in the marketplace, as well as possible shortages of products or write-offs of excess inventory.

Our success depends largely on the continued service and availability of key personnel.

Our future success depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate our senior management as well as qualified technical personnel, particularly software engineers. Competition for these employees is intense and many of our competitors may have greater name recognition and significantly greater financial resources to better compete for these employees. If we are unable to retain our existing personnel, or attract and train additional qualified personnel, our growth may be limited. Our key employees are employed on an “at will” basis, meaning either we or the employee may terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of key employees could slow our product development processes and sales efforts or harm our reputation. Also, if our stock price declines, it may result in difficulty attracting and retaining personnel as equity incentives generally comprise a significant portion of our employee compensation. Further, restructurings and reductions in force that we have recently experienced may have a negative effect on employee morale and the ability to attract and retain qualified personnel.

We may be required to settle in cash a conditional restricted stock unit grant to our Chief Executive Officer upon the consummation of a Corporate Event.

In October 2023, our board of directors approved a conditional commitment to issue restricted stock units to Mr. Humphreys pursuant to that certain employment letter agreement with Mr. Humphreys dated as of September 14, 2015 and the amendment thereto dated as of October 4, 2023 (as so amended, the “Agreement”). In the event of (i) a sale or merger of a material business unit at a price and on terms determined by the board of directors to constitute a qualifying transaction or (ii) a Change of Control, as defined in the Agreement (each, a “Corporate Event”) prior to October 4, 2027 and subject to Mr. Humphreys’ continued employment with the Company (except as provided in the Agreement), we will be required to grant Mr. Humphreys 365,000 fully vested restricted stock units (the “Conditional Award”), effective as of immediately prior to the consummation of the Corporate Event, which will settle for either stock or cash upon the consummation of the Corporate Event in accordance with the Agreement. If we do not have sufficient available stock reserved under our 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan at the time, we would be required to settle a portion or all of the Conditional Award in cash, based on the fair market value of our common stock as provided in the Agreement. The amount of any such cash settlement could be material.

We cannot assure you that our evaluation of strategic alternatives will result in any outcomes that maximize stockholder value.

We previously disclosed that our board of directors initiated an exploration of strategic alternatives for the Company intended to maximize stockholder value, and such strategic review is a major focus of our Company. No assurance can be given as to the outcome of the process, including whether the process will result in a transaction, the timing of any such transaction or whether any transaction will successfully achieve its intended benefits.

Risks Related to Our Financial Results, Liquidity and Need for Additional Capital

Our revenue and operating results are subject to significant fluctuations and such fluctuations may lead to a reduced market price for our stock.

Our revenue and operating results have varied in the past and will likely continue to fluctuate in the future. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful, but securities analysts and investors often rely upon these comparisons as indicators of future performance. If our operating results in any future period fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, or the guidance that we provide, the market price of our stock would likely decline.

Factors that have caused our results to fluctuate in the past and which are likely to affect us in the future include the following:

• business and economic conditions overall and in our markets;
• the timing and size of customer orders, including orders that may be tied to annual or other budgetary cycles, seasonal demand, product plans or program roll-out schedules;
• the effects of U.S. government shutdowns, spending cuts and other changes in budget allocation or availability that create uncertainty for customers in certain parts of our business;
• the absence of significant backlog in our business;
• cancellations or delays of customer orders or the loss of a significant customer;
• the length of sales cycles associated with our product or service offerings;
• variations in the mix of products and services we sell;
• reductions in the average selling prices that we are able to charge due to competition, new product introductions or other factors;
• the impact of increasing freight and logistics costs;
• our ability to obtain an adequate supply of quality components and to deliver our products on a timely basis;
• our inventory levels and the inventory levels of our customers and indirect sales channels;
• the extent to which we invest in development, sales and marketing, and other expense categories;
• acquisitions, dispositions or organizational restructuring;
• fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar;
• the cost or impact of litigation; and
• the write-off of trade receivables and investments.

Estimating the amount and mix of future revenues is difficult, and our failure to do so accurately could affect our ability to be profitable or reduce the market price for our stock.

Accurately estimating future revenues is difficult because the purchasing patterns of our customers can vary depending upon a number of factors. We sell our smart card readers primarily through a channel of distributors who place orders on an ongoing basis depending on their customers’ requirements. As a result, the size and timing of these orders can vary from quarter to quarter. Market demand for RFID and NFC technology is resulting in larger program deployments of these products and components, as well as increasing competition for these solutions. Across our business, the timing of closing larger orders increases the risk of quarter-to-quarter fluctuation in revenues. If orders forecasted for a specific group of customers for a particular quarter are not realized or revenues are not otherwise recognized in that quarter, our operating results for that quarter could be materially adversely affected. In addition, from time to time, we may experience an unexpected increase or decrease in demand for our products resulting from fluctuations in our customers’ budgets, purchasing patterns or deployment schedules. These occurrences are not always predictable and can have a significant impact on our results in the period in which they occur. Failure to accurately forecast customer demand may result in excess or obsolete inventory, which if written down might adversely impact our cost of revenues and financial condition.

In addition, our expense levels are based, in significant part, upon our expectations as to future revenues and are largely fixed in the short term. We may be unable to adjust spending in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in revenues. Any significant shortfall in revenues in relation to our expectations could have an immediate and significant effect on our operating results for that quarter and may lead to a reduced market price for our stock.

If we are not able to secure additional capital when needed, our business could be adversely affected.

We may seek or need to raise additional funds for capacity expansion, general corporate and commercial purposes or for acquisitions. Our ability to obtain financing depends on our historical and expected future operating and financial performance, and is also subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business and other factors beyond our control. If we are unable to secure additional financing when desired, our ability to fund our business operations, make capital expenditures, pursue additional expansion or acquisition opportunities, or have resources available to capitalize on other opportunities could be limited, and this could adversely impact our financial results. There can be no assurance that additional capital will be available to us on favorable terms or at all. The sale of additional debt or equity securities may cause dilution to existing stockholders. Any debt or equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock and could impose significant restrictions on our operations.

Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other major currencies in which we do business may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our business is conducted in foreign currencies, principally the euro, Indian Rupee and Thai Baht. Fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar will result in currency exchange gains and losses in our reported results. If a significant portion of operating expenses are incurred in a foreign currency such as the euro, Indian Rupee or Thai Baht, and revenues are generated in U.S. dollars, exchange rate fluctuations might have a positive or negative net financial impact on these transactions, depending on whether the value of the U.S. dollar decreases or increases compared to that currency. In addition, the valuation of current assets and liabilities that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency can result in currency exchange gains and losses. For example, when one of our subsidiaries uses the euro as the functional currency, and this subsidiary has a receivable in U.S. dollars, a devaluation of the U.S. dollar against the euro of 10% would result in a foreign exchange loss to the reporting entity of 10% of the value of the underlying U.S. dollar receivable. We cannot predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations upon future operating results. The effect of currency exchange rate changes may increase or decrease our costs and/or revenues in any given period, and we may experience currency losses in the future. To date, we have not adopted a hedging program to protect against the risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property, and Litigation

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights, which could make us less competitive and cause us to lose market share.

Our future success will depend, in part, upon our intellectual property rights and our ability to protect these rights. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions to establish, maintain and protect our proprietary rights. From time to time, we may be required to use litigation to protect our proprietary technology. As a result, we may incur substantial costs and we may not be successful in any such litigation. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized third parties may copy aspects of our products, obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary, or infringe upon our patents. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary and intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws in the U.S. Because many of our products are sold and a significant portion of our business is conducted outside the U.S., our exposure to intellectual property risks may be higher. Our efforts to protect our proprietary and intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Additionally, there is a risk that our competitors will independently develop similar technology or duplicate our products or design around patents or other intellectual property rights. If we are unsuccessful in protecting our intellectual property or our products or technologies are duplicated by others, our competitive position could be harmed and we could lose market share.

As an example, the complexity and uncertainty of European patent laws have increased in recent years. In Europe, a new unitary patent system took effect June 1, 2023 which will significantly impact European patents, including those granted before the introduction of such a system. Under the unitary patent system, European applications have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent which will be subject to the jurisdiction of the Unitary Patent Court (UPC). As the UPC is a new court system, there is no precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation. Patents granted before the implementation of the UPC will have the option of opting out of the jurisdiction of the UPC and remaining as national patents in the UPC countries. Patents that remain under the jurisdiction of the UPC will be potentially vulnerable to a single UPC-based revocation challenge that, if successful, could invalidate the patent in all countries who are signatories to the UPC. We cannot predict with certainty the long-term effects of the unitary patent system and any potential changes.

We face risks from claims of third parties and litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We have received, and may in the future receive, notices of claims of infringement and misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights. From time to time, we are subject to claims of third parties, possibly resulting in litigation, which could include, among other things, claims regarding infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties, product defects, employment-related claims, and claims related to acquisitions, dispositions or restructurings. We cannot assure you that we will prevail in such actions, or that other actions alleging misappropriation or misuse by us of third-party trade secrets, alleging infringement by us of third-party patents and trademarks or challenging the validity of our patents, will not be asserted or prosecuted against us. Addressing any such claims or litigation may be time-consuming and costly, divert management resources, cause product shipment delays, require us to redesign our products, require us to accept returns of products and to write-off inventory, or result in other adverse effects to our business. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could require us to pay significant monetary damages.

We expect the likelihood of intellectual property infringement and misappropriation claims may increase as the number of products and competitors in the security market grows and as we increasingly incorporate third-party technology into our products. As a result of infringement claims, we could be required to license intellectual property from a third party or redesign our products. Licenses may not be offered when required or on acceptable terms. If we do obtain licenses from third parties, we may be required to pay license fees or royalties or we may be required to license some of our intellectual property to others in return for such licenses. If we are unable to obtain a license necessary for us or our third-party manufacturers to manufacture our allegedly infringing products, we could be required to suspend the manufacture of products or stop our suppliers from using processes that may infringe the rights of third parties. We may also be unsuccessful in redesigning our products. Our suppliers and customers may be subject to infringement claims based on intellectual property included in our products. We have historically agreed to indemnify our suppliers and customers for patent infringement claims relating to our products. The scope of this indemnity varies, but may, in some instances, include indemnification for damages and expenses, including attorney’s fees. We may periodically engage in litigation as a result of these indemnification obligations. Our insurance policies exclude coverage for third-party claims for patent infringement.

We have in the past been named as a defendant in putative securities class action and derivative lawsuits.

Securities class action lawsuits have often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. Companies such as ours in the technology industry are particularly vulnerable to this kind of litigation due to the volatility of their stock prices. We have in the past been named as a defendant in putative securities class action and derivative lawsuits and may again be so named in the future. Any litigation to which we were a party has and may in the future result in the diversion of management attention and resources from our business and business strategy. In addition, any litigation to which we may become a party to may result in onerous or unfavorable judgments that may not be reversed upon appeal and that may require us to pay substantial monetary damages or fines, or we may decide to settle lawsuits on similarly unfavorable terms, which could have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Reporting and Disclosure

Any failure to maintain an effective system of disclosure and internal controls over financial reporting, or our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements, could adversely affect investor confidence in us.

As a public company, we must maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls, our management will be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting every fiscal year. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that there are material weaknesses with respect to our internal controls or the level at which our internal controls are documented, designed, implemented or reviewed.

Any failure to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, including identifying material weaknesses, could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements and reports, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. We could also be subject to sanctions or investigations by The Nasdaq Stock Market, the SEC and other regulatory authorities.

We incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We incur significant legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance and disclosure obligations. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other aspects of our business, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, these rules and regulations applicable to public companies substantially increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, require that we hire additional personnel and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. It may also be more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

General Risk Factors

Our stock price has been and is likely to remain volatile.

Over the past several years, The Nasdaq Capital Market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have particularly affected the market prices of the stocks of technology companies. Volatility in our stock price may result from a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, among others:

• low volumes of trading activity in our stock;
• technical trading patterns of our stock;
• variations in our or our competitors’ financial and/or operational results;
• the fluctuation in market value of comparable companies in any of our markets;
• expected or announced news about strategic partner relationships, customer wins or losses, product announcements or organizational changes;
• comments and forecasts by securities analysts;
• litigation developments;
• global developments, including war, acts of terrorism, contagions such as COVID-19, and other such events; and
• general market downturns.

In addition, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

You may experience dilution of your ownership interests due to the future issuance of additional shares of our stock, and future sales of shares of our common stock could adversely affect our stock price.

We have issued a significant number of shares of our common stock as well as warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, in connection with a number of financing transactions and acquisitions in the recent years. In the future, from time to time we may issue additional previously authorized and unissued securities, resulting in additional dilution of the ownership interests of our current stockholders.

In addition, we have reserved shares of common stock for potential future issuance including stock issuable pursuant to our equity incentive plans and the conversion of our preferred stock. As of March 1, 2024, 1,202,748 shares of common stock are reserved for future grants and outstanding equity awards under our equity incentive plans and an additional 8,231,477 shares of common stock are reserved for future issuance in connection with other potential issuances, including conversion of our preferred stock. We may issue additional shares of common stock or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock in connection with the hiring of personnel, future acquisitions, and future financings or for other business purposes. If we issue additional securities, the aggregate percentage ownership of our existing stockholders will be reduced. In addition, any new securities that we issue may have rights senior to those of our common stock. The issuance of additional shares of common stock or preferred stock or other securities, or the perception that such issuances could occur, may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law may delay or prevent our acquisition by another company, which could decrease the value of your shares.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or enter into a material transaction with us without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include a classified board of directors and limitations on actions by our stockholders by written consent. Delaware law imposes some restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15% or more of our outstanding common stock. In addition, our board of directors has the right to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer. These provisions will apply even if the offer were to be considered adequate by some of our stockholders. Because these provisions may be deemed to discourage a change of control, they may delay or prevent the acquisition of our Company, which could decrease the value of our common stock.

Risk Management and Strategy

We have established policies and processes for assessing, identifying and managing material cybersecurity risks, and have integrated these processes into our overall risk management processes. We have also established policies and processes for managing and responding to material cybersecurity incidents.

We routinely assess material cybersecurity risks, including potential unauthorized occurrences on, or conducted through, our information systems that may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of those systems or information maintained in them. We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments when there is a material change in our business practices that we believe could affect information systems that are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. These risk assessments include identifying reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks and the potential harm if the risks were to materialize using tools such as a SIEM (Network and Cloud Platform Log Collector), Network Vulnerability Scanner, and other utilities for monitoring all Company assets. We conduct these risk assessments directly and also engage security product platform support teams as needed.

Following these risk assessments, we evaluate how to appropriately implement and maintain reasonable safeguards to mitigate identified risks; reasonably address any identified gaps in existing safeguards; and regularly monitor the effectiveness of our safeguards. We devote significant resources and designate members of our management team, including our executive staff, IT team, and Global Director of IT who reports to our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), to manage the risk assessment and mitigation process. As part of our overall risk management, we collaborate cross-functionally to monitor and test our safeguards and to train our employees on cybersecurity risks and safeguards. We offer cybersecurity training programs for employees at all levels and departments.

We require appropriate third-party service providers to certify that they can implement and maintain appropriate security measures, consistent with all applicable laws, in connection with their work for us, and to promptly report any suspected breach of their security measures that may affect our Company. We oversee and identify risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of service providers through an onboarding vendor risk management program.

While we have not, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, experienced a cybersecurity threat or incident that resulted in a material adverse impact to our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, there can be no guarantee that we will not experience such threats or incidents in the future. Like any technology provider, we have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past which were remediated on a case-by-case basis. See “Risk Factors” for more information on our cybersecurity risks.

Cybersecurity Governance

One of the key functions of our board of directors is informed oversight of our risk management process, including risks from cybersecurity threats. Our board of directors has been responsible for monitoring and assessing our strategic risk exposure with respect to cybersecurity risks and, going forward, the audit committee of our board of directors will oversee management of such risks. Our executive officers, including our CEO and CFO, are responsible for day-to-day management of the material risks we face.

Our Global Director of IT, in coordination with our executive officers, including our CEO and CFO, are responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, as well as managing and responding to material cybersecurity incidents if any occur. Our Global Director of IT has over 30 years of experience in various information technology roles, which experience includes management of cybersecurity matters, including over 20 years of experience as an IT Director. Our CEO has over 30 years of experience in information technology and cybersecurity risk management at the Company and at similar companies, and our CFO has over 10 years of experience in risk management at the Company and at similar companies, including risks arising from cybersecurity threats.

Our Global Director of IT provides weekly briefings to the CEO and CFO about our cybersecurity risks and activities, including cybersecurity incidents and responses, cybersecurity systems testing, third-party activities and related topics. In the event threats and incidents are identified as potentially significant, the CEO and CFO will promptly report to our audit committee. As part of our continued investment in developing our overall risk management process, going forward, our Global Director of IT will provide periodic updates to the audit committee on the Company’s cybersecurity policies and processes, material cybersecurity risks and mitigation strategies, and the audit committee will provide periodic reports to the board of directors on such matters.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Fremont, California and we maintain operational headquarters in Santa Ana, California. We lease additional facilities to house our engineering, sales and marketing, administrative and manufacturing functions. At December 31, 2023, our major facilities consisted of the following:

We may from time to time become subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business or could be named a defendant in other lawsuits. Legal proceedings could result in material costs, occupy significant management resources and entail penalties, even if we prevail. The outcome of such claims or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and may have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We are not a party to any material legal proceedings as of December 31, 2023.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

We have omitted discussion of the earliest of the three years covered by our consolidated financial statements presented in this Annual Report because that disclosure was already included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2022, filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023. You are encouraged to reference Part II, Item 7, within that report, for a discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2022.

Overview

Identiv is a global provider of secure identification and physical security.

We are leveraging our RFID-enabled physical device-management expertise as well as our physical access, video and analytics solutions to provide leading solutions as our customers, and our customers’ customers, embracing the IoT. Customers in the technology and mobility, consumer, government, healthcare, education and other sectors rely on Identiv’s identification and access solutions. Identiv’s platform encompasses RFID and NFC, cybersecurity, and the full spectrum of physical access, video, and audio security. We are bringing the benefits of the IoT to a wide range of physical, connected items.

Identiv’s mission is to digitally enable every physical thing and every physical place on the planet. Our full continuum of security solutions is delivered through our platform of RFID-enabled devices, mobile, client/server, cloud, web, dedicated hardware and software defined architectures. In doing so, we believe that we will create smart physical security and a smarter physical world.

Segments

We have organized our operations into two reportable business segments, principally by solution families: Identity and Premises. Our Identity segment includes products and solutions enabling secure access to information serving the logical access and cyber-security market, and protecting connected objects and information using RFID embedded security. Our Premises segment includes our solutions to address the Premises security market for government and enterprise, including access control, video surveillance, analytics, audio, access readers and identities.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Market Adoption

Our financial performance depends on the pace, scope and depth of end-user adoption of our RFID products in multiple industries. That pace, scope and depth accelerated during 2023 and 2022 causing large fluctuations in our operating results. During 2023, we believe RFID deployments continued to occur at a much faster pace of growth than historically. We believe significant improvement in chip capabilities at lower costs, combined with the incorporation of the full NDEF (NFC data exchange format) protocol by Apple in its iPhone 12 and newer models and iOS 14 has accelerated the opportunities for product engineers to integrate RFID into their products to create new and more engaging customer experiences, product reliability and performance. As the market hit this pivot point, we expanded both our capacity and technical leadership. We track growth indicators including design wins, customer launches and technology launches. We have made investments in our technology, high quality and automation production facilities, and we believe that our competitive advantages will continue to drive growth.

We believe the underlying, long-term trend is continued RFID adoption by multiple verticals. We also believe that expanding use cases fosters adoption across verticals and into other markets. In addition, we do not have any significant concentration of customers so we believe that our demand will continue to be resilient to the loss of any individual customer or application.

If RFID market adoption, or customer adoption and development of our products specifically, does not meet our expectations then our growth prospects and operating results will be adversely affected. If we are unable to meet end-user or customer volume or performance expectations, then our business prospects may be adversely affected. In contrast, if our RFID sales exceed expectations, then our revenue and profitability may be positively affected.

Given the uncertainties of the specific timing of our new customer deployments, we cannot assure you that we have appropriate inventory and capacity levels or that we will not experience inventory shortfalls or overages in the future or acquire inventory at costs to maintain gross margins. We attempt to mitigate those risks by being deeply embedded in our customers' design cycles, working with our chip partners on long lead time components, managing our limited capital equipment needs within a short cycle and future proofing our facilities to accommodate several scenarios for growth potential.

If end users with sizable projects change or delay them, we may experience significant fluctuation in revenue on a quarterly or annual basis, and we anticipate that uncertainty to continue to characterize our business for the foreseeable future.

Seasonality and Other Factors

In our business overall, we experience variations in demand for our offerings from quarter to quarter, and typically experience a stronger demand cycle in the second half of our fiscal year. Sales of our physical access control solutions and related products to U.S. government agencies are subject to annual government budget cycles and generally are highest in the third quarter of each year. Sales of our identity readers, many of which are sold to government agencies worldwide, are impacted by project schedules of government agencies, as well as roll-out schedules for application deployments. Further, this business is typically subject to seasonality based on differing commercial and global government budget cycles. Lower sales are expected in the U.S. in the first half, and in particular, the first quarter of the year, with higher sales typically in the second half of each year. In Asia-Pacific, with fiscal year-ends in March and June, order demand can be higher in the first quarter as customers attempt to complete projects before the end of the fiscal year. Accordingly, our net revenue levels in the first quarter each year often depend on the relative strength of project completions and sales mix between our U.S. customer base and our international customer base.

Purchasing of our Products and Services for U.S. Federal Government Security Programs

In addition to the general seasonality of demand, overall U.S. Federal government expenditure patterns have a significant effect on demand for our products due to the significant portion of revenue that are typically sourced from U.S. Federal government agencies. Drivers of growth included our technology strength and proven security solutions, work from home mandates in connection with the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and continued strength in investments for security across a number of different agencies. We believe that the success and growth of our business will continue through the U.S. Federal government focus on security and our successful procurement of government business. If there are changes in government purchasing policies or budgetary constraints there could be implications for our growth prospects and operating results. If we are unable to meet end-user or customer volume or performance expectations, then our business prospects and operating results may be adversely affected.

Impacts of Macroeconomic Conditions and Other Factors on our Business

We conduct operations internationally with sales in the Americas, Europe and the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific regions. Our manufacturing operations and third-party contract manufacturers are located in China, Singapore, and Thailand/Southeast Asia. We purchase certain products and key components from a limited number of sources that depend on the supply chain, including freight, to receive components, transport finished goods and deliver our products across the world. In view of the rapidly changing business environment, we have experienced delays and reductions in customer orders, shifting supply chain availability, component shortages, and other production-related challenges. We are currently unable to determine if there will be any continued disruption and the extent to which this may have future impact on our business. We continue to monitor the global supply chain challenges and its effect on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

More recently, we have also been impacted by other adverse macroeconomic conditions, including but not limited to, inflation, foreign currency fluctuations, and the slowdown of economic activity around the globe. These conditions have also impacted our suppliers, contract manufacturers, logistics providers, and distributors, causing increases in cost of materials and higher shipping and transportation rates, which then impacted the pricing of our products. Price increases may not successfully offset cost increases or may cause us to lose market share and, in turn, may adversely impact our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Results of Operations

The following table includes net revenue and net profit information by business segment and reconciles gross profit to income (loss) before income tax provision (in thousands, except percentages).

Geographic net revenue based on each customer’s ship-to location is as follows (in thousands):

26

Fiscal 2023 Compared with Fiscal 2022

Net Revenue

Net revenue in 2023 was $116.4 million, an increase of 3% compared with $112.9 million in 2022. Net revenue in the Americas was $84.5 million in 2023, an increase of 10% compared with $76.8 million in 2022. Net revenue in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific was approximately $31.9 million in 2023, a decrease of 12% compared with $36.1 million in 2022. Sales of RFID and NFC products and smart card readers comprised a significant proportion of our net revenue in these regions.

Identity Segment

Net revenue in our Identity segment was $68.1 million in 2023, an increase of 1% compared with $67.4 million in 2022. Net revenue in this segment in 2023 and 2022 represented 59% and 60%, respectively, of our net revenue. Net revenue in this segment in the Americas in 2023 increased 14% compared with 2022 primarily due to higher sales of RFID transponder products to customers in the healthcare and specialty packaging markets, and higher sales of our legacy smart card readers, partially offset by lower sales of access cards. Net revenue in this segment in Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific decreased 13% in 2023 compared with 2022 primarily due to lower sales of RFID transponder products, our legacy smart card readers, and access cards. Sales of RFID and NFC products and smart card readers comprise a significant proportion of our net revenue in these regions. RFID transponder products comprised approximately 66% of net revenue in these regions in 2023, and 67% of net revenue in 2022, while smart card reader sales in 2023 and 2022 comprised approximately 22% and 22% of the net revenue, respectively.

Premises Segment

Net revenue in our Premises segment was $48.3 million in 2023, an increase of 6% compared with $45.5 million in 2022. Net revenue in this segment in 2023 and 2022 represented 41% and 40%, respectively, of our net revenue. Net revenue from our Premises segment for security programs within various U.S. government agencies and commercial customers for access control and video solutions, as well as reader, controller and appliance products, represented approximately 53% of our net revenue in the Americas. Net revenue in this segment in the Americas in 2023 increased 7% compared with 2022 due to higher sales of Hirsch Velocity hardware, software, and related support services across both federal government and commercial businesses, partially offset by lower sales of video analytical software products. Net revenue in this segment across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific in 2023 was comparable with 2022. Net revenue in these regions is primarily project driven and can vary period to period.

As a general trend, U.S. Federal agencies continue to be subject to security improvement mandates under programs such as Homeland Security Presidential Directive-12 (“HSPD-12”) and reiterated in memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget. We believe that our solutions for trusted physical access is an attractive offering to help federal agency customers move towards compliance with federal directives and mandates. To address sales opportunities in the United States in general and with our U.S. government customers in particular, we focus on a strong U.S. sales organization and our sales presence in Washington D.C.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit for 2023 was $42.2 million, or 36% of net revenue, compared to $40.9 million or 36% of net revenue in 2022. Gross profit represents net revenue less direct cost of product sales, manufacturing overhead, other costs directly related to preparing the product for sale including freight, scrap, inventory adjustments and amortization, where applicable.

Identity Segment

In our Identity segment, gross profit was $14.7 million in 2023 compared with $15.2 million in 2022. Gross profit margins in the Identity segment in 2023 of 22% were consistent with 22% in 2022 as product mix was comparable year-over-year.

Premises Segment

In our Premises segment, gross profit was $27.5 million in 2023 compared with $25.8 million in 2022. Gross profit margins in the Premises segment in 2023 of 57% were consistent with 57% in 2022 as product mix was comparable year-over-year.

We expect there will be variation in our total gross profit from period to period, as our gross profit has been and will continue to be affected primarily by varying mix among our products. Within each product category, gross profit margins have tended to be consistent, but over time may be affected by a variety of factors, including, without limitation, competition, product pricing, the volume of sales in any given quarter, manufacturing volumes, product configuration and mix, the availability of new products, product enhancements, software and services, risk of inventory write-downs and the cost and availability of components.

Operating Expenses

Information about our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is set forth below.

Research and Development

($ in thousands)

Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation and fees for the development of hardware, software and firmware products. We focus the bulk of our research and development activities on the continued development of existing products and the development of new offerings for emerging market opportunities.

Research and development expenses in 2023 increased compared with 2022 primarily due to higher headcount and related payroll costs, higher certification costs in line with our product development roadmap, higher subscription costs, as well as higher non-recurring engineering costs.

Selling and Marketing

($ in thousands)

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee compensation as well as amortization expense of certain intangible assets, customer lead generation activities, tradeshow participation, advertising and other marketing and selling costs.

Selling and marketing expenses in 2023 increased compared with 2022 primarily due to higher headcount and related payroll costs and higher travel related costs, partially offset by lower external contractor costs in 2023.

General and Administrative

($ in thousands)

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation expenses for employees performing administrative functions, and professional fees incurred for legal, auditing and other consulting services.

General and administrative expenses in 2023 increased compared with 2022 primarily due to higher headcount and related payroll costs, higher stock-based compensation costs, and professional services and legal fees of $0.4 million associated with strategic review-related activities incurred in 2023.

Restructuring and Severance

($ in thousands)

Restructuring expenses incurred in 2023 consisted of severance related costs of $421,000 and other restructuring related costs, including the write-off of capitalized software development costs of $333,000 associated with a specific product we had developed but were unable to sell. Restructuring expenses incurred in 2022 included severance related costs of $353,000 which was partially offset by a net credit of $151,000 associated with a settlement agreement for outstanding rental payments due the landlord on leased office space in San Francisco, California. The net credit represented the difference between amounts accrued and the settlement amount.

Non-operating Income (Expense)

Information about our non-operating income (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is set forth below.

($ in thousands)

Interest expense, net consists of interest on financial liabilities and amortization of debt issuance costs. The increase in interest expense in 2023 compared to 2022 was attributable to borrowings outstanding under our revolving loan facility with our lender in 2023.

Gain on investment is associated with additional proceeds received in connection with the acquisition of a private company that we had invested in, which had been fully impaired and had no carrying value.

Changes in currency valuation in the periods mainly were the result of exchange rate movements between the U.S. dollar, the Indian Rupee, the Canadian dollar, the Thai Baht, and the Euro. Our foreign currency gains and losses primarily result from the valuation of current assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the respective entity in the local financial statements.

Income Tax Provision

($ in thousands)

As of December 31, 2023, our deferred tax assets are fully offset by a valuation allowance. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, Income Taxes, provides for the recognition of deferred tax assets if realization of such assets is more likely than not. Based upon the weight of available evidence, which includes historical operating performance, reported cumulative net losses since inception and difficulty in accurately forecasting our future results, we provided a full valuation allowance against all of our net U.S. and foreign deferred tax assets. We reassess the need for our valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. If it is later determined that a portion or all of the valuation allowance is not required, it generally will be a benefit to the income tax provision in the period such determination is made.

We recorded an income tax provision during the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to stock-based compensation, and the provision in certain foreign jurisdictions partially offset by the change in the valuation allowance. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to stock-based compensation, global intangible low taxed income ("GILTI") inclusions, and the provision in certain foreign jurisdictions partially offset by the change in the valuation allowance.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, our working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, was $48.7 million, a decrease of $3.0 million compared to $51.7 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents balance was $23.3 million.

On February 8, 2017, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (as amended or amended and restated from time to time, the “Loan Agreement”) with East West Bank (“EWB”). Following subsequent amendments, on April 14, 2022, we amended and restated the Loan Agreement by replacing the $20.0 million revolving loan facility subject to a borrowing base with a non-formula revolving loan facility with no borrowing base requirement and a maturity date of February 8, 2023. In addition, the interest rate was lowered from prime to prime minus 0.25%, and certain financial covenants were amended. On February 8, 2023, we entered into an amendment (the "Fourth Amendment") to the Loan Agreement. The Fourth Amendment amends the Loan Agreement to, among other things, extend the maturity date to February 8, 2025 and amend certain financial covenants. We were not in compliance with a financial covenant under the Loan Agreement as of December 31, 2023, which non-compliance was waived by EWB.

As our previously unremitted earnings have been subjected to U.S. federal income tax, we expect any repatriation of these earnings to the U.S. would not incur significant additional taxes related to such amounts. However, our estimates are provisional and subject to further analysis. Generally, most of our foreign subsidiaries have accumulated deficits and cash and cash equivalents that are held outside the United States are typically not cash generated from earnings that would be subject to tax upon repatriation if transferred to the United States. We have access to the cash held outside the United States to fund domestic operations and obligations without any material income tax consequences. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of cash included at such subsidiaries was $7.8 million. We have not, nor do we anticipate the need to, repatriate funds to the United States to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements.

We have historically incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operating activities, and we may continue to incur losses in the future. As of December 31, 2023, we had a total accumulated deficit of $414.9 million.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, together with cash generated from operations and available credit under our Loan Agreement will be sufficient to satisfy our working capital needs to fund operations for the next twelve months. We may also use cash to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies, services or products that would change our cash requirements. We may also choose to finance our business through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or other arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that additional capital will be available to us or that such capital will be available to us on acceptable terms. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders could result. Debt or any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. The incurrence of additional indebtedness or the issuance of certain debt or equity securities could result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. Our Loan Agreement imposes restrictions on our operations, increases our fixed payment obligations and has restrictive covenants. In addition, the issuance of additional equity securities by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. If we are not able to secure additional funding when needed, we may have to curtail or reduce the scope of our business or forgo potential business opportunities.

The following summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

31

Cash flows from operating activities

Cash provided by operating activities in 2023 of $1.2 million was primarily due to net loss of $5.5 million, offset by adjustments for certain non-cash items of $6.6 million, consisting primarily of depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and gain on investment.

Cash used in operating activities in 2022 of $7.8 million was primarily due to net loss of $0.4 million, a decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $12.9 million, which included $9.3 million in strategic inventory purchases, partially offset by adjustments for certain non-cash items of $5.5 million, consisting primarily of depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation.

Cash flows from investing activities

Cash used in investing activities in 2023 of $4.2 million was due to capital investment expenditures in our manufacturing facility in Thailand, partially offset by $0.1 million related to additional proceeds received from an investment.

Cash used in investing activities in 2022 of $3.9 million was primarily due to capital investment expenditures in our manufacturing facility in Singapore and our research and development facility in Germany.

Cash flows from financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities in 2023 was primarily due to net borrowings of $9.9 million under our revolving loan facility with our lender, proceeds received from the exercise of warrants by 21 April Fund, LP and 21 April Fund, Ltd. of approximately $1.0 million, partially offset by taxes paid related to net share settlement of restricted stock units of $0.8 million.

Cash used in financing activities in 2022 was primarily due to taxes paid related to net share settlement of restricted stock units of $1.0 million.

Contractual Obligations

We lease facilities, certain equipment, and automobiles under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. See Note 14, Leases, in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements.

Purchases for inventories are highly dependent upon forecasts of customer demand. Due to the uncertainty in demand from our customers, we may have to change, reschedule, or cancel purchases or purchase orders from our suppliers. These changes may lead to vendor cancellation charges on these orders or contractual commitments. See Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies, in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements.

Our other long-term liabilities include gross unrecognized tax benefits, and related interest and penalties. At this time, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years in connection with these tax liabilities.

Climate Change

We believe that neither climate change, nor governmental regulations related to climate change, have had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors, which we believe are reasonable based upon the information available to us at the time these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when we transfer control of the promised products or services to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of our products, software licenses, and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation, generally on a relative basis using its standalone selling price. The stated contract value is generally the transaction price to be allocated to the separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from our customers that are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Nature of Products and Services

We derive our revenues from sales of hardware products, software licenses, subscriptions, professional services, software maintenance and support, and extended hardware warranties.

Hardware Product Revenues — We generally have two performance obligations in arrangements involving the sale of hardware products. The first performance obligation is to transfer the hardware product (which includes software integral to the functionality of the hardware product). The second performance obligation is to provide assurance that the product complies with its agreed-upon specifications and is free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one to three years (i.e., assurance warranty). The entire transaction price is allocated to the hardware product and is generally recognized as revenue at the time of shipment because the customer obtains control of the product at that point in time. We have concluded that control generally transfers at that point in time because the customer has title to the hardware, and a present obligation to pay for the hardware. None of the transaction price is allocated to the assurance warranty component, as we account for these product warranty costs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 460, Guarantees.

Software License Revenues — Our license arrangements grant customers the perpetual right to access and use the licensed software products at the outset of an arrangement. Technical support and software updates are generally made available throughout the term of the support agreement, which is generally one to three years. We account for these arrangements as two performance obligations: (1) the software licenses, and (2) the related updates and technical support. The software license revenue is recognized when the license is delivered to the customer or made available for download, while the software updates and technical support revenue is recognized over the term of the support contract.

Subscription Revenues — Subscription revenues consist of fees received in consideration for providing customers access to one or more of our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) based solutions. These SaaS arrangements include access to our licensed software and, in certain arrangements, use of various hardware devices over the contract term. These SaaS arrangements do not provide the customer the right to take possession of the software supporting the subscription service, or if applicable, any hardware devices at any time during the contract period, and as such are not considered separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract beginning when the service is made available to the customer. Subscription contract terms range from month-to-month to six years in length and billed monthly or annually.

Professional Services Revenues — Professional services revenues consist primarily of programming customization services performed relating to the integration of our software products with our customers other systems, such as HR systems. Professional services contracts are generally billed on a time and materials basis and revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

Software Maintenance and Support Revenues — Support and maintenance contract revenues consist of the services provided to support the specialized programming applications performed by our professional services group. Support and maintenance contracts are typically billed at inception of the contract and recognized as revenue over the contract period, typically over a one or three year period.

Extended Hardware Warranties Revenues — Sales of our hardware products may also include optional extended hardware warranties, which typically provide assurance that the product will continue function as initially intended. Extended hardware warranty contracts are typically billed at inception of the contract and recognized as revenue over the respective contract period, typically over one to two year periods after the expiration of the original assurance warranty.

Significant Judgments

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. For such arrangements, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on relative standalone selling price (“SSP”).

Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation in a contract. For the majority of items, we estimate SSP using historical transaction data. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP when we sell each of our products and services separately and need to determine whether there is a discount to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the product or service is not sold separately, we determine the SSPs using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. The determination of SSP is an ongoing process and information is reviewed regularly in order to ensure SSPs reflect the most current information or trends.

Contract Balances

Amounts invoiced in advance of services being provided are accounted for as deferred revenue. The deferred revenue balance is primarily related to software maintenance contracts. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although payment is typically due within 30 to 60 days of contract inception. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from our customers. Amounts recognized as revenue in excess of amounts billed are recorded as unbilled receivables and are included in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount of unbilled receivables were immaterial.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Our allowance for credit losses is based on our assessment of the collectibility of customer accounts. We regularly review our receivables that remain outstanding past their applicable payment terms and establish an allowance and potential write-offs by considering factors such as historical experience, credit quality, age of the accounts receivable balances, and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay. Although we expect to collect net amounts due as stated on the consolidated balance sheets, actual collections may differ from these estimated amounts.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (using average cost or standard cost, as applicable) or net realizable value (market). We typically plan our production and inventory levels based on internal forecasts of customer demand, which can be highly unpredictable and can fluctuate significantly. We regularly review inventory quantities on hand and record an estimated provision for excess inventory based on judgment and assumptions involving an evaluation of technical obsolescence and our ability to sell based primarily on historical sales patterns and expectations for future demand. Actual demand and market conditions may differ from the projections utilized by management in establishing our inventory reserves. If we were to use different assumptions or utilize different estimates, the amount and timing of our inventory write-downs could be materially different. Adverse changes in our inventory valuations could have a material effect on our operating results and financial position.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s assessment of estimated current and future income taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in the United States and in numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which are expected to result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction from which they arise, for all material jurisdictions, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax balances, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. In projecting future taxable income, we begin with historical results and incorporate assumptions about the amount of future state, federal and foreign pretax operating income adjusted for items that do not have tax consequences. The assumptions about future taxable income require significant judgment and are consistent with the plans and estimates we use to manage the underlying businesses. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we consider three years of cumulative operating results.

As of December 31, 2023, we have federal and state income tax net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $89.0 million and $49.8 million, respectively, which will expire at various dates.

We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from these NOL carryforwards will not be realized. Accordingly, we have provided a full valuation allowance on any potential deferred tax assets relating to these NOL carryforwards. If our assumptions change and we determine we will be able to realize these NOLs, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023, will be accounted for as a reduction of income tax expense.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves evaluating uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. ASC 740 states that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits.

We record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities in accordance with ASC 740 and adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a tax payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is made available.

We believe that none of the unrecognized tax benefits, excluding the associated interest and penalties, which are insignificant, may be recognized by the end of 2023.

We consider the earnings of all our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be indefinitely invested outside the United States on the basis of estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs and our specific plans for reinvestment of those subsidiary earnings. Should we decide to repatriate foreign earnings, we would need to adjust our income tax provision in the period we determined that the earnings will no longer be indefinitely invested outside the United States.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate of the fair value of consideration transferred in a business combination, over the fair value of assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis, in the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We perform an initial assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In performing the qualitative assessment, we identify and consider the significance of relevant key factors, events, and circumstances that affect the fair value of its reporting units. These factors include external factors such as macroeconomic, industry, and market conditions, as well as entity-specific factors, such as actual and planned financial performance. If, after assessing the totality of relevant events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value and there is no indication of impairment, no further testing is performed; however, if we conclude otherwise, then we will perform the quantitative impairment test which compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit is in excess of its fair value, an impairment loss would be recorded in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

Intangible Assets and Long-lived Assets

We evaluate our identifiable amortizable intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment in accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets or intangibles may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by an asset group. If such asset groups are considered to be impaired (i.e., if the sum of its estimated future undiscounted cash flows used to test for recoverability is less than its carrying value), the impairment loss to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset group. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets.

Critical estimates in valuing intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships, developed technology, and trademarks; and discount rates. Management estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, operating lease liabilities, and long-term operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that they we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which is accounted for as a single lease component.

Stock-based Compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for expected-to-vest awards is valued under the single-option approach and amortized on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures. We utilize the Black Scholes pricing model in order to determine the fair value of stock-based option awards. The Black Scholes pricing model requires various highly subjective assumptions including volatility, expected option life, and risk-free interest rate. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, we estimate the expected forfeiture rate and recognize expense only for those expected-to-vest shares. If our actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, our recorded stock-based compensation expense and operating results could be different.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

10b5-1 Trading Plans

From time to time, our executive officers and directors have, and we expect they will in the future, enter into written trading plans pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.

We are primarily exposed to changes in currency exchange rates as certain of our operations are conducted in foreign currencies such as the Indian Rupee, the Thai Baht, the Canadian Dollar, and the Euro.

Economic Exposure

We transact business in various foreign currencies and have significant international revenues, as well as costs denominated in foreign currencies. This exposes us to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Our objective is to identify material foreign currency exposures and to manage these exposures to minimize the potential effects of currency fluctuations on our consolidated financial statements.

Transaction Exposure

Our exposure to foreign currency transaction gains and losses is the result of assets and liabilities (including inter-company transactions) that are denominated in currencies other than the relevant entity’s functional currency. In certain circumstances, changes in the functional currency value of these assets and liabilities create fluctuations in our consolidated financial statements. We have performed sensitivity analyses as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 using a modeling technique that evaluated the hypothetical impact of a 10% movement in the value of the U.S. Dollar compared to the functional currency of the foreign subsidiary, with all other variables held constant, to determine the incremental transaction gains or losses that would have been incurred. The foreign exchange rates used were based on market rates in effect at each of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The results of these sensitivity analyses indicated that the impact on a hypothetical 10% movement in foreign currency exchange rates would result in increased foreign currency gains or losses of $0.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2022.

Translation Exposure

We are also exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations as we convert the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. Dollars in consolidation. If there is a change in foreign currency exchange rates, the conversion of the foreign subsidiaries’ financial statements into U.S. Dollars results in a gain or loss which is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity.

With respect to our international operations, we have re-measured accounts which are denominated in the non-functional currencies into the functional currency of the subsidiary and recorded the resulting gains (losses) within foreign currency gains (losses), net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). We re-measure all monetary assets and liabilities at the current exchange rate at the end of the period, non-monetary assets and liabilities at historical exchange rates, and revenue and expenses at average exchange rates in effect during the periods.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, as required in Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of members of our senior management, including our CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Disclosure controls and procedures are those controls and other procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in our SEC reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (i) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on our evaluation, our management, including our CEO and CFO, concluded that as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and or directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the interim or annual consolidated financial statements.

A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been or will be detected.

A deficiency in internal control over financial reporting exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Our management, including our CEO and CFO, assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making the assessment of internal control over financial reporting, our management based its assessment on the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework of 2013.” Our management’s assessment included evaluation of such elements as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment. This assessment is supported by testing and monitoring performed by our internal accounting and finance organization.

Based on management’s assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by BPM LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears below.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

We have made no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Identiv, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Identiv, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 based on Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), stockholders equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”) of the Company, and our report dated March 14, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BPM LLP

San Jose, California

March 14, 2024