Surf Air Mobility Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2025

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. This discussion and analysis is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, the information included in Item 1. Financial Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including information with respect to the Company’s plans and strategy for its business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The Company’s actual results and outcomes, and the timing of its results and outcomes, may differ materially from management’s expectations as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the sections entitled “Risk Factors” included within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 21, 2025 and the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 filed with the SEC on May 13, 2025.

Overview of the Business

Surf Air Mobility Inc. (“Surf Air Mobility”, the “Company”, “us”, “we” or “our”) is a regional air mobility platform that aims to transform regional flying. The Company is currently comprised of its Air Mobility business, with the goal of further developing and enhancing its service and technology offerings through its Air Technology business.

The Air Mobility business is an established regional air mobility platform providing scheduled service and an on-demand charter marketplace to passengers in the U.S. and globally. Current initiatives surrounding the Air Technology business seek to drive an innovative platform developing a proprietary, AI-enhanced aviation software operating system as well as technology and services to enable electrification across the regional air mobility sector.

The Company was incorporated in 2021 and became the ultimate parent of both Surf Air Global Limited (“Surf Air”) and Southern Airways Corporation (“Southern”) in July of 2023 following the Company’s public listing on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).

Our predecessor company, Surf Air, was formed in 2016 and prior to its reorganization into Surf Air Mobility, aimed to expand the category of regional air travel, connecting underutilized regional airports and private terminals to create a “shared private” customer experience and a high frequency “commercial-like” air service, using small turboprop aircraft. Surf Air provided both scheduled routes and on-demand charter flights operated by third parties that operate under Part 135 of Title 14 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (“Part 135”). Surf Air drove the early stages of development of our current efforts to develop electrified powertrain technology, including the establishment of relationships with key commercial partners who, as a group, we believe can deliver novel hardware and software solutions that can make electrified flight possible for operators across the Part 135 industry, starting with our owned and operated fleet.

Reverse Stock Split

On August 16, 2024, the Company effected a seven-for-one reverse stock split for all shares of the Company’s common stock then issued and outstanding. As a result of the reverse stock split, every seven shares of the Company’s old common stock were converted into one share of the Company’s new common stock. Fractional shares resulting from the reverse stock split were settled by cash payment.

Options, and other like awards, to purchase the Company’s common stock were also adjusted in accordance with their terms to reflect the reverse stock split.

Adjustments resulting from the reverse stock split have been retroactively reflected as of all periods presented herein.

At the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock at a reverse stock split ratio ranging from 2:1 to 5:1 inclusive. The Company’s Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, has the authority to decide, at any time prior to December 31, 2025, whether to implement the reverse stock split.

Operating Environment

Since 2020, the Company has been incurring expenses to support the development of the technology of its digital platform with the aim of enabling the regional air mobility market to operate at scale and to enhance the user’s ability to make informed decisions based on multiple first and third party data sources as well as connected aircraft, and the Company expects these development expenses to continue to be incurred. Additionally, the Company is developing fully-electric and hybrid-electric powertrain technologies with its commercial partners to electrify existing fleets and as well as new aircraft of the same type. As a result, the Company expects to incur significant costs in the future to support the development of this technology.

In addition to incremental costs incurred in the execution of the Company’s near and long-term business strategy, the Company has experienced inflationary pressures, which have materially increased the Company’s costs for aircraft fuel, wages and benefits and other goods and services critical to its operations during 2024 and 2025 and believes perceived recessionary risks have impacted the operating results for 2024 and the first half of 2025. These factors may continue in the future. For example, perceived recessionary risks, as a result of tariff and trade uncertainty or otherwise, may cause companies and individuals to reduce travel for either professional or personal reasons, and drive higher prices in the supply chain the Company relies upon. In addition, the Company incurred greater than expected losses and negative cash flows from operating activities during 2024 and through the first half of 2025 due to inefficient aircraft utilization, primarily caused by an underutilization of pilots and a shortage of maintenance personnel and critical aircraft components, which, in aggregate, have challenged the Company’s ability to serve its customers as desired and, in turn, cover expenses, specifically related to its scheduled service offerings.

As such, the extent to which global events and market inflationary impacts will affect our financial condition, liquidity and future results of operations is uncertain. Given the uncertainty regarding the length, and intensity, of these factors, the Company cannot reasonably estimate their impact on its future results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. The Company continues to actively monitor its financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers, industry and workforce. As the Company does not currently, and does not intend in the foreseeable future to, enter into any transactions to hedge fuel costs, or otherwise fix labor costs, the Company will continue to be fully exposed to fluctuations in prices of material operating costs.

During January 2025, the Company utilized an abundance of caution and voluntarily cancelled a significant number of scheduled flights due to maintenance concerns. The Company took actions to mitigate these concerns and returned its operations to full schedule during the first quarter of 2025. The most significant financial impacts of these cancellations have been lost revenues, lost operating income, decreased operating cash flows, and unplanned maintenance costs.

Key Operating Measures

In addition to the data presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements, we use the following key operating measures commonly used throughout the air transport industry to evaluate our business, measure our performance, develop financial forecasts and make strategic decisions. The following table summarizes key operating measures for each period presented below, which are unaudited.

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Results of Operations

Results of the Company’s Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):

Revenue

Revenue decreased by $4.9 million, or 15%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenue was attributable to the following changes in scheduled and on-demand revenues (in thousands, except percentages):

Scheduled revenue decreased $2.8 million, or 12%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in scheduled revenue was primarily related to the exiting of unprofitable routes and no membership subscription revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2025 due to the termination of scheduled membership routes. This decrease was partially offset by improved completion factors from addressing deferred interior and exterior maintenance items.

On-Demand revenue decreased $2.1 million, or 26%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in on-demand revenue was related to exiting several on-demand products to focus on profitability rather than near-term market penetration.

Operating Expenses

Cost of Revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of revenue decreased by $3.7 million, or 13%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease of $1.9 million for the scheduled cost of revenue was primarily attributable to lower revenue due to the exiting of unprofitable routes.

The decrease of $1.8 million for the on-demand cost of revenue was primarily attributable to exiting several on-demand products to focus on profitability.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expenses decreased by $2.9 million, or 52%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in accruals pertaining to the Textron data license of $3.1 million following the completion of the initial license stage, which was partially offset by slightly higher external development expense.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $1.1 million, or 42%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to a decrease of $1.1 million in employee compensation and commission expenses, due to a reduced headcount.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses decreased by $7.0 million, or 36%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in general and administrative expense was driven primarily by a $3.5 million reduction in stock-based compensation expense, primarily due to a $4.3 million reduction in expenses related to a management incentive plan associated with the Company’s acquisition of Southern, partially offset by a net increase in expense for other equity awards. Additional decreases of $0.8 million in professional service fees and $2.7 million in salary and compensation expense was the result of reduced transaction related expenses and headcount reductions.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $0.4 million, or 18%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. This was primarily due to overall increases in aircraft depreciation due to capital expenditures subsequent to March 31, 2024.

Other Income/(Expense)

Other expense, net increased by $10.4 million, or 589%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. This was primarily attributable to a $7.6 million increase in losses from changes in fair value of financial instruments, primarily due to the impact of changes in price of the Company’s common stock on valuations of convertible notes and the GEM MCS, a $1.9 million increase in interest expense due to overall higher borrowings under the Comvest Credit Agreement and LamVen Note, and a $0.9 million increase in other loss.

Net Loss

The increase in net loss of $1.0 million, or 4%, for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024, was primarily attributable to a decrease in revenue of $4.9 million and an increase in other expenses of $10.4 million. These were partially offset by decreases in operating expenses of $14.3 million.

Results of Operations

Results of the Company’s Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages):

Revenue

Revenue decreased by $12.1 million, or 19%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in revenue was attributable to the following changes in scheduled and on-demand revenues (in thousands, except percentages):

Scheduled revenue decreased $8.0 million, or 17%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in scheduled revenue was primarily related to the exiting of unprofitable routes, addressing deferred interior and exterior maintenance that impacted aircraft availability, and no membership subscription revenue in the six months ended June 30, 2025 due to termination of scheduled membership routes.

On-Demand revenue decreased $4.0 million, or 25%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in on-demand revenue was related to the exiting of several on-demand products to focus on profitability rather than near-term market penetration.

Operating Expenses

Cost of Revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of revenue decreased by $7.5 million, or 13%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease of $4.5 million for the scheduled cost of revenue was primarily attributable to lower revenue due to the exiting of unprofitable routes and addressing deferred interior and exterior maintenance items that impacted aircraft availability.

The decrease of $3.0 million for the on-demand cost of revenue was primarily attributable to exiting several on-demand products to focus on profitability.

Technology and Development

Technology and development expenses decreased by $7.3 million, or 57%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was driven primarily by a decrease in accruals pertaining to the Textron data license of $6.3 million following the completion of the initial license stage, and additional decreases in labor and labor related expenses for the technology team of $1.0 million due to a decrease in headcount.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $2.4 million, or 44%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to a decrease of $2.4 million in employee compensation and commission expenses, due to a reduced headcount.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses decreased by $20.7 million, or 47%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in general and administrative expense was primarily driven by a $14.3 million reduction in stock-based compensation expense, primarily due to a $14.3 million reduction in expenses related to a management incentive plan associated with the Company’s acquisition of Southern. Additional reductions of $3.8 million in professional service fees and $2.8 million in salary and compensation expense were the result of reductions in transaction-related expenses and headcount reductions.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $0.5 million, or 14%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to overall increases in aircraft depreciation due to capital expenditures subsequent to March 31, 2024.

Other Income/(Expense)

Other expense, net increased by $7.8 million, or 181%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. This was primarily attributable to a $1.7 million increase in losses from changes in fair value of financial instruments, primarily due to the impact of changes in price of the Company’s common stock on valuations of convertible notes and the GEM MCS, a $4.1 million increase in interest expense due to overall higher borrowings under the Comvest Credit Agreement and LamVen Note, and a $2.1 million increase in other loss.

Net Loss

The decrease in net loss of $17.5 million, or 27%, for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024, was primarily attributable to a decrease in operating expenses of $37.3 million. This was partially offset by decreases in revenue of $12.1 million and increases in other expense, net of $7.8 million.

Cash Flow Analysis

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows (in thousands):

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Cash Flow from Operating Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $26.4 million, primarily driven by a net loss of $46.5 million. These operating outflows were partially offset by depreciation and amortization expense of $4.6 million, stock-based compensation expense of $5.7 million, changes in fair value of financial instruments of $2.4 million and an $8.2 million increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $18.4 million, primarily driven by a net loss of $63.9 million. These operating outflows were partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expenses of $20.0 million, increases in accounts payable, amounts due to related parties and accrued expenses of $20.9 million, and increases in depreciation and amortization expense of $4.0 million.

Net cash used in operating activities increased period over period by $8.0 million, primarily driven by decreases in stock based compensation expenses of $14.3 million and $11.8 million in decreases in accounts payable and due to a related party. These were offset by a $17.5 million reduction in net loss.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $1.0 million, a decrease of $1.6 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. The decrease was driven by an increase in proceeds from the sale of fixed assets of $2.7 million, which was partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in purchases of property and equipment and software development costs during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $33.3 million, primarily due to $31.4 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock and $1.8 million in borrowings on long-term debt.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $20.7 million primarily due to proceeds from borrowings from related parties of $19.5 million, and proceeds from the GEM Stock Purchase Agreement of $3.8 million, partially offset by $1.5 million in principal payments on long-term debt.

Net cash provided by financing activities increased period over period by $12.6 million, primarily driven by increased issuances of common stock of $31.4 million and $1.8 million in borrowings on long-term debt. This was partially offset by a decrease of $19.5 million in borrowings from related parties.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has incurred losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities and has a working capital deficit. In addition, the Company is currently in default of certain excise and property taxes as well as certain debt obligations. These tax and debt obligations are classified as current liabilities on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. As discussed in Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies, on May 15, 2018, the Company received a notice of a tax lien filing from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for unpaid federal excise taxes for the quarterly periods from October 2016 through September 2017 in the amount of $1.9 million, including penalties and interest as of the date of the notice. The Company agreed to a payment plan (the “Installment Plan”) whereby the IRS would take no further action and remove such liens at the time such amounts have been paid. In 2019, the Company defaulted on the Installment Plan. Defaulting on the Installment Plan can result in the IRS nullifying such plan, placing the Company in default and taking collection action against the Company for any unpaid balance. The Company is currently in default on these obligations with a total outstanding federal excise tax liability including accrued penalties and interest of $8.8 million included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2025. The Company is currently considering available options regarding settlement of its federal excise tax liability. The Company has also defaulted on its property tax obligations in various California counties in relation to fixed assets, plane usage and aircraft leases. The Company’s total outstanding property tax liability including penalties and interest is approximately $1.8 million as of June 30, 2025. Additionally, Los Angeles County has imposed a tax lien on four of the Company’s aircraft due to the late filing of the Company’s 2022 property tax return. As of June 30, 2025, the amount of property tax, interest and penalties related to the Los Angeles County tax lien for all unpaid tax years was approximately $1.2 million. The Company is in the process of remediating the late filing, inclusive of the completion of county audits, and payment of the property taxes due to Los Angeles County. As of June 30, 2025, the Company was also in default of the Simple Agreements for Future Equity with Token allocation (“SAFE-T”) note, where the note matured in July 2019 (see Note 7, Financing Arrangements). The SAFE-T note is subordinate to the Company’s Convertible Note Purchase Agreement (see Note 7, Financing Arrangements); therefore, the Company cannot pay the outstanding balance prior to paying amounts due under the Convertible Note Purchase Agreement. The SAFE-T note had an outstanding principal amount of $0.5 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern assumption contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The airline industry and the Company’s operations are cyclical and highly competitive. The Company’s success is largely dependent on the ability to raise debt and equity capital, achieve a high level of aircraft and crew utilization, increase flight services and the number of passengers flown, and continue to expand into regions profitably throughout the United States.

The Company’s prospects and ongoing business activities are subject to the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving markets. Risks and uncertainties that could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations or financial condition include, but are not limited to the ability to (i) raise additional capital (or financing) to fund operating losses, (ii) refinance its current outstanding debt, (iii) maintain efficient aircraft utilization, primarily through the proper utilization of pilots and managing market shortages of maintenance personnel and critical aircraft components, (iv) sustain ongoing operations, (v)attract and maintain customers, (vi) integrate, manage and grow recent acquisitions and new business initiatives, (vii) obtain and maintain relevant regulatory approvals, and (viii) measure and manage risks inherent to the business model.

The Company historically has funded its operations and capital needs primarily through the net proceeds received from the issuance of various debt instruments, convertible securities, related party funding, and preferred and common stock financing arrangements and expects to continue to do so, as available. In particular, as market conditions permit, the Company may raise additional funds through sales of equity (including through the second amended and restated Share Purchase Agreement (the “Share Purchase Agreement”) with GEM Global Yield LLC SCS (“GEM”)) or convertible debt, using proceeds (as available) to strengthen the Company’s balance sheet, among other things.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of $31.4 million through the issuance and sale of 13,616,328 shares of its common stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof). Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into a 4-year credit agreement with certain affiliates of Comvest Partners, as lenders (the “Comvest Credit Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company borrowed $44.5 million under a four-year term loan, and $5.5 million of delayed draw commitments. As of June 30, 2025, $2.3 million has been drawn under the delayed draw commitments. Additionally, during the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company received an additional $10.7 million through draws under the Share Purchase Agreement with GEM. The Company had previously filed a Form S-1 registration statement (File No. 333-275434) with the SEC, registering up to 42,857,143 shares of the Company’s common stock, which represents the balance of the full amount of shares of common stock that the Company estimated could be issued and sold to GEM for advances under the Share Purchase Agreement, plus the amount of shares the Company estimated could be sold to GEM for $50.0 million under the Share Purchase Agreement, (the “Prior Registration Statement”). In connection with the GEM Mandatory Convertible Security (see Note 8, Share Purchase Agreement, GEM Purchase, and Mandatory Convertible Security), the Company deregistered all of the shares registered but unsold under the Prior Registration Statement on June 4, 2024. The combined 46,428,571 shares contemplated under the Prior Registration Statement have been included in a Form S-1 Registration Statement (File No. 333-279929), which was declared effective by the SEC on August 7, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, the contractual terms allow the Company to make further advances of up to $97.5 million under the Share Purchase Agreement. Additionally, the Company has the ability to draw an additional $287.9 million under the Share Purchase Agreement, subject to daily volume limitations and GEM’s requirement to hold less than 10% of the fully-diluted shares of the Company. As of June 30, 2025, GEM held 0% of the then fully-diluted shares of the Company. At June 30, 2025, the daily volume limitations under the Share Purchase Agreement restricted our ability to take additional draws under the Share Purchase Agreement to approximately 3.6 million shares per draw. These restrictions do not impact the Company’s ability to execute advances under the Share Purchase Agreement. Additionally, the Company’s ability to draw upon the Share Purchase Agreement is contingent on the Company’s common stock being listed on a national exchange. The Company is currently attempting to resolve one listing requirement violation, pertaining to its market capitalization, with the New York Stock Exchange. Absent an extension granted by the New York Stock Exchange, the Company would need to regain compliance by November 2025. While the Company is currently above the market capitalization threshold, and is not currently subject to de-listing, it has not yet met the threshold for the time period required to cure the deficiency. The Company’s inability to cure this listing requirement violation would impact its ability to raise capital through existing sources.

The Company is currently implementing operational improvements and stringent operating expenses management to improve the profitability of its airline operations. In parallel, the Company is advancing its technology initiatives, including its software technology platform and Caravan electrification programs. In addition, the Company continues to evaluate strategies to obtain additional funding for future operations. These strategies may include, but are not limited to, obtaining additional equity financing, issuing additional debt or entering into other financing arrangements, forming joint venture and other partnerships, and restructuring operations to grow revenues and decrease expenses. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving its strategic plans, or that new financing will be available to the Company in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient financing when needed or events or circumstances occur such that the Company does not meet its strategic plans, the Company will be required to take additional measures to conserve liquidity, which could include, but are not necessarily limited to, reducing certain spending, altering or scaling back development plans, including plans to equip regional airline operations with fully-electric or hybrid-electric aircraft, or reducing funding of capital expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve its intended business objectives. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Commitments

The Company has entered into various contractual arrangements related to the build-out of the Company’s air service fleet, the development of its proprietary hybrid and electric aircraft technology, and the build out of its aircraft as a service platform. These arrangements include commitments for payments pursuant to licensing agreements, which routinely contain provisions for guarantees or minimum expenditures during the terms of the contracts. The Company also enters into long-term debt arrangements that include periodic interest and principal payments. Additionally, the Company routinely enters into noncancelable lease agreements for aircraft and operating locations, which contain minimum rental payments.

The timing and nature of these commitments are expected to have an impact on our liquidity and capital requirements in future periods. Refer to the Notes to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 for additional information relating to our long-term debt, operating and finance leases, related party term notes, and commitments.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Our most significant estimates and judgments involve difficult, subjective, or complex judgments made by management. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

JOBS Act

The Company currently qualifies as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. Accordingly, the Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. The Company’s utilization of these transition periods may make it difficult to compare our financial statements to those of non-emerging growth companies and other emerging growth companies that have opted out of the transition periods afforded under the JOBS Act.

In the ordinary course of operating our business, we are exposed to market risks. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position or results of operations due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Except as indicated below, there has been no material change in our exposure to market risk from that described in “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. It should be noted that, because of inherent limitations, our disclosure controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2025, due to material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect transactions and the dispositions of assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025 based on the criteria described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024 due to the material weaknesses described below.

As of June 30, 2025, material weaknesses existed in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses are as follows:

• We did not design and maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. Specifically, we lacked a sufficient complement of resources with (i) an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, training and experience to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately, and (ii) an appropriate level of knowledge and experience to establish effective processes and controls. Additionally, the lack of a sufficient complement of resources resulted in an inability to consistently establish appropriate authorities and responsibilities in pursuit of our financial reporting objectives, as demonstrated by, among other things, insufficient segregation of duties in our finance and accounting functions.
• We did not design and maintain effective controls in response to the risks of material misstatement. Specifically, changes to existing controls or the implementation of new controls have not been sufficient to respond to changes to the risks of material misstatement to financial reporting.

These material weaknesses contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:

• We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the identification of and accounting for certain non-routine, unusual or complex transactions, including the proper application of U.S. GAAP of such transactions. Specifically, we did not design and maintain effective controls to timely identify and account for capitalizable costs, revenue, stock-based compensation, and debt and equity financing transactions.
• We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the period-end financial reporting process, including designing and maintaining formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial

accounting, reporting and disclosures. Additionally, we did not design and maintain effective controls over the preparation and review of account reconciliations and journal entries, including maintaining appropriate segregation of duties.

• We did not design and maintain effective information technology (“IT”) general controls for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain: (i) program change management controls to ensure that program and data changes are identified, tested, authorized, and implemented appropriately; (ii) user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and to adequately restrict user and privileged access to appropriate personnel; (iii) computer operations controls to ensure that processing and transfer of data, and data backups and recovery are monitored; and (iv) program development controls to ensure that new software development is tested, authorized and implemented appropriately.
• We did not design and maintain effective controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely accounting for debt, deferred liabilities, leases, property and equipment, redeemable convertible preferred shares, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities.

These material weaknesses resulted in audit adjustments to substantially all of our accounts, which were recorded prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and for the years then ended, and as of June 30, 2022 and 2021 and for the six-month periods then ended. Subsequently, these material weaknesses also resulted in misstatements to revenue, deferred revenue, accrued expenses, additional paid-in capital and stock-based compensation expense to the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 and for the years then ended. These material weaknesses also resulted in misstatements to prepaid expenses and other current assets and sales and marketing to the consolidated financial statements as of and for the quarter ended September 30, 2023. Additionally, these material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of substantially all of our accounts or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting as we are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company,” we are exempt from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Remediation Plans to Address Material Weaknesses

As of the date of this Quarterly Report, we have executed on the following remediation actions:

• Adding key personnel with sufficient technical knowledge for the proper application of U.S. GAAP and the assessment of complex transactions;
• Integration and alignment of enterprise wide accounting operations under uniform financial systems and processes; and
• Engagement of a third party in the identification of risks of material misstatement and the designing and implementing of key controls to address the identified risks of material misstatement.

Our remediation plan includes the following actions that are ongoing:

• further segregate key duties, and actively monitor such duties, to reduce risks that could present a reasonable possibility of material misstatements;
• developing and executing action plans to address control deficiencies identified within certain key financial processes, prioritized by potential financial impact and risk;
• develop procedures promoting the consistent operation and evidencing of IT general controls specific to all key systems supporting financial reporting, including program change management, computer operations, program development, and user access reviews; and
• formalize our risk assessment process and accounting policies and provide training to relevant personnel on the importance of internal controls and compliance with policies.

We are prioritizing the above actions to complete our remediation plan. We believe that these actions, when fully implemented, will remediate the deficiencies described above. The deficiencies will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are designed and operating effectively. As we continue to evaluate and improve the applicable controls, management may take additional remedial measures or modify the remediation plan described above.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected or preventable.

Except for as discussed in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.