HCI Group, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2025

You should read the following discussion under this Item 2 in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and information included elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and in our Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 28, 2025 (the “2024 Annual Report”). Unless the context requires otherwise, as used in this Form 10-Q, the terms “HCI,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “our company,” and similar references refer to HCI Group, Inc., a Florida corporation incorporated in 2006, and its subsidiaries. All dollar amounts in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are in whole dollars unless specified otherwise.

Forward-Looking Statements

In addition to historical information, this quarterly report contains forward-looking statements as defined under federal securities laws. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements about our plans, objectives, expectations, assumptions or future events. These statements involve estimates, assumptions, known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from any future results, performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Typically, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “continuing,” “ongoing,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” and similar expressions. The important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include but are not limited to the effects of governmental regulation; changes in insurance regulations; the frequency and extent of claims; uncertainties inherent in reserve estimates; catastrophic events; changes in the demand for, pricing of, availability of or collectability of reinsurance; restrictions on our ability to change premium rates; increased rate pressure on premiums; the severity and impact of a pandemic; and other risks and uncertainties detailed herein and from time to time in our SEC reports.

OVERVIEW

HCI Group, Inc. is a Florida-based company with operations in property and casualty insurance, information technology services, insurance management, real estate and reinsurance. We utilize innovative technology to promote efficiency, refine risk assessment and enhance experiences for clients throughout the insurance process. We manage our operations in the following organizational segments, based on managerial emphasis and evaluation of financial and operating performances:

a) Insurance Operations

• Property and casualty insurance
• Reinsurance and other auxiliary operations

b) Exzeo Group

• Insurance solutions
• Information technology
• Reinsurance brokerage services

c) Reciprocal Exchange Operations

d) Real Estate

e) Corporate and Other

• Attorney-in-fact services
• Holding company operations

For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, revenue from Insurance Operations before intracompany elimination represented 77.9% and 85.6%, respectively, and revenue from Exzeo Group represented 16.3% and 8.9%, respectively, of total revenue of all operating segments. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, revenue from Insurance Operations before intracompany elimination represented 77.5% and 85.4%, respectively, and revenue from Exzeo Group represented 16.5% and 10.7%, respectively, of total revenue of all operating segments. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Insurance Operations’ total assets represented 81.0% and 83.6%, respectively, and Exzeo Group’s total assets represented 6.0% and 3.7%, respectively, of the combined assets of all operating segments. Refer to Note 15 “Segment Information” to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

Insurance Operations

Property and Casualty Insurance

We currently have three insurance subsidiaries: Homeowners Choice Property & Casualty Insurance Company, Inc. (“HCPCI”) and TypTap Insurance Company (“TTIC”). A third insurance subsidiary, perRisk Insurance Company, has yet to conduct its surplus lines insurance business. We provide various forms of residential insurance products such as homeowners insurance, fire insurance, and wind-only insurance to homeowners, condominium owners and tenants for properties primarily located in Florida and in various states outside of Florida. Although we conduct insurance business in many states, Florida remains our primary market. We utilize internally developed software technologies to drive efficiency in claim processing and claims settlements, identify profitable underwriting opportunities, generate savings and streamline operations across our insurance operations.

Reinsurance and other auxiliary operations

We have a Bermuda domiciled wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary, Claddaugh Casualty Insurance Company Ltd (“Claddaugh”). We selectively retain risk in Claddaugh, reducing the cost of third-party reinsurance. Claddaugh fully collateralizes its exposure to our insurance operations and reciprocal exchange operations by depositing funds into a trust account. Claddaugh may mitigate a portion of its risk through retrocession contracts, however Claddaugh did not enter into any retrocession contracts for the 2025-2026 treaty year. Currently, Claddaugh does not provide reinsurance to non-affiliates. Other auxiliary operations also include claim adjusting and processing services.

Exzeo Group

Exzeo Group, Inc. (“Exzeo”), our majority-owned subsidiary, currently has four subsidiaries: Exzeo Insurance Services, Inc. (“EIS”) which was formerly known as TypTap Management Company, Exzeo USA, Inc. (“Exzeo USA”), Dark Horse Re, LLC (“Dark Horse”), and Cypress Tech Development Company, Inc. which also owns Exzeo Software Private Limited (“Exzeo India”), a subsidiary domiciled in India. Exzeo provides turn-key insurance technology and operations solutions primarily to our insurance operations and reciprocal exchange operations based on a proprietary platform of purpose-built software and data analytics applications that are specifically designed for the property and casualty insurance ecosystem. Exzeo's platform of products and services is highly scalable and poised to continue to optimize the performance of insurance markets, to the benefit of policyholders, capital providers, as well as the overall insurance value chain. The advanced data analytics algorithms and software tools enable insurance carriers to maximize efficiency of their systems, optimize underwriting outcomes and ultimately serve their customers more effectively.

Insurance Solutions

Exzeo provides operational services through EIS, which performs end-to-end services including underwriting support, insurance application processing, policyholder service, premium collection activities and claims administration. Additionally, EIS leverages data analytics to monitor claims and market trends to improve pricing models, insurance policy designs, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Information Technology

Exzeo’s information technology operations are anchored by its software development and data analytics capabilities, primarily supported by Exzeo USA and Exzeo India. Exzeo's proprietary platform includes configurable applications designed to support the full insurance value chain including quoting and underwriting, policy management, claims management, geolocation visualization tools, and financial reporting. Exzeo’s key products include AtlasViewer®, an online data visualization and geographic tool, SAMSTM, a policy administration platform, HarmonyTM, a next generation policy administration platform, and ClaimColonyTM, an application that provides intelligent automation of insurance claims and other business processes.

Reinsurance Brokerage Services

Through our subsidiary Dark Horse, we provide expert reinsurance brokerage services to help insurance companies manage risk by acting as an intermediary between the insurer client and reinsurers. We design tailored reinsurance solutions by assessing our insurer client’s risk portfolio.

Reciprocal Exchange Operations

Our reciprocal exchange operations relate to the activities of consolidated variable interest entities, Condo Owners Reciprocal Exchange (“CORE”) and Tailrow Insurance Exchange (“Tailrow”). CORE provides commercial residential multiple peril insurance, while Tailrow specializes in fire and homeowners multiple peril insurance.

A reciprocal insurance exchange is a policyholder-owned entity where members, known as subscribers, gain ownership by purchasing an insurance policy. These subscribers collectively assume one another’s risks by exchanging insurance contracts, effectively acting as both insurers and insureds. The exchange’s operations are managed by an attorney-in-fact (“AIF”) company, which oversees general administration, marketing, underwriting, accounting, policy administration, claims adjusting, and information technology.

Real Estate

Our real estate operations consist of multiple properties we own and operate for investment purposes and also properties we own and use for our own operations. Properties used in operations consist of two office buildings in Tampa, Florida and an insurance operations site in Ocala, Florida. Our investment properties include retail shopping centers, two marinas, an office campus, and undeveloped land in Tampa, Florida.

Corporate and Other

Attorney-in-fact services

We currently provide AIF services to our reciprocal exchange operations. Our AIF services include underwriting insurance policies, managing claims, handling financial operations, regulatory compliance and reporting, and managing investments and operational expenses.

Holding company operations

Activities of our holding company, HCI Group, Inc., plus other companies that do not meet the quantitative and qualitative thresholds for a reportable segment comprise the operations of this segment.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except per share amounts or as otherwise indicated):

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Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024

Our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2025 reflect net income of approximately $70,279,000 or $5.18 diluted earnings per share, compared with net income of approximately $57,099,000 or $4.24 diluted earnings per share for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The quarter-over-quarter increase was primarily due to a $13,258,0000 increase in net premiums earned and a $13,867,000 decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses; partially offset by a $7,099,000 increase in policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses, a $2,514,000 increase in general and administrative personnel expenses, and a $1,271,000 increase in other operating expenses.

Revenue

Gross Premiums Earned on a consolidated basis for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $302,628,000 and $263,561,000, respectively. The $39,067,000 increase was primarily attributable to a higher volume of policies in force as a result of the addition of policies from Citizens during the fourth quarter of 2024 and first quarter of 2025. Gross premiums earned from Insurance Operations were $282,269,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared with $251,969,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Gross premiums earned from Reciprocal Exchange Operations were $21,639,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $12,804,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Premiums Ceded for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $102,522,000 and $76,713,000, respectively, representing 33.9% and 29.1%, respectively, of gross premiums earned. The $25,809,000 increase was primarily attributable to higher reinsurance costs due to growth in the number of policies in force and total insured value.

Our premiums ceded represent costs of reinsurance (i) to cover losses from catastrophes that exceed the retention levels defined by our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts, (ii) to provide additional loss coverage on a high-value individual risk basis through facultative reinsurance, or (iii) to assume a proportional share of losses as defined in a quota share agreement. The rates we pay for reinsurance are based primarily on policy exposures reflected in gross premiums earned. Under contracts in effect prior to June 1, 2025, reinsurance costs could be decreased by a reduction in premiums ceded attributable to retrospective provisions under reinsurance contracts. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, there was no adjustment in premiums ceded related to retrospective provisions as opposed to a decrease of $6,993,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Premiums Written for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 totaled approximately $254,023,000 and $230,189,000, respectively. Net premiums written represent the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period less any applicable reinsurance costs. The increase in 2025 primarily resulted from an increase in the volume of premiums in force, offset by an increase in premiums ceded. We had approximately 270,100 policies in force as of June 30, 2025 as compared with approximately 242,500 policies in force at June 30, 2024.

Net Premiums Earned for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $200,106,000 and $186,848,000, respectively, and reflect the gross premiums earned less reinsurance costs as described above.

The following is a reconciliation of our total Net Premiums Written to Net Premiums Earned for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Expenses

Our consolidated Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses amounted to approximately $64,457,000 and $78,324,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease was attributable to lower claims and litigation frequency. See “Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

Policy Acquisition and Other Underwriting Expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $30,551,000 and $23,452,000 on a consolidated basis, respectively, and primarily reflect the amortization of deferred acquisition costs such as commissions payable to agents for production and renewal of policies and premium taxes. The increase in amortized costs was primarily due to a higher volume of policies in force in the comparative periods.

General and Administrative Personnel Expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $19,985,000 and $17,471,000, respectively. Our general and administrative personnel expenses include salaries, wages, payroll taxes, stock-based and other incentive compensation expenses, and employee benefit costs. Factors such as merit increases, changes in headcount, and periodic restricted stock grants, among others, cause fluctuations in this expense. In addition, our personnel expenses are decreased by the capitalization of payroll costs related to projects to develop software for internal use and the payroll costs associated with the processing and settlement of certain catastrophe claims which are recoverable from reinsurers under reinsurance contracts. The quarter-over-quarter increase of $2,514,000 was primarily attributable to an increase in stock-based and other incentive compensation, employee health benefits, and merit increases.

Other Operating Expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $8,791,000 and $7,520,000, respectively. The increase was primarily attributable to a $1,125,000 debt conversion charge in connection with the conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes during the second quarter of 2025.

Income Tax Expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $24,113,000 and $18,927,000, respectively, resulting in effective tax rates of 25.5% and 24.9%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate as compared with the corresponding period in the prior year was primarily attributable to certain non-deductible compensation expense for the second quarter of 2025.

Ratios:

The net loss ratio (losses and loss adjustment expenses in relation to net premiums earned) applicable to the three months ended June 30, 2025 was 32.2% compared with 41.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses and the increase in net premiums earned.

The net expense ratio (total expenses excluding losses and loss adjustment expenses and interest expense in relation to net premiums earned) applicable to the three months ended June 30, 2025 was 29.7% compared with 25.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in our expense ratio was primarily attributable to the increase in policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses and the increase in general and administrative personnel expenses, partially offset by the increase in net premiums earned.

The net combined ratio (total expenses excluding interest expense in relation to net premiums earned) is the measure of overall underwriting profitability before other income. Our combined ratio for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was 61.9% compared with 67.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in 2025 was attributable to the factors described above.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 reflect net income of approximately $144,509,000 or $10.57 diluted earnings per share, compared with net income of approximately $114,055,000 or $8.04 diluted earnings per share for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The period-over-period increase was primarily due to a $34,498,000 decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses and a $25,468,000 increase in net premiums earned; partially offset by a $12,247,000 increase in policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses, a $6,723,000 increase in general and administrative personnel expenses, and a $3,536,000 decrease in income from our investment portfolio (consisting of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains or losses).

Revenue

Gross Premiums Earned on a consolidated basis for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $603,011,000 and $520,205,000, respectively. The $82,806,000 increase was primarily attributable to a higher volume of policies in force as a result of the addition of policies from Citizens during the fourth quarter of 2024 and first quarter of 2025. Gross premiums earned from Insurance Operations were $564,404,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared with $505,441,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Gross premiums earned from Reciprocal Exchange Operations were $41,086,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $16,429,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Premiums Ceded for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $202,157,000 and $144,819,000, respectively, representing 33.5% and 27.8%, respectively, of gross premiums earned. The $57,338,000 increase was primarily attributable to higher reinsurance costs due to growth in the number of policies in force and total insured value.

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, there was no adjustment to premiums ceded related to retrospective provisions as opposed to a decrease of $13,986,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Premiums Written for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 totaled approximately $443,634,000 and $417,069,000, respectively. The increase in 2025 primarily resulted from an increase in the volume of premiums in force, offset by an increase in premiums ceded.

Net Premiums Earned for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $400,854,000 and $375,386,000, respectively, and reflect the gross premiums earned less reinsurance costs as described above.

The following is a reconciliation of our total Net Premiums Written to Net Premiums Earned for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Net Unrealized Investment Losses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 were approximately $726,000 compared with net unrealized investment gains of approximately $3,168,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to an overall decline in the equity markets for the comparative periods.

Expenses

Our consolidated Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses amounted to approximately $123,748,000 and $158,246,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease is primarily driven by a decline in claims and litigation frequency, partially offset in part by losses on policies assumed from Citizens by the Reciprocal Exchange Operations during 2025. See “Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

Policy Acquisition and Other Underwriting Expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $57,838,000 and $45,591,000, respectively. The increase in amortized costs was primarily due to a higher volume of policies in force in the comparative periods.

General and Administrative Personnel Expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $40,468,000 and $33,745,000, respectively. The period-over-period increase of $6,723,000 was primarily attributable to an increase in stock-based and other incentive compensation, employee health benefits, and merit increases.

Other Operating Expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $14,440,000 and $15,220,000, respectively. The decrease was partially offset by a $1,125,000 debt conversion charge in connection with the conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes during the second quarter of 2025.

Income Tax Expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was approximately $50,222,000 and $39,401,000, respectively, resulting in effective tax rates of 25.8% and 25.7%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate as compared with the corresponding period in the prior year was primarily attributable to certain non-deductible compensation expense for 2025.

Ratios:

The net loss ratio applicable to the six months ended June 30, 2025 was 30.9% compared with 42.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease in losses and loss adjustment expenses and the increase in net premiums earned.

The net expense ratio applicable to the six months ended June 30, 2025 was 28.1% compared with 25.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in our expense ratio was primarily attributable to the increase in policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses and the increase in general and administrative personnel expenses, partially offset by the increase in net premiums earned.

Our net combined ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was 59.0% compared with 67.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in 2025 was attributable to the factors described above.

Seasonality of Our Business

Our insurance business is seasonal as hurricanes and tropical storms affecting Florida, our primary market, and other southeastern states typically occur during the period from June 1st through November 30th of each year. Winter storms in the northeast usually occur during the period between December 1st and March 31st of each year. Also, our reinsurance treaty year is typically effective on June 1st of each year and any variation in the cost of our reinsurance, whether due to changes in reinsurance rates, coverage levels or changes in the total insured value of our policy base, will occur and be reflected in our financial results beginning on June 1st of each year.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Throughout our history, our liquidity requirements have been met through issuances of our common and preferred stock, debt offerings and funds from operations. We expect our future liquidity requirements will be met by funds from operations, primarily the cash received by our insurance subsidiaries from premiums written and investment income. We may consider raising additional capital through debt and/or equity offerings to support our growth and future investment opportunities.

Our insurance subsidiaries require liquidity and adequate capital to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders and claimants and to fund operating expenses. In addition, we attempt to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and surplus to manage any differences between the duration of our liabilities and invested assets. In the insurance industry, cash collected for premiums from policies written is invested, interest and dividends are earned thereon, and losses and loss adjustment expenses are paid out over a period of years. This period of time varies by the circumstances surrounding each claim. With the exception of litigated claims, substantially all of our losses and loss adjustment expenses are fully settled and paid within approximately 100 days of the claim receipt date. Additional cash outflow occurs through payments of underwriting costs such as commissions, taxes, payroll, and general overhead expenses.

We believe that we maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and expenses, as well as to satisfy commitments in the event of unforeseen events such as reinsurer insolvencies, inadequate premium rates, or reserve deficiencies. We maintain a comprehensive reinsurance program at levels management considers adequate to diversify risk and safeguard our financial position.

In the future, we anticipate our primary use of funds will be to pay claims, reinsurance premiums, interest, dividends and to fund operating expenses and real estate acquisitions.

Revolving Credit Facility and Long-Term Debt

The following table summarizes the principal and interest payment obligations of our indebtedness as of June 30, 2025:

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As of June 30, 2025, the revolving credit facility had additional available borrowing capacity of $35,000,000. We remain in compliance with all covenants set forth in our debt agreements as of the reporting date. Refer to Note 10 “Revolving Credit Facility” and Note 11 “Long-Term Debt” to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

On July 24, 2025, we entered into a $17,000 loan agreement which bears interest at 5.65% with a maturity date of August 1, 2035. The loan is secured by commercial real estate in Haines City, Florida.

At-The-Market Facility

On January 22, 2024, we implemented an “at-the-market” facility (the “ATM Facility”) which gives us the ability to raise up to $75,000 through the issuance of new shares of common stock through a sales agent (the “Sales Agent”). We have no obligation to sell, and the Sales Agent has no obligation to buy or sell, any shares of common stock under the ATM Facility. As of June 30, 2025 the remaining availability under the ATM Facility was $75,000.

Limited Partnership Investments

Our limited partnership investments consist of six private equity funds managed by their general partners. Withdrawals from limited partnership investments are generally not permitted and distributions occur when the underlying investments of the limited partnership investments are liquidated. Additionally, two of these funds have unexpired capital commitments which are callable at the discretion of the fund’s general partner for funding new investments or expenses of the fund. Although capital commitments for the four remaining funds have expired, the general partners may request additional funds under certain circumstances. As of June 30, 2025, there were unexpired capital commitments of $2,985,000. Refer to Note 5 “Investments” to the consolidated financial statements under “Limited Partnership Investments” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

Real Estate Investment

Real estate has long been a significant component of our overall investment portfolio. It diversifies our portfolio and helps offset the volatility of other higher-risk assets. Thus, we may consider expanding our real estate investment portfolio should an opportunity arise.

On August 1, 2025, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement for a 179,779 square-foot commercial property located in St. Petersburg, Florida at a purchase price of $17,500,000. The purchase is scheduled to be closed during the third quarter of 2025 and will be funded using available cash on hand.

Dividends

On July 1, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.40 per common share. The dividends are payable on September 19, 2025 to stockholders of record on August 15, 2025.

Sources and Uses of Cash

Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $307,005,000, which consisted primarily of cash received from net premiums written, and reinsurance recoveries of approximately $59,359,000 less cash disbursed for operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses and interest payments. Net cash provided by investing activities of $120,019,000 was primarily due to the proceeds from calls, repayments and maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities of $263,643,000, the proceeds from sales of available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities of $24,980,000, partially offset by the purchases of available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities of $159,875,000, and purchases of real estate investments of $8,862,000. Net cash used in financing activities totaled $12,268,000, which was primarily due to $8,924,000 of cash dividend payments, net repayment of our revolving credit facility of $4,000,000, an induced debt conversion payment of $1,125,000, and $687,000 of share repurchases, partially offset by net contribution from noncontrolling interests of $2,736,000.

Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $152,985,000, which consisted primarily of cash received from net premiums written, and reinsurance recoveries of approximately $49,334,000 less cash disbursed for operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses and interest payments. Net cash used in investing activities of $179,433,000 was primarily due to the purchases of available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities of $506,438,000, the purchases of property and equipment of $2,039,000, and the purchases of real estate investments of $9,909,000, offset by the proceeds from calls, repayments and maturities of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities of $323,568,000, the proceeds from sales of available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities of $14,199,000, and distributions received from limited partnership investments of $2,292,000. Net cash used in financing activities totaled $64,174,000, which was primarily due to the redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests of $100,000,000, $8,165,000 of cash dividend payments, cash dividends paid to redeemable noncontrolling interests of $2,923,000, $1,037,000 of share repurchases, and redemption of promissory notes of $466,000, offset by the proceeds from borrowing under the line of credit agreement of $48,000,000 and net contribution from noncontrolling interests of $864,000.

Investments

The main objective of our investment policy is to maximize our after-tax investment income with a reasonable level of risk given the current financial market. Our excess cash is invested primarily in money market accounts, certificates of deposit, and available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities.

As of June 30, 2025, we had $650,828,000 of available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity investments, which are carried at fair value. Changes in the general interest rate environment affect the returns available on new available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments. While a rising interest rate environment enhances the returns available on new investments, it reduces the market value of existing available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments and thus the availability of gains on disposition. A decline in interest rates reduces the returns available on new available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments but increases the market value of existing available-for-sale fixed-maturity investments, creating the opportunity for realized investment gains on disposition.

In the future, we may alter our investment policy with regard to investments in federal, state and municipal obligations, preferred and common equity securities and real estate mortgages, as permitted by applicable law, including insurance regulations.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As of June 30, 2025, we had unexpired capital commitments for limited partnerships investments of $2,985,000 as described above. We do not have any other arrangements giving rise to material obligations that are not reported in our consolidated balance sheets, as described in Item 303 of SEC Regulation S-K.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments to develop amounts reflected and disclosed in our consolidated financial statements. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term are related to our losses and loss adjustment expenses, which include amounts estimated for claims incurred but not yet reported. We base our estimates on various assumptions and actuarial data we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

We believe our accounting policies and estimates specific to losses and loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance recoverable, income taxes, stock-based compensation expense, limited partnership investments, and acquired intangible assets involve our most significant judgments and estimates material to our consolidated financial statements.

Our accounting policies and estimates and their related risks that we consider to be critical are more fully described in our 2024 Annual Report. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no other material changes with respect to any of our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Our liability for losses and loss adjustment expense (“Reserves”) is specific to property insurance, which is our insurance subsidiaries’ only line of business. The Reserves include both case reserves on reported claims and our reserves for incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) losses. As of each period end date, the balance of our Reserves is based on our best estimate of the ultimate cost of reported claims and the IBNR losses based primarily on our historical experience. Changes in the Reserves are charged or credited to operations as the Reserves are adjusted.

The IBNR represents our estimate of the ultimate cost of all claims that have occurred but have not been reported to us, and in some cases may not yet be known to the insured, and future development of reported claims. Estimating the IBNR component of our Reserves involves considerable judgment on the part of management. As of June 30, 2025, $616,225,000 of the total $696,892,000 of Reserves is attributable to our estimate of IBNR. The remaining $80,667,000 relates to known cases which have been reported but not yet fully settled and represents our best estimate of the cost to settle such claims. As of June 30, 2025, $72,941,000 of the $80,667,000 in reserves for known cases relates to claims incurred during prior years.

Our Reserves decreased from $845,900,000 as of December 31, 2024 to $696,892,000 as of June 30, 2025. The $149,008,000 decrease is comprised of (i) reductions in our catastrophe Reserves of $174,210,000 primarily related to Hurricane Ian, Hurricane Helene, and Hurricane Milton; (ii) reductions in our non-catastrophe Reserves of $35,052,000 for 2024 and $27,343,000 for 2023 and prior loss years; and (iii) partially offset by $87,597,000 in reserves established for the 2025 loss year. The Reserves established for 2025 claims are primarily driven by IBNR as of June 30, 2025. The decrease of $236,605,000 related to our 2024 and prior loss-years reserves is due to settlement of such claims as well as a favorable change in estimated losses from Hurricane Milton.

Based on all information known to us, we consider our Reserves as of June 30, 2025 to be adequate to cover our claims for losses that have been incurred as of that date including losses yet to be reported to us. However, these estimates are continually reviewed by management as they are subject to significant variability and may be impacted by trends in claim severity and frequency or unusual exposures that have not yet been identified. As part of the process, we review historical data and consider various factors, including known and anticipated regulatory and legal developments, changes in social attitudes, inflation and economic conditions. As experience develops and other data becomes available, these estimates are revised, as required, resulting in increases or decreases to the Reserves. Adjustments are reflected in the results of operations in the period in which they are made, and the liabilities may deviate substantially from prior estimates.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 3 “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information about recent accounting pronouncements and adoptions.

Our investment portfolio as of June 30, 2025 included available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities, the purposes of which are not for speculation. Our main objective is to maximize after-tax investment income and maintain sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations while minimizing market risk, which is the potential economic loss from adverse fluctuations in securities prices. We consider many factors including credit ratings, investment concentrations, regulatory requirements, anticipated fluctuation of interest rates, durations and market conditions in developing investment strategies. Our investment securities are managed primarily by outside investment advisors and are overseen by the investment committee appointed by our Board of Directors. From time to time, our investment committee may decide to invest in low-risk assets such as U.S. government bonds.

Our investment portfolio is exposed to interest rate risk, credit risk and equity price risk. Fiscal and economic uncertainties caused by any government action or inaction may exacerbate these risks and potentially have adverse impacts on the value of our investment portfolio.

We classify our fixed-maturity securities as available-for-sale and report any unrealized gains or losses, net of deferred income taxes, as a component of other comprehensive income within our stockholders’ equity. As such, any material temporary changes in their fair value can adversely impact our stockholders’ equity. In addition, we recognize any unrealized gains or losses related to our equity securities in our statement of income. As a result, our results of operations can be materially affected by the volatility in the equity market.

Interest Rate Risk

Our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities are sensitive to potential losses resulting from unfavorable changes in interest rates. We manage the risk by analyzing anticipated movement in interest rates and considering our future capital needs.

The following table illustrates the impact of hypothetical changes in interest rates to the fair value of our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities as of June 30, 2025 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Credit Risk

Credit risk can expose us to potential losses arising principally from adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuers of our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities. We mitigate the risk by investing in available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities that are generally investment grade, by diversifying our investment portfolio to avoid concentrations in any single issuer or business sector, and by continually monitoring each individual security for declines in credit quality. While we emphasize credit quality in our investment selection process, significant downturns in the markets or general economy may impact the credit quality of our portfolio.

The following table presents the composition of our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities, by rating, as of June 30, 2025 (dollar amounts in thousands):

Equity Price Risk

Our equity investment portfolio as of June 30, 2025 included common stocks, perpetual preferred stocks, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. We may incur potential losses due to adverse changes in equity security prices. We manage the risk primarily through industry and issuer diversification and asset mix.

The following table illustrates the composition of our equity securities as of June 30, 2025 (dollar amounts in thousands):

(1) Represents an aggregate of less than 5% sectors.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As of June 30, 2025, we did not have any material exposure to foreign currency related risk.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Annual Report.