EPR Properties: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2023

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of EPR Properties (the “Company”, “EPR”, “we” or “us”). The forward-looking statements included in this discussion and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q involve risks and uncertainties, including anticipated financial performance, anticipated liquidity and capital resources, business prospects, industry trends, shareholder returns, performance of leases by tenants, performance on loans to customers and other matters, which reflect management's best judgment based on factors currently known. See “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Actual results and experience could differ materially from the anticipated results and other expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Item 1A - "Risk Factors" in our 2022 Annual Report, as supplemented by Item 1A - "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Business

Our principal business objective is to enhance shareholder value by achieving predictable and increasing Funds From Operations As Adjusted ("FFOAA") and dividends per share. Our strategy is to focus on long-term investments in the Experiential sector that benefit from our depth of knowledge and relationships, and which we believe offer sustained performance throughout most economic cycles.

Our investment portfolio includes ownership of and long-term mortgages on Experiential and Education properties. Substantially all of our owned single-tenant properties are leased pursuant to long-term, triple-net leases, under which the tenants typically pay all operating expenses of the property. Tenants at our owned multi-tenant properties are typically required to pay common area maintenance charges to reimburse us for their pro-rata portion of these costs. We also own certain experiential lodging assets structured using traditional REIT lodging structures.

It has been our strategy to structure leases and financings to ensure a positive spread between our cost of capital and the rentals or interest paid by our tenants. We have primarily acquired or developed new properties that are pre-leased to a single tenant or multi-tenant properties that have a high occupancy rate. We have also entered into certain joint ventures and we have provided mortgage note financing. We intend to continue entering into some or all of these types of arrangements in the foreseeable future.

Historically, our primary challenges had been locating suitable properties, negotiating favorable lease or financing terms (on new or existing properties), and managing our portfolio as we continued to grow. We believe our management’s knowledge and industry relationships have facilitated opportunities for us to acquire, finance and lease properties. More recently, and as further discussed below, the challenging economic environment and a theatre tenant's bankruptcy have increased our cost of capital, which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in our 2022 Annual Report, as supplemented by Item 1A - "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

As of September 30, 2023, our total assets were approximately $5.7 billion (after accumulated depreciation of approximately $1.4 billion) with properties located in 44 states, Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Our total investments (a non-GAAP financial measure) were approximately $6.7 billion at September 30, 2023. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for the reconciliation of "Total assets" in the consolidated balance sheet to total investments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. We group our investments into two reportable segments, Experiential and Education. As of September 30, 2023, our Experiential investments comprised $6.2 billion, or 92%, and our Education investments comprised $0.5 billion, or 8%, of our total investments.

As of September 30, 2023, our Experiential portfolio (excluding property under development and undeveloped land inventory) consisted of the following property types (owned or financed):

• 169 theatre properties;
• 57 eat & play properties (including seven theatres located in entertainment districts);
• 24 attraction properties;
• 11 ski properties;
• seven experiential lodging properties;
• 16 fitness & wellness properties;
• one gaming property; and
• three cultural properties.

As of September 30, 2023, our owned Experiential real estate portfolio consisted of approximately 19.9 million square feet, which includes 0.5 million square feet of properties we intend to sell. The Experiential portfolio, excluding the properties we intend to sell, was 99% leased and included $101.3 million in property under development and $20.2 million in undeveloped land inventory.

As of September 30, 2023, our Education portfolio consisted of the following property types (owned or financed):

• 62 early childhood education center properties; and
• nine private school properties.

As of September 30, 2023, our owned Education real estate portfolio consisted of approximately 1.3 million square feet, which includes 0.1 million square feet of properties we intend to sell. The Education portfolio, excluding the properties we intend to sell, was 100% leased.

The combined owned portfolio consisted of 21.3 million square feet and was 99% leased excluding the 0.6 million square feet of properties we intend to sell.

Update on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted experiential real estate properties because such properties involve congregate social activity and discretionary spending. Our non-theatre properties have demonstrated strong recovery from the impacts of the pandemic. However, our theatre customers were more severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and have seen a slower recovery than our non-theatre customers due primarily to changes in the timing of film releases, production delays and experimentation with streaming. As a result, we continue to recognize revenue on a cash basis for certain tenants. We began recognizing revenue on a cash basis for American-Multi Cinema, Inc. ("AMC") at the end of the first quarter of 2020 and for our Regal Cinemas tenants, subsidiaries of Cineworld Group, plc, at the end of the third quarter of 2020. With the emergence of Regal Cinemas from bankruptcy (discussed below), we began recognizing revenue on an accrual basis for the Regal Cinemas tenants. Although the box office continues to recover post-pandemic, the recent writers and actors strikes could delay the production and supply of motion pictures thereby negatively affecting this recovery in future periods. Going forward, we intend to increase the diversity of our experiential property types, thereby significantly reducing our exposure to theatres. We expect that to occur as we strictly limit new investments in theatres, grow other target experiential property types and pursue opportunistic dispositions of theatre property types.

As of September 30, 2023, we had deferred amounts due from tenants of approximately $0.8 million that were booked as receivables as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, as of September 30, 2023, we had amounts due from customers that were not booked as receivables totaling approximately $12.7 million because the full amounts were not deemed probable of collection as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amounts not booked as receivables remain obligations of the customers and will be recognized as revenue when any such amounts are received. See discussion below regarding changes to Regal Cinema's deferred amounts not booked as a receivable as a result of our comprehensive restructuring agreement with them which became effective upon their emergence from bankruptcy. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we collected $19.3 million, $35.7 million, $5.2 million and $11.5 million, respectively, in deferred rent from cash basis customers and from customers for which the deferred payments were not previously recognized as revenue. These amounts include collections related to the Regal bankruptcy as further discussed below, including stub rent and pre-petition rent related to September of 2022 and property operating expense reimbursements. In addition, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we collected $0.2 million, $1.3 million, $4.5 million and $19.6 million, respectively, of deferred rent from accrual basis customers that reduced related accounts and interest receivable. The repayment terms for all of these deferments vary by customer.

Regal Update

On September 7, 2022, Cineworld Group, plc, Regal Entertainment Group and our other Regal theatre tenants (collectively, "Regal") filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (the "Code"). Prior to such filing date and continuing throughout the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases, Regal leased 57 theatres from us pursuant to two master leases and 28 single property leases (the "Regal Leases"). As a result of the filing, Regal did not pay its rent or monthly deferral payment for September 2022 but subsequently paid portions of this amount, totaling approximately $4.0 million, pursuant to an order of the bankruptcy court issued during the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases. Regal resumed monthly rent and deferral payments for all Regal Leases commencing in October 2022 and continued making these payments through July 2023. The remainder of the September 2022 rent was paid, at the direction of the court, at the time Regal emerged from the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases, as discussed below.

On June 27, 2023, we entered into a comprehensive restructuring agreement with Regal, evidenced by an Omnibus Lease Amendment Agreement ("Omnibus Agreement"), anchored by a new master lease ("Master Lease") for 41 of the 57 properties previously leased to Regal (Master Lease Properties). On June 28, 2023, Regal’s Plan of Reorganization (the "Plan") was confirmed by the bankruptcy court. The Plan became effective on July 31, 2023 (the "Effective Date") and Regal emerged from the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases.

Pursuant to the Omnibus Agreement, the Master Lease and certain related agreements became effective upon the Effective Date. Material terms of the Omnibus Agreement, the Master Lease and related agreements include

• Beginning on August 1, 2023, the total annual fixed rent for the Master Lease Properties ("Annual Base Rent") is now $65.0 million, escalating by 10% every five years. The Master Lease is a triple-net lease, and

therefore, Annual Base Rent does not include taxes, insurance, utilities, common area maintenance and ground lease rent, for which Regal will be responsible for paying separately. Due to Regal's expected significantly improved credit profile, continuing box office recovery and Regal's payment history, among other factors, we will recognize revenue related to the Master Lease on an accrual basis beginning on the Effective Date.

• Pursuant to the Master Lease, Regal will also pay annual percentage rent ("Annual Percentage Rent") of 15% of annual gross sales exceeding $220.0 million and up to $270.0 million, and 12.5% of annual gross sales exceeding $270.0 million. These threshold amounts will increase every five years commensurate with escalations in Annual Base Rent.
• The Master Lease Properties have been divided into three tranches within the Master Lease, with the initial term of each tranche expiring annually on the 11th, 13th and 15th anniversaries from the Effective Date. Each tranche has three five-year renewal options. The average lease term for the Master Lease Properties as of the Effective Date increased by four years to 13 years.
• We have agreed to reimburse Regal for 50% of certain revenue-enhancing premises renovations to the Master Lease Properties, up to a maximum reimbursement of $32.5 million, provided that (a) Regal is not in default, (b) the maximum amount we will be required to reimburse in any calendar year will not exceed $10.0 million, and (c) reimbursable expenses must receive our prior approval and relate to a project mobilized and physically commenced during the first five years of the Master Lease term.
• On the Effective Date, Regal surrendered to the Company the remaining 16 properties not included in the Master Lease ("Surrendered Properties"), together with all furniture, fixtures and equipment located at the Surrendered Properties. We have entered into management agreements whereby Cinemark is managing four of the Surrendered Properties and Phoenix Theatres is managing one of the Surrendered Properties. We sold one of the remaining 11 Surrendered Properties during the three months ended September 30, 2023. We plan to sell the remaining ten properties and deploy the proceeds to acquire non-theatre experiential properties. In conjunction with taking back the Surrendered Properties, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge on eight of these properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $42.4 million based on recently appraised values.
• As of July 31, 2023, Regal owed approximately $76.3 million of undiscounted deferred rent (the "Deferred Rent Balance"), of which the Deferred Rent Balance related to the Master Lease Properties was approximately $56.8 million ("Master Lease Deferred Rent Balance") and the Deferred Rent Balance related to the Surrendered Properties was approximately $19.5 million ("Surrendered Property Deferred Rent Balance"). Of the Master Lease Deferred Rent Balance, approximately $50.1 million will be held in abeyance and will be forgiven in its entirety if Regal has no uncured events of default prior to the 15th anniversary of the Effective Date, and the remaining portion of the Master Lease Deferred Rent Balance will be waived and forgiven. If Regal has an uncured event of default at any time prior to the 15th anniversary of the Effective Date, the Master Lease Deferred Rent Balance held in abeyance will become due. The Surrendered Property Deferred Rent Balance will be included in our claims for rejection damages in the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases, which will be treated as general unsecured claims for which no material recovery is expected. The deferred rent was not previously recognized as accounts receivable because payments from Regal were recognized on a cash-basis prior to the Effective Date of the Master Lease. The deferred rent related to the Master Lease Properties held in abeyance will not be recognized on the balance sheet because it is a contingent receivable only due in the event of a default and payment is not deemed probable.
• Regal has provided us with a first lien security interest in all furniture, fixtures and equipment located at the Master Lease Properties. A parent entity of Regal has provided us a guaranty of Regal’s obligations under the Master Lease.
• On or about the Effective Date, Regal paid us approximately $3.0 million representing the unpaid portion of post-petition September stub rent for all properties, and approximately $1.3 million representing the unpaid pre-petition September rent for the Master Lease Properties. Additionally, on or about the Effective Date, Regal reimbursed us $1.2 million for property operating expenses we paid on Regal's behalf.

Challenging Economic Environment

REITS are generally experiencing heightened risks and uncertainties resulting from current challenging economic conditions, including significant volatility and negative pressure in financial and capital markets, increasing cost of capital, high inflation and other risks and uncertainties associated with a recessionary environment. Our business has been more acutely affected by these risks and uncertainties because of Regal's bankruptcy, as discussed above. Although we intend to continue making future investments, we expect that our levels of investment spending will be reduced in the near term due to elevated costs of capital, and that these investments will be funded primarily from cash on hand, excess cash flow, disposition proceeds and borrowing availability under our unsecured revolving credit facility, subject to maintaining our leverage levels consistent with past practice. As a result, we intend to continue to be more selective in making future investments and acquisitions until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital improves.

Operating Results

Our total revenue, net income available to common shareholders per diluted share and Funds From Operations As Adjusted ("FFOAA") per diluted share (a non-GAAP financial measure) are detailed below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in millions, except per share information):

The major factors impacting our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows:

• The increase in rental revenue due to an increase in contractual and deferred rental payments from cash basis tenants;
• The effect of property acquisitions and dispositions that occurred in 2023 and 2022;
• The increase in other income and other expense related to operating properties;
• The decrease in interest expense due to an increase in capitalized interest and interest income on short-term investments; and
• The increase in impairment charges, general and administrative expense and loss from joint ventures offset by an increase in gain on sale of real estate, a decrease in transaction costs and provision (benefit) for credit losses, net.

For further detail on items impacting our operating results, see section below titled "Results of Operations". FFOAA is a non-GAAP financial measure. For the definitions and further details on the calculations of FFOAA and certain other non-GAAP financial measures, see the section below titled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures."

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes. In preparing these financial statements, management has made its best estimates and assumptions that affect the reported assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to the valuation of real estate, accounting for real estate acquisitions, assessing the collectibility of receivables and the credit loss related to mortgage and other notes receivable. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. A summary of critical accounting policies and estimates is included in our 2022 Annual Report. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no changes to critical accounting policies.

Recent Developments

Investment Spending

Our investment spending during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 totaled $135.5 million and $321.3 million, respectively, and is detailed below (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

The above amounts include $2.5 million and $0.6 million in capitalized interest for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.3 million in capitalized other general and administrative direct project costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Excluded from the table above is approximately $7.1 million and $1.8 million of maintenance capital expenditures and other spending for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Dispositions

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we completed the sales of two vacant theatre properties, one vacant eat & play property, three vacant early childhood education centers and a land parcel for net proceeds totaling $35.0 million. In connection with these sales, we recognized a net gain on sale of $1.4 million. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we, as lessee, terminated one ground lease that held one theatre property.

Impairment Charges

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we reassessed the holding period of the Regal Surrendered Properties not included in the Master Lease, four other theatre properties that are part of a workout with a smaller theatre tenant and one early childhood education center property subject to a lease termination triggered by a casualty event. We determined that the estimated cash flows for eight of the Regal Surrendered Properties, two of the other theatre properties and the early childhood education center property were not sufficient to recover the carrying values and estimated the fair value of the real estate investments of these properties using independent appraisals. Accordingly, we recognized impairment charges totaling $64.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Theatre Tenant Update

On July 17, 2023, Santikos Theaters, LLC ("Santikos") acquired VSS-Southern Theatres ("Southern") through an asset purchase agreement. We have investments in ten theatre properties that were previously operated by Southern and located in six states. We continue to hold these investments and there are no structural changes to existing lease terms. In conjunction with the transaction, Southern paid its deferred rent receivable of $11.6 million in full, which was recognized as rental revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Results of Operations

Three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022

Analysis of Revenue

The following table summarizes our total revenue (dollars in thousands):

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, the increase in minimum rent resulted primarily from an increase of $17.9 million related to rental revenue on existing properties, including improved collections of rent being recognized on a cash basis. In addition, there was an increase in minimum rent of $1.5 million related to property acquisitions and developments completed in 2023 and 2022.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the increase in minimum rent resulted primarily from an increase of $29.9 million related to rental revenue on existing properties, including improved collections of rent being recognized on a cash basis. In addition, there was an increase in minimum rent of $10.0 million related to property acquisitions and developments completed in 2023 and 2022. This was partially offset by a decrease in rental revenue of $0.4 million from property dispositions.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we renewed one lease agreement on approximately 62 thousand square feet and experienced a decrease of approximately 11.5% in rental rates and paid no leasing commissions with respect to this lease renewal.

(2) The increase in straight-line rent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was due primarily to $2.1 million of additional straight-line rent revenue related primarily to recording a straight-line rent receivable for Regal ground leases in connection with reestablishing accrual basis accounting for Regal at August 1, 2023. Additionally, property acquisitions and developments completed in 2023 and 2022 contributed to the increase.

(3) The increase in other income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 related primarily to an increase in operating income from two theatre properties over prior year and the addition of operating income from five new theatre properties.

(4) The increase in mortgage and other financing income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to income from additional investments on an existing mortgage note receivable and interest on new mortgage notes funded in 2023 and 2022. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $1.5 million of accrued interest and fees receivable was written off against interest income related to one mortgage note receivable and two notes receivable.

Analysis of Expenses and Other Line Items

The following table summarizes our expenses and other line items (dollars in thousands):

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(1) The increase in other expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 related primarily to an increase in operating expense from two theatre properties over the prior year and the addition of operating expense from five new theatre properties. Higher expenses at the Kartrite Resort for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 also attributed to the increase.

(2) The increase in general and administrative expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related primarily to an increase in payroll and benefit costs and an increase in professional fees, including those related to the comprehensive restructuring agreement with Regal.

(3) The change in provision (benefit) for credit losses, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was due primarily to a credit loss expense of $6.8 million related to one mortgage note receivable and $3.1 million related to two notes receivable recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(4) Impairment charges recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2023 related to two theatre properties that are part of a workout with a smaller theatre tenant. Impairment charges recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily related to these two theatre properties and eight of the Regal Surrendered Properties not included in the Master Lease. Impairment charges recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related to a vacant property that was sold during the year ended December 31, 2022.

(5) The increase in depreciation and amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 resulted from acquisitions and developments completed in 2023 and 2022 and accelerated amortization of in-place leases related to Regal leases that were terminated. This was partially offset by property dispositions that occurred during 2023 and 2022.

(6) The gain on sale of real estate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 related to the sales of two vacant theatre properties and two early childhood education centers. The gain on sale of real estate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 related to the sale of two vacant theatre properties and a land parcel.

(7) The decrease in interest expense, net, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, resulted primarily from an increase in interest income recognized on short term investments and an increase in capitalized interest.

(8) The increase in equity in loss from joint ventures for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 related primarily to government incentives received at our experiential lodging properties located in St. Petersburg, Florida during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and higher interest expense at these joint ventures for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash and cash equivalents were $173.0 million at September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, we had no uninsured deposits. In addition, we had restricted cash of $2.9 million at September 30, 2023, which related primarily to escrow deposits required for property management and debt agreements or held for potential acquisitions and redevelopments.

Mortgage Debt, Senior Notes and Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility

At September 30, 2023, we had total debt outstanding of $2.8 billion, of which 99% was unsecured.

At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding $2.5 billion in aggregate principal amount of unsecured senior notes (excluding the private placement notes discussed below) ranging in interest rates from 3.60% to 4.95%. The notes contain various covenants, including: (i) a limitation on incurrence of any debt that would cause the ratio of our debt to adjusted total assets to exceed 60%; (ii) a limitation on incurrence of any secured debt that would cause the ratio of secured debt to adjusted total assets to exceed 40%; (iii) a limitation on incurrence of any debt that would cause our debt service coverage ratio to be less than 1.5 times; and (iv) the maintenance at all times of our total unencumbered assets such that they are not less than 150% of our outstanding unsecured debt. Interest payments on our unsecured senior notes are due semiannually.

At September 30, 2023, we had no outstanding balance under our $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility. Our unsecured revolving credit facility is governed by the terms of a Third Amended, Restated and Consolidated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2021 (the "Third Consolidated Credit Agreement"). The facility will mature on October 6, 2025. We have two options to extend the maturity date of the facility by an additional six months each (for a total of 12 months), subject to paying additional fees and the absence of any default. The facility provides for an initial maximum principal amount of borrowing availability of $1.0 billion with an "accordion" feature under which we may increase the total maximum principal amount available by $1.0 billion, to a total of $2.0 billion, subject to lender consent. The unsecured revolving credit facility bears interest at a floating rate of SOFR plus 1.30% (based on our unsecured debt ratings and with a SOFR floor of zero), which was 6.62% at September 30, 2023. Additionally, the facility fee on the revolving credit facility is 0.25%.

At September 30, 2023, we had outstanding $316.2 million of senior unsecured notes that were issued in a private placement transaction. The private placement notes were issued in two tranches and $136.8 million is due August 22, 2024, and $179.6 million is due August 22, 2026. At September 30, 2023, the interest rates for the private placement notes were 4.35% and 4.56% for the Series A notes due 2024 and the Series B notes due 2026, respectively.

Our unsecured revolving credit facility and the private placement notes contain financial covenants or restrictions that limit our levels of consolidated debt, secured debt, investments outside certain categories, stock repurchases and dividend distributions and require us to maintain a minimum consolidated tangible net worth and meet certain coverage levels for fixed charges and debt service. Additionally, these debt instruments contain cross-default provisions if we default under other indebtedness exceeding certain amounts. Those cross-default thresholds vary from $50.0 million to $75.0 million, depending upon the debt instrument. We were in compliance with all financial and other covenants under our debt instruments at September 30, 2023.

Our principal investing activities are acquiring, developing and financing Experiential properties. These investing activities have generally been financed with senior unsecured notes and the proceeds from equity offerings. Our unsecured revolving credit facility and cash from operations are also used to finance the acquisition or development of properties, and to provide mortgage financing. We have and expect to continue to issue debt securities in public or private offerings. We have and may in the future assume mortgage debt in connection with property acquisitions or incur new mortgage debt on existing properties. We may also issue equity securities in connection with acquisitions. Continued growth of our real estate investments and mortgage financing portfolios will depend in part on our continued ability to access funds through additional borrowings and securities offerings and, to a lesser extent, our ability to assume debt in connection with property acquisitions. We may also fund investments with the proceeds from asset dispositions. As discussed above, due to our current elevated cost of capital, we intend to fund our investments in the near term primarily from cash on hand, excess cash flow, disposition proceeds and borrowing availability under our unsecured revolving credit facility, subject to maintaining our leverage levels consistent with past practice.

Liquidity Requirements

Short-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of normal recurring corporate operating expenses, debt service requirements and distributions to shareholders. We have historically met these requirements primarily through cash provided by operating activities. The table below summarizes our cash flows (dollars in thousands):

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Commitments

As of September 30, 2023, we had 16 development projects with commitments to fund an aggregate of approximately $199.1 million, of which approximately $36.2 million is expected to be funded in 2023. Development costs are advanced by us in periodic draws. If we determine that construction is not being completed in accordance with the terms of the development agreement, we can discontinue funding construction draws. We have agreed to lease the properties to the operators at pre-determined rates upon completion of construction.

We have certain commitments related to our mortgage notes investments that we may be required to fund in the future. We are generally obligated to fund these commitments at the request of the borrower or upon the occurrence of events outside of our direct control. As of September 30, 2023, we had four mortgage notes with commitments totaling approximately $73.5 million, of which $26.5 million is expected to be funded in 2023. If commitments are funded in the future, interest will be charged at rates consistent with the existing investments.

In connection with construction of our development projects and related infrastructure, certain public agencies require posting of surety bonds to guarantee that our obligations are satisfied. These bonds expire upon the completion of the improvements or infrastructure. As of September 30, 2023, we had three surety bonds outstanding totaling $2.6 million.

Liquidity Analysis

We currently anticipate that our cash on hand, cash from operations, funds available under our unsecured revolving credit facility and proceeds from asset dispositions will provide adequate liquidity to meet our financial commitments, including the amounts needed to fund our operations, make recurring debt service payments, and allow distributions to our shareholders and avoid corporate level federal income or excise tax in accordance with REIT Internal Revenue Code requirements.

Long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of debt maturities. We have no scheduled debt payments due in 2023 and $136.6 million due in 2024. We currently believe that we will be able to repay, extend, refinance or otherwise settle our debt maturities as the debt comes due and that we will be able to fund our remaining commitments, as necessary. However, there can be no assurance that additional financing or capital will be available, or that terms will be acceptable or advantageous to us, particularly in light of the impact of the challenging economic environment and our elevated cost of capital.

Our primary use of cash after paying operating expenses, debt service, distributions to shareholders and funding existing commitments is in growing our investment portfolio through the acquisition, development and financing of additional properties. We expect to finance these investments with borrowings under our unsecured revolving credit facility as well as debt and equity financing alternatives or proceeds from asset dispositions. If we borrow the maximum amount available under our unsecured revolving credit facility, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional or substitute investment financing. We may also assume mortgage debt in connection with property acquisitions. The availability and terms of any such financing or sales will depend upon market and other conditions.

The challenging economic environment has increased our cost of capital, which has negatively impacted our ability to make investments in the near-term. As a result, we intend to continue to be more selective in making investments and acquisitions, utilizing cash on hand, excess cash flow and borrowings under our line of credit until such time as economic conditions improve and our cost of capital returns to acceptable levels.

Capital Structure

We believe that our shareholders are best served by a conservative capital structure. Therefore, we seek to maintain a conservative debt level on our balance sheet as measured primarily by our net debt to adjusted EBITDAre ratio (see "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for definitions). We also seek to maintain conservative interest, fixed charge, debt service coverage and net debt to gross asset ratios. As of September 30, 2023, our debt to total assets ratio was 49%, our net debt to adjusted EBITDAre ratio was 4.4x and our net debt to gross assets ratio was 38% (see "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for calculation).

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds From Operations (FFO), Funds From Operations As Adjusted (FFOAA) and Adjusted Funds From Operations (AFFO)

The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) developed FFO as a relative non-GAAP financial measure of performance of an equity REIT in order to recognize that income-producing real estate historically has not depreciated on the basis determined under GAAP. Pursuant to the definition of FFO by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, we calculate FFO as net income available to common shareholders, computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains and losses from disposition of real estate and impairment losses on real estate, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other affiliates. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other affiliates are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. We have calculated FFO for all periods presented in accordance with this definition.

In addition to FFO, we present FFOAA and AFFO. FFOAA is presented by adding to FFO severance expense, transaction costs, provision (benefit) for credit losses, net, costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff, preferred share redemption costs and impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and subtracting sale participation income, gain on insurance recovery and deferred income tax (benefit) expense. AFFO is presented by adding to FFOAA non-real estate depreciation and amortization, deferred financing fees amortization, share-based compensation expense to management and Trustees and amortization of above and below market leases, net and tenant allowances; and subtracting maintenance capital expenditures (including second generation tenant improvements and leasing commissions), straight-lined rental revenue (removing the impact of straight-line ground sublease expense), and the non-cash portion of mortgage and other financing income.

FFO, FFOAA and AFFO are widely used measures of the operating performance of real estate companies and are provided here as supplemental measures to GAAP net income available to common shareholders and earnings per share, and management provides FFO, FFOAA and AFFO herein because it believes this information is useful to investors in this regard. FFO, FFOAA and AFFO are non-GAAP financial measures. FFO, FFOAA and AFFO do not represent cash flows from operations as defined by GAAP and are not indicative that cash flows are adequate to fund all cash needs and are not to be considered alternatives to net income or any other GAAP measure as a measurement of the results of our operations or our cash flows or liquidity as defined by GAAP. It should also be noted that not all REITs calculate FFO, FFOAA and AFFO the same way so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful.

The following table summarizes our FFO, FFOAA and AFFO including per share amounts for FFO and FFOAA, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and reconciles such measures to net income available to common shareholders, the most directly comparable GAAP measure (unaudited, in thousands, except per share information):

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(1) Includes maintenance capital expenditures and certain second-generation tenant improvements and leasing commissions.

The effect of the conversion of our convertible preferred shares is calculated using the if-converted method and the conversion, which results in the most dilution is included in the computation of per share amounts. The conversion of the 5.75% Series C cumulative convertible preferred shares and the 9.00% Series E cumulative convertible preferred shares would be dilutive to FFO, FFOAA and AFFO per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. Therefore, the additional common shares that would result from the conversion and the corresponding add-back of the preferred dividends declared on those shares are included in the calculation of diluted FFO and FFOAA per share and would be included in a calculation of AFFO per share.

Net Debt

Net Debt represents debt (reported in accordance with GAAP) adjusted to exclude deferred financing costs, net and reduced for cash and cash equivalents. By excluding deferred financing costs, net, and reducing debt for cash and cash equivalents on hand, the result provides an estimate of the contractual amount of borrowed capital to be repaid, net of cash available to repay it. We believe this calculation constitutes a beneficial supplemental non-GAAP financial disclosure to investors in understanding our financial condition. Our method of calculating Net Debt may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.

Gross Assets

Gross Assets represents total assets (reported in accordance with GAAP) adjusted to exclude accumulated depreciation and reduced for cash and cash equivalents. By excluding accumulated depreciation and reducing cash and cash equivalents, the result provides an estimate of the investment made by us. We believe that investors commonly use versions of this calculation in a similar manner. Our method of calculating Gross Assets may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.

Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio

Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio is a supplemental measure derived from non-GAAP financial measures that we use to evaluate capital structure and the magnitude of debt to gross assets. We believe that investors commonly use versions of this ratio in a similar manner. Our method of calculating the Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.

EBITDAre

NAREIT developed EBITDAre as a relative non-GAAP financial measure of REITs, independent of a company's capital structure, to provide a uniform basis to measure the enterprise value of a company. Pursuant to the definition of EBITDAre by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, we calculate EBITDAre as net income, computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding interest expense (net), income tax (benefit) expense, depreciation and amortization, gains and losses from disposition of real estate, impairment losses on real estate, costs associated with loan refinancing or payoff and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships, joint ventures and other affiliates.

Management provides EBITDAre herein because it believes this information is useful to investors as a supplemental performance measure because it can help facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and with other REITs. Our method of calculating EBITDAre may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs. EBITDAre is not a measure of performance under GAAP, does not represent cash generated from operations as defined by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund all cash needs, including distributions. This measure should not be considered an alternative to net income or any other GAAP measure as a measurement of the results of our operations or cash flows or liquidity as defined by GAAP.

Adjusted EBITDAre

Management uses Adjusted EBITDAre in its analysis of the performance of the business and operations of the Company. Management believes Adjusted EBITDAre is useful to investors because it excludes various items that management believes are not indicative of operating performance, and because it is an informative measure to use in computing various financial ratios to evaluate the Company. We define Adjusted EBITDAre as EBITDAre (defined above) for the quarter excluding sale participation income, gain on insurance recovery, severance expense, transaction costs, provision (benefit) for credit losses, net, impairment losses on operating lease right-of-use assets and prepayment fees.

Our method of calculating Adjusted EBITDAre may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs. Adjusted EBITDAre is not a measure of performance under GAAP, does not represent cash generated from operations as defined by GAAP and is not indicative of cash available to fund all cash needs, including distributions. This measure should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other GAAP measure as a measurement of the results of our operations or cash flows or liquidity as defined by GAAP.

Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio

Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio is a supplemental measure derived from non-GAAP financial measures that we use to evaluate our capital structure and the magnitude of our debt against our operating performance. We believe that investors commonly use versions of this ratio in a similar manner. In addition, financial institutions use versions of this ratio in connection with debt agreements to set pricing and covenant limitations. Our method of calculating the Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs.

Reconciliations of debt, total assets and net income (all reported in accordance with GAAP) to Net Debt, Gross Assets Ratio, Net Debt to Gross Assets Ratio, EBITDAre, Adjusted EBITDAre and Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDAre Ratio (each of which is a non-GAAP financial measure), as applicable, are included in the following tables (unaudited, in thousands):

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Total Investments

Total investments is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as the sum of the carrying values of real estate investments (before accumulated depreciation), land held for development, property under development, mortgage notes receivable and related accrued interest receivable, net, investment in joint ventures, intangible assets, gross (before accumulated amortization and included in other assets) and notes receivable and related accrued interest receivable, net (included in other assets). Total investments is a useful measure for management and investors as it illustrates across which asset categories the Company's funds have been invested. Our method of calculating total investments may be different from methods used by other REITs and, accordingly, may not be comparable to such other REITs. A reconciliation of total assets (computed in accordance with GAAP) to total investments is included in the following table (unaudited, in thousands):

Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards

See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information on the impact of recently issued accounting standards on our business.

We are exposed to market risks, primarily relating to potential losses due to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We seek to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in interest rates by matching the term of new investments with new long-term fixed rate borrowings whenever possible. As of September 30, 2023, we had a $1.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility with no outstanding balance. We also had a $25.0 million bond that bears interest at a floating rate but has been fixed through an interest rate swap agreement.

As of September 30, 2023, we had a 65% investment interest in two unconsolidated real estate joint ventures related to two experiential lodging properties located in St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. At September 30, 2023, the joint ventures had a secured mortgage loan with an outstanding balance of $105.0 million. The mortgage loan bears interest at SOFR plus 3.65%, with monthly interest payments required. The joint venture has an interest rate cap agreement to limit the variable portion of the interest rate (SOFR) on this note to 3.5% from May 19, 2022 to June 1, 2024.

We are subject to risks associated with debt financing, including the risk that existing indebtedness may not be refinanced or that the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of current indebtedness. The majority of our borrowings are subject to contractual agreements or mortgages, which limit the amount of indebtedness we may incur. Accordingly, if we are unable to raise additional equity or borrow money due to these limitations, our ability to make additional real estate investments may be limited.

We are exposed to foreign currency risk against our functional currency, the U.S. dollar, on our six Canadian properties and the rents received from tenants of the properties are payable in CAD. In order to hedge our CAD denominated cash flows and our net investment in our six Canadian properties, we entered into cross-currency swaps designated as cash flow hedges and foreign currency forwards designated as net investment hedges as further described below.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

In order to hedge our interest rate risk, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement on our variable rate secured bonds with a notional amount of $25.0 million. The interest rate cap agreement limits the variable portion of the interest rate (SOFR) on this bond to 2.5325% until September 30, 2026.

Cash Flow Hedges of Foreign Exchange Risk-Cross Currency Swaps

We entered into three USD-CAD cross-currency swaps that became effective July 1, 2022, mature on October 1, 2024, and have a total fixed original notional value of $150.0 million CAD and $118.7 million USD. The net effect of these swaps is to lock in an exchange rate of $1.26 CAD per USD on approximately $10.8 million annual CAD denominated cash flows.

We entered into two USD-CAD cross-currency swaps that became effective May 1, 2022, mature on October 1, 2024 and have a total fixed notional value of $200.0 million CAD and $156.0 million USD. The net effect of these swaps is to lock in an exchange rate of $1.28 CAD per USD on approximately $4.5 million of annual CAD denominated cash flows.

We entered into three USD-CAD cross-currency swaps that became effective June 1, 2022, mature on December 1, 2024 and have a total fixed notional value of $90.0 million CAD and $69.5 million USD. The net effect of these swaps is to lock in an exchange rate of $1.30 CAD per USD on approximately $8.1 million of annual CAD denominated cash flows.

Net Investment Hedges - Foreign Currency Forwards

We entered into two forward contracts that became effective April 29, 2022 with a fixed notional value of $200.0 million CAD and $155.9 million USD with a settlement date of October 1, 2024. The exchange rate of these forward contracts is approximately $1.28 CAD per USD.

We entered into a forward contract that became effective June 14, 2022 with a fixed notional value of $90.0 million CAD and $69.2 million USD with a settlement date of December 2, 2024. The exchange rate of this forward contract is approximately $1.30 CAD per USD.

For foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges, the change in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in AOCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment. Amounts are reclassified out of AOCI into earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated.

See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information on our derivative financial instruments and hedging activities.

Evaluation of disclosures controls and procedures

As of September 30, 2023, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based upon and as of the date of that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Limitations on the effectiveness of controls

Our disclosure controls were designed to provide reasonable assurance that the controls and procedures would meet their objectives. Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the designed control objectives and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusions of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective, maturing control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Change in internal controls

There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter of the fiscal year to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

There are many risks and uncertainties that can affect our current or future business, operating results, financial performance or share price. The following discussion describes certain important factors that could adversely affect our current or future business, operating results, financial condition or share price, and supplements the factors set forth under Item 1A - "Risk Factors" in our 2022 Annual Report. This discussion includes a number of forward-looking statements. See "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements." The following risk factor replaces and supersedes the risk factor with the same title set forth under Item 1A - "Risk Factors" in our 2022 Annual Report.

Operating risks in the experiential real estate industry may affect the ability of our customers to perform under their leases or mortgages.

The ability of our customers to operate successfully in the experiential real estate industry and remain current on their obligations depends on a number of factors, including, with respect to theatres, the availability and popularity of motion pictures, the performance of those pictures in tenants' markets, the allocation of popular pictures to tenants, the release window (the time that elapses from the date of a motion picture's theatrical release to the date it is available on other mediums) and the terms on which the motion pictures are licensed. In addition, motion picture production is highly dependent on labor that is subject to various collective bargaining agreements. The Writers Guild of America strike that began on May 2, 2023 and ended on September 27, 2023 halted motion picture production and may delay or otherwise affect the supply of certain motion pictures. The Screen Actors Guild – American Federation of Television and Radio Artists strike that began on July 14, 2023 has also had a similar effect on the production and supply of motion pictures. Studios are party to collective bargaining agreements with a number of other labor unions, and failure to reach timely agreements or renewals of existing agreements may further affect the production and supply of motion pictures. Neither we nor our customers control the operations of studios or motion picture distributors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, motion picture distributors increasingly relied upon content streaming as a method of delivering products and continue to do so for certain film releases. There can be no assurances that motion picture distributors will continue to rely on theatres as the primary means of distributing first-run films and motion picture distributors have, and may in the future, consider alternative film delivery methods. In addition, in August 2020, a U.S. District Court granted the U.S. Department of Justice's request to terminate the Paramount Consent Decrees, which prohibit movie studios from owning theatres or utilizing "block booking," a practice whereby movie studios sell multiple films as a package to theatres, in addition to other restrictions. There can be no assurances as to the effects of this regulatory action or whether this regulatory action will materially adversely affect our theatre customers' operations and, in turn, their ability to perform under their leases.

Our other experiential customers are exposed to the risk of adverse economic conditions that can affect experiential activities. Eat & play, ski, attraction, experiential lodging, gaming, fitness & wellness and cultural properties are discretionary activities that can entail a relatively high cost of participation and may be adversely affected by an economic slowdown or recession. Economic conditions, including increasing interest rates and inflation, high unemployment and erosion of consumer confidence, may potentially have negative effects on our customers and on their results of operations. The reduced economic activity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted our customers' businesses, financial condition and liquidity. The ultimate extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as generally weakening economic conditions, impacts the operations of our customers will depend on future developments, which, as discussed above, are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence. We cannot predict what impact these uncertainties may have on overall guest visitation, guest spending or other related trends and the ultimate impact it will have on our customers’ operations and, in turn, their ability to perform under their respective leases or mortgages.