Kaiser Aluminum Corp: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements which constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements appear throughout this Report and can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “estimates,” “will,” “should,” “plans” or “anticipates,” or the negative of the foregoing or other variations of comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy. Readers are cautioned that any such forward‑looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve significant risks and uncertainties and that actual results may vary from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. These factors include: (i) the effectiveness of management’s strategies and decisions, including strategic investments, capital spending strategies, cost reduction initiatives, sourcing strategies, processes and countermeasures implemented to address operational and supply chain challenges and the execution of those strategies; (ii) the execution and timing of strategic investments; (iii) general economic and business conditions, including the impact of geopolitical factors and governmental and other actions taken in response, cyclicality, reshoring, labor challenges, supply interruptions, customer disruptions, customer inventory imbalances and supply chain issues, and other conditions that impact demand drivers in the Aero/HS Products, Packaging, GE Products, and Automotive Extrusions end markets we serve; (iv) our ability to participate in mature and anticipated new automotive programs expected to launch in the future and successfully launch new automotive programs; (v) changes or shifts in defense spending due to competing national priorities; (vi) pricing, market conditions and our ability to effectively execute commercial and labor strategies, pass through cost increases, including the institution of surcharges, and flex costs in response to inflation, volatile commodity costs and changing economic conditions; (vii) developments in technology; (viii) the impact of our future earnings, cash flows, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors on our financial strength and flexibility; (ix) new or modified statutory or regulatory requirements; (x) the successful integration of acquired operations and technologies and (xi) stakeholders’, including regulators’ and customers’, views regarding our sustainability goals and initiatives and the impact of factors outside of our control on such goals and initiatives. This Item and Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, each identify other factors that could cause actual results to vary. No assurance can be given that these are all of the factors that could cause actual results to vary materially from the forward looking statements.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” of this Report and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Basis of Presentation

Effective January 1, 2025, we changed our inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. The impact of this change in accounting principle to both the current quarter and, as applied retrospectively, to the comparable quarter of the prior fiscal year is disclosed in Note 14 of the Form 10-Q. Prior period information provided in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis has been updated to reflect the retrospective application of the change in accounting principle.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This information contains certain non-GAAP financial measures. A non-GAAP financial measure is defined as a numerical measure of a company’s financial performance that excludes or includes amounts so as to be different than the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the statements of income, balance sheets or statements of cash flows of the company. We have provided a reconciliation of non‑GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measure in the accompanying tables. We have also provided discussion of the reasons we believe that presentation of the non-GAAP financial measures provides useful information to investors, as well as any additional ways in which we use the non-GAAP financial measures. The non-GAAP financial measures used in the following discussions are Conversion Revenue (defined as Net sales less the Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal, see below in “Metal Pricing Policies” discussion), Adjusted EBITDA and ratios related thereto. These measures are presented because management uses this information to monitor and evaluate financial results and trends and believes this information to also be useful for investors.

In the discussion of operating results below, we refer to certain items as “non-run-rate items.” For purposes of such discussion, non-run-rate items are items that, while they may recur from period-to-period: (i) are particularly material to results; (ii) affect costs primarily as a result of external market factors; and (iii) may not recur in future periods if the same level of underlying performance were to occur. Non-run-rate items are part of our business and operating environment but are worthy of being highlighted for the benefit of readers of our financial statements. Our intent is to allow users of the financial statements to consider our results both in light of and separately from such items. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net income, see below in “Results of Operations - Selected Operational and Financial Information.” Reconciliations of certain forward‑looking non-GAAP financial measures to comparable

GAAP measures are not provided because certain items required for such reconciliations are outside of our control and/or cannot be reasonably predicted or provided without unreasonable effort.

Metal Pricing Policies

A fundamental part of our business model is to remain neutral to the impact from fluctuations in the market price for aluminum and certain alloys, thereby earning profit predominantly from the conversion of aluminum into semi-fabricated mill products. We refer to this as “metal price neutrality.” We purchase primary, rolling ingot and scrap, or recycled, aluminum, our main raw material, and alloys at prices that fluctuate on a monthly basis, and our pricing policies generally allow us to pass the underlying index cost of aluminum and certain alloys through to our customers so that we remain neutral to metal pricing. However, for a small portion of our higher margin products sold on a spot basis, competitive dynamics may limit the amount and/or delay the timing of selling price increases to recover our increased aluminum and alloy costs, resulting in a lag up to several months during which we may be exposed to metal price risk. We may also enter into firm-price customer sales agreements that specify a firm underlying metal price plus a conversion price. Spot sales with lagged aluminum and alloy price pass through and firm-price sales agreements create price exposure for us, which we mitigate through hedging and related programs with an objective to remain metal price neutral. Additionally, we have certain contracts that may adjust certain alloy prices for a forward period based on an average prior period cost for such alloys. As a result, until the selling price resets, we can experience an adverse impact when alloy prices increase and a favorable impact when alloy prices decrease.

Our pricing policies and hedging program are intended to significantly reduce or eliminate the impact on our profitability of fluctuations in the underlying price of primary, rolling ingot and scrap, or recycled, aluminum, our main raw material, and certain alloys so that our earnings are predominantly associated with the conversion of aluminum to semi‑fabricated mill products. To allow users of our financial statements to consider the impact of aluminum and alloy cost on our Net sales, we disclose Net sales as well as Conversion Revenue, which is Net sales less the Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal. As used in this discussion, “Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal” is the cost of aluminum at the average MWTP plus the cost of alloying elements and any realized gains and/or losses on settled hedges related to the metal sold in the referenced period. The average MWTP of aluminum reflects the primary aluminum supply/demand dynamics in North America. For a reconciliation of Conversion Revenue to Net sales, see below in “Results of Operations - Selected Operational and Financial Information.”

Business Overview

We manufacture and sell semi-fabricated specialty aluminum mill products for the following end market applications: (i) Aero/HS Products; (ii) Packaging; (iii) GE Products; and (iv) Automotive Extrusions. Our fabricated aluminum mill products include flat-rolled (plate, sheet and coil), extruded (rod, bar, hollows and shapes), drawn (rod, bar, pipe, tube and wire) and certain cast aluminum products. The sophistication of our products is due to the metallurgy and physical properties of the metal and the special characteristics that are required for particular end uses. We strategically choose to serve technically challenging applications for which we can deploy our core metallurgical and process technology capabilities to produce highly engineered mill products with differentiated characteristics that present opportunities for us to receive premium pricing and to create long-term profitable growth.

With respect to the global market for flat-rolled aluminum mill products, our focus is on heat treat plate and sheet for applications that require higher strength and other desired product attributes that cannot be achieved by common alloy rolled products. The primary end market applications of flat-rolled heat treat plate and sheet, which are produced at Trentwood, are Aero/HS Products (which we sell globally) and GE Products (which we predominantly sell within North America). The primary end market application of bare and coated aluminum coil, which are produced at Warrick, is Packaging (which we sell in North America). Our Packaging products require demanding attributes and can be further processed to include coating and slitting depending on customer specifications.

In the areas of aluminum extrusions, we focus on demanding Aero/HS Products, GE Products, and Automotive Extrusions that require high strength, machinability or other specific properties where we can create and maintain a defensible competitive position because of our technical expertise, strong production capability and high product quality. Our 10 active extrusion/drawing facilities, nine of which are in the United States and one of which is in Canada, serve primarily North American demand for aerospace, general engineering, or automotive applications. Additionally, we have a facility in Columbia, New Jersey, that focuses on multi-material advanced manufacturing methods and techniques, which include multi-axis computer numerical control machining, additive manufacturing (“3D Printing”), welding and fabrication for demanding aerospace and defense, high technology, general industrial, and automotive applications. Our consolidated Net sales for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 totaled $777.4 million on approximately 275.6 million pounds shipped from our facilities. We employed approximately 3,900 people at March 31, 2025.

We have long-standing relationships with our customers, which consist primarily of blue-chip companies including leading aerospace and automotive manufacturers, tier one aerospace and automotive suppliers, food and beverage packaging manufacturers, and metal service centers. Approximately 70% of our shipments is sold direct to manufacturers or tier one suppliers and approximately 30% is sold to metal service centers. In our served markets, we seek to be the supplier of choice by pursuing “Best in Class” customer satisfaction driven by quality, availability, service and delivery performance. We believe we differentiate our product portfolio through our broad product offering and our KaiserSelect® products, which are engineered and manufactured to deliver enhanced product characteristics with improved consistency, so as to result in better performance, lower waste and, in many cases, lower production cost for our customers.

As part of the manufacturing process, we purchase primary, rolling ingot and scrap, or recycled, aluminum, our main raw material, and alloys at prices that fluctuate on a daily basis. We typically purchase scrap at a discount to the MWTP which can vary depending on market dynamics and availability. As a result, we can experience an adverse impact when scrap discounts decrease and a favorable impact when scrap discounts increase. Additionally, as our manufacturing process takes approximately one to four months to complete, depending on the complexity and additional fabrication processes required, and we value our inventory on a weighted average cost methodology, the weighted average cost of our inventory may lag the current metal selling cost. As such, our results may reflect a favorable impact when metal prices increase and adverse impact when metal prices decrease. We refer to this as Metal Price Lag, which can be influenced not only by the amount of change in price but also the volatility and timing of the change of metal prices during the reporting period.

Highlights for the quarter ended March 31, 2025:

• Net sales $777.4 million; Conversion Revenue $363.2 million;
• Net income $21.6 million; Net income per diluted share $1.31;
• Cash dividends and dividend equivalents of $0.77 per share or $12.9 million paid during the quarter ended March 31, 2025; and
• Transitioned from LIFO to WAC inventory valuation methodology.

Results of Operations

Consolidated Results of Operations

Net Sales. The following table sets forth, for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, shipments (in millions of pounds) and Net sales (in millions of dollars) by end market applications and the respective fluctuations.

The increase in Net sales reflected an increase in the average realized sales price per pound of $0.29 (11%), partially offset by a 15.4 million pound (5%) decrease in shipment volume.

COGS. COGS for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 totaled $673.4 million, or 87% of Net sales, compared to $651.3 million, or 88% of Net sales, for the quarter ended March 31, 2024. The increase reflected the following (in millions of dollars):

1. Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 14 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for further discussion.

Of the $43.6 million increase in Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal, $63.1 million was due to an increase in hedged metal prices (see above in our “Net Sales” discussion for further details), partially offset by a $19.5 million decrease in shipment volume. The $20.8 million decrease in manufacturing cost was due to lower metal costs partially offset by higher energy prices and employee and employee-related costs for hourly personnel. The $2.1 million increase in plant overhead was due to higher employee and employee-related costs for salaried operational personnel. The $1.5 million decrease in freight costs was primarily due to favorable shipping rates and lower shipment volume. For a further discussion of the comparative results of operations for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, see below in “Selected Operational and Financial Information.”

Selling, General, Administrative, Research and Development (“SG&A and R&D”). SG&A and R&D expense totaled $30.8 million and $32.6 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively. The decrease reflected the following (in millions of dollars):

The $1.7 million decrease in other selling, general and administrative costs was primarily due to a decrease in legal fees.

Restructuring Costs. Restructuring costs of $1.8 million and $0.1 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively, were related to our restructuring plans. See Note 4 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for further information regarding the restructuring plans.

Other Operating Charges, Net. We had no Other operating charges for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Other operating charges of $0.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 represented an impairment charge on land classified as held for sale during the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

Interest Expense. See Note 6 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for a discussion of our debt and credit facilities that were in effect during the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 and interest expense capitalized as part of construction in progress.

Other (Expense) Income, Net. See Note 9 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for details.

Income Tax Provision. See Note 10 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for disclosure regarding our income tax provision.

Selected Operational and Financial Information

The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” of this Report. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of those for a full year.

The table below provides selected operational and financial information (in millions of dollars):

1. Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 14 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for further discussion.

2. Non-run-rate environmental expenses are related to legacy contingencies from activities at operating facilities prior to July 6, 2006. See Note 7 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for additional information relating to the environmental expenses.

3. Adjusted EBITDA includes favorable Metal Price Lag of $21.1 million and $5.4 million for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 was $19.4 million higher than Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter ended March 31, 2024. Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 was impacted by: (i) improved product mix and pricing; (ii) favorable metal costs; and (iii) reduced overhead costs. This was partially offset by: (i) higher energy costs; and (ii) higher employee and employee-related costs. See above in “Consolidated Results of Operations” for further details.

The following table provides our shipment and Conversion Revenue information (in millions of dollars, except shipments and Conversion Revenue per pound) by end market applications:

1. Hedged Cost of Alloyed Metal for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 included $418.8 million and $367.1 million, respectively, reflecting the cost of aluminum at the average MWTP and the cost of certain alloys used in the production process, as well as metal price exposure on shipments that we hedged with realized gains upon settlement of $4.6 million and realized losses upon settlement of $3.5 million in the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively, all of which were included within both Net sales and COGS in our Statements of Consolidated Income. See Note 5 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for the total realized (gain) loss on aluminum hedges for which we hedged the metal price exposure externally.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Summary

The following table summarizes our liquidity (in millions of dollars):

1. Borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility was determined by a borrowing base calculated as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

We place our cash in bank deposits with high credit quality financial institutions. See Note 12 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for information regarding restricted cash at March 31, 2025.

We had no outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility as of March 31, 2025, after repaying borrowings of $42.5 million incurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2025, and no borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2024. See below in “Sources of Liquidity” for a further discussion of subsequent borrowing activity. See Note 6 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities (in millions of dollars):

1. Adjusted to reflect the retrospective change in inventory valuation methodology from LIFO to WAC. See Note 14 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for further discussion.

Cash provided by operating activities for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 reflected results of business activity described above in our “Consolidated Results of Operations” discussion, as well as the following working capital changes: (i) an increase in trade and other receivables of $48.0 million, primarily due to increased metal prices; (ii) a decrease in accrued liabilities of $14.3 million, primarily due to timing; (iii) an increase in accounts payable of $20.3 million, primarily due to the timing of payments and higher metal cost; (iv) a decrease in inventory of $29.5 million, primarily due to our continued focus on inventory management; and (v) a decrease in contract assets of $5.5 million, primarily due to the timing of customer shipments.

Cash provided by operating activities for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 reflected results of business activity described above in our “Consolidated Results of Operations” discussion, as well as the following working capital changes: (i) an increase in accounts payable of $18.6 million, primarily due to the timing of payments and higher metal cost; (ii) an increase in trade and other receivables of $15.1 million and contract assets of $4.5 million, primarily due to timing of customer shipments; (iii) a decrease in inventory of $12.8 million due to our continued focus on inventory management; and (iv) a decrease in accrued liabilities of $5.2 million.

See Statements of Consolidated Cash Flows included in this Report for further details on our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024.

Sources of Liquidity

Our most significant sources of liquidity include available cash and cash equivalents, borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, and funds generated from operations. We believe we have sufficient liquidity to fund our operations and meet our short-term and long-term obligations.

Our Revolving Credit Facility and Senior Notes have covenants that, we believe, allow us to operate our business with limited restrictions and significant flexibility for the foreseeable future. We do not believe that the covenants contained in the Revolving Credit Facility are reasonably likely to limit our ability to raise additional debt or equity should we choose to do so during the next 12 months, nor do we believe it is likely that during the next 12 months we will trigger the availability threshold that would require measuring and maintaining a fixed charge coverage ratio.

At April 21, 2025, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a description of our Revolving Credit Facility.

We engage in certain customer-based supply chain financing programs to accelerate the receipt of payment for outstanding accounts receivable from certain customers. Costs of these programs are typically reimbursed to us by the customer. Receivables transferred under these customer-based supply chain financing programs generally meet the requirements to be accounted for as sales resulting in the derecognition of such receivables from our consolidated balance sheets. Receivables involved with these customer‑based supply chain finance programs for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 constituted approximately 35% of our Net sales. See Note 9 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for further details with respect to these supply chain financing programs.

Material Cash Requirements

See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for mandatory principal and cash interest payments on the outstanding borrowings.

We do not believe that covenants in the indentures governing the Senior Notes are reasonably likely to limit our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing should we choose to do so during the next 12 months.

Except as otherwise disclosed in this Report, there has been no material change in our material cash requirements from significant contractual obligations, commercial commitments, or off-balance sheet arrangements other than in the ordinary course of business since December 31, 2024.

Capital Expenditures and Investments

We strive to strengthen our competitive position across our end markets through strategic capital investment. Significant investments over the past decade have positioned us well with increased capacity and expanded manufacturing capabilities while more recent capital projects have focused on further enhancing manufacturing cost efficiency, improving product quality and promoting operational security, which we believe are critical to maintaining and strengthening our position in an increasingly competitive market environment. A significant portion of our capital spending over the past several years related to the modernization project at Trentwood, which focused on equipment upgrades throughout the process flow to reduce conversion costs, increase efficiency, and further improve our competitive cost position on all products produced at Trentwood. In addition, a significant portion of the investment also focused on modernizing legacy equipment and the process flow for thin gauge plate to achieve KaiserSelect® quality enhancements for these Aero/HS Products and GE Products. These improvements have allowed us to gain incremental manufacturing capacity to enable future sales growth. We continue spending on our previously announced capital project to add a fourth coating line at Warrick to increase our capacity for higher margin coated packaging product.

Our capital investment plans remain focused on supporting demand growth through capacity expansion, sustaining our operations, enhancing product quality and increasing operating efficiencies. We anticipate total capital spending in 2025 of approximately $120.0 million to $130.0 million. We expect to continue to deploy capital thoughtfully so that investment decisions align with demand expectations in order to maximize the earnings potential of the business and maintain financial strength and flexibility.

Capital investments will be funded using cash generated from operations, available cash and cash equivalents, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and/or other third-party financing arrangements. The level of anticipated capital expenditures may be adjusted from time to time depending on our business plans, our price outlook for fabricated aluminum products, our ability to maintain adequate liquidity, and other factors. No assurance can be provided as to the timing of any such expenditures or the operational benefits expected therefrom.

Dividends

We have consistently paid a quarterly cash dividend since the second quarter of 2007 to holders of our common stock, including holders of restricted stock. Nevertheless, as in the past, the future declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial and operating results, including the availability of surplus and/or net profits, liquidity position, anticipated cash requirements and contractual restrictions under our Revolving Credit Facility, the indentures for our Senior Notes or other indebtedness we may incur in the future. We can give no assurance that dividends will be declared and paid in the future.

We also pay quarterly dividend equivalents to the holders of certain restricted stock units. Holders of performance shares are not paid a quarterly dividend equivalent, but instead are entitled to receive, in connection with the issuance of underlying shares of common stock for performance shares that ultimately vest, a one-time payment equal to the dividends such holders would have received if the number of such shares of common stock so issued had been held of record by such holders from the date of grant of such performance shares through the date of such issuance.

See our Statements of Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity and Note 15 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for information regarding dividends paid during the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, and declared subsequent to March 31, 2025.

Repurchases of Common Stock

We suspended share repurchases as of March 2020. We will continue to assess share repurchases as a part of our capital allocation priorities and strategic investment opportunities identified to support further growth in our business. At March 31, 2025, $93.1 million remained authorized and available for future repurchases of common stock under our stock repurchase program.

See our Statements of Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity included in this Report for information regarding minimum statutory tax withholding obligations arising during the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 in connection with the vesting of non‑vested shares, restricted stock units, and performance shares.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, management reviews the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates and such differences could be material.

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. We discuss our critical accounting estimates in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting estimates and policies since December 31, 2024.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 1 of our Interim Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Availability of Information

We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements, any amendments to those reports and statements and other information with the SEC. You may obtain the documents that we file electronically from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Our filings with the SEC are made available free of charge on our website at http://www.kaiseraluminum.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish the materials with the SEC. News releases, announcements of upcoming earnings calls and events in which our management participates or hosts with members of the investment community and an archive of webcasts of such earnings calls and investor events and related investor presentations, are also available on our website. Information on our website is not incorporated into this Form 10-Q unless expressly noted.

The following quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk should be read in conjunction with Note 5 and Note 8 of Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report. Our operating results are sensitive to changes in the prices of primary aluminum, certain alloying metals, natural gas, electricity, and foreign currency, and also depend to a significant degree upon the volume and mix of products sold to customers. We have historically utilized hedging transactions to lock in a specified price or range of prices for certain products which we sell or consume in our production process, and to mitigate our exposure to changes in energy prices.

Aluminum

During the quarters ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, settlements of derivative contracts were for 27.2 million pounds and 39.9 million pounds, respectively, of hedged shipments sold on pricing terms that created aluminum price risk for us. At March 31, 2025, we had derivative contracts with respect to approximately 47.7 million and 2.3 million pounds to hedge sales to be made in the remainder of 2025 and 2026, respectively, on pricing terms that create aluminum price risk for us.

Based on the aluminum derivative positions held by us to hedge firm-price customer sales agreements, we estimate that a $0.10/lb decrease in the LME market price of aluminum as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $5.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our aluminum derivative positions. Additionally, we estimate that a $0.05/lb decrease in the Midwest premium for aluminum as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $2.3 million and $2.0 million, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our aluminum derivative positions.

Alloying Metals

We are exposed to the risk of fluctuating prices of certain alloying metals, especially copper, zinc, and magnesium, to the extent that changes in their prices do not highly correlate with price changes for aluminum. Copper, zinc, magnesium, and certain other metals are used in our remelt operations to cast rolling ingot and extrusion billet with the proper chemistry for our products. From time to time, we enter into forward contract swaps and/or physical delivery commitments with third parties to mitigate our risk from fluctuations in the prices of these alloys. As of March 31, 2025, we had forward swap contracts with settlement dates designed to align with the timing of scheduled purchases of zinc and copper by our manufacturing facilities. We estimate that a $0.10/lb decrease in the market price of zinc and copper as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, with all other variables held constant, would have resulted in an unrealized mark‑to‑market loss of $0.7 million and $0.9 million, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our zinc and copper derivative positions.

Energy

We are exposed to the risk of fluctuating prices for natural gas and electricity. We, from time to time, in the ordinary course of business, enter into hedging transactions and/or firm-price physical delivery commitments with third parties to mitigate our risk from fluctuations in natural gas and electricity prices. We estimate that a $1.00 per mmbtu decrease in natural gas prices would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $2.7 million and $2.8 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our natural gas derivative positions. We had no outstanding electricity derivative positions as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Foreign Currency

As of March 31, 2025, we hedged the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to certain lease transactions and equipment purchases denominated in Euros and British Pounds using forward swap contracts with settlement dates through July 2027. We estimate that a 10% decrease in the exchange rate of our hedged foreign currencies to U.S. dollars would have resulted in an unrealized mark-to-market loss of $0.6 million and $0.8 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with corresponding changes to the net fair value of our foreign currency derivative positions.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures was performed as of the end of the period covered by this Report under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2025 at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. We had no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Reference is made to Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for information concerning risk factors. There have been no material changes in risk factors since December 31, 2024.