Red River Bancshares Inc: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

The purpose of this discussion and analysis is to focus on significant changes in the financial condition of Red River Bancshares, Inc. on a consolidated basis from December 31, 2024 through September 30, 2025, and on our results of operations for the quarters ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and information presented elsewhere in this Report, particularly the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Item 1.

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. We caution that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions, or beliefs about future events may, and often do, vary from actual results and the differences can be material. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Part II - Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report. Also, see risk factors and other cautionary statements described in “Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

CORPORATE SUMMARY

Red River Bancshares, Inc. is the bank holding company for Red River Bank, a Louisiana state-chartered bank established in 1999 that provides a fully integrated suite of banking products and services tailored to the needs of our commercial and retail customers. Red River Bank operates from a network of 28 banking centers throughout Louisiana and two combined LDPOs, one each in New Orleans, Louisiana and Lafayette, Louisiana. Banking centers are located in the following Louisiana markets: Central, which includes the Alexandria MSA; Northwest, which includes the Shreveport-Bossier City MSA; Capital, which includes the Baton Rouge MSA; Southwest, which includes the Lake Charles MSA; the Northshore, which includes Covington; Acadiana, which includes the Lafayette MSA; and New Orleans.

Our priority is to drive shareholder value through the establishment of a market-leading commercial banking franchise based in Louisiana. We provide our services through relationship-oriented bankers who are committed to their customers and the communities where we offer our products and services. Our strategy is to expand market share in existing markets and engage in opportunistic new market de novo expansion, supplemented by strategic acquisitions of financial institutions with customer-oriented, compatible philosophies located in desirable geographic areas.

THIRD QUARTER 2025 FINANCIAL AND OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS

In the third quarter of 2025, we had an improved net interest margin and record-high net income. Loans, deposits, and assets increased slightly. We completed a significant private stock repurchase and increased the quarterly cash dividend by 25.0%.

• Net income for the third quarter of 2025 was $10.8 million, or $1.63 diluted EPS, an increase of $605,000, or 5.9%, compared to $10.2 million, or $1.51 diluted EPS, for the second quarter of 2025. Net income for the third quarter was impacted by a $1.1 million increase in net interest income, combined with $253,000 of nonrecurring partnership income.
• For the third quarter of 2025, the return on assets was 1.34%, and the return on equity was 12.62%.
• Net interest income and net interest margin FTE increased for the third quarter of 2025 compared to the prior quarter. Net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 was $26.9 million, which was $1.1 million, or 4.1%, higher than $25.8 million for the prior quarter. Net interest margin FTE increased 7 bps to 3.43% for the third quarter of 2025, compared to 3.36% for the prior quarter. These improvements were the result of higher securities and loan yields, along with an improved earning asset mix.
• We participate as a member in JAM FINTOP. During the third quarter of 2025, JAM FINTOP completed the sale of an investment, which led to distributions of capital and income. As a result, other income (loss) for the third quarter included $253,000 of nonrecurring JAM FINTOP partnership income.
• As of September 30, 2025, loans HFI were $2.17 billion, which was $34.5 million, or 1.6%, higher than $2.14 billion as of June 30, 2025. In the third quarter of 2025, we experienced solid new loan and commitment activity, combined with funding of loan construction commitments.
• As of September 30, 2025, total securities were $764.6 million, which was $67.3 million, or 9.6%, higher than $697.3 million as of June 30, 2025. This increase was due to utilizing securities cash flows, along with other liquid funds, to purchase $78.2 million of securities with an average rate of 4.84%.
• Deposits totaled $2.84 billion as of September 30, 2025, an increase of $28.2 million, or 1.0%, compared to $2.81 billion as of June 30, 2025. This increase was driven mainly by higher noninterest-bearing and time deposit activity and balances.
• In the third quarter of 2025, the provision for credit losses totaled $650,000, compared to $450,000 for the prior quarter, and we sold all of our OREO. As of September 30, 2025, NPAs were $2.4 million, or 0.08% of assets, and the ACL was $22.8 million, or 1.05% of loans HFI.
• On July 24, 2025, our board of directors announced that the cash dividend for the third quarter of 2025 would be $0.15 per common share, which was a 25.0% increase from $0.12 per common share paid for each of the first and second quarters of 2025. In the third quarter of 2025, we paid the quarterly cash dividend of $0.15 per common share.
• The 2025 stock repurchase program authorizes us to purchase up to $5.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025. No shares were repurchased on the open market in the first and third quarters of 2025. In the second quarter of 2025, we repurchased 11,748 shares on the open market at an aggregate cost of $656,000, excluding excise tax. As of September 30, 2025, the 2025 stock repurchase program had $4.3 million of available capacity.
• On August 7, 2025, we entered into a privately negotiated stock repurchase agreement for the repurchase of 100,000 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $5.3 million, excluding excise tax. This repurchase was supplemental to our 2025 stock repurchase program.
• As of September 30, 2025, capital levels were strong with a stockholders’ equity to assets ratio of 10.93%, a leverage ratio of 12.17%, a risk-based capital ratio of 18.18%, and a book value per share of $53.42.
• In the third quarter of 2025, we opened a loan and deposit production office in the Pinhook Tower building in Lafayette, Louisiana.

The following tables contain selected financial information regarding our financial position and performance as of and for the periods indicated:

(in thousands)

30

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. Calculations of this measure and reconciliations to GAAP are included in “- Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Report. This measure has not been audited.

(2) We calculate tangible book value per share as total stockholders’ equity, less intangible assets, divided by the outstanding number of shares of our common stock at the end of the relevant period.

(3) We calculate realized book value per share as total stockholders’ equity, less AOCI, divided by the outstanding number of shares of our common stock at the end of the relevant period.

(4) Net interest margin FTE includes an FTE adjustment using a 21.0% federal income tax rate on tax-exempt securities and tax-exempt loans.

(5) Efficiency ratio represents operating expenses divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income.

(6) We calculate tangible common equity as total stockholders’ equity, less intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, and we calculate tangible assets as total assets, less intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net income for the third quarter of 2025 was $10.8 million, or $1.63 diluted EPS, an increase of $605,000, or 5.9%, compared to $10.2 million, or $1.51 diluted EPS, for the second quarter of 2025. The increase in net income was due to a $1.1 million increase in net interest income and a $307,000 increase in noninterest income, partially offset by a $522,000 increase in operating expenses, a $200,000 increase in the provision for credit losses, and a $47,000 increase in income tax expense. The return on assets for the third quarter of 2025 was 1.34%, compared to 1.30% for the second quarter of 2025. The return on equity was 12.62% for the third quarter of 2025, compared to 12.27% for the second quarter of 2025. Our efficiency ratio for the third quarter of 2025 was 56.06%, compared to 56.87% for the second quarter of 2025.

Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $31.3 million, or $4.65 diluted EPS, an increase of $6.4 million, or 25.8%, compared to $24.9 million, or $3.59 diluted EPS, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in net income was due to a $11.7 million increase in net interest income, partially offset by a $2.5 million increase in operating expenses, a $1.7 million increase in income tax expense, a $650,000 increase in the provision for credit losses, and a $431,000 decrease in noninterest income. The return on assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was 1.32%, compared to 1.08% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The return on equity was 12.58% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 10.86% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Our efficiency ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was 56.15%, compared to 60.84% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Our operating results depend primarily on our net interest income. Fluctuations in market interest rates impact the yield on interest-earning assets and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the amount and type of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities impact our net interest income. To evaluate net interest income, we measure and monitor: (1) yields on loans and other interest-earning assets; (2) the cost of deposits and other funding sources; (3) net interest spread; and (4) net interest margin. Since noninterest-bearing sources of funds, such as noninterest-bearing deposits and stockholders’ equity, also fund interest-earning assets, net interest margin includes the benefit of these noninterest-bearing funding sources.

In the first half of 2024, the target range for the federal funds rate was consistent at 5.25%-5.50%. In September of 2024, the FOMC decreased the federal funds rate by 50 bps and then by an additional 50 bps during the fourth quarter of 2024, reducing the target federal funds range to 4.25%-4.50% until September 2025. Late in the third quarter of 2025, the FOMC decreased the federal funds rate by an additional 25 bps, reducing the target range to 4.00%-4.25%. The average effective federal funds rate was 4.30% for the third quarter of 2025, compared to 4.33% for the second quarter of 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the average effective federal funds rate was 4.32%, compared to 5.31% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Net interest income and net interest margin FTE increased in the third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. Also, net interest income and net interest margin FTE increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Third Quarter of 2025 vs. Second Quarter of 2025

Net interest income for the third quarter of 2025 was $26.9 million, which was $1.1 million, or 4.1%, higher than the second quarter of 2025, due to a $1.4 million increase in interest and dividend income, slightly offset by a $352,000 increase in interest expense. The increase in interest and dividend income was mainly due to higher interest income on loans and securities. Loan income increased $1.1 million due to higher yields on loans, combined with higher average loan balances. Securities income increased $277,000 due to purchasing higher yielding securities, combined with higher average securities balances. The increase in interest expense was due to higher rates on interest-bearing transaction accounts due to public entity deposit pricing competition.

The net interest margin FTE increased 7 bps to 3.43% for the third quarter of 2025, compared to 3.36% for the prior quarter. This increase was due to improved yields on securities and loans, partially offset by higher deposit costs. The yield on securities increased 10 bps, primarily due to purchasing $78.2 million of securities with an average rate of 4.84%, which was higher than the current portfolio yield. The yield on loans increased 7 bps due to higher rates on new and renewed loans compared to the existing portfolio, as well as higher average loan balances. The average rate on new and renewed loans was 7.02% for the third quarter of 2025 and 7.14% for the prior quarter. The cost of deposits increased 2 bps to 1.58% for the third quarter of 2025, compared to 1.56% for the previous quarter, which was driven by higher rates on interest-bearing transaction accounts due to public entity deposit pricing competition.

In 2025, the FOMC kept the federal funds rate consistent through mid-September, with the target federal funds range remaining at 4.25%-4.50%. On each of September 17, 2025 and October 29, 2025, the FOMC lowered the target range of the federal funds rate by 25 bps, resulting in a range of 3.75%-4.00%. The market’s expectation is that the FOMC may lower the target federal funds range by 25 bps in December 2025. In the fourth quarter of 2025, we expect to receive $33.4 million in securities cash flows at 3.72%, which we plan to redeploy at higher yields. We project $84.9 million of fixed rate loans with an average yield of 6.41% to mature and $387.1 million of floating rate loans at 6.62% to reprice. Based on the current rate forecast, we expect the total loan yield to be slightly lower in the fourth quarter of 2025. Additionally, we expect $261.2 million in time deposits at 3.71% to mature, which should reprice at slightly lower yields considering maturity volumes and renewal pricing. Rates on interest-bearing transaction deposits could be adjusted with target federal funds range reductions. We anticipate a slightly lower cost of deposits in the fourth quarter of 2025. As of September 30, 2025, floating rate loans were 17.8% of loans HFI, and floating rate transaction deposits were 8.9% of interest-bearing transaction deposits. Depending on balance sheet activity and the interest rate environment, we expect net interest income and net interest margin FTE to decrease slightly in the fourth quarter of 2025.

The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense, and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025:

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes average outstanding balances of loans HFS of $3.2 million and $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

(2) Nonaccrual loans are included as loans carrying a zero yield.

(3) Net interest margin FTE includes an FTE adjustment using a 21.0% federal income tax rate on tax-exempt securities and tax-exempt loans.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $77.3 million, which was $11.7 million, or 17.8%, higher than $65.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Net interest income increased due to a $9.1 million increase in interest and dividend income, combined with a $2.6 million decrease in interest expense.

The increase in interest and dividend income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was due to higher interest income on loans and securities, partially offset by a decrease in interest income on short-term liquid assets. Loan income increased $7.7 million due to higher rates on new and renewed loans compared to the existing portfolio yield, combined with higher average loan balances. Securities income increased $3.0 million primarily due to purchasing higher yielding securities. Interest income on short-term liquid assets decreased $1.6 million due to the FOMC lowering the federal funds rate during the second half of 2024 and in

September 2025. The decrease in interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was due to lower rates on total interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by a higher average balance in these deposits.

Net interest margin FTE increased 42 bps to 3.34% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from 2.92% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to higher yields on securities and loans, combined with lower deposit costs. These positive variances were partially offset by a 103 bp decrease to the yield on short-term liquid assets, due to the lower average federal funds rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The yield on securities increased 48 bps mainly due to purchasing $41.1 million of securities in the fourth quarter of 2024 and an additional $146.7 million of securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, at favorable rates. The yield on loans increased 29 bps due to higher rates on new and renewed loans compared to the existing portfolio yield. The cost of deposits decreased 17 bps to 1.58% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from 1.75% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, due to a 28 bp decrease in the rate on interest-bearing deposits. Within total interest-bearing deposits, the rate on time deposits and interest-bearing transaction deposits decreased 51 and 16 bps, respectively. These decreases occurred as we adjusted rates on selected transaction and time deposits during the second half of 2024 in response to the federal funds rate decreases by the FOMC. We also lowered selected time deposit rates in 2025.

The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense, and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes average outstanding balances of loans HFS of $2.8 million and $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(2) Nonaccrual loans are included as loans carrying a zero yield.

(3) Net interest margin FTE includes an FTE adjustment using a 21.0% federal income tax rate on tax-exempt securities and tax-exempt loans.

Rate/Volume Analysis

Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The following table presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods presented.

(in thousands)

(1) The change in interest attributable to rate has been determined by applying the change in rate between periods to average balances outstanding in the earlier period. The change in interest due to volume has been determined by applying the rate from the earlier period to the change in average balances outstanding between periods. Changes attributable to both rate and volume that cannot be segregated have been allocated to rate.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses is the amount necessary to maintain the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments at a level considered appropriate by management. Factors impacting the provision include loan portfolio growth, changes in the quality and composition of the loan portfolio, the level of nonperforming loans, delinquency and charge-off trends, the level of unfunded commitments, and current economic conditions.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, the provision for credit losses:

(dollars in thousands)

The provision for credit losses for the third quarter of 2025 was $650,000 for loans, which was $200,000 higher than the provision for credit losses from the prior quarter. This higher provision was primarily driven by loan growth, lingering impacts related to inflation and tariffs, and greater uncertainty with future unemployment. The provision in the second quarter of 2025 was due to loan growth, combined with uncertainty regarding tariffs and trade. We will continue to evaluate future provision needs in relation to current economic situations, loan growth, trends in asset quality, forecasted information, and other conditions influencing loss expectations.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, the provision for credit losses:

(dollars in thousands)

35

The provision for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $1.6 million for loans, an increase of $650,000, or 72.2%, from $900,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The provision for 2024 included $800,000 for loans and $100,000 for unfunded commitments. The increase for the first nine months of 2025 was primarily driven by loan growth, lingering impacts related to inflation and tariffs, and greater uncertainty with future unemployment. The provision for the first nine months of 2024 was due to the inflationary environment, changing monetary policy, economic forecasts, and loan growth.

Noninterest Income

Our primary sources of noninterest income are fees related to the sale of mortgage loans, service charges on deposit accounts, debit card fees, brokerage income from advisory services, and other loan and deposit fees.

Third Quarter of 2025 vs. Second Quarter of 2025

Noninterest income increased $307,000 to $5.0 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared, to $4.7 million for the second quarter of 2025. The increase in noninterest income was mainly due to higher other income, brokerage income, and service charges on deposit accounts, partially offset by lower net debit card income and SBIC income.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest income:

(dollars in thousands)

Other income increased $332,000 to $378,000 for the third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. We participate as a member in JAM FINTOP. During the third quarter of 2025, JAM FINTOP completed the sale of an investment, which led to distributions of capital and income. As a result, other income for the third quarter included $253,000 of nonrecurring JAM FINTOP partnership income.

Brokerage income increased $142,000 to $1.1 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. The higher income in the third quarter of 2025 was due to increased investing activity by clients. Assets under management were $1.29 billion as of September 30, 2025, and $1.19 billion as of June 30, 2025.

Service charges on deposit accounts increased $105,000 to $1.4 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. This increase was mainly due to a larger number of non-sufficient fund transactions and related fee income in the third quarter of 2025.

Debit card income, net, decreased $229,000 to $852,000 for the third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. This decrease was mainly due to higher debit card processing expense in the third quarter of 2025.

The SBIC partnerships reported a loss of $75,000 in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $47,000 of income in the previous quarter. This $122,000 decrease was mainly due to fund value adjustments as an SBIC fund continues its wind-down phase. We expect SBIC income to be lower in future quarters.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Noninterest income decreased $431,000 to $15.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $15.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in noninterest income was mainly due to lower SBIC income and loan and deposit income, partially offset by higher brokerage income, other income, and net debit card income.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of noninterest income:

(dollars in thousands)

SBIC income decreased $855,000 to $252,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. This decrease was mainly due to fund value adjustments as an SBIC fund continues its wind-down phase. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we received $114,000 of distribution payments, in addition to normal income.

Loan and deposit income decreased $302,000 to $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. Credit card income, net of expenses, is reported in loan and deposit income. In the second quarter of 2025, we changed our credit card program provider to align with our debit card program provider, which resulted in increased credit card expenses. The nine months ended September 30, 2024 benefited from $201,000 of nonrecurring loan-related fees.

Brokerage income increased $579,000 to $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year, due to increased investing activity by clients. Assets under management were $1.29 billion and $1.13 billion as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Other income increased $204,000 to $470,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. This increase was primarily due to $253,000 of nonrecurring income from the JAM FINTOP partnership, which resulted from the sale of an investment during the third quarter of 2025.

Debit card income, net, increased $50,000 to $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, debit card expenses were lower due to the new debit card provider contract. The first half of 2024 benefited from $145,000 of nonrecurring income due to the termination of our prior debit card provider contract.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses are composed of all employee expenses and costs associated with operating our facilities, obtaining and retaining customer relationships, and providing services.

Third Quarter of 2025 vs. Second Quarter of 2025

Operating expenses increased $522,000 to $17.9 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $17.4 million for the second quarter of 2025. The increase in operating expenses was mainly due to higher personnel expenses and occupancy and equipment expenses.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of operating expenses:

(dollars in thousands)

Personnel expenses increased $295,000 to $10.5 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. This increase was primarily due to higher personnel-related accruals. As of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, we had 377 and 374 total employees, respectively.

Occupancy and equipment expenses increased $93,000 to $1.8 million for third quarter of 2025, compared to the prior quarter. This increase was primarily due to $40,000 of nonrecurring expenses related to a new loan and deposit production office in the Acadiana market, as well as renovations to the main office building in the Central Louisiana market.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Operating expenses increased $2.5 million to $51.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $49.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in operating expenses was mainly due to higher personnel expenses, occupancy and equipment expenses, loan and deposit expenses, technology expenses, and data processing expense.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of operating expenses:

(dollars in thousands)

38

Personnel expenses increased $1.9 million to $30.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. This increase was primarily due to an increase in headcount, increased revenue-based commission compensation, annual raises, and higher personnel-related accruals. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, we had 377 and 366 total employees, respectively.

Occupancy and equipment expenses increased $419,000 to $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. This increase was primarily due to an increase in maintenance expense, a full period of expenses related to our New Orleans market expansion in 2024, expenses related to our Acadiana market expansion in 2025, and nonrecurring expenses related to renovations of a banking center and to the main office building. The same period prior year had $76,000 of nonrecurring expenses related to our new location in the New Orleans market and other 2024 property renovations.

Loan and deposit expenses increased $255,000 to $816,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. In the first quarter of 2025, we received a $173,000 negotiated, variable rebate from a vendor, compared to a $262,000 similar rebate in the same period prior year. Also, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there was an increase in loan-related expenses due to the timing of mortgage expenses and higher collections expense.

Technology expenses increased $188,000 to $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. This increase was primarily due to continued software technology enhancements and upgrades, partially offset by lower technology communication expenses from a new vendor relationship.

Data processing expense increased $84,000 to $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period prior year. This increase was due to new expenses and $31,000 of nonrecurring implementation fees related to our first quarter 2025 online, mobile banking, and bill payment system upgrades. This increase was partially offset by the receipt of a $447,000 periodic refund from our data processing center in the first quarter of 2025, compared to a $284,000 similar refund in the same period prior year.

Income Tax Expense

The amount of income tax expense is influenced by the amounts of our pre-tax income, tax-exempt income, and other nondeductible expenses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reflected at currently enacted income tax rates in effect for the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

Our accrued tax rate is based on an annualized projection and changes considering our most recent financial results and balances. Our effective income tax rates have differed from the U.S. statutory rate due to the effect of tax-exempt income from loans, securities, life insurance policies, income tax effects associated with stock-based compensation, and permanent and temporary tax differences.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, income tax expense:

(dollars in thousands)

For the quarters ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, income tax expense totaled $2.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The slight increase in income tax expense was due to the increase in pre-tax income during the third quarter of 2025. Our effective income tax rates for the quarters ended September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, were 19.2% and 19.8%, respectively.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, income tax expense:

(dollars in thousands)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, income tax expense totaled $7.6 million and $5.9 million, respectively. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to the increase in pre-tax income. Our effective income tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, were 19.5% and 19.2%, respectively.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

As of September 30, 2025, assets were $3.21 billion, which was $64.8 million, or 2.1%, higher than $3.15 billion as of December 31, 2024. Total deposits increased $33.7 million, or 1.2%, to $2.84 billion as of September 30, 2025, from $2.81 billion as of December 31, 2024. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $107.9 million, or 40.1%, to $161.1 million and were 5.01% of assets as of September 30, 2025. Total securities increased $79.7 million, or 11.6%, to $764.6 million and were 23.79% of assets as of September 30, 2025. Loans HFI increased $98.1 million, or 4.7%, to $2.17 billion as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings. Stockholders’ equity increased $31.6 million during the first nine months of 2025 to $351.3 million as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the loans HFI to deposits ratio was 76.55%, compared to 73.97% as of December 31, 2024, and the noninterest-bearing deposits to total deposits ratio was 32.37%, compared to 30.89% as of December 31, 2024.

Interest-bearing Deposits in Other Banks

Interest-bearing deposits in other banks were the third-largest component of earning assets as of September 30, 2025. Excess liquidity that is not being deployed into loans or securities is placed in these accounts. As of September 30, 2025, interest-bearing deposits in other banks were $127.4 million and 4.0% of assets, a decrease of $111.0 million, or 46.6%, compared to $238.4 million and 7.6% of assets as of December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to funding loan and securities growth, which exceeded deposit growth during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Securities

Our securities portfolio is the second-largest component of earning assets and provides a significant source of revenue. Securities are classified as AFS, HTM, and equity securities. As of September 30, 2025, our total securities portfolio was 23.8% of assets. It is designed primarily to provide and maintain liquidity, generate a favorable return on investments without incurring unnecessary interest rate and credit risk, and complement our lending activities. We may invest in various types of liquid assets that are permissible under governing regulations and approved by our investment policy, which include U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. government agency obligations, certificates of deposit of insured domestic banks, mortgage-backed and mortgage-related securities, corporate notes having an investment rating of “A” or better, municipal bonds, and certain equity securities.

Securities AFS and Securities HTM

Securities AFS and securities HTM are debt securities. Total debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets were $761.5 million as of September 30, 2025, an increase of $79.6 million, or 11.7%, from $681.9 million as of December 31, 2024.

Securities AFS are held for indefinite periods of time and are carried at estimated fair value. As of September 30, 2025, the estimated fair value of securities AFS was $636.7 million. The carrying values of our securities AFS are adjusted for unrealized gain or loss, and any unrealized gain or loss is reported on an after-tax basis as a component of AOCI in stockholders’ equity. The net unrealized loss on securities AFS decreased $16.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, resulting in a net unrealized loss of $47.0 million as of September 30, 2025, compared to a net unrealized loss of $63.2 million as of December 31, 2024.

Securities HTM, which we have the intent and ability to hold until maturity, are carried at amortized cost. As of September 30, 2025, the amortized cost of securities HTM was $124.9 million. Securities HTM had an unrealized loss of $18.0 million as of September 30, 2025, compared to an unrealized loss of $22.8 million as of December 31, 2024.

Investment activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, included $146.7 million of securities purchased, partially offset by $83.5 million in maturities, principal repayments, and calls. There were no sales of securities AFS, and there were no purchases or sales of securities HTM for the same period.

The securities portfolio tax-equivalent yield was 2.84% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 2.36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in yield was primarily due to reinvesting lower yielding securities cash flows received between September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2025, as well as other liquid funds, into higher yielding securities.

The contractual maturity of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations is not a reliable indicator of their expected lives because borrowers have the right to prepay their obligations at any time. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are typically issued with stated principal amounts and are backed by pools of mortgage loans and other loans with varying maturities. The term of the underlying mortgages and loans may vary significantly due to the ability of a borrower to prepay. Monthly pay downs on mortgage-backed securities may cause the average lives of the securities to be much different than the stated contractual maturity. During a period of rising interest rates, fixed rate mortgage-backed securities are not likely to experience heavy prepayments of principal, and consequently, the average lives of these securities are typically lengthened. If interest rates begin to fall, prepayments may increase, thereby shortening the estimated average lives of these securities. As of September 30, 2025, the average life of our securities portfolio was 6.2 years with an estimated effective duration of 4.3 years. As of December 31, 2024, the average life of our securities portfolio was 7.0 years with an estimated effective duration of 4.9 years.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our securities by type as of the dates indicated. As of September 30, 2025, other than securities issued by U.S. government agencies or government-sponsored enterprises, our securities portfolio did not contain securities of any one issuer with an aggregate book value in excess of 10.0% of our stockholders’ equity.

(in thousands)

(in thousands)

The following table shows the fair value of securities AFS that mature during each of the periods indicated. The contractual maturity of a mortgage-backed security is the date the last underlying mortgage matures. Yields are weighted-average tax equivalent yields calculated by dividing projected annual income by the average amortized cost of the applicable securities while using a 21.0% federal income tax rate, when applicable.

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Tax equivalent projected book yield as of September 30, 2025.

The following table shows the amortized cost of securities HTM that mature during each of the periods indicated. The contractual maturity of a mortgage-backed security is the date the last underlying mortgage matures. Yields are weighted-average tax equivalent yields calculated by dividing projected annual income by the average amortized cost of the applicable securities while using a 21.0% federal income tax rate, when applicable.

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Tax equivalent projected book yield as of September 30, 2025.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are an investment in a CRA mutual fund, consisting primarily of bonds. Equity securities are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with periodic changes in value recorded through the consolidated statements of income. As of September 30, 2025, equity securities had a fair value of $3.0 million with a recognized gain of $82,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, equity securities had a fair value of $2.9 million with a recognized loss of $28,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Loan Portfolio

Our loan portfolio is our largest category of earning assets, and interest income earned on our loan portfolio is our primary source of income. We maintain a diversified loan portfolio with a focus on CRE, one-to-four family residential, and commercial and industrial loans. As of September 30, 2025, loans HFI were $2.17 billion, an increase of $98.1 million, or 4.7%, compared to $2.08 billion as of December 31, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had steady new loan and commitment activity, combined with funding of loan construction commitments. As of September 30, 2025, we had $125.4 million of unfunded construction loan commitments, which we expect to fund over time.

Loans by Category

Loans HFI by category, loans HFI, and loans HFS are summarized below as of the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

CRE loans are collateralized by owner occupied and non-owner occupied properties mainly in Louisiana. Non-owner occupied office loans were $51.9 million, or 2.4% of loans HFI, as of September 30, 2025, and $56.4 million, or 2.7% of loans HFI, as of December 31, 2024. The properties are primarily centered in low-rise suburban areas. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the average CRE loan size was $975,000 and $953,000, respectively.

Industry Concentrations

Health care loans are our largest loan industry concentration and are made up of a diversified portfolio of health care providers. As of September 30, 2025, health care loans were $177.3 million, or 8.2% of loans HFI, compared to $167.3 million, or 8.1% of loans HFI, as of December 31, 2024. The average health care loan size was $426,000 as of

September 30, 2025 and $372,000 as of December 31, 2024. Within the health care sector, loans to nursing and residential care facilities were 4.1% of loans HFI as of September 30, 2025, and 4.4% as of December 31, 2024. Loans to physician and dental practices were 3.4% of loans HFI as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Energy loans were 1.4% of loans HFI as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Geographic Markets

As of September 30, 2025, the Bank operated in seven geographic markets throughout the state of Louisiana. The following table summarizes loans HFI by market of origin:

(dollars in thousands)

Nonperforming Assets

NPAs consist of nonperforming loans and property acquired through foreclosures or repossession. Nonperforming loans include loans that are contractually past due 90 days or more and loans that are on nonaccrual status. Loans are considered past due when principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments are due.

Asset quality is managed through disciplined underwriting policies, continual monitoring of loan performance, and focused management of NPAs. There can be no assurance, however, that the loan portfolio will not become subject to losses due to declines in economic conditions, deterioration in the financial condition of our borrowers, or a decline in the value of collateral.

NPAs totaled $2.4 million as of September 30, 2025, a decrease of $832,000, or 25.4%, from $3.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to payoffs and charge-offs of nonaccrual loans and the sale of OREO. As of September 30, 2025, we did not have any OREO. The ratio of NPAs to assets was 0.08% as of September 30, 2025, and 0.10% as of December 31, 2024.

Nonperforming loan and asset information is summarized below:

(dollars in thousands)

43

Nonaccrual loans are summarized below by category:

(in thousands)

Potential Problem Loans

From a credit risk standpoint, we classify loans in one of five categories: pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful, or loss. Loan classifications reflect a judgment about the risk of default and loss associated with the loans. Classifications are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect the degree of risk and loss believed to be inherent in each loan. The methodology is structured so that reserve allocations are increased in accordance with deterioration in credit quality (and a corresponding increase in risk and loss) or decreased in accordance with improvement in credit quality (and a corresponding decrease in risk and loss).

Loans classified as pass are of satisfactory quality and do not require a more severe classification.

Loans classified as special mention have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If these weaknesses are not corrected, repayment possibilities for the loan may deteriorate. However, the loss potential does not warrant substandard classification.

Loans classified as substandard have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize normal repayment of principal and interest. Prompt corrective action is required to reduce exposure and to assure adequate remedial actions are taken by the borrower. If these weaknesses do not improve, loss is possible.

Loans classified as doubtful have well-defined weaknesses that make full collection improbable.

Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and charged-off to the ACL.

The following table summarizes loans HFI by risk rating:

(dollars in thousands)

There were no loans as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024, classified as doubtful or loss.

Allowance for Credit Losses

In determining the ACL for loans HFI, we estimate losses on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics and risk profiles exist. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated individually and excluded from the collective evaluation. The ACL is determined using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

As of September 30, 2025, the ACL was $22.8 million, or 1.05% of loans HFI. As of December 31, 2024, the ACL totaled $21.7 million, or 1.05% of loans HFI. The $1.1 million increase in the ACL for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was due to $1.6 million from the provision for credit losses on loans, partially offset by $480,000 of net charge-offs.

The provision for credit losses on loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $1.6 million, an increase of $750,000, or 93.8%, from $800,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase for the first nine months of 2025 was primarily driven by loan growth, lingering impacts related to inflation and tariffs, and greater uncertainty with future unemployment. The provision for the first nine months of 2024 was due to the inflationary environment, changing monetary policy, economic forecasts, and loan growth. We will continue to evaluate future provision needs in relation to current economic situations, loan growth, trends in asset quality, forecasted information, and other conditions influencing loss expectations.

The following table displays activity in the ACL for September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024:

(dollars in thousands)

(1) The $900,000 provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, includes $800,000 for loans and $100,000 for unfunded loan commitments.

We believe that we have established our ACL in accordance with GAAP and that the ACL was adequate to provide for known and inherent losses in the portfolio at all times shown above. Future provisions for credit losses on loans are subject to ongoing evaluations of the factors and loan portfolio risks, including economic pressures related to inflation, unemployment, tariffs and trade, and natural disasters affecting the state of Louisiana. A decline in market area economic conditions, deterioration of asset quality, or growth in portfolio size could cause the allowance to become inadequate, and material additional provisions for credit losses could be required.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary funding source for loans and investments. We offer a variety of deposit products designed to attract and retain consumer, commercial, and public entity customers. These products consist of noninterest and interest-bearing checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, and time deposit accounts. Deposits are gathered from individuals, partnerships, corporations, and public entities located primarily in our market areas. We do not have any internet-sourced or brokered deposits.

Total deposits increased $33.7 million, or 1.2%, to $2.84 billion as of September 30, 2025, from $2.81 billion as of December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily a result of higher balances in commercial customer deposit accounts, partially offset by the seasonal outflow of funds from public entity customers and income tax payments. Noninterest-bearing deposits increased by $52.5 million, or 6.1%, to $919.0 million as of September 30, 2025. Noninterest-bearing deposits as a percentage of total deposits were 32.37% as of September 30, 2025, compared to 30.89% as of

December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing deposits decreased by $18.8 million, or 1.0%, to $1.92 billion as of September 30, 2025.

The Bank has a granular, diverse deposit portfolio with customers in a variety of industries throughout Louisiana. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the average deposit account size was approximately $28,000.

The following table presents our deposits by account type as of the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

The following table presents deposits by customer type as of the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

We manage our interest expense on deposits through a deposit pricing strategy that is based on competitive pricing, economic conditions, and current or anticipated funding needs. We adjust deposit rates in part based upon our anticipated funding needs and liquidity position. We also consider the potential interest rate risk caused by extended maturities of time deposits when adjusting deposit rates.

Our average deposit balance was $2.84 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $35.7 million, or 1.3%, from $2.80 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits and total deposits for the third quarter of 2025 was 2.34% and 1.58%, respectively, compared to 2.33% and 1.56%, respectively, for the prior quarter. The increase in the average cost of interest-bearing deposits and total deposits in the third quarter of 2025 as compared to the prior quarter was primarily due to higher rates on public entity NOW accounts due to pricing competition. Also, as of September 30, 2025, 8.9% of interest-bearing transaction deposits had floating rates, which adjust with market rates.

The following table presents our average deposits by account type and the average rate paid for the periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands)

As of September 30, 2025, our estimated uninsured deposits, which are the portion of deposit accounts that exceed the FDIC insurance limit (currently $250,000), were approximately $893.2 million, or 31.5% of total deposits, compared to $879.8 million, or 31.4% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2024. These amounts were estimated based on the same methodologies and assumptions used for regulatory reporting purposes. Also, as of September 30, 2025, our estimated uninsured deposits, excluding collateralized public entity deposits, were approximately $721.3 million, or 25.4% of total deposits, compared to $667.6 million, or 23.8% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents of $161.1 million, combined with our available borrowing capacity of $1.73 billion, equaled 211.7% of our estimated uninsured deposits and 262.2% of our estimated uninsured deposits, excluding collateralized public entity deposits.

The following table presents the amount of time deposits by account that are in excess of the FDIC insurance limit (currently $250,000) by time remaining until maturity for the period indicated:

(in thousands)

Borrowings

Although deposits are our primary source of funds, we may, from time to time, utilize borrowings as a cost-effective source of funds when such borrowings can be invested at a positive interest rate spread for additional capacity to fund loan demand or to meet our liquidity needs. We established borrowing capacity with the FHLB, the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window facility, and other correspondent banks to provide additional sources of operating funds. Our FHLB line of credit is secured by a blanket lien on selected Red River Bank loans that meet FHLB collateral requirements. Our Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window line of credit is collateralized by pledged securities and eligible Red River Bank loans that are not pledged to the FHLB. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under these agreements.

Stockholders’ Equity

Total stockholders’ equity as of September 30, 2025, was $351.3 million, compared to $319.7 million as of December 31, 2024. The $31.6 million, or 9.9%, increase in stockholders’ equity was attributable to $31.3 million of net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a $13.6 million, net of tax, market adjustment to AOCI related to securities, and $383,000 of stock compensation, partially offset by the repurchase of 211,748 shares of common stock for $11.2 million, including excise tax, and $2.6 million in cash dividends.

During the second quarter of 2022, we reclassified $166.3 million, net of $17.9 million of unrealized loss, from AFS to HTM. The securities were transferred at fair value, which became the cost basis for the securities HTM. At the date of the transfer, the net unrealized loss of $17.9 million, of which $14.2 million, net of tax, was included in AOCI and is being amortized over the remaining life of the securities as a yield adjustment, in a manner consistent with the amortization or accretion of the original purchase premium or discount on the associated security. There were no gains or losses recognized as a result of the transfer. As of September 30, 2025, the net unamortized, unrealized loss remaining on the transferred securities included in the consolidated balance sheets totaled $12.0 million, of which $9.5 million, net of tax, was included in AOCI.

On December 19, 2024, our board of directors approved the renewal of the 2024 stock repurchase program that expired on December 31, 2024. The renewed program authorizes us to purchase up to $5.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2025. Repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market at prevailing prices and based on market conditions, or in privately negotiated transactions.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock under the stock repurchase program. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we repurchased 11,748 shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $656,000, excluding excise tax, under the stock repurchase program. As of September 30, 2025, we had $4.3 million available for repurchasing our common stock under the 2025 stock repurchase program.

On May 22, 2025, we entered into a privately negotiated stock repurchase agreement for the purchase of 100,000 shares of our common stock for a total purchase price of approximately $5.1 million, excluding excise tax. This repurchase was supplemental to our 2025 stock repurchase program and did not impact the amount of permitted repurchases thereunder.

On August 7, 2025, we entered into a privately negotiated stock repurchase agreement for the purchase of 100,000 shares of our common stock for a total purchase price of approximately $5.3 million, excluding excise tax. This repurchase was supplemental to our 2025 stock repurchase program and did not impact the amount of permitted repurchases thereunder.

Effective January 1, 2023, stock repurchases are subject to a nondeductible excise tax under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 equal to 1.0% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased, subject to certain limitations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded $53,000 and $111,000, respectively, of stock repurchase excise tax.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

Capital management consists of maintaining equity and other instruments that qualify as regulatory capital to support current and future operations. Banking regulators view capital levels as important indicators of an institution’s financial soundness. As a general matter, bank holding companies and FDIC-insured depository institutions are required to maintain minimum capital relative to the amount and types of assets they hold.

As we deploy our capital and continue to grow our operations, our capital levels may decrease depending on our level of earnings. However, we expect to monitor and control our growth in order to remain in compliance with all regulatory capital standards applicable to us.

For additional information on regulatory capital guidelines and limits for the Bank and the Company, see “Item 1. Financial Statements - Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 8. Regulatory Capital Requirements.”

LIQUIDITY AND ASSET-LIABILITY MANAGEMENT

Liquidity

As of September 30, 2025, we had sufficient liquid assets available and $1.73 billion accessible from other liquidity sources.

Liquidity involves our ability to raise funds to support asset growth and potential acquisitions, reduce assets to meet deposit withdrawals and other payment obligations, maintain reserve requirements, and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis and manage unexpected events. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and the year ended December 31, 2024, liquidity needs were primarily met by core deposits, security and loan maturities, and cash flows from amortizing security and loan portfolios. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans are predictable sources of funds, deposit outflows, mortgage prepayments, and prepayments on amortizing securities are greatly influenced by market interest rates, economic conditions, and the competitive environment in which we operate; therefore, these cash flows are monitored regularly.

Liquidity levels are dependent on our operating, financing, lending, and investing activities during any given period. Access to purchased funds from correspondent banks and overnight advances from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta are also available. Purchased funds from correspondent banks and overnight advances can be utilized to meet funding obligations.

Our primary source of funds is deposits, and our primary use of funds is the funding of loans. We invest excess deposits in interest-earning deposit accounts at other banks or at the Federal Reserve, federal funds sold, securities, or other short-term liquid investments until the deposits are needed to fund loan growth or other obligations. Our average deposits increased $67.0 million, or 2.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the average deposits for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. The increase in average total deposits was primarily a result of higher balances in customer deposit accounts, partially offset by the seasonal outflow of funds from public entity customers and income tax payments. Our average total loans increased $75.6 million, or 3.7%, for the nine months ended September 30,

2025, compared to average total loans for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. The increase in average total loans was primarily due to the increase in real estate and commercial and industrial activity.

As of September 30, 2025, liquid assets were $161.1 million, compared to $269.0 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease of $107.9 million, or 40.1%, was primarily due to funding loan and securities growth, which exceeded deposit growth for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The liquid assets to assets ratio was 5.01% as of September 30, 2025, compared to 8.54% as of December 31, 2024.

Our securities portfolio is an alternative source for meeting liquidity needs and was our second-largest component of assets as of September 30, 2025. The securities portfolio generates cash flow through principal repayments, calls, and maturities, and certain securities can be sold or used as collateral in borrowings that allow for their conversion to cash. Securities AFS can generally be sold, while securities HTM have significant restrictions related to sales. As of September 30, 2025, we project receipt of approximately $33.4 million of principal repayments and maturities through December 31, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, approximately $524.8 million, or 70.3%, of the fair value of the securities portfolio was available to be sold or to be used as collateral in borrowings as a liquidity source.

We also utilize the FHLB as needed as a viable funding source. FHLB advances may be used to meet the Bank’s liquidity needs, particularly if the prevailing interest rate on an FHLB advance compares favorably to the rates that would be required to attract the necessary deposits. We currently are classified as having “blanket lien collateral status,” which means that advances can be executed at any time without further collateral requirements. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our net borrowing capacity from the FHLB was $979.2 million and $931.6 million, respectively. There were no outstanding borrowings from the FHLB as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Another borrowing source is the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window. The Bank has pledged securities to have borrowing access to the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window. In addition, the Bank has been approved for the BIC program, which provides borrowing capacity through the pledging of eligible Red River Bank loans that are not pledged to the FHLB. As of September 30, 2025, we had a total borrowing capacity of $125.9 million, including $86.6 million through the BIC program, compared to a total borrowing capacity of $157.8 million, including $118.7 million through the BIC program as of December 31, 2024. There were no outstanding borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Other sources available for meeting liquidity needs include federal funds lines, repurchase agreements, and other lines of credit. We maintain four federal funds lines of credit with commercial banks that provided for the availability to borrow up to an aggregate of $100.0 million in federal funds as of September 30, 2025, and $95.0 million as of December 31, 2024. The rates for the federal funds lines are determined by the applicable commercial bank at the time of borrowing. We had no outstanding balances from these sources as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Commitments to Extend Credit

In the normal course of business, we enter into certain financial instruments, such as commitments to extend credit and letters of credit, to meet the financing needs of our customers. These commitments involve elements of credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk. Some instruments may not be reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements until they are funded, although they expose us to varying degrees of credit risk and interest rate risk in much the same way as funded loans.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer if all conditions of the commitment have been met. Commitments include revolving and nonrevolving credit lines and are primarily issued for commercial purposes. Commitments to extend credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing, and similar transactions.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $527.5 million in unfunded loan commitments and $14.3 million in commitments associated with outstanding standby letters of credit. As of December 31, 2024, we had $509.6 million in unfunded loan commitments and $11.9 million in commitments associated with outstanding standby letters of credit. As commitments associated with letters of credit and commitments to extend credit may expire unused, the total outstanding commitments may not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements.

Investment Commitments

We are party to various investment commitments in the normal course of business. Our exposure is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments.

In 2014, we committed to an investment into an SBIC limited partnership. As of September 30, 2025, there was a $226,000 outstanding commitment to this partnership.

In 2020, we committed to a second investment into an SBIC limited partnership. As of September 30, 2025, there was a $1.9 million outstanding commitment to this partnership.

In 2021, we committed to an investment into JAM FINTOP, a bank technology limited partnership. As of September 30, 2025, there was a $277,000 outstanding commitment to this partnership.

On September 26, 2025, we committed to a third investment into an SBIC limited partnership. As of September 30, 2025, there was a $3.0 million outstanding commitment to this partnership.

Construction Commitment

The Company has one committed construction agreement to construct a new lending headquarters building in the Northwest market, and there was approximately $1.8 million remaining on this commitment as of September 30, 2025.

Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk

As a financial institution, our primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Our asset-liability management policies provide management with guidelines for effective funds management, and we have established a measurement system for monitoring our net interest rate sensitivity position. We have historically managed our rate sensitivity position within our established policy guidelines.

Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most of our assets and liabilities and the market value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those that have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair market values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.

We manage exposure to interest rates by structuring the balance sheet appropriately during the ordinary course of business. We have the ability to enter into interest rate swaps to mitigate interest rate risk in limited circumstances, but it is not our policy to enter into such transactions on a regular basis. We do not enter into instruments such as financial options, financial futures contracts, or forward delivery contracts for the purpose of reducing interest rate risk. We are not subject to foreign exchange risk, and our commodity price risk is immaterial, as the percentage of our agricultural loans to loans HFI was only 0.51% as of September 30, 2025.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed by the Bank’s Asset-Liability Management Committee. The committee formulates strategies based on appropriate levels of interest rate risk and monitors the results of those strategies. In determining the appropriate level of interest rate risk, the committee considers the impact on both earnings and capital given the current outlook on interest rates, regional economies, liquidity, business strategies, and other related factors.

The committee meets quarterly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to interest rate changes, the book and economic values of assets and liabilities, unrealized gains and losses, purchase and sale activities, commitments to originate loans, and the maturities of investments and borrowings. Additionally, the committee reviews liquidity, cash flow flexibility, maturities of deposits, and consumer and commercial deposit activity. We employ methodologies to manage interest rate risk, which include an analysis of relationships between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as an interest rate simulation model and shock analysis.

In conjunction with our interest rate risk management process, on a quarterly basis, we run various simulations within a static balance sheet model. This model tests the impact on net interest income and fair value of equity from changes in market interest rates under various scenarios. We use parallel rate shock scenarios that assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. We also deploy a ramped rate scenario over a 12-month and 24-month horizon based upon parallel yield curve shifts. Our nonparallel rate shock model simulation involves analysis of interest income and expense under various changes in the shape of the yield curve. Contractual maturities and repricing opportunities of loans are incorporated into the model, as are prepayment assumptions and maturity date and call options within the securities portfolio. The average life of non-maturity deposit accounts are based on assumptions developed from non-maturity deposit decay studies, which calculate average lives using historic closure rates.

Bank policy regarding interest rate risk simulations performed by our risk model currently specifies that for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net interest income at risk for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than 10.0% for a 100 bp shift, 15.0% for a 200 bp shift, and 20.0% for a 300 bp shift. In accordance with Bank policy regarding economic value at risk simulations performed by our risk model for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated fair value of equity for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than 10.0% for a 100 bp shift, 20.0% for a 200 bp shift, and 30.0% for a 300 bp shift.

The following table shows the impact of an instantaneous and parallel change in rates, at the levels indicated, and summarizes the simulated change in net interest income and fair value of equity over a 12-month horizon as of the dates indicated.

The results above, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, demonstrate that our balance sheet is asset sensitive, which means our assets have the opportunity to reprice at a faster pace than our liabilities, over the 12-month horizon. Our repricing opportunity is captured in a gap analysis, which is the process by which we measure the repricing gap between interest-rate sensitive assets versus interest rate-sensitive liabilities.

As of September 30, 2025, the reported percentage of changes in net interest income and fair value of equity remained within the policy thresholds. These values are reported at each quarterly Asset-Liability Management Committee meeting. The net interest income at risk and the fair value of equity will continue to be monitored, and appropriate mitigating action will be taken if needed.

The impact of our floating rate loans and floating rate transaction deposits are also reflected in the results shown in the above table. As of September 30, 2025, floating rate loans were 17.8% of loans HFI, and floating rate transaction deposits were 8.9% of interest-bearing transaction deposits.

The assumptions incorporated into the model are inherently uncertain, and as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes, as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies and the slope of the yield curve.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

Our accounting and reporting policies conform to GAAP and the prevailing practices in the banking industry. Certain financial measures used by management to evaluate our operating performance are discussed in this Report as supplemental non-GAAP performance measures. In accordance with the SEC’s rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, that are included or excluded, as the case may be, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP as in effect from time to time in the U.S.

Management and the board of directors review tangible book value per share, tangible common equity to tangible assets, and realized book value per share as part of managing operating performance. However, these non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this Report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, the manner we calculate the non-GAAP financial measures that are discussed in this Report may differ from that of other companies’ reporting measures with similar names. It is important to understand how such other banking organizations calculate and name their financial measures similar to the non-GAAP financial measures discussed in this Report when comparing such non-GAAP financial measures.

Tangible Book Value Per Share. Tangible book value per share is a non-GAAP measure commonly used by investors, financial analysts, and investment bankers to evaluate financial institutions. We believe that this measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in changes from period to period in book value per share exclusive of changes in intangible assets. We calculate tangible book value per share as total stockholders’ equity, less intangible assets, divided by the outstanding number of shares of our common stock at the end of the relevant period. Intangible assets have the effect of increasing total book value while not increasing tangible book value. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for tangible book value per share is book value per share.

As a result of previous acquisitions, we have a small amount of intangible assets. As of September 30, 2025, total intangible assets were $1.5 million, which is less than 1.0% of total assets.

Tangible Common Equity to Tangible Assets. Tangible common equity to tangible assets is a non-GAAP measure generally used by investors, financial analysts, and investment bankers to evaluate financial institutions. We believe that this measure is important to many investors in the marketplace who are interested in the relative changes from period to period of tangible common equity to tangible assets, each exclusive of changes in intangible assets. Intangible assets have the effect of increasing both total stockholders’ equity and assets while not increasing our tangible common equity or tangible assets. We calculate tangible common equity as total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets, and we calculate tangible assets as total assets less intangible assets. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for tangible common equity to tangible assets is total common stockholders’ equity to total assets.

Realized Book Value Per Share. Realized book value per share is a non-GAAP measure that we use to evaluate our operating performance. We believe that this measure is important because it allows us to monitor changes from period to period in book value per share exclusive of changes in AOCI. Our AOCI is impacted primarily by the unrealized gains and losses on securities AFS. These unrealized gains or losses on securities AFS are driven by market factors and may also be temporary and vary greatly from period to period. Due to the possibly temporary and greatly variable nature of these changes, we find it useful to monitor realized book value per share. We calculate realized book value per share as total stockholders’ equity less AOCI, divided by the outstanding number of shares of our common stock at the end of the relevant period. AOCI has the effect of increasing or decreasing total book value while not increasing or decreasing realized book value. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for realized book value per share is book value per share.

The following table reconciles, as of the dates set forth below, stockholders’ equity to tangible common equity, stockholders’ equity to realized common equity, and assets to tangible assets, and presents related resulting ratios.

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and with general practices within the financial services industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under current circumstances. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Use of alternative assumptions may have resulted in significantly different estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

There were no other material changes or developments during the reporting period with respect to methodologies that we use when developing critical accounting estimates as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. For details on the significant accounting principles and practices we follow, see “Item 1. Financial Statements - Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in this Report and “Part II - Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See “Item 1. Financial Statements - Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Recent Accounting Pronouncements.”

Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Asset-Liability Management - Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk.” Additional information as of September 30, 2025, is included herein under “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Asset-Liability Management - Interest Rate Sensitivity and Market Risk.” The foregoing information is incorporated into this Item 3 by reference.

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this Report, an evaluation was performed by our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating our controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the third quarter of 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

For information regarding risk factors that could affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, see the information in “Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.