TerrAscend Corp.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2024

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend Corp. (the “Issuer”), its subsidiaries, TerrAscend Growth Corp. (“TerrAscend”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) should be read in conjunction with the Company's unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial information and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, (the “SEC”), on March 14, 2024, (the “Annual Report”). Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q including information with respect to the Company's plans and strategy for its business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth under "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report, its actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the following discussion and analysis.

Unless otherwise noted, dollar amounts in this Item 2 are in thousands of U.S. dollars.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of the financial condition and results of operations of the Company is for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and the accompanying notes for each respective period.

Overview

The Company is a leading North American cannabis company. The Company has vertically integrated licensed operations in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Maryland and California. In addition, the Company has retail operations in Ontario, Canada with a majority-owned dispensary in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Notwithstanding the fact that various states in the U.S. have implemented medical marijuana laws or have otherwise legalized the use of cannabis, the use of cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law for any purpose, by way of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

The Company operates under one operating segment, which is the cultivation, production and sale of cannabis products.

The Company owns a portfolio of operating businesses, including:

• TerrAscend New Jersey (“TerrAscend NJ”), a majority owned operation with three dispensaries, and a cultivation/processing facility;
• TerrAscend Maryland (“TerrAscend MD”), a wholly-owned operation with four dispensaries, and a cultivation/processing facility;
• TerrAscend Pennsylvania (“TerrAscend PA”), a wholly-owned operation with six dispensaries, and a cultivation/processing facility;
• TerrAscend Michigan (“TerrAscend MI”), a wholly-owned operation with twenty dispensaries, and three cultivation and processing facilities;
• TerrAscend California (“TerrAscend CA”), a wholly-owned operation with four dispensaries, and a cultivation facility; and
• TerrAscend Canada Inc. (“TerrAscend Canada”), a cannabis retailer in Ontario, Canada with a majority-owned dispensary in Toronto, Ontario, Canada ("Cookies Canada").

Recent Developments

• On July 19, 2024, the Company made a prepayment of the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan of $1,500 at par.
• On August 1, 2024, the Company and TerrAscend USA, Inc., as guarantors, and each of WDB Holding CA, Inc., WDB Holding PA, Inc., Moose Curve Holdings, LLC, Hempaid, LLC and, pursuant to a joinder agreement dated September 30, 2024, WDB Holding MI, Inc., including certain of each of their respective subsidiaries, as borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and FG Agency Lending LLC, as the Administrative Agent entered into a Loan Agreement (the “FG Loan”). The FG Loan provides for a four-year, $140,000 senior-secured term loan with an initial draw on August 1, 2024, of $114,000 (the “Initial Draw”) and a delayed draw on September 30, 2024 of $26,000 (the “Delayed Draw”). Proceeds from the FG Loan were used to retire the Ilera Term Loan, the Stearns Loan, the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan and certain other indebtedness (collectively, the “Retired Loans”), in addition to being used for working capital and general corporate purposes. Each outstanding obligation under the Retired Loans

was repaid in full and subsequently terminated. The FG Loan is guaranteed by the Company and TerrAscend USA, Inc. and is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Borrowers. On September 30, 2024, the Borrowers and FG Agency Lending LLC, as the Administrative Agent, entered into an amendment to the FG Loan to amend certain schedules and definitions.

• On August 13, 2024, the Company paid off and retired two promissory notes from the Pinnacle Acquisition with a payment of $5,582.
• On August 20, 2024, the Company's board of directors (the "Board") approved a share repurchase program, which authorized the Company to repurchase up to 10 million common shares of the Company at any time, or from time to time, from August 22, 2024 until August 21, 2025. During the third quarter of 2024, the Company repurchased 107,400 common shares under the share repurchase program for total consideration of approximately $133. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had a total of 9,892,600 shares remaining that can be authorized for repurchase.

Subsequent Transactions

• On October 1, 2024, the Company paid the outstanding principal amount of the Stadium Ventures Note of $539 and retired the promissory note.
• On October 15, 2024, the statute of limitations for the Company’s 2020 amended tax returns expired, which resulted in refunds received of $8,361 being recognized as a tax benefit and no longer recognized as an uncertain tax position.
• On November 5, 2024, the Company signed a definitive agreement providing it the option to acquire the assets of Ratio Cannabis LLC, a dispensary in Ohio.

Components of Results of Operations

The following discussion sets forth certain components of the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss as well as factors that impact those items.

Revenue, net

The Company generates revenue from the sale of cannabis products, brands, and services to the U.S. and Canadian markets. Revenues consist of wholesale and retail sales in the legal medical and adult-use market across Canada and in several U.S. states where cannabis has been legalized for medical or adult-use cannabis.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales primarily consists of expenses related to providing cannabis products and services to the Company's customers, including personnel-related expenses, the depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of acquired intangible assets, certain royalties, and other overhead costs.

Operating Expenses

General and administrative

General and administrative ("G&A") expenses consist primarily of personnel costs related to finance, human resources, legal, certain royalties, and other administrative functions. Additionally, G&A expenses include professional fees to third parties, as well as marketing expenses. Moreover, G&A expenses includes share-based compensation on options, restricted stock units and warrants. The Company expects that G&A expenses will increase in absolute dollars as the business grows.

Amortization and depreciation

Amortization and depreciation includes the amortization of intangible assets. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the following terms:

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Depreciation of property and equipment is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset using the following terms:

Impairment of intangible assets and goodwill

Goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment annually and whenever there are events or changes in circumstances that indicate that the carrying amount has been impaired. The Company first performs a qualitative assessment. If based on the results of a qualitative assessment it has been determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, an additional quantitative impairment test is performed which compares the carrying value of the reporting unit to its estimated fair value. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment is recorded.

Definite lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when there are indications that an asset may be impaired. When indicators of impairment exist, the Company performs a quantitative impairment test which compares the carrying value of the assets for intangible assets to their estimated fair values. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, an impairment is recorded.

Impairment of property and equipment and right of use assets

The Company evaluates the recoverability of property and equipment and right of use assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset, or asset group, may not be recoverable. When the Company determines that the carrying value of the long-lived asset may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more indicators, the assets are assessed for impairment based on the estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the carrying value of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recorded for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value.

Other operating expense (income)

Other operating expense (income) primarily represents (gains) losses on lease terminations and (gains) losses on disposal of fixed assets.

Loss (gain) from revaluation of contingent consideration

As a result of some of its acquisitions, the Company recognizes a contingent consideration payable, which is an obligation to transfer additional assets to the seller if future events occur. The liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period to determine its fair value. A gain or loss is recognized as a result of the revaluation.

(Gain) loss on fair value of derivative liabilities and purchase option derivative assets

The Company issues warrants that are remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting unit using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model. A gain or loss is recognized as a result of the revaluation.

Finance and other expenses

Finance and other expenses consist primarily of interest and accretion expense on the Company's outstanding debt obligations.

Transaction and restructuring costs

Transaction costs include costs incurred in connection with the Company's acquisitions, such as expenses related to professional fees, consulting, legal and accounting. Restructuring costs are those costs associated with severance and restructuring of business units.

Unrealized and realized foreign exchange (gain) loss

Unrealized and realized foreign exchange (gain) loss represents the (gain) loss recognized on the remeasurement of USD denominated cash and other assets recorded in the Canadian dollars functional currency at the Company's Canadian operations.

Unrealized and realized (gain) loss on investments

The Company accounts for its investment in equity securities without readily determinable fair values using a valuation technique which maximizes the use of relevant observable inputs, with subsequent holding changes in fair value recognized in unrealized gain or loss on investments in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

Loss on extinguishment of debt represents the Company's debt that was retired prior to its scheduled maturity at a different amount than the book value and the amount paid.

Provision for income taxes

Provision for income taxes consists of U.S. federal and state income taxes in certain jurisdictions in which the Company conducts business.

Results from Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023

The following tables represent the Company’s results from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Revenue, net

Revenue decreased from $89,240 to $74,168 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily driven by a decline in retail sales in Michigan and New Jersey. The decline in retail sales was related to reduced discounting and promotions in Michigan leading to lower foot traffic and increased competitive pressure in New Jersey.

Cost of sales

The decrease of $3,483, in cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 was mainly due to a decrease in sales. Cost of sales as a percentage of revenue increased primarily due to a decline in sales for the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.

General and administrative expense

The increase of $2,253 in general and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, is primarily related to an increase in stock-based compensation due to a one-time modification for option expiry from five years to ten years. This was offset by a reduction in headcount.

Loss (gain) from revaluation of contingent consideration

The loss from the revaluation of contingent consideration for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the gain from the revaluation of contingent consideration for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was due to a loss on the revaluation of contingent liability for State Flower, The Apothecarium, and Peninsula acquisition resulting from a decrease in the Company's share price.

(Gain) loss on fair value of derivative liabilities and purchase option derivative assets

The warrant liability was remeasured to fair value at September 30, 2024 using the Black-Scholes Model. The Company recognized a gain of $669 during the three months ended September 30, 2024 as a result of the reduction of the Company's share price.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized a loss on fair value warrants of $3,217 as a result of the reduction of the Company's share price.

Other operating expense (income)

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, Other operating expense (income) increased as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to the derecognition of the Company's financial obligations and underlying assets in the third quarter of 2023.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, Loss on extinguishment of debt increased as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to extinguishment of the majority of the Company's debt in relation to the FG Loan which included write-offs of deferred financing costs.

Provision for income taxes

The change in provision for income taxes from $13,543 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to a provision for income taxes of $14,373 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily driven by accrued interest and penalties.

Results from Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023

The following tables represent the Company’s results from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Revenue, net

Revenue increased from $230,762 to $232,324 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily driven by the implementation of adult-use sales in Maryland and the Company's four Maryland acquisitions in 2023 combined with growth in wholesale across Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland, partially offset by retail declines in New Jersey and Michigan.

Cost of sales

The increase of $6,863 in cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was mainly due to an increase in sales and an increase in cost of sales as a percentage of revenue. Cost of sales as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased primarily due to higher input costs and higher costs per pound, which reduced gross profit margins.

General and administrative expense

The decrease of $3,885 in general and administrative expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, is primarily related to a bad debt recovery of $4,188 as well as an insurance recovery of $871.

Loss (gain) from revaluation of contingent consideration

The loss from the revaluation of contingent consideration for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the gain from the revaluation of contingent consideration nine months ended September 30, 2023 was due to a loss on the revaluation of contingent liability for State Flower, The Apothecarium, and Peninsula acquisition resulting from a decrease in the Company's share price.

(Gain) loss on fair value of derivative liabilities and purchase option derivative assets

The warrant liability was remeasured to fair value at September 30, 2024 using the Black-Scholes Model. The Company recognized a gain of $2,608 during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as a result of the reduction of the Company's share price.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized a loss on fair value warrants of $2,564 as a result of the increase of the Company's share price.

Impairment of property and equipment and right of use assets

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded an impairment of property and equipment of $2,438 due to the wind-down of one of its California dispensaries.

Loss on extinguishment of debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, Loss on extinguishment of debt increased as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, due to extinguishment of the majority of the Company's debt in relation to the FG Loan which included write-offs of deferred financing costs.

Provision for income taxes

The provision for income taxes from $32,655 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased to $34,773 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily due to an adjustment reflecting the impact of limitations on interest deductibility along with accrued interest and penalties related to the 280E Tax Position in 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The calculation of working capital provides additional information and is not defined under GAAP. The Company defines working capital as current assets less current liabilities. This measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any standardized measure under GAAP.

Liquidity and going concern

The Company previously concluded that substantial doubt existed as to its ability to continue as a going concern primarily due to the Company's current liabilities exceeding its current assets related to its loans maturing within the current year. During the period ended on September 30, 2024, the Company entered into a four-year $140,000 senior secured term loan which was primarily used to retire a majority of the Company's loans coming due within the next year. See Note 10 for more information regarding the refinancing.

Following the retiring and financing of the Company’s loans coming due within the next year, along with its ability to identify access to future capital, and continued improvement in cash flow from the Company's consolidated operations, management has determined that substantial doubt no longer exists in the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

Since its inception, the Company's primary sources of capital have been through the issuance of equity securities or debt facilities, and the Company has received aggregate net proceeds from such transactions totaling $782,388 as of September 30, 2024.

The Company expects to fund any additional future requirements through the following sources of capital:

• cash from ongoing operations.
• market offerings.
• additional debt from additional creditors.
• sale of real property.
• sale leaseback transactions.
• exercise of options and warrants.

Capital requirements

The Company has $205,733 in principal amounts of loans payable at September 30, 2024. Of this amount, $8,387 are due within the next twelve months.

The Company has entered into leases for certain premises and offices for which it owes monthly lease payments. The Company has $89,849 in lease obligations. Of this amount, $9,402 are due in the next twelve months.

The Company's undiscounted contingent consideration payable is $4,373 at September 30, 2024, of which, $2,546 is due in the next twelve months. The contingent consideration payable relates to the Company's acquisitions of Peninsula and the remaining 50.1% equity in both State Flower and three Apothecarium dispensaries in California. The contingent considerations are based upon the price protection of Common Shares issued under the terms of the applicable acquisition agreements. The contingent considerations are measured at fair value using the Black-Scholes Model and revalued at the end of each reporting period.

At September 30, 2024, the Company had accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $46,381 and corporate income taxes payable of $11,075.

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on the Company's results of operations or financial condition, including and without limitation, such consideration as liquidity and capital resources.

The Company intends to meet its capital commitments through any or all of the sources of capital noted above. The Company's objective with respect to its capital management is to ensure it has sufficient cash resources to maintain its ongoing operations and finance future obligations.

Debt facilities

FocusGrowth Term Loan

On August 1, 2024, the Company and TerrAscend USA, Inc., as guarantors, and each of WDB Holding CA, Inc., WDB Holding PA, Inc., Moose Curve Holdings, LLC, Hempaid, LLC and, pursuant to a joinder agreement dated September 30, 2024, WDB Holding MI, Inc., including certain of each of their respective subsidiaries, as borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and FG Agency Lending LLC, as the Administrative Agent entered into a Loan Agreement (the “FG Loan”). The FG Loan provides for a four-year, $140,000 senior-secured term loan with an initial draw on August 1, 2024 of $114,000 (the “Initial Draw”) and a delayed draw on September 30, 2024 of $26,000 (the “Delayed Draw”).

Proceeds from the FG Loan were used to retire the Ilera Term Loan, the Stearns Loan, the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan and certain other short-term indebtedness (collectively, the “Retired Loans”), in addition to being used for working capital and general corporate purposes. Each outstanding obligation under the Retired Loans was repaid in full and subsequently terminated.

The FG Loan bears interest at 12.75% per annum and matures on August 1, 2028. The FG Loan is guaranteed by the Company and TerrAscend USA, Inc. and is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Borrowers.

On September 30, 2024, the Borrowers, and FG Agency Lending LLC, as the Administrative Agent entered into an amendment to the FG Loan to amend certain schedules and definitions.

As of September 30, 2024, there was an outstanding principal amount of $140,000 under the FG Loan.

Ilera Term Loan

On December 18, 2020, WDB Holding PA, a subsidiary of TerrAscend, entered into a senior secured term loan with a syndicate of lenders in the amount of $120,000 (the “Ilera Term Loan”). The Ilera Term Loan was solely secured by Ilera. The Ilera Term Loan bore interest at 12.875% per annum and was set to mature on December 17, 2024. Subject to certain conditions of the agreement, the Company had the ability to increase the facility by up to $30,000. WDB Holding PA's obligations under the Ilera Term Loan and related transaction documents were guaranteed by the Company, TerrAscend USA, Inc. ("TerrAscend USA"), and certain subsidiaries of WDB Holding PA, and secured by TerrAscend USA's equity interest in WDB Holding PA and substantially all of the assets of WDB Holding PA and the subsidiary guarantors party thereto. The loan could be refinanced at the option of the WDB Holding PA after 18 months from the closing date subject to a premium payment due. Of the total proceeds received, $105,767 was used to satisfy the remaining Ilera earn-out payments.

On April 28, 2022, the Ilera Term Loan was amended to provide WDB Holding PA with greater flexibility by resetting the minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio levels that must be satisfied at the end of each measurement period and extending the date in which WDB Holding PA was required to deliver its budget for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021. In addition, the no-call period was extended from 18 months to 30 months, subject to a premium payment. This modification was not considered extinguishments of debt under ASC 470, Debt.

On November 11, 2022, WDB Holding PA, the Company, TerrAscend USA and the subsidiary guarantors party to the Ilera Term Loan and the PA Agent (on behalf of the required lenders) entered into an amendment to the Ilera Term Loan, pursuant to which the parties agreed that WDB Holding PA’s obligation to maintain the consolidated interest coverage ratio as set forth in the Ilera Term Loan for the period ended September 30, 2022, shall not apply, subject to certain conditions, including (but not limited to) an obligation to enter into a subsequent amendment agreement on or before December 15, 2022, documenting certain enhancements and amendments to the Ilera Term Loan. In addition, WDB Holding PA offered a prepayment of $5,000 pro rata to all lenders holding outstanding loans thereunder at a price equal to 103.22% of the principal amount prepaid, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

On December 21, 2022, WDB Holding PA completed an amendment to reduce the Company’s principal debt by $35,000 and annual interest expense by $5,000. The Company agreed to make a $35,000 payment at the original prepayment price of 103.22% to par, and agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to add certain collateral to the Ilera Term Loan, collectively by March 15, 2023. The amendment further provided that should WDB Holding PA fail to maintain the prescribed interest coverage ratio, the Company shall be required to deposit funds, as outlined in the amendment, into a restricted account, and no event of default shall occur. This amendment was not considered an extinguishment of debt under ASC 470, Debt.

On March 15, 2023, WDB Holding PA, in exchange for a fee in the amount of 1% of the then outstanding principal loan balance, agreed to an amendment to, among other things: (i) extend the obligation date to prepay the Company’s debt from March 15, 2023 to June 30, 2023, during which WDB Holding PA agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to add additional collateral to the Ilera Term Loan, (ii) increase the amount of debt to be reduced by up to $37,000, subject to certain reductions in amount based on meeting certain time based milestones, at a prepayment price of 103.22% to par, and (iii) extend the next test date in respect of the interest coverage ratio until June 30, 2023. This amendment was not considered an extinguishment of debt under ASC 470, Debt.

On April 14, 2023, WDB Holding PA entered into an amendment to the Ilera Term Loan to, among other things, (i) permit changes necessary for the TSX Transaction (as defined in the Ilera Term Loan), and (ii) to waive certain tax provisions.

On June 8, 2023, June 15, 2023, and June 29, 2023, WBD Holding PA made repayments of principal in the amounts of $7,896, $442, and $28,236, respectively.

On June 22, 2023, WDB Holding PA entered into a further amendment to the Ilera Term Loan to, among other things, (i) extend the next test date for the interest coverage ratio from June 30, 2023 to September 30, 2023, and (ii) amend the terms for which WDB Holding PA may incur certain indebtedness and liens. This amendment was not considered extinguishment of debt under ASC 470, Debt.

On October 2, 2023, the Company made a mandatory prepayment of the Ilera Term Loan of $1,500 at the original prepayment price of 103.22% to par.

On December 4, 2023, the parties entered into an amendment that required WDB Holding PA to make a prepayment of $4,800 by January 2, 2024 and a prepayment of $3,200 by April 30, 2024, at the prepayment price of 100% to par. On January 2, 2024, the Company made a prepayment of $4,800 of the Ilera Term Loan, at the prepayment price of 100% to par.

On April 30, 2024, the Company made a prepayment of the Ilera Term Loan of $3,200 of the Ilera Term Loan, at the prepayment price of 100% to par.

On August 1, 2024, as described above, the Company entered into the FG Loan, of which, a portion of the proceeds from the Initial Draw was used to retire the Ilera Term Loan and pay the outstanding principal amount of $68,927.

Chicago Atlantic Term Loan

In connection with the Gage Acquisition, the Company assumed a senior secured term loan (the "Chicago Atlantic Term Loan") with an acquisition date fair value of $53,857. The credit agreement bore interest at a rate equal to the greater of (i) the Prime Rate plus 7% or (ii) 10.25%. The term loan was payable monthly and had a maturity date of November 30, 2022. The Chicago Atlantic Term Loan was secured by a first lien on all Gage Growth assets. As a result of the amendment, the Company paid a loan amendment fee of $1,109 which was capitalized.

On August 10, 2022, the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan was amended as a result of the corporate restructure in conjunction with the Gage Acquisition. The amendment to the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan included the addition of a borrower and guarantor under the term loan and a right of first offer in favor of the administrative agent for a refinancing of the term loan. This amendment was not considered extinguishment of debt under ASC 470, Debt.

On November 29, 2022, the Company repaid $30,000 outstanding principal amount on the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan. On November 30, 2022, the remaining loan principal amount of $25,000 on the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan was amended (the "Amended Chicago Atlantic Term Loan"). The Amended Chicago Atlantic Term Loan bore an interest on $25,000 at a per annum rate equal to the greater of (i) the U.S. "prime rate" plus 6.00%, and (ii) 13.0% and was set to mature on November 1, 2024. Commencing on May 31, 2023, the Company made monthly principal repayments of 0.40% of the aggregate principal amount outstanding. Additionally, the unpaid principal amount of the loan bore paid in kind interest at a rate of 1.50% per annum. No prepayment fees were owed if the Company voluntarily prepaid the loan after 18 months. If such prepayment occurred prior to 18 months, a prepayment fee equal to all of the interest on the loans that would be due after the date of such prepayment, was owed. Under the Amended Chicago Atlantic Term Loan, the Company had the ability to borrow incremental term loans of $30,000 at the option of the Company and subject to consents from the required lenders. The additional $30,000 incremental term loans available under the amendment were not drawn as of December 31, 2023. This loan represents a loan syndication, and therefore the Company assessed each of the lenders separately under ASC 470, Debt to determine if this represented a modification, or an extinguishment of debt. For three of the four remaining lenders, it was determined that this was a modification. For the remaining lender, it was determined that this represented an extinguishment of debt and therefore the fees paid to the lenders on modification were expensed. As a result of this transaction, the Company expensed $1,907 of fees paid to the lenders and third parties as they did not meet the criteria for capitalization under ASC 470, Debt.

On June 9, 2023, the Company agreed to an amendment, among other things, to (i) permit changes necessary for the TSX Transaction (as defined therein) and (ii) to permit certain indebtedness and waive certain tax provisions. This amendment was not considered extinguishment of debt under ASC 470, Debt.

On July 19, 2024, the Company made a prepayment of the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan of $1,500 at par.

On August 1, 2024, as described above, the Company entered into the FG Loan, of which, a portion of the proceeds from the Delayed Draw, which occurred on September 30, 2024, was used to retire the Chicago Atlantic Term Loan and pay the outstanding principal amount of $22,557.

Pinnacle Loans

The Pinnacle Acquisition purchase price included two promissory notes in an aggregate amount of $10,000 to pay down all Pinnacle liabilities and encumbrances. The promissory note was set to mature on June 30, 2023 and bore interest rates of 6%. On June 27, 2023, Spartan Partners Properties, LLC, agreed to an amendment among other things, that extended the obligation date of the loans until December 1, 2023. On August 13, 2024, the Company paid the outstanding principal amount of $5,582 and retired the promissory notes.

Pelorus Term Loan

On October 11, 2022, subsidiaries of TerrAscend, among others, entered into a loan agreement with Pelorus Fund REIT, LLC ("Pelorus") for a single-draw senior secured term loan ("Pelorus Term Loan") in an aggregate principal amount of $45,478. The Pelorus Term Loan bears interest at a variable rate tied to the one month SOFR, subject to a base rate, plus 9.5%, with interest-only payments for the first 36 months. The base rate is defined as, on any day, the greatest of (a) 2.5%, (b) the effective federal funds rate in effect on such day plus 0.5%, and (c) SOFR in effect on such day. The obligations of the borrowers under the Pelorus Term Loan are guaranteed by the Company, TerrAscend USA and certain other subsidiaries of TerrAscend and are secured by all of the assets of the Company's Maryland and New Jersey businesses, including certain real estate in Maryland and New Jersey, but excludes all Maryland dispensaries. The Pelorus Term Loan matures on October 11, 2027.

On April 17, 2023, TerrAscend NJ, LLC agreed to an amendment to the Pelorus Term Loan to, among other things, (i) permit changes necessary for the TSX Transaction (as defined therein), and (ii) to waive certain tax provisions.

On June 22, 2023, TerrAscend NJ, LLC further agreed to an amendment to the Pelorus Term Loan to permit the Company to incur certain indebtedness. This amendment was not considered an extinguishment of debt under ASC 470, Debt. As of September 30, 2024, there was an outstanding principal amount of $45,478 under the Pelorus Term Loan.

Stearns Loan

On June 26, 2023, the Company closed on a $25,000 commercial loan with Stearns Bank, secured by the Company's cultivation facility in Pennsylvania and its Allegany Medical Marijuana Dispensary ("AMMD") dispensary in Cumberland, Maryland (the “Stearns Loan”). The Company was required to hold $5,000 on deposit in a restricted account, of which $2,500 of the restricted cash was released on July 28, 2023 upon meeting certain criteria pursuant to the terms of the Stearns Loan. The Stearns Loan bore interest at a rate of prime plus 2.25% and was set to mature on December 26, 2024. The proceeds from the loan were used to pay down the Company's higher interest rate debt, thereby lowering the Company's overall interest expense.

On August 1, 2024, as described above, the Company entered into the FG Loan, of which, a portion of the proceeds from the Initial Draw was used to retire the Stearns Loan and pay the outstanding principal amount of $24,638.

Maryland Acquisition Loans

On June 28, 2023, in connection with the Peninsula Acquisition, the Company assumed existing indebtedness in the form of a promissory note in the amount of $7,698, which matures on June 28, 2025. The promissory note bears interest at a rate of 8.25%. The Company will make monthly payments of principal and interest totaling $157 beginning on July 28, 2023. The Company is required to make a mandatory prepayment of 50% of the outstanding principal balance on January 28, 2025. The consideration also included a promissory note in the amount of $3,927. The promissory note interest at a rate of 7.25% and is payable in twelve quarterly installments, maturing on June 28, 2026.

On June 30, 2023, in connection with the Blue Ridge Acquisition, the Company entered into a promissory note in the amount of $3,750 payable in four quarterly installments of accrued interest commencing on September 30, 2023 and twelve equal quarterly installments of principal and accrued interest commencing on September 30, 2024. The remaining amount of the principal and accrued interest is due on June 30, 2027, the maturity date. The promissory note bears interest at a rate of 7.0%.

On July 10, 2023, in connection with the Herbiculture Acquisition, the Company entered into a promissory note in the amount of $5,250. The promissory note bears interest at a rate of 10.50%. Commencing on September 30, 2023, and thereafter until December 31, 2024, all accrued interest during each quarter will be added to the outstanding principal balance on the last day of each fiscal quarter. Beginning on March 31, 2025, and thereafter until March 31, 2026, only interest payments will be due on the last day of each fiscal quarter. The entire outstanding balance of the principal and accrued interest is due on June 30, 2026, the maturity date of the promissory note.

As of September 30, 2024, there was an outstanding principal amount of $18,576 under the promissory notes related to the Maryland acquisitions.

Stadium Ventures

In connection with the Gage Acquisition, the Company assumed existing indebtedness in the form of a promissory note in the amount of $4,500, which was set to mature on January 1, 2024. The promissory note bore interest at a rate of 6%. As of September 30, 2024, there was an outstanding principal amount of $539 on the promissory note.

On October 1, 2024, the Company paid the outstanding principal amount of $539 and retired the promissory note.

Class A Share of TerrAscend Growth

In connection with the Reorganization (see Note 3), TerrAscend Growth Corp. ("TerrAscend") issued $1,000 of Class A shares with a 20% guaranteed annual dividend ("Class A Shares") to an investor (the “Investor”) pursuant to the terms of a subscription agreement between TerrAscend and the Investor dated April 20, 2023 (the “Subscription Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms of the Subscription Agreement, TerrAscend holds a call right to repurchase all of the Class A Shares issued to the Investor for an amount equal to the sum of: (a) the Repurchase/Put Price (as defined in the Subscription Agreement); plus (b) the amount equal to 40% of the subscription amount less the aggregate dividends paid to the Investor as of the date of the exercise of the option. In addition, the Investor holds a put right that is exercisable at any time after four months’ advanced written notice following the five-year anniversary of the closing of the investment to put all (and only all) of the Class A Shares owned by the Investor to TerrAscend at the Repurchase/Put Price, payable in cash or shares. The instrument is considered as a debt for accounting purposes due to the economic characteristics and risks. As of September 30, 2024, there was an outstanding principal amount of $1,000.

IHC Real Estate LP Loan

On June 26, 2023, the Company bought out the minority interest in IHC Real Estate LP and entered into a promissory note of $7,500. The promissory note carried an interest rate of 15% and matured on January 15, 2024. On June 28, 2023 and July 31, 2023, the Company made a payment of $1,500 and $1,000, respectively. On January 15, 2024, the Company paid off all amounts owed under the promissory note with a payment of $5,000.

Share Repurchases

On August 20, 2024, the Board approved a share repurchase program to repurchase up to $10,000 of the Company’s common shares (“Shares”). The share repurchase program authorizes the Company to repurchase up to 10,000,000 common shares of the Company at any time, or from time to time, from August 22, 2024 until August 21, 2025. The share repurchase program authorizes the Company to repurchase up to 65,361 Shares daily, which represents 25% of the Company’s average daily trading volume on the Toronto Stock Exchange of 261,445 Shares. Any repurchases under the program may be made by means of open market transactions, negotiated block transactions, or otherwise, including pursuant to a repurchase plan administered in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The size and timing of any repurchases will depend on price, market and business conditions, and other factors.

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company repurchased 107,400 common shares under the share repurchase program for total consideration of approximately $133. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had a total of 9,892,600 shares remaining that can be authorized for repurchase.

Cash Flows

Cash flows provided by operating activities

The increase of $10,151 in net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily driven by $2,881 of cash received for a bad debt recovery and an income tax refund related to the amended federal tax return for tax year 2020 in the amount of $8,361.

Cash flows used in investing activities

The net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily relates to the investment in property and equipment of $4,623 and the investment in note receivable of $1,556 related to a settlement agreement.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily relates to the cash paid for the acquisition of three dispensaries in Maryland. Additionally, the Company increased the investment in property and equipment by $6,224 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The Company also recognized a disposal of fixed assets related to its discontinued operations of $14,285.

Cash flows used in financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to net loan principal payments of $14,889, distributions to non-controlling interests of $4,433, and the repurchase of common shares of $138.

Net cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to $46,029 in loan principal paid and $6,966 in distributions to non-controlling interests, offset by cash inflow as a result of transfer with recourse of Employee Retention Credit of $12,677, net proceeds from the commercial loan with Stearns bank of $23,872, and net proceeds from private placements of $21,260.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to reporting the financial results in accordance with GAAP, the Company reports certain financial results that differ from what is reported under GAAP. Non-GAAP measures used by management do not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The Company believes that certain investors and analysts use these measures to measure a company’s ability to meet other payment obligations or as a common measurement to value companies in the cannabis industry, and the Company calculates: (i) Free cash flow from net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations less capital expenditures for property and equipment which management believes is an important measurement of the Company's ability to generate additional cash from its business operations, and (ii) EBITDA from continuing operations and Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations as net loss, adjusted to exclude provision for income taxes, finance expenses, depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation, loss on extinguishment of debt, loss (gain) from revaluation of contingent consideration, loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets, impairment of property and equipment and right of use assets, bad debt recovery, unrealized and realized loss on investments, (gain) loss on lease termination and derecognition of finance lease, unrealized and realized foreign exchange, gain on fair value of derivative liabilities and purchase option derivative assets, Employee Retention Credits and Transfer Fee, and certain other items, which management believes is not reflective of the ongoing operations and performance of the Company.

Such information is intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The Company believes Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is a useful performance measure to assess the performance of the Company as it provides more meaningful ongoing operating results by excluding the effects of expenses that are not reflective of the Company’s underlying business performance and other one-time or non-recurring expenses. The table below reconciles net loss to EBITDA from continuing operations and Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

The table below reconciles net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations to free cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

a) EBITDA from continuing operations is a non-GAAP measure and is calculated from net (loss) income.

b) Represents non-cash share-based compensation expense.

c) Represents the loss taken to extinguish certain debt.

d) Represents the revaluation of the Company's contingent consideration liabilities.

e) Represents the loss (gain) taken on write-down of property and equipment.

f) Represents impairment charges taken on the Company's property and equipment.

g) Represents the recovery of one-time write offs of accounts receivable related to one customer that were deemed uncollectible.

h) Represents unrealized and realized gain on fair value changes on strategic investments.

i) Represents the (gain) loss taken as a result on lease termination and derecognition of right of use assets.

j) Represents the remeasurement of USD denominated cash and other assets recorded in CAD functional currency.

k) Represents the (gain) loss on fair value of warrants, including effects of the foreign exchange of the U.S. denominated Preferred Share warrants, as well as the revaluation of the fair value of the purchase option derivative asset.

l) Includes one-time fees incurred primarily in connection with the Company's acquisitions and other costs considered one-time in nature, such as expenses related to professional fees, consulting, legal, and accounting. These fees are not indicative of the Company's ongoing costs.

m) Represents income recorded from ERC as a result of the CARES Act and its transfer fee.

The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to a decrease in gross profit driven by reduced sales. The decrease for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due a decrease in gross profit margin.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company's future financial statements will be affected.

There have been no significant changes to the critical accounting estimates from the information provided in Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations", as contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that the Company (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

The Company will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier to occur of: (i) December 31, 2027 (a) in which the Company has total annual gross revenue of $1,235,000 or more, or (b) in which the Company is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the Company's Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700,000 as of the last business day of the Company’s most recent second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which the Company has issued more than $1,000,000 in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

There have been no material changes in the Company's primary risk exposures or management of market risks from those disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company's management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based upon that evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating the Company's disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Investing in the Company's Common Shares involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the factors described in Part I, Item 1.A. “Risk Factors” in the Company's Annual Report. The Company may disclose changes to risk factors or disclose additional factors from time to time in its future filings with the SEC. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company or that the Company currently deems immaterial may impair its business operations. Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in the Company's Annual Report.

The Company cannot guarantee that the share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of the Company’s Common Shares and could diminish our cash reserves.

While the Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, the program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or acquire any specific number of Common Shares. The actual timing and number of shares repurchased remains subject to a variety of factors, including share price, trading volume, market conditions, compliance with applicable legal requirements, and other general business considerations. The share repurchase program expires on August 21, 2025, and the

Company cannot guarantee that the share purchase program will be fully utilized or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. The Company’s failure to repurchase Common Shares after announcing a share repurchase program may negatively impact the Company’s share price, reputation, and investor confidence.

Furthermore, the Company’s execution of the share repurchase program could affect the trading price of its Common Stock and increase volatility. The existence of a share repurchase program could cause the Company’s share price to be higher than it otherwise would be and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for the Company's shares. Although the Company's share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so because the market price of the Company’s Common Shares may decline below the levels at which it repurchases shares, and short-term shares price fluctuations could reduce the effectiveness of the program. Repurchasing Common Shares reduces the amount of cash the Company has available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or investments, other business opportunities, and other general corporate projects, as well as to invest in securities to generate returns on the Company's cash balance. The Company also may fail to realize the anticipated long-term stockholder value of any share repurchase program.