OGE Energy Corp.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Introduction

OGE Energy is a holding company whose primary investment provides electricity in Oklahoma and western Arkansas. OGE Energy's electric company operations are conducted through its wholly-owned subsidiary, OG&E, which generates, transmits, distributes and sells electric energy in Oklahoma and western Arkansas and are reported through OGE Energy's electric company business segment. OG&E's rates are subject to regulation by the OCC, the APSC and the FERC. OG&E was incorporated in 1902 under the laws of the Oklahoma Territory and is the largest electric company in Oklahoma, with a franchised service territory that includes Fort Smith, Arkansas and the surrounding communities. OG&E sold its retail natural gas business in 1928 and is no longer engaged in the natural gas distribution business.

The Registrants' principal executive offices are located at 321 North Harvey, P.O. Box 321, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73101-0321 (telephone 405-553-3000). OGE Energy's website address is www.oge.com (http://www.oge.com). Through OGE Energy's website, OGE Energy makes available, free of charge, the Registrants' annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. OGE Energy's website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Form 10-K and should not be considered a part of this Form 10-K. Reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission are also made available on its website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

Strategy

OGE Energy's purpose is to energize life, providing life-sustaining and life-enhancing products and services that enrich its communities, encouraging growth and a higher quality of life. Its business model is centered around growth and sustainability for employees (internally referred to as "members"), communities and customers and the owners of OGE Energy, its shareholders.

OGE Energy is focused on:

• strengthening and securing the energy grid to improve reliability and resiliency for all customers;
• maintaining customer rates that are among the lowest rates in the country by continuing to focus on innovation, intellectual curiosity, and execution with excellence;
• delivering top-quartile safety results as it expands capacity of the energy grid with a balanced mix of cost-effective and proven generation technologies to meet unprecedented demand for electricity;
• transforming the customer experience through personalized products, programs, services, and self-service technology by centering decisions on customer impact;
• driving economic development and job growth by attracting new and diverse businesses to improve the communities it serves in Oklahoma and Arkansas;
• delivering on earnings commitments to shareholders to enhance access to lower-cost debt and equity capital that is needed to deploy infrastructure for the long-term economic health of its communities;
• fostering strong regulatory and legislative relationships, built on integrity, for the long-term benefit of our customers, communities, shareholders and members; and
• developing and growing our members to provide a greater contribution to the company's success, as they improve their own lives and deliver improved value to communities, customers, and shareholders.

OGE Energy creates long-term shareholder value by targeting the consistent growth of consolidated earnings per share of five to seven percent, supported by strong load growth enabled by low customer rates and a strategy of investing in lower risk infrastructure projects that improve the economic vitality of the communities it serves in Oklahoma and Arkansas. In the next five years, OGE Energy expects to continue to grow the dividend, targeting a dividend payout ratio of 65 to 70 percent. Over the next several years, OGE Energy expects earnings per share growth to exceed the dividend growth rate to help achieve this target. OGE Energy's financial objectives also include maintaining investment grade credit ratings and providing a strong and reliable dividend for shareholders.

OGE Energy's long-term sustainability is predicated on providing exceptional customer experiences, strengthening the energy grid, investing in proven technologies to meet generation capacity needs, environmental stewardship, strong governance practices and caring for and supporting its members and communities.

Electric Operations - OG&E

General

OG&E provides retail electric service to approximately 907,000 customers in Oklahoma and western Arkansas throughout a service area that covers 30,000 square miles including Oklahoma City, the largest city in Oklahoma, Fort Smith, Arkansas, the third largest city in that state, and other large communities with their contiguous rural and suburban areas. OG&E derived 92 percent of its total electric operating revenues in 2024 from sales in Oklahoma and the remainder from sales in Arkansas. OG&E does not currently serve wholesale customers in either state.

In 2024, OG&E's system control area peak demand was 7,435 MWs on August 18, 2024, and OG&E's load responsibility peak demand was 6,669 MWs on August 18, 2024. The following table presents system sales and variations in system sales for 2024, 2023 and 2022.

OG&E is subject to competition in various degrees from government-owned electric systems, municipally-owned electric systems, rural electric cooperatives and, in certain respects, from other private utilities, power marketers and cogenerators. Oklahoma law forbids the granting of an exclusive franchise to a utility for providing electricity.

Besides competition from other suppliers or marketers of electricity, OG&E competes with suppliers of other forms of energy. The degree of competition between suppliers may vary depending on relative costs and supplies of other forms of energy. It is possible that changes in regulatory policies or advances in technologies such as fuel cells, microturbines, windmills and photovoltaic solar cells will reduce costs of new technology to levels that are equal to or below that of most central station electricity production. OG&E is committed to a balanced energy mix of proven and cost-effective technologies, while advancing innovative technologies that show promise. OG&E's ability to maintain relatively low cost, efficient and reliable operations is a significant determinant of its competitiveness.

CERTAIN OPERATING STATISTICS

Regulation and Rates

OG&E's retail electric tariffs are regulated by the OCC in Oklahoma and by the APSC in Arkansas. The issuance of certain securities by OG&E is also regulated by the OCC and the APSC. OG&E's transmission activities, short-term borrowing authorization and accounting practices are subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC. The Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy has jurisdiction over some of OG&E's facilities and operations. In 2024, 87 percent of OG&E's electric revenue was subject to the jurisdiction of the OCC, eight percent to the APSC and five percent to the FERC.

The OCC and the APSC require that, among other things, (i) OGE Energy permits the OCC and the APSC access to the books and records of OGE Energy and its affiliates relating to transactions with OG&E; (ii) OGE Energy employs accounting and other procedures and controls to protect against subsidization of non-utility activities by OG&E's customers; and (iii) OGE Energy refrains from pledging OG&E assets or income for affiliate transactions. In addition, the FERC has access to the books and records of OGE Energy and its affiliates as the FERC deems relevant to costs incurred by OG&E or necessary or appropriate for the protection of utility customers with respect to the FERC jurisdictional rates.

For information concerning OG&E's recently completed and currently pending regulatory proceedings, see Note 14 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

OG&E, as a regulated electric company, is subject to accounting principles for certain types of rate-regulated activities, which provide that certain incurred costs that would otherwise be charged to expense can be deferred as regulatory assets, based on the expected recovery from customers in future rates. Likewise, certain actual or anticipated credits that would otherwise reduce expense can be deferred as regulatory liabilities, based on the expected flowback to customers in future rates. Management's expected recovery of deferred costs and flowback of deferred credits generally results from specific decisions by regulators granting such ratemaking treatment.

OG&E records certain incurred costs and obligations as regulatory assets or liabilities if, based on regulatory orders or other available evidence, it is probable that the costs or obligations will be included in amounts allowable for recovery or refund in future rates. Management continuously monitors the future recoverability of regulatory assets. When in management's judgment future recovery becomes impaired, the amount of the regulatory asset is adjusted, as appropriate. If OG&E were required to discontinue the application of accounting principles for certain types of rate-regulated activities for some or all of its operations, it could result in writing off the related regulatory assets or liabilities, which could have significant financial effects. See Note 1 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for further discussion of OG&E's regulatory assets and liabilities.

Rate Structures

Oklahoma

OG&E's standard tariff rates include a cost of service component (including an authorized return on capital) plus a fuel adjustment clause mechanism that allows OG&E to pass through to customers the actual cost of fuel and purchased power.

OG&E offers several alternative customer programs and rate options, as described below.

• Under OG&E's Smart Grid-enabled SmartHours programs, time-of-use and variable peak pricing rates offer customers the ability to save on their electricity bills by shifting some of their electricity consumption to off-peak times when demand for electricity is lowest.
• The Guaranteed Flat Bill option for residential and small general service accounts allows qualifying customers the opportunity to purchase their electricity needs at a set monthly price for an entire year.
• The Renewable Energy Credit purchase program, the Green Power Wind Rider and the Utility Solar Program are rate options that make renewable energy resources available as a voluntary option to all OG&E Oklahoma retail customers. OG&E's ownership and access to wind and solar resources makes the renewable option a possible choice in meeting the renewable energy needs of OG&E's conservation-minded customers.
• Load Reduction is a voluntary load curtailment program that provides qualifying OG&E commercial and industrial customers who enroll with the opportunity to curtail usage on a voluntary basis when OG&E's system conditions merit curtailment action. Large customers greater than 50 MWs who enroll in the program are also required to participate in Direct Load Control, giving OG&E direct control over the curtailable portion of the customer's load. Customers that curtail their usage will receive credit for their curtailment response.
• OG&E offers certain qualifying customers day-ahead price and flex price rate options which allow participating customers to adjust their electricity consumption based on price signals received from OG&E. The prices for the day-ahead price and flex price rate options are based on OG&E's projected next day hourly operating costs.

In addition to specific rate structures, OG&E provides customers with other programs such as Average Monthly Billing which helps to make the customer's bill more predictable on a monthly basis. Similarly, OG&E has energy efficiency programs which provide qualified customers with programs such as in-home weatherization and opportunities to lower their monthly bill. OG&E also has a Low Income Assistance Program and a Senior Citizen Discount, which provide qualified customers with a monthly bill credit.

OG&E has Public Schools-Demand and Public Schools Non-Demand rate classes that provide OG&E with flexibility to provide targeted programs for load management to public schools and their unique usage patterns. OG&E also provides service level, seasonal and time period fuel charge differentiation that allows customers to pay fuel costs that better reflect the underlying costs of providing electric service. Lastly, OG&E has a military base rider that demonstrates Oklahoma's continued commitment to its military partners.

The previously discussed rate options, coupled with OG&E's other rate choices, provide many tariff options for OG&E's Oklahoma retail customers. The revenue impacts associated with these options are not determinable in future years because customers may choose to remain on existing rate options instead of volunteering for the alternative rate option choices. Revenue variations may occur in the future based upon changes in customers' usage characteristics if they choose alternative rate options.

Arkansas

OG&E's standard tariff rates include a cost of service component (including an authorized return on capital) plus an energy cost recovery mechanism that allows OG&E to pass through to customers the actual cost of fuel and purchased power. OG&E's current rate order from the APSC includes a formula rate rider that provides for an annual adjustment to rates if the earned rate of return falls outside of a plus or minus 50 basis point dead-band around the allowed return on equity. Adjustments are limited to plus or minus four percent of revenue for each rate class for the 12 months preceding the test period. The initial term for the formula rate rider has expired; however, the APSC ruled that OG&E was able update to its formula rate rider with the last adjustment to rates occurring in April 2024. Subsequent to the April 2024 update, the formula rate rider will continue until new rates are set in a future general rate review.

OG&E offers several alternative customer programs and rate options, as described below.

• The time-of-use and variable peak pricing tariffs allow participating customers to save on their electricity bills by shifting some of their electricity consumption to off-peak times when demand for electricity is lowest.
• The Renewable Energy Credit purchase program and the Universal Solar Program are rate options that make renewable energy resources available as a voluntary option to all OG&E Arkansas retail customers. OG&E's ownership and access to wind and solar resources makes the renewable option a possible choice in meeting the renewable energy needs of OG&E's conservation-minded customers.
• Load Reduction is a voluntary load curtailment program that provides qualifying OG&E commercial and industrial customers with the opportunity to curtail usage on a voluntary basis and receive a billing credit when OG&E's system conditions merit curtailment action.
• OG&E offers certain qualifying customers day-ahead price and flex price rate options which allow participating customers to adjust their electricity consumption based on a price signal received from OG&E. The day-ahead price and flex price rate options are based on OG&E's projected next day hourly operating costs.

In addition to specific rate structures, OG&E provides customers with other programs such as the Levelized Billing Plan which helps to make the customer's bill more predictable on a monthly basis. Similarly, OG&E has energy efficiency programs which provide qualified customers with programs such as in-home weatherization and opportunities to lower their monthly bill.

Fuel Supply and Generation

The following table presents the OG&E-generated energy produced and purchased, by type, for the last three years.

(A) Generation mix calculated as a percent of net MWhs generated and includes purchased power agreements.

OG&E participates in the SPP Integrated Marketplace. As part of the Integrated Marketplace, the SPP has balancing authority responsibilities for its market participants. The SPP Integrated Marketplace functions as a centralized dispatch, where market participants, including OG&E, submit offers to sell power to the SPP from their resources and bid to purchase power from the SPP for their customers. The SPP Integrated Marketplace is intended to allow the SPP to optimize supply offers and demand bids based upon reliability and economic considerations and to determine which generating units will run at any given time for maximum cost-effectiveness within the SPP area. As a result, OG&E's generating units produce output that is different from OG&E's customer load requirements. Net fuel and purchased power costs are generally recoverable through fuel adjustment clauses.

The following table presents the weighted-average cost of fuel used, by type, for the last three years.

(A) Total fuel and purchased power weighted-average cost was 3.139, 2.837 and 5.096 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The change in the weighted average cost of fuel in 2024 compared to 2023 and in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to lower natural gas prices. Fuel costs are generally recoverable through OG&E's fuel adjustment clauses that are approved by the OCC and the APSC. See Notes 1 and 14 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for further discussion.

The following table presents OG&E's total MWs of generation capability by fuel type for 2024.

Natural Gas

As a participant in the SPP Integrated Marketplace, OG&E purchases its natural gas supply through short-term agreements. OG&E relies on a diversified portfolio of natural gas supply comprised of (i) base load agreements that include first-of-month agreements with a fixed price for the month term; (ii) call agreements, whereby OG&E has the right but not the obligation to purchase a defined quantity of natural gas; and (iii) day and intra-day purchases to meet the demands of the SPP Integrated Marketplace. OG&E holds two storage service contracts which provides additional physical storage capacity. These two contracts provide OG&E security in both volume and price to further help protect customers against volatile natural gas prices.

Coal

OG&E's coal-fired units are designed to burn primarily low sulfur western sub-bituminous coal. The coal purchased in 2024 had a weighted average sulfur content of 0.23 percent. Based on the average sulfur content and EPA-certified data, OG&E's coal units have an approximate emission rate of 0.15 lbs. of SO2 per MMBtu.

For 2025 through 2027, OG&E has coal supply agreements for 100 percent of its expected coal requirements for the Sooner, Muskogee and River Valley facilities. In 2024, OG&E purchased 1.9 million tons of coal from its sub-bituminous suppliers. See "Environmental Laws and Regulations" within "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a discussion of environmental matters which may affect OG&E in the future, including its utilization of coal.

Wind

OG&E owns the 120 MW Centennial, 101 MW OU Spirit and 228 MW Crossroads wind farms. OG&E's current wind power portfolio also includes purchased power contracts as presented in the following table.

Solar

OG&E currently owns and operates the solar sites presented in the following table.

OG&E will continue to evaluate the need to add additional solar sites to its generation portfolio based on customer demand, utility-scale component supply, cost and reliability.

Environmental Matters

The activities of OG&E are subject to numerous stringent and complex federal, state and local laws and regulations governing environmental protection. These laws and regulations can change, restrict or otherwise impact the Registrants' business activities in many ways, including the handling or disposal of waste material, planning for future construction activities to avoid or mitigate harm to threatened or endangered species and requiring the installation and operation of emissions or pollution control equipment. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of remedial requirements and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Management believes that all of the Registrants' operations are in substantial compliance with current federal, state and local environmental standards.

Changes in presidential administrations can result in uncertainty regarding policy or initiatives relating to activities that may affect the environment. The Registrants cannot assure that future events, such as changes in existing laws, the promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the development or discovery of new facts or conditions will not cause them to incur significant costs. In the meantime, the Registrants continue to have obligations to take or complete action under current environmental rules.

Management continues to evaluate the Registrants' compliance with existing and proposed environmental legislation and regulations and implement appropriate environmental programs in a competitive market but at the current time, based on existing rules, does not expect capital expenditures for environmental control facilities to be material for 2025 or 2026. For further discussion of environmental matters and capital expenditures related to environmental factors that may affect the Registrants, see "2024 Capital Requirements, Sources of Financing and Financing Activities," "Future Capital Requirements" and "Environmental Laws and Regulations" within "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Human Capital Management

Our company fulfills a critical role in the nation's electric utility infrastructure. In order to do so, we need to attract, retain, motivate and develop a high quality, diverse workforce and provide a safe, inclusive and productive work environment for everyone. Our company's core values are teamwork, transparency, respect, integrity, public service, and individual safety and well-being. Our company's core beliefs are unleash potential, live safely, achieve together, create shared trust, value diversity and inclusion, take charge and values matter. We believe that our company's values and beliefs serve as a foundation for our relationships with our employees, who we refer to internally as "members" of the Registrants. These core values and beliefs are reinforced to all members at the time of hire, annually through a review of our Code of Ethics and periodically through small and large group meetings. We believe the efforts described herein, among others, contribute to our members' sense of purpose for the work we perform and result in the retention of our members. This belief is supported by OGE Energy being included on Forbes Best Employers in Oklahoma list in 2024 based on safety of work environment, competitiveness of compensation, opportunities for advancement, openness to telecommuting and how likely members would be to recommend OGE Energy as an employer. At December 31, 2024, the Registrants had 2,291 full-time employees.

Total Rewards

To help us attract and retain the most qualified individuals for our businesses, we provide a combination of strong compensation and comprehensive benefit offerings, including healthcare, health savings and flexible spending accounts, short-term and long-term incentive plans, retirement savings plans with company matching contributions, disability coverage, paid time off, parental leave and employee assistance programs. We also have a defined benefit pension plan that covers certain members hired on or before December 1, 2009. Our members are also offered two days of paid volunteer leave every year, which is intended to further enrich both their lives and the lives of others in the communities we serve.

Employee Recruiting, Development and Engagement

We make it a priority to attract, retain, motivate and develop a high-quality workforce. Our recruitment efforts begin with industry and career awareness efforts directed toward learning institutions, parents and students. We have built partnerships with universities, state career tech systems, state education departments, technical learning/trade schools, military bases and local school districts to increase awareness of the employment opportunities we provide and the total rewards packages that are tied to those opportunities. We build these relationships to create talent pipelines that will funnel qualified individuals back to our organization and the workforce needs we have identified.

We provide our members with a variety of opportunities for career growth and development. Many of the positions in our company are highly specialized, so having appropriate training and succession planning is critical to business continuity and competitiveness. We provide leadership, career development and skill-building opportunities, including internal and external training as well as tuition reimbursement, to invest in the next generation of leaders for our company. The number of annual hours of training per employee that we target, and historically average, aligns with the benchmark published annually by the American Society of Training and Development.

OGE Energy, like many electric companies across the country, is planning for and managing the effects of turnover of our workforce due to a significant number of retirements occurring now and expected during the next five to ten years. This will also be a period impacted by major transformation of our business through technology investments, regulatory changes to our electric generation portfolio and upgrades to our distribution infrastructure. Management engages in ongoing succession planning discussions, which includes the annual involvement of OGE Energy's Board of Directors as it relates to officer succession planning.

OGE Energy conducts and/or participates in employee engagement surveys to seek feedback from its members on a variety of topics, including understanding of and alignment with the company's strategy, objectives, values and beliefs, management practices, operational performance and the employee value proposition. OGE Energy shares the survey results with members, and senior management incorporates the results of the surveys into their action plans in order to respond to the feedback and further enhance member engagement. In 2024, OG&E was named a Top Workplace in the Energy and Utilities sector as a result of an employee engagement survey conducted by a third party.

Safety

At OGE Energy, safety is more than a priority; it is a value and is paramount in the work we perform. Our safety principles are core to who we are and what we do. These principles are communicated, demonstrated and embraced at all levels of the company and supported by our core belief to "Live Safely." To us, "Live Safely" means we protect ourselves and others from injury by constant engagement, "always living safely." Our goal is to have zero safety incidents every year, and we educate all members on our incident and injury-free workplace vision through extensive training on safety culture and task specific training to perform their work safely.

To achieve our vision of safety excellence, our health and safety professionals, supervisors and Safety Task Force teams conduct routine work observations to verify members and contractors are following safety protocols and procedures and provide coaching, if necessary. To further drive improvements in our safety performance, we report and analyze all near misses and incidents to understand the causal factors and associated corrective actions necessary to reduce the likelihood of recurrence. We share what we have learned companywide to provide real-time learning opportunities for all members. We continue to analyze trends and engage in discussions with our members, creating a dialogue to enhance safety performance and work toward our incident and injury-free workplace. Our focus on safety has contributed to the last nine years being the safest in our 122-year history. We track our safety performance and benchmark ourselves to a peer utility group, and in 2024, our safety performance ranked first in such peer group.

Since the inception of our safety principle that all incidents and injuries are preventable and embracing our incident and injury free vision, we have seen a sustained decline in our injury rate. We have reduced our 5-year averages for OSHA recordable injuries by 67 percent and our Days Away, Restricted, Transfer Rate by 76 percent since our 2011 baseline. The Days Away, Restricted, Transfer rate is an OSHA calculation that determines how safe businesses have been in a calendar year in reference to particular types of worker compensation injuries.

OG&E is subject to a number of federal, state and local regulations, which are administered by a variety of agencies. These agencies cover areas such as health and safety, transportation and the environment. OG&E has processes and procedures for these areas, and we believe we are in material compliance with all applicable regulations.

Employee and Community Integration

We strive to reinforce the belief that our members are one of our greatest assets by creating a culture of inclusion throughout the company. One of our core beliefs is to "Value Diversity and Inclusion," which to us means that we embrace the uniqueness of each individual to make us a stronger and more resourceful organization.

Within our overall recruitment and retention efforts, we are focused on fostering a culture of inclusion so that the company's workforce represents the communities we serve. Supporting a workplace where we share ideas and leverage our different experiences and perspectives results in business decisions that address the needs of our various stakeholders. Our collaborative culture encourages creative and innovative thinking, embraces ideas from all our members, and enables us to grow our business, members, and communities.

Several of the talent pipeline partnerships referenced above are with organizations and trade schools that help integrate into our Company the rich diversity of our communities. We continue working with others to recruit students to their programs who represent these communities, which can lead to potential employment for our positions. We have also formed relationships with universities to provide scholarships to students with diverse backgrounds and have focused on hiring individuals transitioning out of the military.

The company currently has ten employee-led MRGs supporting Asian American & Pacific Islander, Black, Hispanic, Indigenous People, LGBTQ+, Veteran, and Women members along with new members, those dedicated to public service and to wellness. All groups are voluntary and inclusive. Each MRG selects an officer of the company to serve as its Executive Sponsor. These MRGs are intended to foster a sense of belonging for all members, inspire conversation, introduce new ways of thinking about issues, drive innovation among our diverse population of members and provide an opportunity for professional development, community involvement and recruitment.

Information About the Registrants' Executive Officers

The following table presents the names, titles and business experience for the most recent five years for those persons serving as Executive Officers of the Registrants as of February 18, 2025:

No family relationship exists between any of the Executive Officers of the Registrants. Messrs. Trauschke, Walworth, Sultemeier and Ms. Stafford are also officers of OG&E. Each Executive Officer is to hold office until the next annual election of officers by the Board of Directors which is typically accomplished at the first regular board meeting following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders, currently scheduled for May 15, 2025.

In the discussion of risk factors set forth below, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "we," "our" and "us" refer to the Registrants. In addition to the other information in this Form 10-K and other documents filed by us and/or our subsidiaries with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, the following factors should be carefully considered in evaluating OGE Energy and its subsidiaries. Such factors could affect actual results and cause results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us or our subsidiaries. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently view as immaterial may also impair our business operations.

The Registrants are subject to a variety of risks which can be classified as regulatory, operational, financial and general. Risk factors of OG&E are also risk factors of OGE Energy.

REGULATORY RISKS

The Registrants' profitability depends to a large extent on the ability of OG&E to fully recover its costs, including its cost of capital, from its customers in a timely manner, and there may be changes in the regulatory environment that impair its ability to recover costs from its customers.

OG&E is subject to comprehensive regulation by several federal and state regulatory agencies, which significantly influences its operating environment and its ability to fully recover its costs, including its cost of capital, from customers. Recoverability of any under recovered amounts from OG&E's customers due to a rise in fuel costs is a significant risk. The utility commissions in the states where OG&E operates regulate many aspects of its electric operations including siting and construction of facilities, customer service and the rates that OG&E can charge customers. The profitability of the electric operations is dependent on OG&E's ability to fully recover costs related to providing electricity and power services to its customers in a timely manner. Any failure to obtain commission approval to increase rates to fully recover costs, or a delay in the receipt of such approval, could have an adverse impact on OG&E's results of operations. In addition, OG&E's jurisdictions have fuel adjustment clauses that permit OG&E to recover fuel and purchased power costs through rates without a general rate review, subject to a later determination that such costs were prudently incurred. If the state regulatory commissions determine that such costs were not prudently incurred, recovery could be disallowed.

In recent years, the regulatory environments in which OG&E operates have received an increased amount of attention. It is possible that there could be changes in the regulatory environment that would impair OG&E's ability to fully recover costs historically paid by OG&E's customers. State regulatory commissions generally possess broad powers to ensure that the needs of the utility customers are being met. OG&E cannot assure that the OCC, APSC and the FERC will grant rate increases in the future or in the amounts requested, and they could instead lower OG&E's rates.

The Registrants are unable to predict the impact on their operating results from future regulatory activities of any of the agencies that regulate OG&E. Changes in regulations, legislation or the imposition of additional regulations or legislation could have an adverse impact on the Registrants' results of operations.

OG&E's rates are subject to rate regulation by the states of Oklahoma and Arkansas, as well as by a federal agency, whose regulatory paradigms and goals may not be consistent.

OG&E is a vertically integrated electric company. Most of its revenue results from the sale of electricity to retail customers subject to bundled rates that are approved by the applicable state regulatory commission.

OG&E operates in Oklahoma and western Arkansas and is subject to rate regulation by the OCC and the APSC, in addition to FERC regulation of its transmission activities and any wholesale sales. Exposure to inconsistent state and federal regulatory standards may limit our ability to operate profitably. Further alteration of the regulatory landscape in which we operate, including a change in our authorized return on equity, may harm our financial position and results of operations.

Costs of compliance with environmental and other laws and regulations are significant, and the cost of compliance with future environmental and other laws and regulations may adversely affect our results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

We are subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental statutes, rules and regulations relating to air quality, water quality, waste management, wildlife conservation, natural resources and health and safety that could, among other things, restrict or limit the output of certain facilities or the use of certain fuels required for the production of electricity and/or require additional pollution control equipment and otherwise increase costs. We are also subject to SPP-related capacity methodologies which are expected to continue to impact our future capacity needs. There are significant capital, operating and other costs associated with compliance with these environmental and other statutes, rules and regulations and those costs may be even more significant in the future.

In response to recent regulatory and judicial decisions and international accords, emissions of greenhouse gases including, most significantly, CO2, could be restricted in the future as a result of federal or state legal requirements or litigation relating to greenhouse gas emissions. Rules from the EPA to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel-fired electric generating units under the Clean Air Act Section 111 were finalized in 2024, but the rules still might change before implementation. For example, as detailed further below, power plant-specific rules are currently under judicial review and could ultimately be upheld, modified, or overturned. In addition, legislation reflecting a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions may potentially be introduced in Congress. Any such changes, as well as any enforcement actions or judicial decisions regarding those laws and regulations, could result in significant additional compliance costs that would affect our future financial position, results of operations and cash flows if such costs are not recovered through regulated rates. Such changes also could affect the manner in which we conduct our business and could require us to make substantial additional capital expenditures or abandon certain projects.

Recent environmental regulations may also impact our plan to comply with potential additional changes to the SPP’s planning reserve margin and, as further discussed in Note 14 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," recent changes to the resource capacity accreditation methodologies for both thermal and renewable resources. Both changes may increase OG&E's generation capacity needs. We may be constrained by the ability to procure resources or labor that is needed to construct projects on time and at a reasonable price, which could significantly impact the extent to which we can successfully comply with these proposed environmental regulations and SPP requirements.

There is inherent risk of the incurrence of environmental costs and liabilities in our operations and historical industry practices. These activities are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local laws and regulations that can restrict or impact OG&E's business activities in many ways, such as restricting the way OG&E can handle or dispose of its wastes or requiring remedial action to mitigate pollution conditions that may be caused by its operations or that are attributable to former operators. OG&E may be unable to recover these costs from insurance or other regulatory mechanisms, or certain insurance may be unavailable to us. If regulations are enacted regarding any of our generating units, as listed in "Item 2. Properties," it could potentially result in stranded assets.

In addition, we may be required to make significant expenditures in connection with the investigation and remediation of alleged or actual spills, personal injury or property damage claims, and the repair, upgrade or expansion of our facilities to meet future requirements and obligations under environmental laws.

For further discussion of environmental matters that may affect the Registrants, see "Environmental Laws and Regulations" within "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

We are subject to financial risks associated with climate change and the transition to a lower carbon economy.

In addition to the potential for physical risk related to climate change (discussed below), climate change, and the risks related to our transition to a lower carbon economy, creates financial risk. Transition risks represent those risks related to the social and economic changes needed to shift toward a lower carbon future. These risks are often interconnected, representing policy and regulatory changes, technology and market risks, and risks to our reputation and financial performance.

Potential regulation associated with climate change legislation could pose financial risks to OGE Energy and its affiliates. Potential legislation and regulation as discussed above, could result in enforceable greenhouse gas emission reduction requirements that could lead to increased compliance costs for OGE Energy and its affiliates. For example, in May 2024, the EPA finalized rules to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel-fired electric generating units under Clean Air Act Section 111 for both new units and existing units. However, as detailed further below, these power plant-specific rules are currently under judicial review and could ultimately be upheld, modified, or overturned. For further discussion, see "Environmental Laws and Regulations" within "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." It is unknown what the outcome, or any potential material impacts, if any, will be from the litigation or any final action by the EPA.

As we expand our cleaner energy generation asset mix, the ability to integrate renewable technologies into our operations and maintain reliability and affordability is key. The intermittency of renewables remains a critical challenge particularly as cost-efficient energy storage is still in development. Other technology risks include the need for significant upfront financial investments, lengthy development timelines, and the uncertainty of integration and scalability across our entire service territory.

In addition, to the extent that any climate change adversely affects the national or regional economic health through physical impacts or increased rates caused by the inclusion of additional regulatory costs, CO2 taxes or imposed costs, OGE Energy and its affiliates may be adversely impacted. There are also increasing risks for energy companies from shareholders currently invested in fossil-fuel energy companies concerned about the potential effects of climate change who may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into entities that emit lower levels of greenhouse gases or into non-energy related sectors. Institutional investors and lenders who provide financing to fossil-fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainable investing and lending practices and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. To the extent financial markets view climate change and emissions of greenhouse gases as a financial risk, this could negatively affect our ability to access capital markets or cause us to receive less than ideal terms and conditions.

In addition, we may be subject to financial risks from private party litigation relating to greenhouse gas emissions. Defense costs associated with such litigation can be significant and an adverse outcome could require substantial capital expenditures and could possibly require payment of substantial penalties or damages. Such payments or expenditures could affect results of operations, financial condition or cash flows if such costs are not recovered through regulated rates.

We may not be able to recover the costs of our substantial investments in capital improvements and additions.

Our business plan calls for extensive investments in capital improvements and additions in OG&E, including modernizing existing infrastructure as well as other initiatives. Significant portions of OG&E's facilities were constructed many years ago. Older generation equipment, even if maintained in accordance with good engineering practices, may require significant capital expenditures to maintain efficiency, to comply with environmental requirements or to provide reliable operations. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and Inflation Reduction Act present opportunities for federal grants and tax incentives intended to hasten the future economy-wide deployment of various greenhouse gas emission reducing technologies and approaches. We have been awarded grant funds for specific projects through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and we plan to pursue additional opportunities available to us under this Act, however, under the Trump Administration, the status of additional funding under these Acts is unclear at this time. We expect to typically be responsible for any project costs not covered by grants on further investments related to this Act. OG&E currently provides service at rates approved by one or more regulatory commissions. If these regulatory commissions do not approve adjustments to the rates OG&E charges, it would not be able to recover the costs associated with its planned extensive investment.

This could adversely affect the Registrants' financial position and results of operations. While OG&E may seek to limit the impact of any denied recovery by attempting to reduce the scope of its capital investment, there can be no assurance as to the effectiveness of any such mitigation efforts, particularly with respect to previously incurred costs and commitments.

The regional power market in which OG&E operates has changing transmission regulatory structures, which may affect the transmission assets and related revenues and expenses.

OG&E currently owns and operates transmission and generation facilities as part of a vertically integrated electric company. OG&E is a member of the SPP regional transmission organization and has transferred operational authority (but not ownership) of OG&E's transmission facilities to the SPP. The SPP has implemented regional day ahead and real-time markets for energy and operating reserves, as well as associated transmission congestion rights. Collectively, the three markets operate together under the global name, SPP Integrated Marketplace. OG&E represents owned and contracted generation assets and customer load in the SPP Integrated Marketplace for the sole benefit of its customers. OG&E has not participated in the SPP Integrated Marketplace for any speculative trading activities. Our revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities may be adversely affected by changes in the organization, operation and regulation of the SPP Integrated Marketplace by the FERC or the SPP.

Increased competition resulting from efforts to restructure utility and energy markets or deregulation could have a significant financial and load growth impact on us and consequently impact our revenue and affordability of services.

We have been and will continue to be affected by competitive changes to the utility and energy industries. Significant changes have occurred and additional changes have been proposed to the wholesale electric market. Retail competition and the unbundling of regulated energy service could have a significant financial impact on us due to possible impairments of assets, a loss of retail customers, impact profit margins and/or increased costs of capital. Further, we regularly engage in negotiations on renewals of franchise agreements with municipal governments within our service territories. Any such restructuring could have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Further, our load growth could be impacted, which could result in an impact on the affordability of our services. We cannot predict when we will be subject to changes in legislation or regulation, nor can we predict the impact of these changes on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We are subject to substantial regulation by governmental agencies. Compliance with current and future regulatory requirements and procurement of necessary approvals, permits and certifications may result in significant costs to us.

We are subject to substantial regulation from federal, state and local regulatory agencies. We are required to comply with numerous laws and regulations and to obtain permits, approvals and certifications from the governmental agencies that regulate various aspects of our businesses, including customer rates, service regulations, retail service territories, sales of securities, asset acquisitions and sales, accounting policies and practices and the operation of generating facilities. We believe the necessary permits, approvals and certificates have been obtained for our existing operations and that our business is conducted in accordance with applicable laws; however, we are unable to predict the impact on our operating results from future regulatory activities of these agencies.

The NERC is responsible for the development and enforcement of mandatory reliability and cyber security standards for the wholesale electric power system. OG&E's plan is to comply with all applicable standards and to expediently correct a violation should it occur. As one of OG&E's regulators, the NERC has comprehensive regulations and standards related to the reliability and security of our operating systems and is continuously developing additional mandatory compliance requirements for the electric power industry. The increasing development of NERC rules and standards will increase compliance costs and our exposure for potential violations of these standards.

OPERATIONAL RISKS

Our results of operations may be impacted by disruptions to fuel supply or the electric grid that are beyond our control.

We are exposed to risks related to performance of contractual obligations by our suppliers and transporters. We are dependent on coal and natural gas for much of our electric generating capacity. We rely on suppliers to deliver coal and natural gas in accordance with short- and long-term contracts. We have certain supply and transportation contracts in place; however, there can be no assurance that the counterparties to these agreements will fulfill their obligations to supply and transport coal and natural gas to us. The suppliers and transporters under these agreements may experience financial or technical problems that inhibit their ability to fulfill their obligations to us. In addition, the suppliers and transporters under these agreements may not be required to provide the commodity or service under certain circumstances, such as in the event of a natural disaster. Deliveries may be subject to short-term interruptions or reductions due to various factors, including transportation problems, weather, availability of equipment and labor shortages. Failure or delay by our suppliers and transporters of coal and natural gas could disrupt our ability to deliver electricity and require us to incur additional expenses to meet the needs of our customers.

Additionally, due to our generation and transmission systems being part of an interconnected regional grid, we face the risk of possible loss of business due to a disruption or black-out caused by an event such as a severe storm, generator or transmission facility outage on a neighboring system or the actions of a neighboring utility. Any such disruption could result in a significant decrease in revenues and significant additional costs to repair assets, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

OG&E's electric generation, transmission and distribution assets are subject to operational risks that could result in unscheduled plant outages, unanticipated operation and maintenance expenses, increased purchased power costs, accidents and third-party liability.

OG&E owns and operates coal-fired, natural gas-fired, wind-powered and solar-powered generating assets. Operation of electric generation, transmission and distribution assets involves risks that can adversely affect energy output and efficiency levels or that could result in loss of human life, significant damage to property, environmental pollution and impairment of OG&E's operations. Included among these risks are:

• increased prices for fuel, fuel transportation, purchased power and purchased capacity as existing contracts expire;
• facility shutdowns due to a breakdown or failure of equipment or processes or interruptions in fuel supply;
• operator or contractor error or safety related stoppages;
• disruptions in the delivery of electricity;
• intentional destruction of electric grid equipment; and
• catastrophic events such as fires, explosions, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes or other similar occurrences.

The occurrence of any of these events, if not fully covered by insurance or if insurance is not available to us, could have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations. Further, when unplanned maintenance work is required on power plants or other equipment, OG&E will not only incur unexpected maintenance expenses, but it may also have to make spot market purchases of replacement electricity that could exceed OG&E's costs of generation, or be forced to retire a generation unit if the cost or timing of the maintenance is not reasonable and prudent. If OG&E is unable to recover any of these increased costs in rates, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

Changes in technology, regulatory policies and customer electricity consumption may cause our assets to be less competitive and impact our results of operations.

OG&E is a vertically integrated electric company and primarily generates electricity at large central facilities. We believe this method is the most efficient and cost-effective method for power delivery, as it typically results in economies of scale and lower costs than newer technologies such as fuel cells, microturbines, wind turbines and photovoltaic solar cells. It is possible that advances in technologies or changes in regulatory policies will reduce costs of new technology to levels that are equal to or below that of most central station electricity production, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. OG&E's widespread use of Smart Grid technology allowing for two-way communications between the electric company and its customers could enable the entry of technology companies into the interface between OG&E and its customers, resulting in unpredictable effects on our current business.

Reductions in customer electricity consumption, thereby reducing electric sales, could result from increased deployment of renewable energy technologies as well as increased efficiency of household appliances, among other general efficiency gains in technology. However, this potential reduction in load would not reduce our need for ongoing investments in our infrastructure to reliably serve our customers. Continued electric infrastructure investment without increased electricity sales could cause increased rates for customers, potentially resulting in further reductions in electricity sales and reduced profitability.

Weather conditions such as tornadoes, thunderstorms, ice storms, windstorms, flooding, earthquakes, prolonged droughts and the occurrence of wildfires, as well as seasonal temperature variations may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Weather conditions directly influence the demand for electric power. In OG&E's service area, demand for power peaks during the hot summer months, with market prices also typically peaking at that time. As a result, overall operating results may fluctuate on a seasonal and quarterly basis. In addition, we have historically sold less power, and consequently received less revenue, when weather conditions are milder. Unusually mild weather in the future could reduce our revenues, net income, available cash and borrowing ability. Severe weather, such as tornadoes, thunderstorms, ice storms, windstorms, flooding, earthquakes, prolonged droughts and the occurrence of wildfires, may cause outages and property damage which may require us to incur additional costs that may not be adequately insured and that may not be recoverable from customers. The effect of the failure of our facilities to operate as planned, as described above, would be particularly burdensome during a peak demand period. In addition, prolonged droughts could cause a lack of sufficient water for use in cooling during the electricity generating process.

Physical risks from climate change can be considered in both acute (event-driven) and chronic (longer-term shifts in climate patterns) terms. The effects of climate change could exacerbate physical changes in weather and the extreme weather events discussed above, including prolonged droughts, rise in temperatures and more extreme weather events like wildfires and ice storms, among other weather impacts. We have observed some of these events in recent years, and the trend could continue. OG&E is committed to strengthening and securing our energy grid and infrastructure against extreme weather by upgrading physical infrastructure, deploying advanced monitoring technologies and devices, and enhancing emergency preparedness and response plans. These measures aim to ensure reliable service and rapid recovery during severe weather events. OG&E can incur significant restoration costs as a result of these weather events. If OG&E is unable to recover any of these increased costs in rates, either due to increased investments or restoration costs, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

FINANCIAL RISKS

Market performance, increased retirements, changes in retirement plan regulations and increasing costs associated with our Pension Plan, health care plans and other employee-related benefits may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We have a Pension Plan that covers certain employees hired before December 1, 2009. We also have defined benefit postretirement plans that cover certain employees hired prior to February 1, 2000. Assumptions related to future costs, returns on investments, interest rates and other actuarial assumptions with respect to the defined benefit retirement and postretirement plans have a significant impact on our results of operations and funding requirements. We expect to make future contributions to maintain required funding levels as necessary, and it has been our practice to also make voluntary contributions to maintain more prudent funding levels than minimally required. We may continue to make voluntary contributions in the future. These amounts are estimates and may change based on actual stock market performance, changes in interest rates and any changes in governmental regulations.

If the employees who participate in the Pension Plan retire when they become eligible for retirement over the next several years, or if our plan experiences adverse market returns on its investments, or if interest rates materially fall, our pension expense and contributions to the plans could rise substantially over historical levels. The timing and number of employees retiring and selecting the lump-sum payment option could result in pension settlement charges that could materially affect our results of operations if we are unable to recover these costs through our electric rates. In addition, assumptions related to future costs, returns on investments, interest rates and other actuarial assumptions, including projected retirements, have a significant impact on our financial position and results of operations. Those factors are outside of our control.

In addition to the costs of our Pension Plan, the costs of providing health care benefits to our employees and retirees have increased in recent years. We believe that our employee benefit costs, including costs related to health care plans for our employees, will continue to rise. The increasing costs and funding requirements with our Pension Plan, health care plans and other employee benefits may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

OGE Energy is a holding company with its primary asset being its subsidiary, OG&E.

OGE Energy is a holding company and thus its primary asset is its subsidiary, OG&E. Substantially all of OGE Energy's operations are conducted by this subsidiary. Consequently, OGE Energy's operating cash flow and its ability to pay dividends and service its indebtedness are dependent upon the operating cash flow of OG&E and the payment of funds by OG&E to OGE Energy in the form of dividends. At December 31, 2024, OGE Energy and OG&E had outstanding indebtedness and other liabilities of $9.1 billion. OG&E is a separate legal entity that has no obligation to pay any amounts due on OGE Energy's indebtedness or to make any funds available for that purpose. In addition, OG&E's ability to pay dividends to OGE Energy depends on any statutory and contractual restrictions that may be applicable to the entity, which may include requirements to maintain minimum levels of working capital and other assets. Claims of creditors, including general creditors, of OG&E on its assets will generally have priority over OGE Energy claims (except to the extent that OGE Energy may be a creditor and its claims are recognized) and claims by OGE Energy shareholders.

In addition, as discussed above, OG&E is regulated by state utility commissions in Oklahoma and Arkansas as well as a federal regulatory agency which generally possess broad powers to ensure that the needs of customers are being met. To the extent that the state commissions or federal regulatory agency attempt to impose restrictions on the ability of OG&E to pay dividends to OGE Energy, it could adversely affect its ability to continue to pay dividends.

GENERAL RISKS

Governmental and market reactions to events involving other public companies or other energy companies that are beyond our control may have negative impacts on our business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows and access to capital.

Accounting irregularities at public companies in general, and energy companies in particular, and investigations by governmental authorities into energy trading activities and political contributions, could lead to public and regulatory scrutiny and suspicion for public companies, including those in the regulated and unregulated utility business. Accounting irregularities could cause regulators and legislators to review current accounting practices, financial disclosures and relationships between companies and their independent auditors. The capital markets and rating agencies also could increase their level of scrutiny. We believe that we are complying with all applicable laws and accounting standards, but it is difficult or impossible to predict or control what effect any of these types of events may have on our business, financial position, cash flows or access to the capital markets. It is unclear what additional laws or regulations may develop, and we cannot predict the ultimate impact of any future changes in accounting regulations or practices in general with respect to public companies, the energy industry or our operations specifically. Any new accounting standards could affect the way we are required to record revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities and equity. These changes in accounting standards could lead to negative impacts on reported earnings or decreases in assets or increases in liabilities that could, in turn, affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Economic conditions, including inflationary pressures and supply chain disruptions, could negatively impact our business and our results of operations.

Our operations have been and are affected by local, national and worldwide economic conditions. National and global events could adversely affect and/or exacerbate macroeconomic conditions, including inflationary pressures, interest rate fluctuations, supply chain disruptions, potential tariffs and economic recessions, which in turn affect our operations and our customers. OG&E has experienced rising costs to produce electricity through increased fuel prices, raw material inflation, logistical challenges and certain component shortages. We are dependent upon others, such as fuel suppliers and transporters and suppliers for our capital projects, to help execute our operations. Supply chain disruption has resulted, and may continue to result, in delays in construction activities and equipment deliveries related to our capital projects.

The consequences of a recession could include a lower level of economic activity and uncertainty regarding energy prices and the capital and commodity markets. A lower level of economic activity and general inflation could result in a decline in energy consumption, which could adversely affect our revenues and future growth. Instability in the financial markets, as a result of recession or otherwise, also could affect the cost of capital and our ability to raise capital. Economic conditions may also impact the valuation of certain long-lived assets that are subject to impairment testing, potentially resulting in impairment charges, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Economic conditions may be impacted by insufficient financial sector liquidity or inflationary pressures, leading to potential increased unemployment, which could impact the ability of our customers to pay timely, increase customer bankruptcies, and could lead to increased bad debt. If such circumstances occur, we expect that commercial and industrial customers would be impacted first, with residential customers following.

In addition, economic conditions, particularly budget shortfalls, could increase the pressure on federal, state and local governments to raise additional funds by increasing corporate tax rates and/or delaying, reducing or eliminating tax credits, grants or other incentives that could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to cybersecurity risks and increased reliance on processes dependent on technology.

In the regular course of our business, we handle a range of sensitive security and customer information. We are subject to numerous laws and rules concerning safeguarding and maintaining the confidentiality of this information. A significant security breach of our information systems due to theft, ransomware, viruses, increased use of artificial intelligence technologies, denial of service, hacking, acts of war or terrorism, or inappropriate release of certain types of information, including confidential customer information or system operating information, could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

OG&E operates in a highly regulated industry that requires the continued operation of sophisticated information technology systems and network infrastructure. Despite implementation of security measures, the technology systems are vulnerable to disability, failures or unauthorized access. Such failures or breaches of the systems could impact the reliability of OG&E's generation, transmission and distribution systems which may result in a loss of service to customers and also subject OG&E to financial harm due to the significant expense to respond to security breaches or repair system damage. Our generation and transmission systems are part of an interconnected system. Therefore, a disruption caused by the impact of a cybersecurity incident of the regional electric transmission grid, natural gas pipeline infrastructure or other fuel sources of our third-party service providers' operations could also negatively impact our business. If the technology systems were to fail or be breached and not recovered in a timely manner, critical business functions could be impaired and sensitive confidential data could be compromised, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Security threats continue to evolve and adapt. We and our third-party vendors have been subject to, and will likely continue to be subject to, attempts to gain unauthorized access to systems and/or confidential data, or to disrupt operations. None of these attempts has individually or in aggregate resulted in a security incident with a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Despite implementation of security and control measures, there can be no assurance that we will be able to prevent the unauthorized access of our systems and data, or the disruption of our operations, either of which could have a material impact. Our security procedures, which include among others, virus protection software, cybersecurity controls and monitoring and our business continuity planning, including disaster recovery policies and back-up systems, may not be adequate or implemented properly to fully address the adverse effect of cybersecurity attacks on our systems, which could adversely impact our operations.

We maintain property, casualty and cybersecurity insurance that may cover certain resultant cyber and physical damage or third-party injuries caused by potential cyber events. However, damage and claims arising from such incidents may exceed the amount of any insurance available, certain insurance may be unavailable to us, and other damage and claims arising from such incidents may not be covered at all. For these reasons, a significant cyber incident could reduce future net income and cash flows and impact financial condition.

The failure of our technology infrastructure, or the failure to enhance existing technology infrastructure and implement new technology, including potential generative artificial intelligence, could adversely affect our business.

Our operations are dependent upon the proper functioning of our internal systems, including the technology and network infrastructure that support our underlying business processes. Any significant failure or malfunction of such technology infrastructure may result in disruptions of our operations. In the ordinary course of business, we rely on technology infrastructure, including the internet and third-party hosted services, to support a variety of business processes and activities and to store sensitive data. Our technology infrastructure is dependent upon global communications and cloud service providers, as well as their respective vendors, many of whom have at some point experienced significant system failures and outages in the past and may experience such failures and outages in the future. These providers' systems are susceptible to cybersecurity and data breaches, outages from fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, physical attack and similar events. Failure to prevent or mitigate data loss from system failures or outages could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In addition to maintaining our current technology infrastructure, we believe the digital transformation of our business, including potential generative artificial intelligence, is key to driving internal efficiencies as well as providing additional capabilities to customers.

Our technology infrastructure is critical to cost-effective, reliable daily operations and our ability to effectively serve our customers. We expect our customers to continue to demand more sophisticated technology-driven solutions, and we must enhance or replace our technology infrastructure in response. This involves significant development and implementation costs to keep pace with changing technologies and customer demand. If we fail to successfully implement critical technology infrastructure, or if it does not provide the anticipated benefits or meet customer demands, such failure could materially adversely affect our business strategy as well as impact our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Terrorist attacks, and the threat of terrorist attacks, have resulted in increased costs to our business and could impact our ability to operate critical infrastructure. Continued hostilities or sustained military campaigns may adversely impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In recent years, physical attacks on electric equipment owned by other electric companies in the U.S. resulted in the loss of power for a period of time. Authorities have indicated they believe these attacks may have been carried out by domestic extremists, as the U.S. electric grid is noted as being highly vulnerable to domestic terrorism. While OG&E has experienced physical attacks on its electric equipment, these incidents have not been material to its operations. The long-term impact of terrorist attacks and the magnitude of the threat of future terrorist attacks on the electric utility in general, and on us in particular, cannot be known. Increased security measures taken by us as a precaution against possible terrorist attacks have resulted in increased costs to our business. Uncertainty surrounding continued hostilities or sustained military campaigns may affect our operations in unpredictable ways, including disruptions of supplies and markets for our products, and the possibility that our infrastructure facilities could be direct targets of, or indirect casualties of, an act of terror. Changes in the insurance markets attributable to terrorist attacks may make certain types of insurance more difficult for us to obtain. Moreover, the insurance that may be available to us may be significantly more expensive than existing insurance coverage.

Health epidemics and other outbreaks could adversely impact economic activity and conditions worldwide, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Health epidemics and other outbreaks could adversely impact economic activity and conditions worldwide, by, among other things, leading to shutdowns, disrupting supply chains, increasing unemployment, resulting in customer slow payment or non-payment and decreasing commercial and industrial load. In response to health epidemics and other outbreaks, an extended slowdown of the United States' economic growth, demand for commodities and/or material changes in governmental policy could result in lower economic growth and lower demand for electricity in our key markets as well as the ability of various customers, contractors, suppliers and other business partners to fulfill their obligations, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We face certain human resource risks associated with the availability of trained and qualified labor to meet our future staffing requirements.

Workforce demographic issues challenge employers nationwide and are of particular concern to the electric utility industry. The median age of utility workers is higher than the national average. Over the next three years, 26.2 percent of our current employees will meet the eligibility requirements to retire. Failure to hire and adequately train replacement employees, including the transfer of significant internal historical knowledge and expertise to the new employees, may adversely affect our ability to manage and operate our business.

We may be able to incur substantially more indebtedness, which may increase the risks created by our indebtedness.

The terms of the indentures governing our debt securities do not fully prohibit OGE Energy or OG&E from incurring additional indebtedness. If we are in compliance with the financial covenants set forth in our revolving credit agreements and the indentures governing our debt securities, we may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness. If we incur additional indebtedness, the related risks that we now face may intensify.

Any reductions in our credit ratings or changes in benchmark interest rates could increase our financing costs and the cost of maintaining certain contractual relationships or limit our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms.

We cannot assure you that any of the current credit ratings of the Registrants will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency if, in its judgment, circumstances so warrant. Our ability to access the commercial paper market could be adversely impacted by a credit ratings downgrade or major market disruptions. Pricing grids associated with our credit facilities could cause annual fees and borrowing rates to increase if an adverse rating impact occurs.

The impact of any future downgrade could include an increase in the costs of our short-term borrowings, but a reduction in our credit ratings would not result in any defaults or accelerations. Any future downgrade could also lead to higher long-term borrowing costs and, if below investment grade, would require us to post collateral or letters of credit.

Beginning December 2022, the Registrants began utilizing SOFR for their credit facility reference rate. SOFR is a relatively new reference rate and we have been using it for only a relatively short period of time and, accordingly, we do not have much historical rate information. The use of SOFR or transition to other alternative rates, whether in connection with borrowings under the current credit facilities, or borrowings under replacement facilities or lines of credit, could expose the Registrants' future borrowings to less favorable rates. If the use of SOFR, or other alternative rates, results in increased alternative interest rates or if the Registrants' lenders have increased costs due to such changes, then the Registrants' debt that uses benchmark rates could be affected and, in turn, the Registrants' cash flows and interest expense could be adversely impacted.

Our debt levels may limit our flexibility in obtaining additional financing and in pursuing other business opportunities.

We have revolving credit agreements for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other corporate purposes. The credit facilities for OGE Energy and OG&E have a financial covenant requiring them to maintain a maximum debt to capitalization ratio of 70 percent and 65 percent, respectively. The levels of our debt could have important consequences, including the following:

• the ability to obtain additional financing, if necessary, for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other purposes may be impaired or the financing may not be available on favorable terms;
• a portion of cash flows will be required to make interest payments on the debt, reducing the funds that would otherwise be available for operations and future business opportunities; and
• our debt levels may limit our flexibility in responding to changing business and economic conditions.

We are exposed to the credit risk of our key customers and counterparties, and any material nonpayment or nonperformance by our key customers and counterparties could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We are exposed to credit risks in our generation and retail distribution operations. Credit risk includes the risk that counterparties who owe us money or energy will breach their obligations. If the counterparties to these arrangements fail to perform, we may be forced to enter into alternative arrangements. In that event, our financial results could be adversely affected, and we could incur losses.

We have seen increased interest for electric service from emerging industries such as data mining and hydrogen production, which are both large consumers of electricity. If this continues, these types of customers could represent a significant portion of our revenues.

Risk Management and Strategy

In the regular course of business, the Registrants handle a range of sensitive security and customer information. The Registrants are subject to numerous laws and rules concerning safeguarding and maintaining the confidentiality of this information. The Registrants utilize a risk-based, comprehensive, systematic and layered approach to cybersecurity risk, which helps them to continually assess, identify and manage enterprise-wide material cybersecurity risks. This comprehensive approach to protecting the Registrants’ assets, employees, and data - including customer information - utilizes a defense-in-depth approach, which enables the Registrants to continually evaluate enterprise-wide cyber and physical security risks. The Registrants’ defense-in-depth methodology is based on leading cybersecurity frameworks, including:

• U.S. Department of Energy’s Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model standard,
• National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework, and, particularly for the bulk electric system,
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards.

In addition, the Registrants’ cybersecurity team regularly coordinates with industry peers, the Edison Electric Institute, and state and federal agencies to improve threat intelligence, situational awareness, and security practices.

The Registrants have a comprehensive cybersecurity threat detection and monitoring program for their technology and network infrastructure, which leverages various systems, processes and operational measures to monitor, detect and respond to cyber incidents. The Registrants have established a security incident response plan, a business resiliency and event management framework, as well as disaster recovery mechanisms, which are tested and updated to prepare the Registrants to respond to material cybersecurity threats. The Registrants’ cybersecurity processes, including their threat detection, monitoring and response protocols, are subject to periodic internal audits. The Registrants’ Enterprise Security team partners with Internal Audit and third-party experts to conduct periodic penetration tests and assessments of the Registrants' cybersecurity processes.

Cybersecurity risks are integrated into the Registrants’ Enterprise Risk Management process. The Enterprise Risk Management process engages internal stakeholders, helps identify key internal and external business risks, including cybersecurity risks, and then supports evaluations of those risks, providing consistent assessment. Key risks are then assessed using a methodology that includes a quantification of potential financial and operational impacts. Priority cybersecurity risks are assigned internal risk owners which report to the Vice President of Technology, Data and Security, who is responsible for the Registrants’ Enterprise Security including, among other responsibilities, developing and updating risk management plans.

The Enterprise Security team utilizes third-party consultants to regularly conduct a review of the Registrants’ cybersecurity program that includes assessing their (i) ability to detect and respond to malicious behavior, (ii) configuration of security tools and (iii) security roadmap, training and staffing plans. The Enterprise Security team also utilizes multiple sources of threat intelligence information from real time feeds that come from government, industry and private sources to help stay abreast of emerging threats that could impact the Registrants.

The Registrants have third-party vendor risk management processes to oversee and identify risks from cybersecurity threats associated with their use of third-party service providers. Enterprise Security works cross-functionally across the companies to review new vendors and their proposed solutions as they are engaged by the Registrants. The Enterprise Security team’s monitoring and assessment of third-party cybersecurity practices is continuous and ongoing throughout the Registrants’ relationship with the third party. Based on this process, the Enterprise Security team may require specific security controls on the third-party application, system, hardware or software being deployed. Enterprise Security monitors vendors for disclosed vulnerabilities and change in scores from external risk scoring agencies.

The Registrants and their third-party vendors have been subject to, and will likely continue to be subject to, attempts to gain unauthorized access to systems, or confidential data, or to disrupt operations. None of these attempts has individually or in aggregate resulted in a security incident with a material impact on the Registrants financial condition or results of operations. Although prior incidents have not materially affected the Registrants, any future incidents related to the Registrants' information systems due to theft, ransomware, viruses, increased use of artificial intelligence technologies, denial of service, hacking, acts of war or terrorism, or inappropriate release of certain types of information, including confidential customer information or system operating information, could have a materially adverse impact on the Registrants, and affect their business strategy, results of operations or its financial condition. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for further discussion.

Governance

The Board of Directors is responsible for reviewing and overseeing the long-term strategic plans and principal issues facing the Registrants and includes the oversight of the major risk exposures and the risk management activities of the Registrants. As part of its risk oversight role, the Board delegates specific roles to its committees to help ensure risks, mitigations and opportunities are appropriately monitored and managed. The Audit Committee has overall oversight responsibility over the Registrants’ major financial risks, while the Nominating, Corporate Governance and Stewardship Committee oversees the Registrants’ cybersecurity risk exposure and management. These Committees and the full Board of Directors are updated regularly by the Vice President of Technology, Data and Security and the Director of Enterprise Security on cybersecurity risks and related matters, including results from audits and assessments of the Registrants’ cybersecurity practices and systems, as well as the results of their incident response and business resiliency exercises.

The Vice President of Technology, Data, and Security leads an information security team responsible for management of cybersecurity risk. The Vice President of Technology, Data and Security has decades of experience relevant to risk management, information systems and enterprise security. The Vice President of Technology, Data and Security serves on the Corporate Risk Oversight Committee where cyber risks are regularly discussed and addressed. The Registrants’ Corporate Risk Oversight Committee includes corporate officers and members of management and is responsible for the overall development, implementation and enforcement of strategies and policies for all significant risk management activities of the Registrants.

The Registrants’ contingency plans, including its security incident response plan and event management framework, set forth the processes through which cybersecurity incidents are managed, including how management is informed of cybersecurity incidents. As part of these plans, incidents are evaluated, classified and elevated, as necessary, to an executive team which includes the Vice President of Technology, Data and Security and other executives on the Registrants’ Corporate Risk Oversight Committee. Once elevated, these executives are ultimately responsible for the management, mitigation and remediation of incidents.

OG&E owns and operates an interconnected electric generation, transmission and distribution system, located in Oklahoma and western Arkansas, which included 18 generating stations with an aggregate capability of 6,921 MWs at December 31, 2024. The following table presents information with respect to OG&E's electric generating facilities. Unless otherwise indicated, these electric generating facilities are located in Oklahoma.

(A) 2024 Capacity Factor = 2024 Net Actual Generation / (2024 Net Maximum Capacity (Nameplate Rating in MWs) x Period Hours (8,784 Hours)). Capacity Factors are impacted by events that reduce Net Actual Generation such as outages.

(B) Represents units located at Tinker Air Force Base that are maintained by Horseshoe Lake.

(C) Represents OG&E's 51 percent ownership interest in the Redbud Plant.

(D) Represents OG&E's 77 percent ownership interest in the McClain Plant.

In 2024, OG&E retired Unit 7 located at the Horseshoe Lake station.

(A) 2024 Capacity Factor = 2024 Net Actual Generation / (2024 Net Maximum Capacity (Nameplate Rating in MWs) x Period Hours (8,784 Hours)). Capacity Factors are impacted by events that reduce Net Actual Generation such as outages.

The following table presents certain operating data relating to the OG&E's electricity transmission and distribution assets at December 31, 2024.

During the three years ended December 31, 2024, both Registrants' gross property, plant and equipment (excluding construction work in progress) additions were $2.9 billion, and gross retirements were $521.6 million. These additions were provided by cash generated from operations, short-term borrowings (through a combination of bank borrowings and commercial paper), long-term borrowings and permanent financings. The additions during this three-year period amounted to 17.6 percent of gross property, plant and equipment (excluding construction work in progress) for both Registrants at December 31, 2024.

In the normal course of business, the Registrants are confronted with issues or events that may result in a contingent liability. These generally relate to lawsuits or claims made by third parties, including governmental agencies. When appropriate, management consults with legal counsel and other experts to assess the claim. If, in management's opinion, the Registrants have incurred a probable loss as set forth by GAAP, an estimate is made of the loss, and the appropriate accounting entries are reflected in the Registrants' financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potential loss is not probable but reasonably possible, the nature of the contingent matter, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss, if determinable and material, would be disclosed. At the present time, based on currently available information, except as disclosed in Note 13 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," the Registrants believe that any reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued amounts arising out of pending or threatened lawsuits or claims would not be quantitatively material to their financial statements and would not have a material adverse effect on the Registrants' financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The following combined discussion is separately filed by OGE Energy and OG&E. However, OG&E does not make any representations as to information related solely to OGE Energy or the subsidiaries of OGE Energy other than itself.

Overview

OGE Energy is a holding company whose primary investment provides electricity in Oklahoma and western Arkansas. OGE Energy's electric company operations are conducted through its wholly-owned subsidiary, OG&E, which generates, transmits, distributes and sells electric energy in Oklahoma and western Arkansas and are reported through OGE Energy's electric company business segment. OG&E's rates are subject to regulation by the OCC, the APSC and the FERC. OG&E was incorporated in 1902 under the laws of the Oklahoma Territory and is the largest electric company in Oklahoma, with a franchised service territory that includes Fort Smith, Arkansas and the surrounding communities. OG&E sold its retail natural gas business in 1928 and is no longer engaged in the natural gas distribution business.

The accounts of OGE Energy and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including OG&E, are included in OGE Energy's consolidated financial statements. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in such consolidation.

Recent Developments

OG&E's Regulatory Matters

On November 26, 2024, the OCC issued an interim order approving the settlement agreement in OG&E's most recent rate review. The settlement included a base rate revenue increase of $126.7 million, effective July 1, 2024. OG&E also submitted its final 2024 IRP for Oklahoma and Arkansas in March 2024 and is currently reviewing proposals submitted in this process. These matters, as well as other regulatory matters, are discussed in Note 14 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Summary of OGE Energy 2024 Operating Results Compared to 2023

OGE Energy's net income was $441.5 million, or $2.19 per diluted share, in 2024 as compared to $416.8 million, or $2.07 per diluted share, in 2023. The increase in net income of $24.7 million, or $0.12 per diluted share, in 2024 as compared to 2023 is further discussed below.

• An increase in net income at OG&E of $43.5 million, or $0.21 per diluted share of OGE Energy's common stock, was primarily due to higher operating revenues (excluding the impact of recoverable fuel, purchased power and direct transmission expense not impacting earnings) driven primarily by load growth and recovery of capital investments, partially offset by higher depreciation and amortization expense driven by additional assets being placed into service, higher income tax expense, higher interest expense driven by borrowings under OG&E's revolving credit agreement and senior notes issuances in August 2024 and April 2023, and lower other income.
• An increase in net loss of other operations (holding company) of $18.8 million, or $0.09 per diluted share of OGE Energy's common stock, was primarily due to higher interest expense driven by borrowings under OGE Energy's revolving credit agreement and OGE Energy's senior notes issuance in May 2024, as well as lower net other income.

A more detailed discussion regarding the financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to December 31, 2023 can be found under "Results of Operations" below. A discussion of the financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 for OGE Energy and OG&E can be found within "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of the Registrants' 2023 Form 10-K.

2025 Outlook

Key assumptions for the 2025 outlook are discussed below.

OGE Energy is projected to earn approximately $447 million to $471 million, or $2.21 to $2.33 per average diluted share, with a midpoint of $459 million, or $2.27 per average diluted share in 2025 and is based off the following assumptions:

• OGE Energy forecasts earnings for OG&E of $491 million, or $2.43 per average diluted share;
• OGE Energy forecasts a loss of $32 million for other operations (primarily the holding company), or a loss of $0.16 per average diluted share;
• OG&E experiences normal weather patterns for the year; OG&E has significant seasonality in its earnings; OG&E typically shows minimal earnings in the first and fourth quarters with a majority of its earnings in the third quarter due to the seasonal nature of air conditioning demand;
• total retail load growth of approximately 7.5 percent to 9.5 percent;
• operating expenses of approximately $1.205 billion to $1.217 billion, with operation and maintenance expenses comprising approximately 44 percent of the total;
• net interest expense of approximately $281 million to $284 million which assumes a $15 million allowance for borrowed funds used during construction reduction to interest expense, and assumes a debt issuance at OG&E of $300 million to $350 million;
• other income of approximately $16 million including $18 million of allowance for equity funds used during construction;
• an effective consolidated tax rate of approximately 16.5 percent; and
• approximately 202.1 million average diluted shares outstanding.

Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis presents factors that affected the Registrants' results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the Registrants' financial positions at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The following information should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto. Known trends and contingencies of a material nature are discussed to the extent considered relevant.

(In millions except per share data)

Results by Business Segment

(In millions)

32

The following discussion of results of operations for OG&E includes intercompany transactions that are eliminated in OGE Energy's consolidated financial statements.

OG&E (Electric Company)

(A) Degree days are calculated as follows: The high and low degrees of a particular day are added together and then averaged. If the calculated average is above 65 degrees, then the difference between the calculated average and 65 is expressed as cooling degree days, with each degree of difference equaling one cooling degree day. If the calculated average is below 65 degrees, then the difference between the calculated average and 65 is expressed as heating degree days, with each degree of difference equaling one heating degree day. The daily calculations are then totaled for the particular reporting period. The calculation of heating and cooling degree normal days is based on a 30-year average and updated every ten years.

OG&E's net income increased $43.5 million, or 10.2 percent, in 2024 as compared to 2023. The following section discusses the primary drivers for the increase in net income in 2024 as compared to 2023.

Operating revenues increased $311.0 million, or 11.6 percent, primarily driven by the below factors.

(In millions)

(A) These expenses are generally recoverable from customers through regulatory mechanisms and are offset in Fuel, Purchased Power and Direct Transmission Expense in the statements of income. The primary drivers of the changes in fuel, purchased power and direct transmission expense during the period are further detailed in the table below.

(B) Increased primarily due to new rates effective July 1, 2024 resulting from the Oklahoma general rate review interim order received in November 2024 and increased recovery through rider mechanisms, such as the Storm Cost Recovery Rider.

(C) Increased primarily due to initiating new customer service that includes a demand component.

(D) The Guaranteed Flat Bill program allows qualifying customers the opportunity to purchase their electricity needs at a set monthly price for an entire year which can result in variances when actual fuel and purchased power prices differ from what is included in Guaranteed Flat Bill rates.

Fuel, purchased power and direct transmission expense for OG&E consists of fuel used in electric generation, purchased power and transmission related charges. As described above, the actual cost of fuel used in electric generation and certain purchased power costs are generally recoverable from OG&E's customers through fuel adjustment clauses. The fuel adjustment clauses are subject to periodic review by the OCC and the APSC. OG&E's fuel, purchased power and direct transmission expense increased $164.7 million, or 18.1 percent, primarily driven by the below factors.

(In millions)

(A) Decreased primarily due to lower fuel costs related to the generating assets utilized during 2024.

(B) Increased primarily due to higher market prices and increased MWhs purchased during 2024.

(C) Increased primarily due to capacity agreements in order for OG&E to meet generation requirements.

Other operation and maintenance expense increased $9.1 million, or 1.8 percent, primarily due to an increase in various costs such as software expense, contract technical and construction services, and payroll and benefits, net of capitalized labor.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $32.9 million, or 6.5 percent, primarily due to additional assets being placed into service and increased amortization of certain regulatory assets, partially offset by a decrease in depreciation expense due to new depreciation rates effective as of July 1, 2024 resulting from the Oklahoma general rate review interim order received in November 2024.

Allowance for equity funds used during construction increased $6.1 million, or 31.4 percent, primarily due to higher construction work in progress balances resulting from increased spending on new generation and information technology projects.

Other net periodic benefit expense changed $8.1 million, primarily due to higher pension expense driven by changes to the level of pension expense included in base rates, effective July 1, 2024, as approved in the Oklahoma general rate review interim order received in November 2024.

Other income decreased $11.4 million, or 47.7 percent, primarily due to the carrying charge for the higher fuel under recovery balance in 2023.

Interest expense increased $14.5 million, or 7.3 percent, primarily due to the $200.0 million in borrowings under OG&E's revolving credit agreement during the second and third quarters of 2024, the $350.0 million senior notes issuance in August 2024, and the $350.0 million senior notes issuance in April 2023. These borrowings were used to support OG&E's growing asset base. The increase in interest expense was partially offset by an increase in allowance for borrowed funds used during construction primarily due to higher construction work in progress balances resulting from increased spending on new generation and information technology projects.

Income tax expense increased $24.4 million, or 35.5 percent, primarily due to higher pretax income and a decrease in state tax credits generated.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

OGE Energy

* Change is greater than 100 percent.

(A) Changed primarily due to decreased cash received from customers, including cash related to fuel recoveries, and increased interest payments from recent debt issuances, partially offset by decreased vendor payments, including payments for fuel.

(B) Changed primarily due to timing of power supply and power delivery projects.

(C) Changed primarily due to OGE Energy's $350.0 million senior notes issuance in May 2024 and OG&E's $350.0 million senior notes issuance in August 2024, partially offset by a decrease in commercial paper borrowings.

Working Capital

Working capital is defined as the difference in current assets and current liabilities. OGE Energy's working capital requirements are driven generally by changes in accounts receivable, accounts payable, commodity prices, credit extended to and the timing of collections from OG&E's customers, the level and timing of spending for maintenance and expansion activity, inventory levels and fuel recoveries. The following discussion addresses changes in OGE Energy's working capital balances at December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023.

Accounts Receivable and Accrued Unbilled Revenues increased $33.7 million, or 12.0 percent, primarily due to an increase in billings to OG&E's retail customers reflecting higher usage in 2024 and new rates as approved in the Oklahoma general rate review interim order received in November 2024.

Fuel Clause Under Recoveries increased $112.7 million and Fuel Clause Over Recoveries decreased $11.2 million, or 54.6 percent, primarily due to lower recoveries from OG&E retail customers as compared to the actual cost of fuel and purchased power.

Other Current Assets increased $30.1 million, or 51.2 percent, primarily due to an increase in SPP deposits, the SPP transmission formula rate true-up and under-recovered riders. At December 31, 2024, other current assets is primarily comprised of $46.6 million in SPP-related activities and under-recovered riders.

Accounts Payable increased $29.3 million, or 10.6 percent, primarily due to timing of vendor payments and an increase in purchased power payables.

Accrued Taxes increased $11.2 million, or 23.5 percent, primarily resulting from an increase in tax accruals related to ad valorem and income taxes.

Long-Term Debt Due Within One Year increased $32.4 million, due to the reclassification of the Muskogee industrial authority bonds which matured in January 2025.

2024 Capital Requirements, Sources of Financing and Financing Activities

In 2024, OGE Energy's primary sources of capital were cash generated from operations and the proceeds from the issuance of long- and short-term debt. Changes in working capital reflect the seasonal nature of OGE Energy's business, the revenue lag between billing and collection from customers and fuel inventories. See "Working Capital" for a discussion of significant changes in net working capital requirements as it pertains to operating cash flow and liquidity.

Future Material Cash Requirements

OGE Energy's primary material cash requirements are related to acquiring or constructing new facilities and replacing or expanding existing facilities at OG&E. Other working capital requirements are expected to be primarily related to maturing debt, operating lease obligations, fuel clause under recoveries and other general corporate purposes. Further, working capital requirements can be seasonal. OGE Energy generally meets its cash needs through a combination of cash generated from operations, short-term borrowings (through a combination of bank borrowings and commercial paper) and permanent financings. We believe our cash flows from operations, existing borrowing capacity, and access to debt and equity capital markets as needed, should be sufficient to satisfy our material cash requirements over the short-term and long-term.

Capital Expenditures

The following table presents OGE Energy's estimates of capital expenditures for the years 2025 through 2029. These capital investments are customer-focused and targeted to maintain and improve the safety, resiliency and reliability of OG&E's distribution and transmission grid and generation fleet, enhance the ability of OG&E's system to perform during extreme weather events and to serve OG&E's growing customer base.

(In millions)

(A) OG&E expects to continually evaluate the capital prioritization for transmission, distribution, technology, and generation investments based on the evolving capacity, reliability, and economic growth needs of the electrical power system.

Additional capital expenditures beyond those identified in the table above, including additional incremental growth opportunities, will be evaluated based upon the requirements of OG&E's power supply, transmission and distribution operational teams and the expected resultant customer benefits. In May 2024, OG&E issued requests for proposals for resources to meet the capacity needs identified in its 2024 IRP and is currently reviewing the proposals submitted in the process. OG&E intends to file for approval of additional generation capacity investments and would expect to update its capital plan based on final orders received by state regulators. The annual level of investments in the transmission and distribution system could vary depending on the amount and timing of incremental generation capacity investments.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents OGE Energy's total contractual obligations for the next five years at December 31, 2024. For further detail of OGE Energy's contractual obligations, which include operating leases, long-term debt and purchase obligations and commitments (including information for maturities beyond the next five years), see Notes 4, 9 and 13, respectively, within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

(In millions)

(A) Includes expected recoveries of costs incurred for OG&E's railcar operating lease obligations, OG&E's minimum fuel purchase commitments, OG&E's expected wind purchase commitments and OG&E's capacity agreements.

The actual cost of fuel used in electric generation (which includes the operating lease obligations for OG&E's railcar leases shown in Note 4 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data") and certain purchased power costs are passed on to OG&E's customers through fuel adjustment clauses and other regulatory mechanisms. Accordingly, while the cost of fuel related to operating leases and the vast majority of minimum fuel purchase commitments of OG&E noted in Notes 4 and 13, respectively, within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" may increase capital requirements, such costs are generally recoverable through fuel adjustment clauses and have little, if any, impact on net capital requirements and future contractual obligations. OG&E's fuel adjustment clauses are subject to periodic review by the OCC and the APSC. Otherwise, as discussed above, OGE Energy expects to meet these cash requirement needs through cash generated from operations, short-term borrowings and permanent financings.

Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans

At December 31, 2024, 22.6 percent of the Pension Plan investments were in listed common stocks with the balance primarily invested in corporate fixed income and other securities, U.S. Treasury notes and bonds and mutual funds, as presented in Note 11 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." During 2024, the actual return on the Pension Plan was $11.8 million, compared to an expected return on plan assets of $16.5 million. During the same time, corporate bond yields, which are used in determining the discount rate for future pension obligations, increased. Funding levels are dependent on returns on plan assets and future discount rates. OGE Energy made a contribution to its Pension Plan of $10.0 million in 2024 and did not make a contribution to its Pension Plan in 2023. OGE Energy expects to contribute $10.0 million to the Pension Plan in 2025, of which $5.0 million was contributed in January 2025. OGE Energy could be required to make additional contributions if the value of its pension trust and postretirement benefit plan trust assets are adversely impacted by a major market disruption in the future.

The following table presents the status of OGE Energy's Pension Plan, the Restoration of Retirement Income Plan and the postretirement benefit plans at December 31, 2024 and 2023. These amounts have been recorded in Accrued Benefit Obligations with the offset in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (except OG&E's portion, which is recorded as a regulatory asset as discussed in Note 1 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data") in the balance sheets. The amounts in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss and those recorded as a regulatory asset represent a net periodic benefit cost to be recognized in the statements of income in future periods.

Common Stock Dividends

OGE Energy's dividend policy is reviewed by the Board of Directors at least annually and is based on numerous factors, including management's estimation of the long-term earnings power of its businesses. In 2024, the Board of Directors reviewed a recommendation from management of an increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.42125 per share from $0.41820 per share and subsequently approved the recommendation to become effective with the dividend payment in October 2024.

Financing Activities and Future Sources of Financing

Management expects that cash generated from operations, proceeds from the issuance of long- and short-term debt, proceeds from the sales of common stock to the public through OGE Energy's Automatic Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, or other offerings will be adequate over the next three years to meet anticipated cash needs and to fund future growth opportunities. OGE Energy utilizes short-term borrowings (through a combination of bank borrowings and commercial paper) to satisfy temporary working capital needs and as an interim source of financing capital expenditures until permanent financing is arranged.

Short-Term Debt and Credit Facilities

OGE Energy borrows on a short-term basis, as necessary, by issuance of commercial paper and borrowings under its revolving credit agreements.

OGE Energy has unsecured five-year revolving credit facilities totaling $1.1 billion ($550.0 million for OGE Energy and $550.0 million for OG&E), which can also be used as letter of credit facilities. OGE Energy also has a $120.0 million floating rate unsecured three-year credit agreement, of which $60.0 million is considered a revolving loan. The following table presents information about OGE Energy's revolving credit agreements as of December 31, 2024.

(Dollars in millions)

The following table presents information about OGE Energy's total short-term debt activity for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(Dollars in millions)

OG&E must obtain regulatory approval from the FERC in order to borrow on a short-term basis. OG&E has the necessary regulatory approvals to incur up to $1.0 billion in short-term borrowings at any one time for a two-year period beginning January 1, 2025 and ending December 31, 2026.

Long-Term Debt

On May 9, 2024, OGE Energy issued $350.0 million of 5.45 percent senior notes due May 15, 2029. The proceeds from this issuance were added to OGE Energy's general funds to be used for general corporate purposes and to repay short-term debt.

On August 15, 2024, OG&E issued $350.0 million of 5.60 percent senior notes due April 1, 2053, bringing the aggregate total principal amount of this series of senior notes to $700.0 million. The proceeds from this issuance were added to OG&E's general funds to be used for repayment of short-term debt and borrowings under OG&E's revolving credit agreement, and to fund OG&E's capital investment program and working capital needs.

In 2025, OG&E expects to issue $300 million to $350 million in long-term debt to help fund general operating needs.

Refinance of Industrial Authority Bonds

On October 2, 2024, OG&E caused the refinancing of its Garfield industrial authority bonds, series due January 1, 2025. The $47.0 million in bonds are now due October 1, 2039, and will continue to be remarketed on a weekly basis.

Security Ratings

Access to reasonably priced capital is dependent in part on credit and security ratings. Generally, lower ratings lead to higher financing costs. Pricing grids associated with OGE Energy's credit facilities could cause annual fees and borrowing rates to increase if an adverse rating impact occurs. The impact of any future downgrade could include an increase in the costs of OGE Energy's short-term borrowings, but a reduction in OGE Energy's credit ratings would not result in any defaults or accelerations. Any future downgrade could also lead to higher long-term borrowing costs and, if below investment grade, would require OGE Energy to post collateral or letters of credit.

A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. Such rating may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the credit rating agency, and each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

Future financing requirements may be dependent, to varying degrees, upon numerous factors such as general economic conditions, abnormal weather, load growth, commodity prices, acquisitions of other businesses and/or development of projects, actions by rating agencies, inflation, changes in environmental laws or regulations, rate increases or decreases allowed by regulatory agencies, new legislation, and market entry of competing electric power generators.

Common Stock

OGE Energy expects to issue between $15 million to $25 million of common stock from its Automatic Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan in 2025. See Note 8 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for a discussion of OGE Energy's common stock activity.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The financial statements and notes thereto contain information that is pertinent to management's discussion and analysis. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes to these assumptions and estimates could have a material effect on the Registrants' financial statements. However, the Registrants believe they have taken reasonable positions where assumptions and estimates are used in order to minimize the negative financial impact to the Registrants that could result if actual results vary from the assumptions and estimates.

In management's opinion, the areas where the most significant judgment is exercised include the determination of pension and postretirement plan assumptions, income taxes, contingency reserves, and regulatory assets and liabilities. The selection, application and disclosure of the following critical accounting estimates have been discussed with the Audit Committee of OGE Energy's Board of Directors. The Registrants discuss their significant accounting policies, including those that do not require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates, in Note 1 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Pension and Postretirement Plan Assumptions

OGE Energy has a Pension Plan that covers certain employees, including OG&E's employees, hired before December 1, 2009. Effective December 1, 2009, OGE Energy's Pension Plan is no longer being offered to employees hired on or after December 1, 2009. OGE Energy also has defined benefit postretirement plans that cover certain employees, including OG&E's employees hired prior to February 1, 2020. Pension and other postretirement plan expenses and liabilities are determined on an actuarial basis and are affected by the market value of plan assets, estimates of the expected return on plan assets, assumed discount rates, and the level of funding. Actual changes in the fair market value of plan assets and differences between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets could have a material effect on the amount of pension expense ultimately recognized. The Pension Plan rate assumptions are shown in Note 11 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." The assumed return on plan assets is based on management's expectation of the long-term return on the plan assets portfolio. The discount rate used to compute the present value of plan liabilities is based generally on rates of high-grade corporate bonds with maturities similar to the average period over which benefits will be paid. Funding levels are dependent on returns on plan assets and future discount rates. Higher returns on plan assets and an increase in discount rates will reduce funding requirements to the Pension Plan.

The following table presents the sensitivity of the Pension Plan funded status to these variables.

Income Taxes

The Registrants use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, as well as tax credit carry forwards and net operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period of the change.

The application of income tax law is complex. Laws and regulations in this area are voluminous and often ambiguous. Interpretations and guidance surrounding income tax laws and regulations change over time. Accordingly, it is necessary to make judgments regarding income tax exposure. As a result, changes in these judgments can materially affect amounts the Registrants recognized in their financial statements. Tax positions taken by the Registrants on their income tax returns that are recognized in the financial statements must satisfy a more likely than not recognition threshold, assuming that the position will be examined by taxing authorities with full knowledge of all relevant information.

Contingency Reserves

In the normal course of business, the Registrants are confronted with issues or events that may result in a contingent liability. These generally relate to lawsuits or claims made by third parties, including governmental agencies. When appropriate, management consults with legal counsel and other experts to assess the claim. If, in management's opinion, the Registrants have incurred a probable loss as set forth by GAAP, an estimate is made of the loss, and the appropriate accounting entries are reflected in the financial statements.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

OG&E, as a regulated electric company, is subject to accounting principles for certain types of rate-regulated activities, which provide that certain incurred costs that would otherwise be charged to expense can be deferred as regulatory assets, based on the expected recovery from customers in future rates. Likewise, certain actual or anticipated credits that would otherwise reduce expense can be deferred as regulatory liabilities, based on the expected flowback to customers in future rates. Management's expected recovery of deferred costs and flowback of deferred credits generally results from specific decisions by regulators granting such ratemaking treatment.

OG&E records certain incurred costs and obligations as regulatory assets or liabilities if, based on regulatory orders or other available evidence, it is probable that the costs or obligations will be included in amounts allowable for recovery or refund in future rates. Management continuously monitors the future recoverability of regulatory assets. When in management's judgment future recovery becomes impaired, the amount of the regulatory asset is adjusted, as appropriate.

Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for further discussion of recently adopted accounting standards and recently issued accounting standards that are not yet effective that could have a material impact on the Registrants' financial position, results of operations or cash flows upon adoption.

Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Registrants are confronted with issues or events that may result in a contingent liability. These generally relate to lawsuits or claims made by third parties, including governmental agencies. When appropriate, management consults with legal counsel and other experts to assess the claim. If, in management's opinion, the Registrants have incurred a probable loss as set forth by GAAP, an estimate is made of the loss, and the appropriate accounting entries are reflected in the financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potential loss is not probable but reasonably possible, the nature of the contingent matter, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss, if determinable and material, would be disclosed. At the present time, based on currently available information, the Registrants believe that any reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued amounts arising out of pending or threatened lawsuits or claims would not be quantitatively material to their financial statements and would not have a material adverse effect on their financial position, results of operations or cash flows. See Notes 13 and 14 within "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and "Item 3. Legal Proceedings" for further discussion of the Registrants' commitments and contingencies.

Environmental Laws and Regulations

The activities of OG&E are subject to numerous stringent and complex federal, state and local laws and regulations governing environmental protection. These laws and regulations can change, restrict or otherwise impact the Registrants' business activities in many ways, including the handling or disposal of waste material, planning for future construction activities to avoid or mitigate harm to threatened or endangered species and requiring the installation and operation of emissions or pollution control equipment. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of remedial requirements and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Management believes that all of the Registrants' operations are in substantial compliance with current federal, state and local environmental standards.

Changes in presidential administrations can result in uncertainty regarding policy or initiatives relating to activities that may affect the environment. The Registrants cannot assure that future events, such as changes in existing laws, the promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the development or discovery of new facts or conditions will not cause them to incur significant costs.

Environmental regulation can increase the cost of planning, design, initial installation and operation of OG&E's facilities. Management continues to evaluate its compliance with existing and proposed environmental legislation and regulations and implement appropriate environmental programs in a competitive market.

Air

OG&E's operations are subject to the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, and comparable state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations regulate emissions of air pollutants from various industrial sources, including electric generating units and also impose various monitoring and reporting requirements. Such laws and regulations may require that OG&E obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce air emissions or result in the increase of existing air emissions, obtain and strictly comply with air permits containing various emissions and operational limitations or install emission control equipment. OG&E likely will be required to incur certain capital expenditures in the future for air pollution control equipment and technology in connection with obtaining and maintaining operating permits and approvals for air emissions.

Cross State Air Pollution Rule

The EPA revised the NAAQS for ozone in 2015. Although Oklahoma complies with the revised standard, the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, requires states to submit to the EPA for approval a SIP to prohibit in-state sources from contributing significantly to nonattainment of the NAAQS in another state. On October 28, 2018, Oklahoma submitted its SIP to the EPA related to these "Good Neighbor" requirements. On January 31, 2023, the EPA disapproved the SIPs of 19 states, including Oklahoma. On March 2, 2023, the Oklahoma Attorney General and the ODEQ jointly filed a Petition for Review of the SIP disapproval in the Tenth Circuit. On March 16, 2023, OG&E filed a Petition for Review of the SIP disapproval in the Tenth Circuit. On June 6, 2023, OG&E, together with the Oklahoma Attorney General and other parties, jointly filed a motion with the Tenth Circuit requesting a stay of the EPA’s disapproval of the Oklahoma SIP; the stay was granted on July 27, 2023. On February 27, 2024, the Tenth Circuit issued a decision to transfer venue to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and vacated oral argument originally scheduled for March 21, 2024 but did not vacate the stay it granted. On March 28, 2024, the Oklahoma Attorney General, on behalf of the parties noted above, petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Tenth Circuit’s decision to transfer the SIP disapproval cases to the D.C. Circuit, and on April 24, 2024, the D.C. Circuit ordered that the cases be held in abeyance pending action by the U.S. Supreme Court. On October 21, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court granted review of the Tenth Circuit’s venue decision. On November 6, 2024, the D.C. Circuit ordered that the cases remain in abeyance pending the U.S. Supreme Court’s review of the Clean Air Act’s venue provision. Briefing is ongoing at the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 24, 2025, the EPA asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hold the briefing schedule in abeyance because the EPA’s acting administrator has determined that the agency should reassess the basis for and soundness of the underlying disapproval action. However, on February 6, 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the EPA's motion to hold the case in abeyance. Oral argument at the U.S. Supreme Court is set to be scheduled for March 2025. The timing of a U.S. Supreme Court decision or further action at the D.C. Circuit is unknown.

In a separate but related matter, on April 6, 2022, the EPA also published a proposed FIP related to the "Good Neighbor" requirements intended to reduce interstate NOX emissions contributions. OG&E filed comments to the proposed FIP with the EPA on June 21, 2022. On June 5, 2023, the EPA published a final FIP for 23 states, including Oklahoma. The issuance of the FIP resulted from the EPA's aforementioned SIP disapprovals. Among other changes, the EPA finalized a revision of the current Oklahoma NOX emissions budget for electric generating units, including OG&E's units, which began in 2023. Under the terms of the FIP, the emissions budget will decline over time based on the level of reductions that the EPA has determined is achievable through particular emissions controls. OG&E’s analysis indicates that Oklahoma’s state budget for 2026 will be reduced by 34.5 percent from 2023 levels and that for 2027 it will be reduced by 50 percent from 2021 levels. In October 2023, several state and industry petitioners filed emergency applications for a stay of the EPA’s Good Neighbor FIP in the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 27, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court granted the emergency applications and stayed the EPA's final FIP, pending review of petitioners' challenges in the D.C. Circuit Court. On February 6, 2025, the EPA requested that the D.C. Circuit Court not issue an opinion and place the case in abeyance for 60 days in order for the new EPA leadership to determine how they want to proceed in the litigation.

In light of the issuance of the FIP, OG&E has been evaluating various control strategies to reduce emissions at its generating units, which can range from some combination of purchase of emission allowances, installation of selective catalytic reduction controls, conversion of coal-fired units to gas-fired units or retirement and replacement of capacity. OG&E submitted its final 2024 IRP to the OCC and APSC on March 29, 2024. The IRP evaluates various potential compliance options related to the EPA's Good Neighbor FIP. Due to the uncertainty relating to the disapproval of the SIP and implementation of the FIP, OG&E cannot determine the cost to comply with certainty, as such costs are dependent upon the timing and outcome of the litigation discussed above, the particular control strategies ultimately selected for each unit, the terms and timing of regulatory approvals required from the OCC and APSC and the time period necessary to complete the projects. However, OG&E preliminarily estimates that the cost of compliance with the FIP as issued could be approximately $2.4 billion to $2.8 billion in total, including $100 million to $300 million over the 12- to 18-month period following effectiveness of the FIP. OG&E expects that it would seek recovery of any necessary environmental expenditures to address state and federally mandated environmental upgrades, but there is no guarantee that all of such expenditures will be approved for recovery or will be approved for recovery on a timely basis.

New Source Performance Standards

On December 13, 2024, the EPA published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would revise the new source performance standards regulating NOx and SO2 emissions from new, modified, and reconstructed stationary combustion turbines. The EPA is proposing more stringent NOx emissions standards and to retain the existing SO2 standards. The deadline to submit comments on the Proposed Rule is March 13, 2025. It is unknown what potential material impacts, if any, there will be from any final action by the EPA.

Particulate Matter NAAQS

On February 7, 2024, the EPA issued a final rule resulting from its reconsideration of the primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) NAAQS for PM, which were set in 2013 and which the EPA declined to revise in 2020. The final rule lowers the primary annual PM2.5 NAAQS from 12.0 µg/m3 to 9.0 µg/m3 and retains the other PM standards at their current levels, including the 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. The EPA will determine which areas of the country meet the standards, such as making initial attainment and nonattainment designations, no later than two years after new standards are issued. States must develop and submit attainment plans no later than 18 months after the EPA finalizes nonattainment designations.

The final rule was published in the Federal Register on March 6, 2024. Litigation on the final rule is proceeding in the D.C. Circuit. A coalition of 24 states, including Oklahoma, filed challenges to the final rule, and a separate coalition of states and other stakeholders filed to intervene in these challenges on behalf of the EPA. A coalition of 22 state governors separately requested the EPA to pause implementation of the final rule.

The revised NAAQS could impact regional air quality goals and emission limits for emission sources; however, it is unknown at this time what, if any, potential material impacts to OG&E individual operating permit emission limits will result from the EPA actions.

Regional Haze

In July 2020, the ODEQ notified OG&E that the Horseshoe Lake generating units would be included in Oklahoma's second Regional Haze implementation period evaluation of visibility impairment impacts to the Wichita Mountains. OG&E submitted an analysis of all potential control measures for NOx on these units to the ODEQ. The ODEQ submitted a revised SIP to the EPA on August 12, 2022. On June 28, 2024, the EPA entered into a consent decree which requires the EPA to propose action on the Oklahoma SIP no later than December 31, 2025 and take final action no later than December 31, 2026. It is unknown at this time what the outcome, or any potential material impacts, if any, will be from the evaluations by OG&E, the ODEQ and the EPA.

Mercury and Air Toxics Standards

On April 25, 2024, the EPA released the final revised Mercury and Air Toxics Standards regulation with a compliance date in May 2027. On May 8, 2024, a coalition of states, including Oklahoma, filed a challenge to the final rule in the D.C. Circuit Court and on June 7, 2024 filed a motion to stay the final rule which was ultimately denied. Subsequently, this coalition of states filed an emergency stay application with the U.S. Supreme Court on August 16, 2024. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the applications on October 4, 2024. It is unknown what potential material impacts, if any, will be from the final action by the EPA.

Greenhouse Gas

OG&E monitors possible changes in legal standards for emissions of greenhouse gases, including CO2, sulfur hexafluoride and methane. As discussed below, recently promulgated federal rules under the Biden Administration will potentially impose requirements on fossil fuel assets, but the Trump Administration is evaluating energy-related regulations impacting reliability and affordability. If these recently promulgated rules are implemented and enforced as currently written or if legislation or regulations are passed at the federal or state levels in the future requiring mandatory reductions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases at OG&E's facilities, this could result in significant additional compliance costs that would affect OG&E's future financial position, results of operations and cash flows if such costs are not recovered through regulated rates.

On May 9, 2024, the EPA published its final rule addressing emission guidelines under Section 111(d) for existing fossil fuel fired steam units, including both coal-fired and oil/gas-fired steam units, and revising performance standards under Section 111(b) for new gas turbines. Unlike the proposed rules, the final rules do not address existing simple and combined-cycle combustion turbine units which are now addressed in a separate rulemaking with proposed rules expected later in the first quarter of 2025.

Under Section 111(d), existing coal units will be required to use carbon capture covering 90 percent of emissions by 2032 if they plan to operate beyond 2039. If the coal units plan to operate until 2039, they must co-fire with natural gas at 40 percent by 2030. Coal plants that commit to retire by 2032 are exempt and may continue to operate as is. Subject to litigation, compliance decisions must be submitted to the state for inclusion in the SIP, which is due to the EPA in May 2026.

The EPA also addressed existing natural gas-fired boilers under Section 111(d) with emissions rates based on a unit’s annual capacity factor. OG&E’s existing gas boilers currently meet the new requirements and therefore no additional compliance steps beyond reporting are expected.

Under Section 111(b), the EPA finalized standards for new natural gas-fired turbines commencing construction after May 23, 2023, using capacity factor thresholds to differentiate among new units establishing three subcategories: baseload, intermediate load, and low load. All three categories are subject to efficiency standards. Baseload units, those with a capacity factor greater than 40 percent, are also subject to a phase two requirement based on 90 percent capture of CO2 with a compliance deadline of January 1, 2032.

Significant litigation is underway, including a challenge by OG&E and a multi-state challenge joined by Oklahoma. Briefing in this challenge has begun in the D.C. Circuit.

On May 24, 2024, several groups of petitioners, including OG&E, which joined with Edison Electric Institute and three other declarants, filed motions for stay of the rule at the D.C. Circuit. The Court consolidated these motions and on July 19, 2024, denied all stay requests. On July 29, 2024, OG&E, jointly with Edison Electric Institute and another applicant, appealed the stay denial to the U.S. Supreme Court. Other industry and state petitioners, including Oklahoma, appealed the D.C. Circuit's stay denial to the U.S. Supreme Court as well. On October 16, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court denied the stay request. Petitioners can seek another stay from the U.S. Supreme Court in the event the D.C. Circuit rules against them. Oral argument was held before the D.C. Circuit on December 6, 2024; the timing of a decision is not known at this time. However, on February 5, 2025, the EPA requested that the D.C. Court not issue an opinion and place the case in abeyance for 60 days in order for the new EPA leadership to determine how they want to proceed in the litigation. It is unknown what the outcome of the litigation will be, or potential material impacts, if any, it will have on these new emission standards and guidelines, but the Registrants continue to plan for compliance and, if the new emission standards and guidelines are implemented as adopted, such compliance costs would be material.

As a member of the SPP Integrated Marketplace, OG&E customers have access to clean energy resources while maintaining reliability and affordability. With respect to its calendar year 2024 direct emissions, compared to 2005 levels, OG&E has reduced CO2 emissions by approximately 60 percent, emissions of ozone-forming NOx have been reduced by approximately 80 percent, and emissions of SO2 have been reduced by approximately 95 percent. Direct emission reductions are due to factors such as OG&E’s conversion of certain coal units to natural gas units, its participation in the SPP integrated market, and its active engagement with customers in OG&E’s SmartHours and Load Reduction Programs which helps reduce the amount of generation required to serve peak demand. OG&E is also planning to deploy more renewable energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases. OG&E has leveraged its geographic position to develop and access renewable energy resources and completed transmission investments to deliver the renewable energy.

Endangered Species

Certain federal laws, including the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Endangered Species Act, provide special protection to certain designated species. These laws and any state equivalents provide for significant civil and criminal penalties for unpermitted activities that result in harm to or harassment of certain protected animals and plants, including damage to their habitats. If such species are located in an area in which OG&E conducts operations, or if additional species in those areas become subject to protection, OG&E's operations and development projects, particularly transmission, wind or solar projects, could be restricted or delayed, or OG&E could be required to implement expensive mitigation measures.

In September 2022, the USFWS published a proposal to list the Tricolored Bat as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. According to the proposal, the current known range of the Tricolored Bat extends to 36 states, including Oklahoma and Arkansas. A listing decision was expected by September 2024, however, to date no listing decision has been issued. OG&E is closely monitoring this issue due to possible future impacts; however, it is unknown at this time what, if any, material impacts will result from the USFWS action.

Waste

OG&E's operations generate wastes that are subject to the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 as well as comparable state laws which impose detailed requirements for the handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste.

During 2024, approximately 95 percent of the ash from OG&E's River Valley, Muskogee and Sooner facilities was recovered and reused off-site in various ways, including soil stabilization, landfill cover, road base construction and cement and concrete production. Reusing fly ash reduces the need to manufacture cement resulting in reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from cement and concrete production. Based on estimates from the American Coal Ash Association, OG&E fly ash reuse helped avoid over approximately 4 million tons of CO2 emissions in the last 16 years.

OG&E has sought and will continue to seek pollution prevention opportunities and to evaluate the effectiveness of its waste reduction, reuse and recycling efforts. In 2024, OG&E obtained refunds of $2.5 million from the recycling of scrap metal, salvaged transformers and used transformer oil. This figure does not include the additional savings gained through the reduction and/or avoidance of disposal costs and the reduction in material purchases due to the reuse of existing materials. Similar savings are anticipated in future years.

Water

OG&E's operations are subject to the Federal Clean Water Act and comparable state laws and regulations. These laws and regulations impose detailed requirements and strict controls regarding the discharge of pollutants into state and federal waters.

In 2015, the EPA issued a final rule addressing the effluent limitation guidelines for power plants under the Federal Clean Water Act. The final rule establishes technology- and performance-based standards that may apply to discharges of six waste streams including bottom ash transport water. In April 2017, the EPA granted a Petition for Reconsideration of the 2015 Rule. On April 25, 2024, the EPA released the final supplemental effluent limitations guidelines rule. OG&E has completed installation of dry bottom ash handling technology at an affected facility and is evaluating options at another affected facility to comply with the final rule by the December 31, 2029 compliance date.

Since the purchase of the Redbud facility in 2008, OG&E made investments in the infrastructure that have led to OG&E's average use of approximately 2.4 billion gallons per year of treated municipal effluent for cooling water at Redbud and McClain. This use of treated municipal effluent offsets the need for fresh water as cooling water, making fresh water available for other beneficial uses like drinking water, irrigation and recreation.

Site Remediation

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons responsible for the release of hazardous substances into the environment. Because OG&E utilizes various products and generates wastes that are considered hazardous substances for purposes of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, OG&E could be subject to liability for the costs of cleaning up and restoring sites where those substances have been released to the environment. At this time, it is not anticipated that any associated liability will cause a significant impact to OG&E.

Market risks are, in most cases, risks that are actively traded in a marketplace and have been well studied in regards to quantification. Market risks include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rates and commodity prices. The Registrants' exposure to changes in interest rates relates primarily to variable-rate debt, commercial paper and future long-term debt issuances. The

Registrants are exposed to commodity prices in their operations to the extent any fuel price changes are not recovered in customer rates.

Risk Oversight Committee

The Registrants manage market risks using a risk committee structure. OGE Energy's Risk Oversight Committee, which consists of the Chief Financial Officer, other corporate officers and members of management, is responsible for the overall development, implementation and enforcement of strategies and policies for all significant risk management activities of the Registrants. In 2024, this committee and the Registrants' management applied a holistic perspective of risk assessment and application of its strategies and policies to manage the Registrants' overall financial performance. The Chief Financial Officer, acting in his role as the principal financial officer and as a member of the Risk Oversight Committee, reports periodically to the Audit Committee of OGE Energy's Board of Directors on the Registrants' risk profile affecting anticipated financial results, including any significant risk issues. The Audit Committee updates the Board of Directors regarding the company's risk management practices and the steps management has taken to monitor and control applicable risks.

Risk Policies

Management utilizes risk policies to control the amount of market risk exposure. These policies are designed to provide the Audit Committee of OGE Energy's Board of Directors and senior executives of the Registrants with confidence that the risks taken on by the Registrants' business activities are in accordance with their expectations for financial returns and that the approved policies and controls related to market risk management are being followed.

Interest Rate Risk

The Registrants' exposure to changes in interest rates primarily relates to variable-rate debt and commercial paper. The Registrants manage their interest rate exposure by monitoring and limiting the effects of market changes in interest rates. The Registrants may utilize interest rate derivatives to alter interest rate exposure in an attempt to reduce the effects of these changes. Interest rate derivatives would be used solely to modify interest rate exposure and not to modify the overall leverage of the debt portfolio, but the Registrants have no intent at this time to utilize interest rate derivatives.

The fair value of the Registrants' long-term debt is based on quoted market prices and estimates of current rates available for similar issues with similar maturities or by calculating the net present value of the monthly payments discounted by the Registrants' current borrowing rate. The following table presents the Registrants' long-term debt maturities and the weighted-average interest rates by maturity date.

(A) Prior to or when these debt obligations mature, the Registrants may refinance all or a portion of such debt at then-existing market interest rates which may be more or less than the interest rates on the maturing debt.

(B) A hypothetical change of 100 basis points in the underlying variable interest rate incurred by OG&E would change interest expense by $1.4 million annually.

The Registrants maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Registrants in reports that they file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. In addition, the disclosure controls and procedures ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, allowing timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of the end of the period covered by this report, based on an evaluation carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Registrants' management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the Registrants' disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), the chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that the Registrants' disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

No change in the Registrants' internal control over financial reporting has occurred during the most recently completed fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrants' internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).

Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of the Registrants is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Registrants' internal control systems were designed to provide reasonable assurance to management and OGE Energy's Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

The Registrants' management assessed the effectiveness of their internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, we believe that, as of December 31, 2024, the Registrants' internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

The Registrants' independent auditors have issued an attestation report on the Registrants' internal control over financial reporting. This report appears on the following page.

106

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of OGE Energy Corp.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited OGE Energy Corp.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, OGE Energy Corp. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of capitalization of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 18, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

February 18, 2025

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholder and the Board of Directors of Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the balance sheets and statements of capitalization of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in stockholder’s equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 18, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

February 18, 2025