Investcorp Credit Management BDC, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

Some of the statements in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements, which relate to future events or our future performance or financial condition. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control and difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements, including without limitation the risks, uncertainties and other factors we identify in “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in our most recent Transition Report on Form 10-KT under Part I, Item 1A, and in our other filings with the SEC that we make from time to time. The forward-looking statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q involve risks and uncertainties, and include statements regarding the following, without limitation:

• our, or our portfolio companies’, future business, operations, operating results or prospects;
• our business prospects and the prospects of our portfolio companies;
• the return or impact of current and future investments;
• the impact of global health pandemics, such as the coronavirus pandemic or other large scale events, on our portfolio companies’ business and the global economy;
• our contractual arrangements and relationships with Investcorp and its affiliates;
• our contractual arrangements and relationships with lenders and other third parties;
• actual and potential conflicts of interest with the Adviser (as defined below);
• the dependence of our future success on the general economy, interest rates and the effects of each on the industries in which we invest;
• the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on our business;
• the elevating levels of inflation and its impact on our investment activities and the industries in which we invest;
• the ability of our portfolio companies to achieve their objectives or service their debt obligations to us;
• the use of borrowed money to finance a portion of our investments;
• the adequacy of our financing sources and working capital;
• the timing of cash flows, if any, from the operations of our portfolio companies;
• the ability of the Adviser to locate suitable investments for us and to monitor and administer our investments;
• the ability of the Adviser to attract and retain highly talented professionals;
• our ability to qualify and maintain our qualification as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and as a business development company (“BDC");
• our ability to obtain exemptive relief from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”);
• the effect of changes to tax legislation and our tax position and other legislative and regulatory changes; and
• the effect of new or modified laws or regulations governing our operations.

Such forward-looking statements may include statements preceded by, followed by or that otherwise include the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “intend,” “should,” “could,” “can,” “would,” “expect,” “believe,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “predict,” “potential,” “plan” or similar words.

We have based the forward-looking statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q on information available to us on the date of filing of this report. Although we believe that the assumptions on which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, actual results and/or events could differ materially from those anticipated in our forward-looking statements, and future results could differ materially from historical performance. Important assumptions include, without limitation, our ability to originate new loans and investments, borrowing costs and levels of profitability and the availability of additional capital. In light of these and other uncertainties, the inclusion of a projection or forward-looking statement in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by law or U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules or regulations. You are advised to consult any additional disclosures that we may make directly to you or through reports that we file from time to time with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K.

Overview

Investcorp Credit Management BDC, Inc. (“ICMB,” the “Company”, “us”, “we” or “our”), a Maryland corporation formed in May 2013, is a closed-end, externally managed, non-diversified management investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. In addition, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we have elected to be treated and intend to continue to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. On August 30, 2019, we changed our name from CM Finance Inc. to Investcorp Credit Management BDC, Inc. On September 18, 2024, the Company changed its fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31.

Our primary investment objective is to maximize total return to stockholders in the form of current income and capital appreciation by investing directly in debt and related equity of privately held middle market companies to help these companies fund acquisitions, growth or refinancing. We invest primarily in middle-market companies in the form of standalone first and second lien loans, unitranche loans and mezzanine loans. We may also invest in unsecured debt, bonds and in the equity of portfolio companies through warrants and other instruments.

CM Investment Partners LLC (the “Adviser”) serves as our investment adviser. On August 30, 2019, Investcorp Credit Management US LLC (“Investcorp”) acquired an approximate 76% ownership interest in the Adviser through the acquisition of the interests held by Stifel Venture Corp. (“Stifel”) and certain funds managed by Cyrus Capital and through a direct purchase of equity from the Adviser. On August 31, 2023, Investcorp acquired approximately an additional 7% ownership interest in the Adviser. On December 12, 2024, Investcorp assigned its ownership of the Adviser to IVC Credit Management Financing, LLC its parent entity and the entity that manages Investcorp’s US credit management regulated entities. Investcorp and its credit advisory affiliates are a leading global credit investment platform with assets under management of $21.2 billion as of March 31, 2025. Investcorp and its credit advisory affiliates manage funds which invest primarily in senior secured corporate debt issued by mid and large-cap corporations in Western Europe and the United States. The business has a strong track record of consistent performance and growth, employing approximately 50 investment professionals in London and New York. Investcorp is a subsidiary of Investcorp Holdings B.S.C. (“Investcorp Holdings”). Investcorp Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Investcorp, are referred to as “Investcorp Group”. Investcorp Group is a global provider and manager of alternative investments, offering such investments to its high-net-worth private and institutional clients on a global basis.

In connection with the Investcorp Transaction, on June 26, 2019, our board of directors, including all of the directors who are not “interested persons” of the Company, as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act (each, an “Independent Director”), unanimously approved the Advisory Agreement and recommended that the Advisory Agreement be submitted to our stockholders for approval, which our stockholders approved at the Special Meeting of Stockholders held on August 28, 2019.

In addition, on June 26, 2019, we entered into a definitive stock purchase and transaction agreement with Investcorp BDC Holdings Limited (“Investcorp BDC”), an affiliate of Investcorp (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which, following the initial closing under the Stock Purchase Agreement on August 30, 2019 (the “Closing”) and prior to the second anniversary of the date of the Closing, Investcorp BDC was required to purchase (i) 680,985 newly issued shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, at the most recently determined net asset value per share of our common stock at the time of such purchase, as adjusted as necessary to comply with Section 23 of the 1940 Act, and (ii) 680,985 shares of our common stock in open-market or secondary transactions. Investcorp BDC has completed all required purchases under the Stock Purchase Agreement.

At the Closing, we entered into the Advisory Agreement with the Adviser, pursuant to which we have agreed to pay the Adviser a fee for investment advisory and management services consisting of two components — the Base Management Fee and the Incentive Fee. The Base Management Fee is equal to 1.75% of our gross assets, payable in arrears on a quarterly basis. The Incentive Fee, which provides the Adviser with a share of the income that it generates for the Company, has two components: the Income-Based Fee and the Capital Gains Fee. The Income-Based Fee is equal to 20.0% of pre-incentive fee net investment income, subject to an annualized hurdle rate of 8.0% with a “catch up” fee for returns between the 8.0% hurdle and 10.0%. The Capital Gains Fee is determined and payable in arrears as of the end of each fiscal year (or upon termination of the Advisory Agreement, as of the termination date), commencing with the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021, and is equal to 20.0% of the Company’s cumulative aggregate realized capital gains from the Commencement Date through the end of each fiscal year, computed net of the Company’s aggregate cumulative realized capital losses and the Company’s aggregate cumulative unrealized capital depreciation through the end of such year, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid Capital Gains Fees.

We have entered into the Advisory Agreement and the Administration Agreement with the Adviser, pursuant to which the Adviser provides us with investment advisory and the administrative services necessary for our operations. See “Note 7. Agreements and Related Party Transactions” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding the Advisory Agreement and Administration Agreement and the fees and expenses paid or reimbursed by us thereunder.

From time to time, we may form Taxable Subsidiaries to allow the Company to hold equity securities of portfolio companies organized as pass-through entities while continuing to satisfy the requirements applicable to a RIC under the Code. As of each of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had no Taxable Subsidiaries.

We are generally permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of indebtedness and one class of stock senior to our common stock if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 150% immediately after each such issuance.

On July 20, 2021, the SEC issued an order, which superseded a prior order issued on March 19, 2019, granting our application for exemptive relief to co-invest, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, in certain private placement transactions with other funds managed by the Adviser or its affiliates and any future funds that are advised by the Adviser or its affiliated investment advisers (the “Exemptive Relief”). Under the terms of the Exemptive Relief, in order for us to participate in a co-investment transaction a “required majority” (as defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of our independent directors must conclude that (i) the terms of the proposed transaction, including the consideration to be paid, are reasonable and fair to us and our shareholders and do not involve overreaching in respect of us or our shareholders on the part of any person concerned, and (ii) the proposed transaction is consistent with the interests of our shareholders and is consistent with our investment objectives and strategies.

Market Developments

The current inflationary environment and uncertainty as to the probability of, and length and depth of a global recession could affect our portfolio companies. Government spending, government policies, including recent increases in certain interest rates by the U.S. Federal Reserve and other global central banks, the failures of certain regional banks earlier this year and the potential for disruptions in the availability of credit in the United States and elsewhere, in conjunction with other factors, including those described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and in other filings we have made with the SEC, could affect our portfolio companies, our financial condition and our results of operations. We will continue to monitor the evolving market environment. In these circumstances, developments outside our control could require us to adjust our plan of operations and could impact our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in the future. Despite these factors, we believe we and our portfolio are well positioned to manage the current environment. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our most recently filed Transition Report on Form 10-KT, as well as the risk factors listed in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Critical accounting estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Changes in the economic environment, financial markets and any other parameters used in determining such estimates could cause actual results to differ.

Understanding our accounting policies and the extent to which we use management’s judgment and estimates in applying these policies is integral to understanding our financial statements. We describe our most significant accounting policies in “Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies” in our consolidated financial statements included in our Transition Report on Form 10-KT for the fiscal period ended December 31, 2024 and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Critical accounting policies are those that require the application of management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often because of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. Management has utilized available information, including our past history, industry standards and the current economic environment, among other factors, in forming the estimates and judgments, giving due consideration to materiality. We have identified the valuation of our portfolio investments, including our investment valuation policy (which has been approved by our board of directors), as our critical accounting policy and estimates. The critical accounting policies should be read in conjunction with our risk factors in our Transition Report on Form 10-KT for the fiscal period ended December 31, 2024 and our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. In addition to the discussion below, our critical accounting policies are further described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

Valuation of portfolio investments

We value our portfolio investments at fair value based upon the principles and methods of valuation set forth in policies adopted by our board of directors. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset that (a) are independent of us, (b) are knowledgeable, having a reasonable understanding about the asset based on all available information (including information that might be obtained through due diligence efforts that are usual and customary), (c) are able to transact for the asset, and (d) are willing to transact for the asset or liability (that is, they are motivated but not forced or otherwise compelled to do so).

Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at such market quotations unless the quotations are deemed not to represent fair value. We generally obtain market quotations from recognized exchanges, market quotation systems, independent pricing services or one or more broker dealers or market makers.

Debt and equity securities for which market quotations are not readily available or for which market quotations are deemed not to represent fair value are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors. Because a readily available market value for many of the investments in our portfolio is often not available, we value many of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith by our board of directors using a consistently applied valuation process in accordance with a documented valuation policy that has been reviewed and approved by our board of directors. Due to the inherent uncertainty and subjectivity of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our investments may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a readily available market value existed for such investments and may differ materially from the values that we may ultimately realize. In addition, changes in the market environment and other events may have differing impacts on the market quotations used to value some of our investments than on the fair values of our investments for which market quotations are not readily available. Market quotations may also be deemed not to represent fair value in certain circumstances where we believe that facts and circumstances applicable to an issuer, a seller or purchaser, or the market for a particular security causes current market quotations not to reflect the fair value of the security. Examples of these events could include cases where a security trades infrequently, causing a quoted purchase or sale price to become stale, where there is a “forced” sale by a distressed seller, where market quotations vary substantially among market makers, or where there is a wide bid-ask spread or significant increase in the bid ask spread.

Those investments for which market quotations are not readily available or for which market quotations are deemed not to represent fair value are valued utilizing a market approach, an income approach, or both approaches, as appropriate. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities (including a business). The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts (for example, cash flows or earnings) to a single present amount (discounted). The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. In following these approaches, the types of factors that we may take into account in determining the fair value of our investments include, as relevant and among other factors: available current market data, including relevant and applicable market trading and transaction comparables, applicable market yields and multiples, security covenants, call protection provisions, information rights, the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the portfolio company’s ability to make payments, its earnings and discounted cash flows, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparisons of financial ratios of peer companies that are public, merger and acquisition comparables, our principal market (as the reporting entity) and enterprise values.

With respect to investments for which market quotations are not readily available, our board of directors undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter, as described below:

• our quarterly valuation process begins with each portfolio company or investment being initially valued by the members of the Adviser’s investment team responsible for the portfolio investment;
• preliminary valuation conclusions are then documented and discussed by senior management and the Adviser;
• on a periodic basis, at least once annually, the valuation for each portfolio investment is reviewed by an independent valuation firm engaged by our board of directors;
• the valuation committee of our board of directors then reviews these preliminary valuations and makes a recommendation to our board of directors regarding the fair value of each investment; and
• the board of directors then reviews and discusses these preliminary valuations and determines the fair value of each investment in our portfolio in good faith, based on the input of the Adviser, the independent valuation firm and the valuation committee.

When valuing all of our investments, we strive to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset, including assumptions about risk. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. The availability of observable inputs can vary depending on the financial instrument and is affected by a variety of factors. To the extent the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. As markets change, new types of investments are made, or pricing for certain investments becomes more or less observable, management, with oversight from our board of directors, may refine our valuation methodologies to best reflect the fair value of our investments appropriately.

As of March 31, 2025, our investment portfolio, valued at fair value in accordance with our Board-approved valuation policy, represented 92.7% of our total assets, as compared to 92.6% of our total assets as of December 31, 2024.

See Note 2.j “Significant Accounting Policies – Investment Valuation” and Note 4. “Investments” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in our most recent Transition Report on Form 10-KT and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information on our valuation process.

Financing Facility

On August 23, 2021, we, through Investcorp Credit Management BDC SPV, LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a five-year, $115 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Capital One Revolving Financing”) with Capital One, N.A. (“Capital One”), which is secured by collateral consisting primarily of loans in our investment portfolio. On June 14, 2023, we amended the Capital One Revolving Financing to decrease the facility size from $115 million to $100 million. On January 17, 2024, we amended the Capital One Revolving Financing to (i) extend the maturity date to January 17, 2029, (ii) increase the applicable interest spreads under the Capital One Revolving Financing and (iii) extend the Scheduled Revolving Period End Date (as defined in the Capital One Revolving Financing) to January 17, 2027. The Capital One Revolving Financing, which will expire on January 17, 2029 (the “Maturity Date”), features a three-year reinvestment period and a two-year amortization period.

Effective January 17, 2024, borrowings under the Capital One Revolving Financing generally bear interest at a rate per annum equal to SOFR plus 3.10%. The default interest rate will be equal to the interest rate then in effect plus 2.00%. The Capital One Revolving Financing required the payment of an upfront fee of 1.125% ($1.3 million) of the available borrowings under the Capital One Revolving Financing at the closing, and requires the payment of an unused fee of (i) 0.75% annually for any undrawn amounts below 50% of the Capital One Revolving Financing, (ii) 0.50% annually for any undrawn amounts between 50% and 75% of the Capital One Revolving Financing, and (iii) 0.25% annually for any undrawn amounts above 75% of the Capital One Revolving Financing. Borrowings under the Capital One Revolving Financing are based on a borrowing base. The Capital One Revolving Financing generally requires payment of interest and fees on a quarterly basis. All outstanding principal is due on the Maturity Date. The Capital One Revolving Financing also requires mandatory prepayment of interest and principal upon certain events.

On November 19, 2024, we amended the Capital One Revolving Financing to provide for, among other things, a decrease of the applicable interest spreads under the Capital One Revolving Financing from SOFR plus 3.10% to SOFR plus 2.50%, and to make amendments to the concentration limits and other fees, and certain other amendments.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $56.0 million and $58.5 million in borrowings outstanding under the Capital One Revolving Financing, respectively.

Notes due 2026

On March 31, 2021, we closed the public offering of $65.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.875% notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”). The total net proceeds to us from the 2026 Notes after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $1.3 million and offering expenses of approximately $215,000, were approximately $63.1 million.

The 2026 Notes will mature on April 1, 2026, unless previously redeemed or repurchased in accordance with their terms, and bear interest at a rate of 4.875%. The 2026 Notes are our direct unsecured obligations and rank pari passu, which means equal in right of payment, with all of our outstanding and future unsecured, unsubordinated indebtedness. Because the 2026 Notes are not secured by any of our assets, they are effectively subordinated to all of our existing and future secured indebtedness (including indebtedness that is initially unsecured as to which we subsequently grant a security interest), to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. The 2026 Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other obligations of any of our existing or future subsidiaries and financing vehicles, including, without limitation, borrowings under the Capital One Revolving

Financing. The 2026 Notes are exclusively our obligations and not of any of our subsidiaries. None of our subsidiaries is a guarantor of the 2026 Notes and the 2026 Notes will not be required to be guaranteed by any subsidiary we may acquire or create in the future.

The 2026 Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at any time or from time to time at our option, upon not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days written notice by mail prior to the date fixed for redemption thereof, at a redemption price (as determined by us) equal to the greater of the following amounts, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date: (1) 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed or (2) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest (exclusive of accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption) on the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis (assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months) using the applicable Treasury Rate (as defined in the 2026 Notes Indenture (as defined below)) plus 50 basis points; provided, however, that if we redeem any 2026 Notes on or after January 1, 2026 (the date falling three months prior to the maturity date of the 2026 Notes), the redemption price for the 2026 Notes will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption; provided, further, that no such partial redemption shall reduce the portion of the principal amount of a 2026 Note not redeemed to less than $2,000. Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing October 1, 2021. We may from time to time repurchase 2026 Notes in accordance with the 1940 Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance of the 2026 Notes was approximately $65.0 million.

The indenture under which the 2026 Notes are issued (the “2026 Notes Indenture”) contains certain covenants, including covenants requiring us to comply with Section 18(a)(1)(A) as modified by Section 61(a)(2) of 1940 Act, or any successor provisions, to comply with Section 18(a)(1)(B) as modified by Section 61(a)(2) of the 1940 Act, or any successor provisions but giving effect to any no-action relief granted by the SEC to another BDC and upon which we may reasonably rely (or to us if we determine to seek such similar no-action or other relief), and to provide financial information to the holders of the 2026 Notes and the trustee if we should no longer be subject to the reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) These covenants are subject to important limitations and exceptions that are set forth in the 2026 Notes Indenture.

Investments

Our level of investment activity can and does vary substantially from period to period depending on many factors, including the amount we have available to invest as well as the amount of debt and equity capital available to middle-market companies, the level of merger and acquisition activity, the general economic environment and the competitive environment for the types of investments we make.

As a BDC, we are required to comply with certain regulatory requirements. For instance, as a BDC, we may not acquire any assets other than “qualifying assets” specified in the 1940 Act unless, at the time the acquisition is made, at least 70% of our total assets are qualifying assets (with certain limited exceptions). Qualifying assets include investments in “eligible portfolio companies.” Under the relevant SEC rules, the term “eligible portfolio company” includes all private companies, companies whose securities are not listed on a national securities exchange, and certain public companies that have listed their securities on a national securities exchange and have a market capitalization of less than $250 million. In each case, the company must be organized in the United States. As of March 31, 2025, the Company did not hold any non-qualifying assets in its portfolio.

To qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level U.S. federal income taxes on any income we distribute to our stockholders.

Revenues

We generate revenues primarily in the form of interest on the debt we hold. We also generate revenue from royalty income, dividends on our equity interests and capital gains on the sale of warrants and other debt or equity interests that we acquire. Our investments in fixed income instruments generally have an expected maturity of three to five years, although we have no lower or upper constraint on maturity. Interest on our debt investments is generally payable quarterly or semi-annually. Payments of principal of our debt investments may be amortized over the stated term of the investment, deferred for several years or due entirely at maturity. In some cases, our debt investments and preferred stock investments may defer payments of cash interest or dividends or PIK interest. Any outstanding principal amount of our debt investments and any accrued but unpaid interest will generally become due at the maturity date. In addition, we may generate revenue in the form of prepayment fees, commitment, origination, structuring or due diligence fees, fees for providing significant managerial assistance, consulting fees and other investment related income.

Expenses

Our primary operating expenses include the payment of the Base Management Fee and, depending on our operating results, the Incentive Fee under the Advisory Agreement, as well as the payment of reimbursable expenses to the Adviser for the costs and expenses incurred by the Adviser in performing its obligations and providing personnel and facilities under the Administration Agreement, such as our allocable portion of overhead expenses, including rent and the allocable portion of the cost of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer and their respective staffs. The Base Management Fee and Incentive Fee compensation under the Advisory Agreement remunerates the Adviser for work in identifying, evaluating, negotiating, closing and monitoring our investments. We bear all other out-of-pocket costs and expenses of our operations and transactions, including, without limitation, those relating to:

• our organization and our offering;
• valuing our assets and calculating our net asset value per share (including the cost and expenses of any independent valuation firm(s));
• fees and expenses incurred by the Adviser or payable to third parties, including agents, consultants or other advisors, in monitoring financial and legal affairs for us and in monitoring our investments and performing due diligence on our prospective portfolio companies or otherwise relating to, or associated with, evaluating and making investments;
• interest payable on debt, if any, incurred to finance our investments and expenses related to unsuccessful portfolio acquisition efforts;
• offerings of our common stock and other securities;
• administration fees and expenses, if any, payable under the Administration Agreement (including our allocable portion of the Adviser’s overhead in performing its obligations under the Administration Agreement, including rent, equipment and the allocable portion of the cost of our chief compliance officer, chief financial officer and his staffs’ compensation and compensation-related expenses);
• transfer agent and custody fees and expenses;
• federal and state registration fees;
• costs of registration and listing our shares on any securities exchange;
• federal, state and local taxes;
• independent directors’ fees and expenses;
• costs of preparing and filing reports or other documents required by the SEC or other regulators;
• costs of any reports, proxy statements or other notices to stockholders including printing costs;
• costs associated with individual or group stockholders;
• our allocable portion of the costs and fees associated with any fidelity bond, directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance, and any other insurance premiums;
• direct costs and expenses of administration and operation, including printing, mailing, long distance telephone, copying, secretarial and other staff, independent auditors and outside legal costs; and
• all other non-investment advisory expenses incurred by us or the Adviser in connection with administering our business.

Portfolio and Investment Activity

Portfolio composition

We invest primarily in middle-market companies in the form of standalone first and second lien loans, unitranche loans and mezzanine loans. We may also invest in unsecured debt, bonds and in the equity of portfolio companies through warrants and other instruments.

As of March 31, 2025, our investment portfolio of $192.4 million (at fair value) consisted of debt and equity investments in 43 portfolio companies, of which 77.04% were first lien investments and 22.96% were equities, warrants and other positions. At March 31, 2025, our average and largest portfolio company investment at fair value was $4.5 million and $13.6 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, our investment portfolio of $191.6 million (at fair value) consisted of debt and equity investments in 43 portfolio companies, of which 81.17% were first lien investments and 18.83% were in equities, warrants and other positions. At December 31, 2024, our average and largest portfolio company investment at fair value was $4.5 million and $15.4 million, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our average total yield of debt and income producing securities weighted by amortized cost (which includes interest income and amortization of fees and discounts) was 11.02% and 10.60% respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our average total yield on the total portfolio weighted by amortized cost (which includes interest income and amortization of fees and discounts) was 8.73% and 8.72%, respectively. The weighted average total yield was computed using an internal rate of return calculation of our debt investments based on contractual cash flows, including interest and amortization payments, and, for floating rate investments, the spot SOFR, as applicable, as of March 31, 2025, of all of our debt investments. The weighted average total yield of our debt investments is not the same as a return on investment for our stockholders but, rather, relates to a portion of our investment portfolio and is calculated before payment of all of our fees and expenses, including any sales load paid in connection with an offering of our securities. There can be no assurance that the weighted average total yield will remain at its current level.

We use GICS codes to identify the industry groupings of our portfolio companies. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, the industry composition of our portfolio in accordance with the GICS codes at fair value, as a percentage of our total portfolio, was as follows:

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we made investments in one new portfolio company and two existing portfolio companies. These investments totaled approximately $5.1 million. Of the new investments, 86.71% consisted of first lien investments and 13.29% were in equity, warrants, and other investments.

During the six months ended December 31, 2024, we made investments in five new portfolio companies and five existing portfolio companies. These investments totaled approximately $23.0 million. Of these new investments, 99.80% consisted of first lien investments and 0.20% were in equity, warrants, and other investments.

At March 31, 2025, 98.2% of our debt investments bore interest based on floating rates based on indices such as SOFR, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, the Federal Funds Rate of the Prime Rate (in certain cases, subject to interest rate floors), and 1.8% bore interest at fixed rates. At December 31, 2024, 96.4% of our debt investments bore interest based on floating rates based on indices such as SOFR, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, the Federal Funds Rate or the Prime Rate (in certain cases, subject to interest rate floors), and 3.6% bore interest at fixed rates.

Our investment portfolio may contain loans that are in the form of lines of credit or revolving credit facilities, which require us to provide funding when requested by portfolio companies in accordance with the terms of the underlying loan agreements. As of March 31, 2025, we had eight investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $5.7 million, and as of December 31, 2024, we had eight investments with aggregate unfunded commitments of $4.6 million. As of March 31, 2025, we had sufficient liquidity (through cash on hand and available borrowings under our Capital One Revolving Financing) to fund such unfunded loan commitments should the need arise.

Asset Quality

In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, we use the Adviser’s investment rating system to characterize and monitor the credit profile and expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. This investment rating system uses a five-level numeric rating scale. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:

If the Adviser determines that an investment is underperforming, or circumstances suggest that the risk associated with a particular investment has significantly increased, the Adviser will increase its monitoring intensity and prepare regular updates for the investment committee, summarizing current operating results and material impending events and suggesting recommended actions. While the investment rating system identifies the relative risk for each investment, the rating alone does not dictate the scope and/or frequency of any monitoring that will be performed. The frequency of the Adviser’s monitoring of an investment will be determined by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the trends in the financial performance of the portfolio company, the investment structure and the type of collateral securing the investment.

The following table shows the investment rankings of the investments in our portfolio, according to the Adviser’s investment rating system:

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024

Investment income

Investment income, attributable primarily to interest and fees on our debt investments, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased to $4.4 million from $6.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 primarily related to a decrease in interest income due to lower index and interest rates and a decrease in PIK interest income primarily related to lower PIK rates and principal balances on our investments in Crafty Apes, LLC subsequent to the restructuring in November 2024, partially offset by increased Dividend income related to the CF Arch Holdings LLC - Equity Interest and increased PIK dividend income related to Fusion Connect Series A Preferred Stock.

Expenses

Expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased to $3.7 million compared to $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to a decrease in interest expense due to lower index rates in 2025 compared to 2024, a decrease in base management fees, and a decrease in other expenses due to the sale and write off of our investments in 1888 Industrial Services, LLC in March 2024.

Net investment income

Net investment income before taxes decreased to $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 primarily due to a decrease in interest income due to lower index and interest rates in 2025 compares to 2024 and a decrease in PIK interest income primarily related to lower PIK rates and principal balances on our investments in Crafty Apes, LLC subsequent to the restructuring in November 2024, partially offset by a decrease in interest expense due to lower index rates in 2025 compared to 2024, a decrease in base management fees, a decrease in other expenses due to the sale and write off of our investments in 1888 Industrial Services, LLC in March 2024, increased Dividend income related to the CF Arch Holdings LLC - Equity Interest and increased PIK dividend income related to Fusion Connect Series A Preferred Stock.

Net realized gain or loss

There was a net realized loss on investments of $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily due to the realization of losses associated with the restructuring of our investments in American Nuts Holdings, LLC and a write off of our investment in American Teleconferencing Services, Ltd, partially offset by a realization of gains associated with the restructuring of our investments in Sandvine Corporation.

There was a net realized loss on investments of $6.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to the realization of losses from restructurings and loan modifications of our investments in American Nuts Holdings, LLC, Arborworks Acquisition LLC, ArborWorks, LLC, Crafty Apes, LLC, and Xenon Arc, Inc. and the realization of losses associated with the sale and write off of our investments in 1888 Industrial Services, LLC.

Net change in unrealized (depreciation) appreciation on investments

We recorded a net change in unrealized appreciation of $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, primarily due to changes in marks for ArborWorks, LLC A-1 - Preferred Units, Crafty Apes LLC - Common Stock, Klein Hersh, LLC Term Loan - Last Out, Bioplan USA, Inc. - Common Stock and LABL, Inc. Term Loan B and due to the realization of previously unrealized losses resulting from the restructuring of our investments in American Nuts Holdings, LLC and a write off of our investment in American Teleconferencing Services, Ltd.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a net change in unrealized appreciation of $6.6 million, primarily due to the decrease in fair value of our investments in ArborWorks, LLC A-1 Preferred, Klein Hersh, LLC, and Techniplas Foreign Holdco LP, partially offset by the increase in fair value of our investments in Bioplan USA, Inc. and Discovery Behavioral Health and due to the realization of previously unrealized losses resulting from the sale and write off of our investments in 1888 Industrial Services, LLC..

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary liquidity needs include interest and principal repayments under the Capital One Revolving Financing, interest payments on the 2026 Notes, our unfunded loan commitments (if any), investments in portfolio companies, dividend distributions to our stockholders and operating expenses. We believe that our current cash on hand and our anticipated cash flows from operations, including from contractual monthly portfolio company payments and prepayments, will be adequate to meet our cash needs for our daily operations. This “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section should be read in conjunction with “Market Developments” above and the risk factors referenced in our most recent Transition Report on Form 10-KT.

Cash flows

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, our cash balance increased by $0.9 million. During that period, $5.1 million in net cash was provided by operating activities, primarily due to investments of $5.6 million in portfolio companies, offset by proceeds from repayment and sale of investments in portfolio companies of $7.3 million. During that same period, $4.2 million in net cash was used in financing activities, resulting primarily from proceeds of $0.5 million from borrowings under the Capital One Revolving Financing, repayments of $3.0 million under the Capital One Revolving Financing, distributions of $1.7 million to our stockholders, and payments of $0 for deferred financing costs.

Capital resources

As of March 31, 2025, we had $2.3 million of cash as well as $10.7 million in restricted cash and $44.0 million of capacity under the Capital One Revolving Financing. As of March 31, 2025, we had approximately $121.0 million of senior securities outstanding at par value and our asset coverage ratio based on par value was 164.5%. We intend to generate additional cash primarily from future offerings of equity and/or debt securities, future borrowings or debt issuances, as well as cash flows from operations, including income earned from investments in our portfolio companies and, to a lesser extent, from the temporary investment of cash in U.S. government securities and other high-quality debt investments that mature in one year or less.

As discussed below in further detail, we have elected to be treated as a RIC under the Code. To maintain our RIC status, we generally must distribute substantially all of our net taxable income to stockholders in the form of dividends. Our net taxable income does not necessarily equal our net income as calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Asset Coverage Requirements

On May 2, 2018, our board of directors, including a “required majority” (as such term is defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) of the board of directors, approved the modified asset coverage requirements set forth in Section 61(a)(2) of the 1940 Act. As a result, effective May 2, 2019, our applicable minimum asset coverage ratio under the 1940 Act was decreased to 150% from 200%. Thus, we are permitted under the 1940 Act, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of debt and one class of stock senior to our common stock if our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 150% immediately after each such issuance. As of March 31, 2025, our asset coverage for borrowed amounts was 164.5%.

Regulated Investment Company Status and Distributions

We have elected to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. If we continue to qualify as a RIC for a taxable year, we will not be subject to corporate-level U.S. federal income tax on our investment company taxable income or realized net capital gains, to the extent that such taxable income or gains are distributed, or deemed to be distributed, to stockholders on a timely basis.

Taxable income generally differs from net income for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses, and generally excludes net unrealized appreciation or depreciation until realized. Dividends declared and paid by us in a year may differ from taxable income for that year as such dividends may include the distribution of current year taxable income or the distribution of prior year taxable income carried forward into and distributed in the current year. Distributions also may include returns of capital.

To continue to qualify for RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, distribute to our stockholders, with respect to each taxable year, at least 90% of our investment company net taxable income (i.e., our net ordinary income and our realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any). We will also be subject to a federal excise tax, based on distributive requirements of our taxable income on a calendar year basis.

We intend to distribute to our stockholders between 90% and 100% of our annual taxable income (which includes our taxable interest and fee income). However, the covenants contained in the Capital One Revolving Financing and any other borrowing or financing arrangement we or our subsidiaries may have may prohibit us from making distributions to our stockholders, and, as a result, could hinder our ability to satisfy the distribution requirement. In addition, we may retain for investment some or all of our net taxable capital gains (i.e., realized net long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital losses) and treat such amounts as deemed distributions to our stockholders. If we do this, our stockholders will be treated as if they received actual distributions of the capital gains we retained and then reinvested the net after-tax proceeds in our common stock. Our stockholders also may be eligible to claim tax credits (or, in certain circumstances, tax refunds) equal to their allocable share of the tax we paid on the capital gains deemed distributed to them. To the extent our taxable earnings for a fiscal taxable year fall below the total amount of our dividends for that fiscal year, a portion of those dividend distributions may be deemed a return of capital to our stockholders.

We may not be able to achieve operating results that will allow us to make distributions at a specific level or to increase the amount of these distributions from time to time. In addition, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions due to the asset coverage test for borrowings applicable to us as a BDC under the 1940 Act and due to provisions in the agreements governing our borrowing or financial arrangements. We cannot assure stockholders that they will receive any distributions or distributions at a particular level.

In accordance with certain applicable U.S. Department of Treasury (“Treasury”) regulations and a revenue procedure issued by the Internal Revenue Service, a RIC may treat a distribution of its own stock as fulfilling its RIC distribution requirements if each stockholder elects to receive his or her entire distribution in either cash or stock of the RIC, subject to a limitation that the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed to all stockholders must be at least 20% of the aggregate declared distribution. If too many stockholders elect to receive cash, each stockholder electing to receive cash must receive a pro rata amount of cash (with the balance of the distribution paid in stock). In no event will any stockholder, electing to receive cash, receive less than 20% of his or her entire distribution in cash. If these and certain other requirements are met, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of the dividend paid in stock will be equal to the amount of cash that could have been received instead of stock. We have no current intention of paying dividends in shares of our stock in accordance with these Treasury regulations or private letter rulings.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We may be a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of our portfolio companies. As of March 31, 2025, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $5.7 million in unfunded commitments to five of our portfolio companies. As of December 31, 2024, our off-balance arrangements consisted of $4.6 million in unfunded commitments to six of our portfolio companies. We maintain sufficient liquidity (through cash on hand and available borrowings under our Capital One Revolving Financing) to fund such unfunded loan commitments should the need arise.

Recent Developments

The Company has evaluated the need for disclosures and/or adjustments resulting from subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued.

Subsequent to March 31, 2025 and through May 13, 2025, the Company invested a total of $2.0 million, at cost, which included investments in two existing portfolio companies. As of May 13, 2025, the Company had investments in 43 portfolio companies.

On April 15, 2025, the Company's board of directors declared a distribution for the quarter ended June 30, 2025 of $0.12 per share payable on June 14, 2025 to stockholders of record as of May 24, 2025.

We are subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. Because we fund a portion of our investments with borrowings, our net investment income is affected by the difference between the rate at which we invest and the rate at which we borrow. As a result, there can be no assurance that a change in market interest rates will not have a material adverse effect on our net investment income.

Generally, we believe higher yielding assets such as those in our investment portfolio do not necessarily follow a linear interest rate relationship and are less sensitive in price-to-interest rate changes than many other debt investments. Our investments in fixed-rate assets are generally exposed to changes in value due to interest rate fluctuations, and our floating-rate assets are generally exposed to cash-flow variability from fluctuation in rates. At March 31, 2025, 98.2% of our debt investments bore interest based on floating rates, such as SOFR, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, the Federal Funds Rate or the Prime Rate. The interest rates on such investments generally reset by reference to the current market index after one to three months.

Consequently, our net interest income (interest income less interest expense) is exposed to risks related to interest-rate fluctuations. Variable-rate instruments subject to a floor generally reset periodically to the applicable floor and, in the case of investments in our portfolio, quarterly to a floor based on SOFR, only if the index exceeds the floor. As of March 31, 2025, 100.0% of our floating-rate portfolio was subject to interest-rate floors set at or below the current applicable rate. Under these loans, we do not benefit from increases in interest rates until such rates exceed the floor and thereafter benefit from market rates above any such floor. In addition, our interest expense will be affected by changes in the published interest rates in connection with the Capital One Revolving Financing to the extent it goes above the floor; however, our 2026 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate. As of March 31, 2025, our floating rate borrowings totaled $56.0 million in principal amount, which represented 46.3% of our outstanding debt.

Based on our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2025, with certain interest rate floors and our financing arrangements at March 31, 2025, a 1.00% increase in interest rates would increase our net interest income by approximately 5.30% and a 2.00% increase in interest rates would increase our net interest income by approximately 15.82%.

Although management believes that this analysis is indicative of our existing sensitivity as of March 31, 2025 to interest rate changes, it does not adjust for changes in the credit markets, the size, credit quality or composition of the assets in our portfolio and other business developments, including borrowing, that could affect the net increase in net assets resulting from operations or net income. It also does not adjust for the effect of the time lag between a change in the relevant interest rate index and the rate adjustment under the applicable loans or borrowings. Accordingly, we can offer no assurances that actual results would not differ materially from the analysis included herein.

Because it is our intention to hold loans to maturity, the fluctuating relative value of these loans that may occur due to changes in interest rates may have an impact on unrealized gains and losses during quarterly reporting periods. Based on our assessment of the interest rate risk, as of March 31, 2025, we had no hedging transactions in place as we deemed the risk acceptable, and we did not believe it was necessary to mitigate this risk at that time.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of March 31, 2025 (the end of the period covered by this report), our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. The design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of March 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were designed at a reasonable assurance level and were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our periodic SEC filings is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management did not identify any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

You should carefully consider the risks referenced below and all other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our interim financial statements and the related notes thereto, before making a decision to purchase our securities. Any such risks and uncertainties are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and/or operating results, as well as the market price of our securities.

There have been no material changes during the three months ended March 31, 2025 to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Transition Report on Form 10-KT for the Transition Period ended December 31, 2024 (filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025). If any of such changes or risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. If that happens, the value of our securities could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.