Ziff Davis, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Overview

Ziff Davis, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Ziff Davis”, the “Company”, “our”, “us”, or “we”), is a vertically focused digital media and internet company whose portfolio includes leading brands in technology, shopping, gaming and entertainment, health and wellness, connectivity, cybersecurity, and martech. Our digital media businesses specialize in publishing and producing trusted editorial content and tools for users seeking information and advice relating to the technology, shopping, gaming and entertainment, and health and wellness markets, and offer services to consumers and businesses. Our connectivity business develops actionable broadband network intelligence and insights through data collection and analysis, and delivers products and services that facilitate improvements in network performance to enterprises that provide or rely on broadband networks, including through the provision of hardware and software used for planning and assessing the performance of wi-fi networks. Our cybersecurity and marketing technology business provides internet-delivered cloud-based subscription and licensed services to consumers and businesses including cybersecurity, privacy, and digital marketing tools.

Our Growth Strategy

In addition to growing our business organically, we regularly acquire businesses to grow our customer bases, expand and diversify our service offerings, enhance our technologies, acquire skilled personnel, and enter into new markets. Our programmatic approach to mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”) is a tenet of our capital allocation strategy, which seeks to optimize the allocation of our investable capital, including the free cash flow generated by our businesses, to M&A, share repurchases, and the strengthening of our balance sheet. From 2012 through 2024, we have deployed approximately $3.3 billion on more than 90 acquisitions across the globe in a variety of verticals (exclusive of any acquisitions that were part of businesses we have since divested). Our systemic and repeatable M&A process allows us to execute a large volume of M&A with velocity and conviction. Our M&A program is built on a rigorous and analytical approach that leverages deep industry knowledge, technological expertise, and investment acumen. Our evaluation criteria for potential acquisitions varies by sector, but value-oriented fundamentals are a central factor in every transaction we evaluate. We seek to acquire businesses that can generate predictable growing free cash flow over long time horizons. The primary metric we use to differentiate opportunities in our M&A pipeline is the expected internal rate of return that the potential acquisition will generate for Ziff Davis. While we take a disciplined approach to the evaluation of M&A, we have significant flexibility when it comes to the types of transactions we are capable of evaluating and executing. We have acquired venture-backed growth companies, distressed businesses, complex corporate carve-outs, founder-owned businesses, public companies, and private equity-backed businesses. We also have a multi-faceted approach to transaction sourcing that ranges from participation in sell-side auctions led by investment banks to the sourcing of proprietary transactions through our executive network. Acquisitions broadly fall into one of two categories at Ziff Davis: (1) tuck-ins or (2) platform acquisitions. Our tuck-in acquisitions are typically focused on the acquisition of: (a) a customer base, (b) a strong but under monetized media audience or (c) a new product or service that can be sold to our existing customers or audience. Platform acquisitions are businesses at scale that can stand on their own within Ziff Davis and which we believe have the potential to serve as a platform for future M&A. Since 2012, the majority of our acquisitions by deal count have been tuck-ins. However, over the same period of time, the capital allocated to tuck-ins versus platform acquisitions has been more evenly balanced.

We continue to pursue additional acquisitions, which may include companies operating in lines of business that differ from those we operate under today. Such acquisitions could impact our consolidated profit margins and the variability of our revenues.

Our Business

Our consolidated revenues are currently generated primarily from five lines of business: (1) Technology & Shopping, (2) Gaming & Entertainment, (3) Health & Wellness, (collectively, our “Digital Media Businesses”), (4) Connectivity, and (5) Cybersecurity & Martech. Our Digital Media Businesses are driven primarily by advertising and performance marketing revenues and have relatively higher sales and marketing expenses. Our Connectivity and Cybersecurity & Martech businesses are driven primarily by subscription and licensing revenues with relatively stable and predictable margins from quarter to quarter.

The primary types of revenues that we generate are described below.

Advertising and Performance Marketing - We sell online display and video advertising on our owned-and-operated websites and applications and on third-party sites. We have contractual arrangements with advertisers either directly or through agencies. The terms of these contracts specify the price of the advertising to be sold and the volume of advertisements that will be served over the course of a campaign. Additionally, we have contractual arrangements with certain third-party websites and applications not owned by us, and third-party advertising networks to deliver online display and video advertising to their websites and applications or to third-party sites. We generate leads for advertisers, including vendors of consumer health and wellness products, consumer packaged goods, and information technology services, through various marketing methods. We also generate clicks to online merchants by listing products, deals, and discounts on our web properties, and earn a commission when customers “click-through” the ad to make a purchase.

Subscription and Licensing - We provide cloud-based subscription services and generate “fixed” subscription revenues for customer subscriptions and, to a lesser extent, “variable” usage revenues generated from actual usage by our subscribers. We offer subscription and licensing services to businesses, which offer up-to-date insights into global fixed broadband and mobile performance data, and we offer subscription packages to consumers through the Lose It! weight loss app and through Humble Bundle’s digital subscriptions and storefront for video games, ebooks, and software. We also generate revenue from the sale of perpetual software licenses, related software support, and maintenance used in conjunction with software and other related services. We license our proprietary technology, data, and intellectual property to third parties for various purposes.

Other - Other revenues primarily include those from the sale of hardware used in conjunction with software, online course revenue, and game publishing revenue.

Technology & Shopping

Technology

Our technology platform includes online publishers, as well as tools and services tailored to consumers, professionals, and organizations looking for technological expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness. We expect our brands to deliver deeply researched, current, and authentic content related to technology, culture, and the internet. Our technology brands include CNET, PCMag, Mashable, Lifehacker, Spiceworks, and ZDNET.

Our publishing brands (including CNET and PCMag) are online resources for laboratory-based product reviews, technology news, buying guides, and research papers. We operate one of the longest-running independent testing facilities for consumer technology products. Founded in 1984, our lab produces unbiased technology product and service reviews, and P*CMag’*s “Editor’s Choice” award is recognized globally as a trusted mark for buyers and sellers of technology products and services. Our technology publishing sites are also recognized as trusted global sources of stories for more than a dozen platforms, including Instagram, X (formerly known as Twitter), and Facebook.

CNET is a trusted digital media publication that provides expert information, hands-on lab testing, reviews and analysis on consumer technologies, services and trends, to help customers find exactly what they are looking for. For nearly 30 years, CNET has covered a wide range of topics, including consumer electronics, smart home, money, wellness, and more.

PCMag.com is a leading authority on technology, delivering lab-based, independent reviews of the latest products and services. For over 40 years, its expert analysis and practical solutions have helped consumers make better buying decisions and get more from technology.

Mashable is a trusted global media brand publishing premium content for individuals interested in technology and culture. Mashable produces stories for more than a dozen platforms, including Snapchat, X, and Facebook.

Since 2005, Lifehacker has been a go-to source for tech help and life advice. Its mission is to offer reliable tech help and credible, practical, science-based life advice to help people live better.

Spiceworks provides digital content for buyers of IT products and services, allowing IT vendors to identify, reach, and influence corporate IT decision makers who are actively researching specific IT purchases.

ZDNET is a leading tech brand for professionals, covering the innovations, trends, and products that are shaping today and tomorrow. With pragmatic wisdom and real-world experience, ZDNET connects business audiences to a better future by turning disruption and confusion into opportunity.

Shopping

The properties in our shopping platform seek to influence customer purchase decisions through the provision of authoritative content relating to products and services, as well as the presentation of savings and discount opportunities for consumer shopping audiences. We also facilitate gift card processing, program management, and marketing programs specifically tailored to meet the needs of high-growth online and app-based brands.

Our flagship savings destination, RetailMeNot, seeks to influence consumer purchase decisions through savings and discount opportunities by connecting retail partners with national and international brands with consumer shopping audiences. *RetailMeNot’*s promotional media solutions include mobile coupons and codes, and cash back offers across web, app, and browser extensions.

Offers.com is a coupon and deals website featuring offers from more than 25,000 of the internet’s most popular stores and brands. *Offers.com’*s objective is to help consumers find the best deals on the web. Additionally, Offers.com employs a process to verify that its coupon codes work, saving consumers time and money.

Our event-based properties, BlackFriday.com, TheBlackFriday.com, BestBlackFriday.com, and DealsofAmerica.com are resources for shoppers to find the best deals and offers from retailers during the height of the holiday shopping season.

TDS Gift Cards helps clients provide a world-class omni-channel gift card or gift code program, which helps mitigate global payment challenges, drive incremental revenue, and increase customer acquisition.

Gaming & Entertainment

Our Gaming & Entertainment platform offers authoritative and engaging content covering video games, movies, anime, television, comics, technology, and more. It includes game tips, reviews, and insights, as well as a digital storefront and subscription service for video games, ebooks, and software.

IGN Entertainment is one of the world’s largest gaming and entertainment media platforms and the go-to destination for fans to explore and celebrate games, movies, TV, comics, and much more. Across its 16 digital properties, it reaches more than 440 million monthly users in over 100 countries and engages with 85 million fans on social media. Its media portfolio includes favorites such as IGN, Eurogamer, Digital Foundry, Rock Paper Shotgun, and MapGenie, which serve as trusted services for millions of fans worldwide delivering daily content to more than 30 platforms, including YouTube, TikTok, X, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, as well as connected TV platforms, such as Roku and Samsung.

Humble Bundle is a digital subscription and storefront offering video games, ebooks, and software, where customers can purchase monthly subscriptions, bundles, and individual products. At its core, Humble Bundle is committed to raising money for charity, with a portion of every sale contributing to charitable causes. Humble Bundle has been named to the 2024 Inc. Magazine Best in Business list. Inc. recognized Humble Bundle in three categories: Small and Mighty (10–49 Employees), Established Excellence (5–14 years in business), and e-commerce. Humble Bundle received two accolades from The Anthem Awards: a Bronze Award in the Business Leader category and the Community Voice Award and has been recognized with three Silver awards at 2024 The Anthem Awards for its work supporting disaster and crisis relief.

Health & Wellness

Everyday Health Group (“EHG”) operates a portfolio of properties focused on driving better clinical and health outcomes through decision-making informed by highly relevant information, data, and analytics.

The EHG portfolio includes a collection of interactive tools and mobile applications that are designed to enable consumers to manage a broad array of health and wellness needs on a daily basis, including medical conditions, pregnancy, diet, and fitness. The EHG portfolio also includes educational and professional development services, news, and information for healthcare professionals to stay abreast of industry, legislative, regulatory, and continuing education developments across major medical specialties and therapeutic areas.

EHG is organized around three audiences: (1) Health & Wellness Consumer, (2) Health & Wellness Professional, and (3) Health & Wellness Pregnancy & Parenting.

Health & Wellness Consumer

Our Health & Wellness Consumer platform includes consumer-focused health and wellness properties that provide digital content and information ranging from interactive guides, resource centers, special reports, community health tip sharing, newsletters, self-assessment tools, healthcare finders, e-courses, and lifestyle programs.

Everyday Health, our flagship brand, features medically reviewed, award-winning editorial content designed to inspire and enable the active management of health and wellness daily. In addition to Everyday Health and other EHG-owned and operated consumer websites and applications, including DailyOM, Lose It!, and Migraine Again, EHG provides advertisers access to the Everyday Health Trusted Care Access Portfolio (“TCAP”) of digital health properties. TCAP features digital properties of two of the most world-renowned medical centers, to which Everyday Health holds exclusive advertising representation rights. Castle Connolly, a premier brand in healthcare provided research and rankings, publishes the renowned, peer-nominated Castle Connolly Top Doctors series.

Health & Wellness Professional

Our Health & Wellness Professional platform provides health and wellness digital content that is designed to enable healthcare professionals to stay abreast of clinical, industry, legislative, employment, and regulatory developments across most major medical specialties and therapeutic areas. Our flagship professional property, MedPage Today, delivers daily breaking medical news across major medical specialties and major public policy developments from Washington D.C. MedPage Today coordinates with leading researchers, clinicians, and academic medical centers to aid in gathering in-depth information for its coverage. MedPage Today has been recognized with awards from prestigious healthcare organizations including the American Society of Healthcare Business Editors, the National Institute for Healthcare Management, and eHealthcare.

EHG offers accredited continuing medical education (“CME”) and continuing education (“CE”) programs to healthcare professionals through our PRIME Education business. PRIME is nationally recognized for its research-informed approach to CME and CE programs across a wide range of therapeutic areas. In numerous peer-reviewed publications, PRIME has demonstrated the impact of its work through measurably improving health care outcomes. In 2024, PRIME received the prestigious William Campbell Felch Award for Outstanding Research in Continuing Education from the Alliance for Continuing Education in the Health Professions. This is the third time PRIME has won the award in the last five years.

Our Health eCareers business provides a digital portal to connect physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and certified registered nurse anesthetists with jobs in their medical specialties. Health eCareers contracts with thousands of healthcare employers across the United States and an exclusive network of healthcare associations and community partners seeking connections to qualified healthcare professionals to fill open positions.

Health & Wellness Pregnancy & Parenting

Our Health & Wellness Pregnancy & Parenting platform includes pregnancy and parenting properties delivering content via websites, mobile apps, and online communities to expectant and new parents. Its properties support millions of families across 31 global websites and mobile apps in seven different languages. Our BabyCenter brand is a leading global digital pregnancy and parenting resource delivered via websites, mobile apps, and online communities. Our Emma’s Diary brand provides expectant and new parents with information and support in the United Kingdom. We also operate the digital properties for the What to Expect brand, a leading pregnancy and parenting media resource, based on the best-selling pregnancy book What to Expect When You’re Expecting by author Heidi Murkoff.

Our Health & Wellness Pregnancy & Parenting platform also includes Mom Media, a leading community for creators and parents alike and operators of the annual Mom 2.0 Summit. Mom Media connects brands with modern parents via its highly engaged community of over 13,500 parenting influencers.

Connectivity

Our Connectivity platform operates under the brand Ookla and includes several data and services businesses that sit at the center of the broadband ecosystem and are sources of information on internet connectivity and network performance, facilitating insights and decision making relating to broadband networks.

Ookla provides customers with fixed broadband, mobile network, and Wi-Fi testing applications, analysis, and insights. Over eleven million daily tests are actively initiated by users using Speedtest. More than 50 billion tests have been completed to date. As a result of this capability and other solutions used to collect quality-of-experience data, Ookla provides comprehensive insights into worldwide internet performance and accessibility, of broadband, mobile, and Wi-Fi networks. Ookla solutions have been adopted by a significant number of internet service providers, mobile service providers, enterprise Wi-Fi systems integrators, and regulatory bodies worldwide. In addition to Speedtest, Ookla offers its customers actionable insights, solutions, and services under the Ekahau, Downdetector, and RootMetrics brands.

Our Ekahau products and services provide business solutions to design, optimize, and manage Wi-Fi, Private 4G, and Private 5G networks using specially developed hardware and software to meet the performance objectives of these networks.

Downdetector offers real-time status information and tracks outages for services and digital products that consumers and businesses use every day. Downdetector aims to track any service that its users consider vital to their everyday lives, including (but not limited to) internet providers, social media, web hosting platforms, applications of mobile service providers, airlines, banks, games, public transport systems, and other online services.

RootMetrics is an industry leader in the provision of drive testing solutions and performance benchmarking of mobile service providers in the United States and the United Kingdom, providing actionable insights on the quality, reliability, and performance of voice, messaging, and data services.

Cybersecurity & Martech

Our Cybersecurity & Martech business provides internet-delivered software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) cloud-based offerings to consumers and businesses of all sizes to meet their communication, messaging, security, privacy, customer marketing, and other needs. Our Cybersecurity & Martech services represent a model for delivering and consuming real time technology services, resources and solutions over the internet. Their goal is to reduce or eliminate costs, increase sales and enhance productivity, mobility, business continuity, privacy, and security.

We market our Cybersecurity & Martech offerings to a broad spectrum of prospective business customers including sole proprietors and small to medium-sized businesses and enterprises. We also market our Cybersecurity & Martech offerings to consumers. Our marketing efforts include enhancing brand awareness; utilizing online advertising, search engines, and affiliate programs; selling through both a telesales and direct sales force; and working with resellers and other channel partners. We continuously seek to extend the number of distribution channels through which we acquire paying customers and improve the cost and volume of customers obtained through our current channels.

Our Cybersecurity & Martech business operates as the VIPRE Security Group and the MOZ Group, respectively.

VIPRE Security Group

The VIPRE Security Group, whose cloud-based SaaS offerings include endpoint and email security, security awareness training, secure backup and file sharing, and virtual private network solutions. We offer these services to consumers who are worried about their digital safety and security of personal information online, and to small businesses and mid-sized enterprises who want advanced cyber threat protection. The VIPRE Security Group offers its services under the following brands.

IPVanish offers one of the leading virtual private network services in the industry. Virtual private network services encrypt user’s data and activity on the internet, enabling users to browse the internet more securely and anonymously, and without restriction.

VIPRE software solutions are designed to protect people and businesses from costly and malicious cyber threats. VIPRE offerings include comprehensive endpoint and email security, along with threat intelligence for real-time malware analysis.

*Inspired eLearning’*s SaaS platform for cybersecurity awareness and compliance training helps enterprises protect their organizations by educating employees on how to reduce human-related cybersecurity and workplace incidents.

Livedrive provides online backup and synchronized storage features for professionals and individuals and is designed to allow customers with an internet connection to access their files from virtually anywhere at any time.

SugarSync provides online file backup, synchronization and sharing of a customer’s documents, photos, music, and movies across a customer’s desktops, laptops, mobile, and other devices.

MOZ Group

The MOZ Group’s SaaS offerings include email marketing and delivery solutions, search engine optimization tools, and voice and text communication services. We offer these services to sole proprietors, small businesses, and mid-sized enterprises, enabling them to connect directly with their customers and grow the revenue of their businesses. We believe these services represent more efficient and less expensive solutions than many existing alternatives, and provide increased security, privacy, flexibility, and mobility. The MOZ Group offers its services under the following brands.

Campaigner, iContact, SMTP, Kickbox, and Full Contact provide email marketing solutions to help small, medium, and large businesses strengthen customer relationships and drive sales through professional email campaign creation, advanced list management, segmentation tools, verification tools, marketing automation, attribution reports, campaign tracking, and targeted email auto responders and workflows.

MOZ Pro, MOZ Local, and Stat Analytics offer search engine optimization services that are used to help understand and improve internet traffic, rankings, and visibility in search results.

eVoice is a virtual phone system that provides small and medium-sized businesses with on-demand voice communications services. Customers can assign departmental and individual extensions that can connect to multiple numbers, including landline and mobile phones and IP networks, and can enhance reachability through “find me/follow me” capabilities. These services also include advanced integrated voicemail for each extension.

Line2 is a cloud-based phone service, which allows users to add a second line to a mobile device. Line2 enables users to separate work and personal calls on a single device and includes standard phone service features such as SMS, MMS, auto attendant, call routing, call forwarding, voicemail, call queue, and toll-free and vanity numbers.

Competition

Competition in the Technology & Shopping, Gaming & Entertainment, and Health & Wellness spaces is significant. Within these verticals, our businesses compete with (i) diversified internet and digital media companies like IAC, Future PLC, Red Ventures, Penske Media, Integrated Media, and Internet Brands, (ii) vertical-specific digital media companies like RVO Health, TechTarget, Vox Media, Centerfield, Doximity, and Fandom and (iii) other large sellers of advertising products and solutions, including Alphabet, Meta, Snap, Twitch, and others.

Competition in the Connectivity space is diverse. In this space, our business competes with Opensignal, Accenture, NetAlly, and IBWave, as well as others.

Our Cybersecurity & Martech business faces competition from, among others, email marketing solution providers, marketing automation services, cybersecurity software and service vendors, and virtual private network providers. Our online cybersecurity solutions compete against providers of cybersecurity solutions and related software, such as Palo Alto Networks, CrowdStrike, Proofpoint, Gen Digital Inc., Kape Technologies, KnowBe4, and Malwarebytes. Our marketing technology solutions compete directly with various providers of search engine optimization technology and communication platforms that provide email and voice-related services to small and medium-sized businesses, including companies like SEMRush, MailChimp, Campaign Monitor, Constant Contact, and Dialpad. Our Cybersecurity & Martech business also competes against diversified and acquisitive vertical market software providers like Constellation Software and Tyler Technologies.

Some of our competitors may have greater financial and other resources than we do.

We believe that the primary competitive factors determining our success in the market for our services include the reputation of our brands as trusted sources of premium and exclusive content and objective information; our ability to attract consumers, professionals, advertisers to our digital properties; the reach, effectiveness, and efficiency of our customer messaging, branding, and marketing services; our expertise in multiple methods of monetization; our financial strength and stability; our reputation for reliability and security of service; our intellectual property ownership; the effectiveness of our customer support; our sign-up, service, and software ease-of-use; our service scalability; our geographic coverage; our scope of services; our currency and payment method acceptance; and our local language sales, messaging, and support.

Seasonality

Certain of our revenues associated with our Digital Media Businesses are subject to seasonal fluctuations, and are generally higher during the fourth quarter holiday period due to increased retail activity. Revenues associated with our Connectivity business can be impacted by the timing of significant transactions within any particular quarter. Certain of our Cybersecurity & Martech revenues are impacted by the number of effective business days in a given period. We traditionally experience lower than average Cybersecurity & Martech usage and customer sign-ups in the fourth quarter.

Patents and Proprietary Rights

The protection of our intellectual property rights is important to our success. We aggressively protect these rights by relying on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade dress, and trade secrets. We also enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with employees and contractors, and nondisclosure agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information.

Through a combination of internal technology development and acquisitions, we have built a portfolio of numerous U.S. and foreign patents. We intend to continue to invest in patents, to aggressively protect our patent assets from unauthorized use, and to generate patent licensing revenues from authorized users.

We have generated royalties from licensing certain of our patents and have enforced certain patents against companies using our patented technology without our permission.

We seek patents for inventions that may contribute to our business or the technology sector. We have multiple pending U.S. and foreign patent applications, covering components of our technology and in some cases technologies beyond those that we currently offer. Unless and until patents are issued on the pending applications, no patent rights can be enforced.

We have obtained patent licenses for certain technologies where such licenses are necessary or advantageous.

We own and use a number of trademarks in connection with our services, including word and/or logo trademarks for IGN, CNET, Everyday Health, BabyCenter, Humble Bundle, PCMag, Mashable, Ookla, Speedtest, and RetailMeNot, among others. Many of these trademarks are registered worldwide, and numerous trademark applications are pending around the world. We hold numerous internet domain names, including “everydayhealth.com”, “retailmenot.com”, “pcmag.com”, “ign.com”, “speedtest.net”, “offers.com”, “humblebundle.com”, “mashable.com”, and “babycenter.com”, among others. We have filed to protect our rights to our brands in certain alternative top-level domains such as “.org”, “.net”, “.biz”, “.info”, and “.us”, among others.

Like other technology-based businesses, we face the risk that we will be unable to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights, and the risk that we will be found to have infringed the proprietary rights of others. For more information regarding these risks, please refer to the section entitled Risk Factors contained in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Research and Development

The markets for our services are evolving rapidly, requiring ongoing expenditures for research and development and timely introduction of new services and service enhancements. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to enhance our current services, to respond effectively to technological changes, attract and retain engineering talent, sell additional services to our existing customer base, and introduce new services and technologies that address the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers.

We devote significant resources to develop new services and service enhancements. Our research, development, and engineering expenditures were $67.4 million, $68.9 million, and $74.1 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. For more information regarding the technological risks that we face, please refer to the section entitled Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Government Regulation

We are subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect companies conducting business over the internet and, in some cases, using services of third-party telecommunications and internet service providers. These include, among others, laws and regulations addressing privacy, data storage, retention and security, freedom of expression, content, taxation, numbers, advertising, and intellectual property. For information about the risks we face with respect to governmental regulation, please see Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) and portions of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) limit the liability of eligible online service providers for listing or linking to third-party websites that include materials that infringe copyrights or other rights of others, or hosting third-party content, and we rely on these protections in conducting our business. We are also subject to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”), which imposes restrictions on the ability of online services to collect certain types of information from children under the age of 13. In addition, the Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology to Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2008 (“PROTECT Act”) requires us to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances, and there are state and international laws that impose similar requirements on us. The California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), among other things, requires covered companies to provide certain disclosures to California residents and afford such individuals the ability to opt out of the sale or sharing of their personal data, or opt-into certain financial incentive programs. The General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) enhances the obligations placed on companies that control or process personal data including, for example, expanded disclosures about how personal data is to be used, mechanisms for obtaining consent from data subjects, controls for data subjects with respect to their personal data (including by enabling them to exercise rights to erasure and data portability), limitations on retention of personal data, and mandatory data breach notifications.

Our use of email, SMS, or phone calls as a significant means of communicating is subject to numerous laws and regulations worldwide, such as the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (the “CAN-SPAM Act”), the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”), and their state and international equivalents.

Our healthcare-related offerings are in some cases subject to a variety of healthcare privacy laws and regulations at the federal, state, and international levels. For example, the Privacy Standards and Security Standards under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) establish a set of basic national privacy and security standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information that we must adhere to. Additionally, certain states have adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA. We may also be subject to various state and international data privacy laws that are both generally applicable to personally identifiable information and that particularly concern personal health and medical information, as defined by those laws.

In connection with our Cybersecurity & Martech business, we utilize data transmissions over public telephone lines and other facilities provided by third-party carriers. These transmissions are subject to foreign and domestic laws, regulations, and requirements by the Federal Communications Commission, state public utility commissions, foreign governmental authorities, and industry trade associations such as the CTIA. These regulations and requirements affect our ability to provide services, the availability of telephone numbers, the prices we pay for transmission services, the administrative costs associated with providing our services, the competition we face from telecommunications service providers, and other aspects of our market.

We are also subject, or could become subject to, burgeoning or new areas of regulation as federal, state, and international jurisprudence develops. For example, certain business units within our Digital Media business collect and sell data about their users’ online behavior. Such data has become subject to “Do Not Track” regulations in some jurisdictions and may become the subject of more laws and regulations elsewhere. Laws and regulations surrounding the internet and cybersecurity are constantly evolving, so we may become subject to more laws and regulations in the future.

Segments

Following changes to our internal reporting structure, the Company concluded that it has five operating segments which are now presented as the following five reportable segments: 1) Technology & Shopping, 2) Gaming & Entertainment, 3) Health & Wellness, 4) Connectivity, and 5) Cybersecurity & Martech. Prior period segment information is presented on a comparable basis to conform to this new segment presentation with no effect on previously reported consolidated results. For additional information about our segment reporting, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 17 - Segment Information of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 3,800 employees, 56% of which are U.S. based employees and 44% non-U.S based employees. Our ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate our highly qualified workforce is important to our continued success. Approximately 130 of the editorial employees in our Technology & Shopping and Gaming & Entertainment businesses have elected to join a union as of December 31, 2024. We chose to voluntarily recognize the union.

Acquisition Strategy Impact on Human Capital

The Company has made more than 90 acquisitions between 2012 and 2024, including four during 2024 (exclusive of any acquisitions that were part of businesses we have since divested). Integrating new groups of employees whose culture, organizational norms, and expectations might differ from our own is a strength of ours. We believe that our integration approach reduces the human capital risk associated with our acquisition strategy and that our ability to effectively integrate new employees and businesses is a core competency of the Company.

Our Culture

Our culture operates on two levels. While we have a strong enterprise-wide culture, we also have a strong network of micro-cultures that operate within many of our businesses and drive their success. Integrating those micro-cultures and values is important and we work hard to foster an environment of collaboration and embrace the power of small groups working together.

An important dimension of the enterprise culture at Ziff Davis stems from our belief that profitability and corporate responsibility go hand in hand. We believe that “Doing is Greater than Talking,” which continues to be a rallying cry to employees that galvanizes them to take action to create social value and impact.

Our employees play a crucial role in supporting the Company’s “Five Pillars of Purpose”, which include:

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion - Ensure we avail ourselves of the best talent in the marketplace, and hire diverse voices to speak to all our customers.

Environmental Sustainability - Reduce our environmental footprint and continue helping customers and users reduce their footprint.

Community - Support our employees worldwide and positively impact the communities around us.

Data Privacy and Security - Protect our data and customer data, ensure our product security, and respect the data privacy rights of our users.

Governance - Represent shareholders’ best interests with our rigorous and transparent corporate governance structure.

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion to us means maintaining fair practices and ensuring equal opportunity for all employees and candidates, so that merit and skill can be identified and cultivated to hire top talent and yield the best possible results for our business. Further, to best address the needs of a large and diverse audience, we believe we must provide multiple voices, which requires us to maintain an employee base with differing backgrounds.

We continue to take steps to promote these goals, and in 2024 we published our fifth Annual Diversity Report, available on our website, which details representation in our workforce. The Annual Diversity Report is not incorporated by reference and should not be considered part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Hiring

We reinforce our culture and our values by seeking out diverse candidates to fill vacancies by seeking candidates that fit well with our organizational priorities. We have had success in this area: 28 percent of all 2024 new hires in the U.S. have been people of color, and 50 percent of 2024 new hires in the U.S. have been women. We are working proactively to attract more diverse talent and, during 2024, we continued our participation with Afrotech by sending ERG leaders to the 2024 conference. In 2023, we relaunched our Restart Program, which is a paid returnship program to help jump-start the career of people who have been out of workforce for two or more years, hiring one restarter into the program in 2024.

Employee Compensation & Benefits

Compensation is an important consideration for all of our employees, and we strive to pay competitive compensation packages that reflect the success of the business and the individual contributions of each colleague. We are committed to fair pay practices and roles are periodically benchmarked to help inform where adjustments may be needed.

We care for our employees by providing benefits we believe are effective at attracting and retaining the talent critical for our success and, more importantly, assist in their day-to-day well-being. Those benefits include comprehensive health insurance coverage, covering 83% of health insurance premiums for covered U.S. employees for the past three years, an employee stock purchase program, a 401k program, flexible time off, free access to telemedicine, and up to 16 weeks of paid parental leave for birth parents. In addition, we offer paid family, sick, military, jury duty, and bereavement leave, paid short- and long-term disability leave, family planning support, a program offering free access to meditation and healthy eating apps, and monthly webinars focused on wellness through the “ZD BeWell” program.

We support our local communities by providing employees with 16 hours annually of fully paid Volunteer Time Off, partnering with Benevity and Visit.org to support volunteer event opportunities globally. We also expanded our Employee Assistance Fund (“EAF”) with America’s Charities to help employees impacted by unexpected financial hardship resulting from natural and other disasters as well as personal hardship, supporting 99% of employees across 14 countries, with plans to add more countries in the future.

Creating a culture where all colleagues feel supported and valued is paramount to our corporate mission. All employees globally have access to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP). We continue to evolve our programs to meet our colleagues’ health and wellness needs, which we believe is essential to attract and retain employees of the highest caliber, and we offer a competitive benefits package focused on fostering work/life integration.

Environmental, Social and Governance

In April 2024, we issued our third annual ESG Report, which can be found at www.ziffdavis.com/esg-environment (http://www.ziffdavis.com/esg-environment). Included in the report were the findings from our third-party verified greenhouse gas inventory, which calculates our Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. The report highlighted the policies, programs and practices we have in place to tackle critical challenges and the tangible results we have already achieved across our business, within our industry, and in our communities. Included in the report are details about several employee programs including our Global Mentorship Program, and Internal Mobility Program, among others. The ESG Report is not incorporated by reference and should not be considered part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Historical Information

Ziff Davis, Inc. was incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation through the creation of a holding company structure. At the time of its incorporation, Ziff Davis, Inc. was known as j2 Global, Inc. and traded under the stock ticker JCOM. Prior to 2014, an entity now known as J2 Cloud Services, LLC (founded in 1995) traded as JCOM. On October 7, 2021 (the “Distribution Date”), the Company completed the separation (the “Separation”) of its cloud fax business into Consensus Cloud Solutions, Inc., an independent publicly traded company, and the Company transferred J2 Cloud Services, LLC to Consensus who in turn transferred non-fax assets and liabilities back to Ziff Davis, such that Consensus was left with the cloud fax business. In connection with the Separation, we changed our name to Ziff Davis, Inc. from J2 Global, Inc. (for certain events prior to the Distribution Date, the Company may be referred to as J2 Global) and changed our stock ticker to ZD from JCOM. The Separation was achieved through the Company’s distribution of 80.1% of the shares of Consensus common stock to holders of Company common stock as of the close of business on October 1, 2021, the record date for the distribution.

Available Information

We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act of 1934”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Such reports and other information and amendments thereto filed or furnished by the Company with the SEC are available free of charge on the Company’s website at www.ziffdavis.com (http://www.ziffdavis.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC’s website. The information on our website is not part of this report. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding our filings we file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov). Our Board has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Conduct”) that applies to all of our directors and employees. The Code of Conduct is posted on the corporate governance page of Ziff Davis’s website, and can be accessed at http://investor.ziffdavis.com. Any changes to or waiver of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for senior financial officers, executive officers or directors will be posted on that website.

Before deciding to invest in Ziff Davis or to maintain or increase your investment, you should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to the other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, including our subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our business. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock will likely decline and you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.

Risks Related To Our Business

• If we are unable to identify and execute new acquisitions or execute on investment strategies, our growth may be negatively impacted.
• Acquisitions may disrupt our operations and harm our operating results.
• The majority of our revenue within our Digital Media Businesses is derived from short-term advertising arrangements, and our Digital Media Businesses may lose or be unable to attract advertisers if they cannot develop, commission, or acquire compelling content, if they cannot attract users to mobile offerings, or if advertisers’ marketing budgets are cut or reduced.
• We face risks associated with system failures, security breaches, and other technological issues.
• We face risks associated with the unauthorized use of our content and the infringement of our intellectual property rights by developers and users of generative artificial intelligence (“AI”).
• We face risks associated with changes in our tax rates, changes in tax treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation, assessments or audits by taxing authorities, and potential exposure to additional tax liabilities (including with respect to sales and use, telecommunications, or similar taxes).
• We face risks associated with weakened global and U.S. economic conditions, volatility in the economy, and political instability.
• The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and we may not be successful in growing our brands or revenue.
• If the distribution of Consensus, together with certain related transactions, does not qualify as a transaction that is generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Ziff Davis, Consensus, and Ziff Davis stockholders could be subject to significant tax liabilities.
• Our business is highly dependent on our billing systems functioning properly, and we face risks associated with credit and debit card declines and merchant standards imposed by credit and debit card companies.
• We face potential liability for various types of legal claims, and we may be engaged in legal proceedings that could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses and could divert significant operational resources and our management’s time and attention.
• Our businesses depend in part on attracting visitors to our websites from search engines.
• We may be subject to risks from international operations, including risks associated with currency fluctuations and foreign exchange controls and other adverse changes in global financial markets, including unforeseen global crises such as war, strife, strikes, global health pandemics, as well as risks associated with international laws and regulations.
• We may be found to infringe the intellectual property rights of others, and we may be unable to adequately protect our own intellectual property rights.
• Our business is dependent on the supply of services and other business requirements from other companies.
• Our business is dependent on our retention of our executive officers and senior management, and our ability to hire and retain key personnel.
• We are exposed to risk if we cannot maintain or adhere to our internal controls and procedures.
• Divestitures or other dispositions could negatively impact our business, and contingent liabilities from businesses that we have sold could adversely affect our financial statements.
• Potential indemnification liabilities to Consensus pursuant to the separation agreement could materially and adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
• ESG matters, as well as related reporting obligations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.

Risks Related To Our Industries

• We are subject to a variety of new, existing, and changing laws and regulations, across both domestic and international markets, which could subject us to claims, judgments, monetary liabilities, and other remedies, as well as increased compliance and defense costs and limitations on our business practices.
• We operate across many different markets and may be exposed to a variety of government and private actions, laws, or self-regulatory developments regarding cybersecurity, privacy, data security, and data protection with uncertain interpretations and potentially significant compliance costs.
• Data privacy and security regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), and the Virginia Data Privacy Act (“CDPA”) impose significant compliance costs and expose us to substantial risks, particularly with respect to health data and other sensitive data.
• Developments in the healthcare industry and associated regulations could adversely affect our business, including our Everyday Health Group set of brands.
• Our business could suffer if providers of broadband internet access services block, impair or degrade our services.
• Our business faces risks associated with advertisement blocking technologies and advertising click fraud.
• The industries in which we operate are undergoing rapid technological changes, and we may not be able to keep up.

Risks Related To Our Liquidity and Indebtedness

• Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial flexibility and our competitive position, and we require significant cash to service our debt and fund our capital requirements.
• We face risks associated with the 1.75% Convertible Notes, the 3.625% Convertible Notes, the 4.625% Senior Notes, and our revolving credit facility (collectively referred to herein as our “Outstanding Debt”), including the possibility of changes in interest deductions, triggering of the conditional conversion features, lack of funds to settle conversions, redemptions or repurchases of notes, and imposition of restrictions on future debt.

Risks Related To Our Stock

• Certain features of our Outstanding Debt may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial attempt to take over our Company.
• Conversions of the 1.75% Convertible Notes and the 3.625% Convertible Notes (collectively, the Convertible Notes’) would dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders.
• We are a holding company and our operations are conducted through, and substantially all of our assets are held by, our subsidiaries, which may be subject to certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to us to fund any dividends on our stock, pay interest on our Outstanding Debt, and fund other holding company expenses.
• We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully consummated or will enhance long-term stockholders value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the trading price of our common stock and diminish our cash reserves.
• Future sales of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price.
• Anti-takeover provisions could negatively impact our stockholders.
• Our stock price may be volatile or may decline due to various reasons, including variations between actual results and investor expectations, industry and regulatory changes, introduction of new services by our competitors, developments with respect to IP rights, geopolitical events such as war, threat of war or terrorist actions, and global health pandemics, among others.

Risks Related To Our Business

If we are unable to identify and execute new acquisitions or execute on investment strategies, our growth may be negatively impacted.

Acquisitions and investments in our business have historically played a significant role in our growth, and we anticipate that they will continue to do so.

We plan to acquire additional or invest in new or current businesses, products, services and technologies that complement or augment our service offerings and customer base in order to enhance our rate of growth. We may not successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates or investment strategies, manage disparate technologies, lines of business, personnel and corporate cultures, realize our business strategy or the expected return on our investment, or manage a geographically dispersed company. In addition, while we conduct due diligence prior to consummating an acquisition, joint venture or business collaboration, such diligence may not identify all material issues associated with such activities and we may be exposed to additional risk due to such acquisition, joint venture, or business collaboration. We may also face competition for acquisitions from larger competitors that may have more extensive financial resources, which may increase the cost or limit the availability of acquisitions. If we are unable to identify and execute on acquisitions or execute on our investment strategies, our revenues, business, prospects, operating results, and cash flows could suffer.

We have made and expect to continue to make acquisitions that could disrupt our operations and harm our operating results.

We intend to continue to develop new services, enhance existing services and expand our geographic presence through acquisitions of other companies, service lines, technologies, and personnel.

Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including the following:

• Difficulties in integrating the operations, systems, technologies, products, and personnel of the acquired businesses;
• Difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited direct prior experience and where competitors in such markets may have stronger market positions;
• Diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions; and
• The potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors, and other business partners of the businesses we acquire.

Acquisitions may also cause us to:

• Use a substantial portion of our cash resources or incur debt;
• Significantly increase our interest expense, leverage, and debt service requirements if we incur additional debt to pay for an acquisition;
• Assume liabilities;
• Issue common stock that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership;
• Record goodwill and intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges;
• Incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets; and
• Become subject to intellectual property or other litigation.

When we acquire a business, a substantial portion of the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. We review goodwill for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets is more likely than not impaired. While we may engage with valuation specialists, our valuation methodology for assessing impairment requires management to make judgments and assumptions based on experience and to rely heavily on projections of future operating performance. Our projections of our future operating results and cash flows may vary significantly from our actual results. We have previously, and may in future periods, determine that all or a portion of our goodwill or intangible assets are impaired, and we may be required to write down these assets, which would have a negative effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Mergers and acquisitions are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control. We cannot give assurances that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions could materially harm our business and operating results. In addition, our effective tax rate for future periods is uncertain and could be impacted by mergers and acquisitions.

The majority of our revenue within our Digital Media Businesses is derived from short-term advertising arrangements, and a reduction in spending by or loss of current or potential advertisers would cause our revenue and operating results to decline.

In most cases, our agreements with advertisers have a term of one year or less and may be terminated at any time by the advertiser or by us without penalty. We believe that advertising on the internet, as in traditional media, fluctuates significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Some of these factors include (a) budget constraints of our advertisers, (b) cancellations or delays of projects by our advertisers due to numerous factors, including but not limited to, supply chain issues and any significant changes to free trade agreements, trade protection measures, tariffs and other trade regulations, laws, and policies, (c) the cyclical and discretionary nature of advertising spending, (d) general economic, internet-related, and media industry conditions, (e) tax, tariffs, and other legislation and regulation, as well as (f) extraordinary events, such as war, acts of terrorism or aggression, extreme weather events including as exacerbated by climate change, and pandemics or other public health crises. The state of the global economy and availability of capital has impacted and could further impact the advertising spending patterns of existing and potential advertisers. Continued reduction in spending by, or loss of, existing or potential advertisers would negatively impact our revenue and operating results. Further, we may be unable to adjust our expenses and capital expenditures quickly enough to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall.

If we are unable to develop, commission, or acquire compelling content for our Digital Media Businesses at acceptable prices, our expenses may increase, the number of visitors to our online properties may not grow, or may decline, and/or visitors’ level of engagement with our websites may decline, any of which could harm our operating results.

Our future success depends in part on the ability of our Digital Media Businesses to aggregate compelling content and deliver that content through our online properties. Users are increasingly demanding high-quality content and services including more video and mobile-specific content. Such content and services may require us to make substantial payments to third parties if we are unable to develop content of our own. Our ability to maintain and build relationships with such third-party providers is critical to our success. In addition, as new methods for accessing the internet become available, including through alternative devices, we may need to enter into amended agreements with existing third-party providers to cover the new devices. We may be unable to enter into new, or preserve existing, relationships with the third parties whose content or services we seek to obtain. In addition, as competition for compelling content increases both domestically and internationally, our third-party providers may increase the prices at which they offer their content and services to us and potential providers may not offer their content or services to us at all, or may offer them on terms that are not agreeable to us. An increase in the prices charged to us by third-party providers could harm our operating results and financial condition. Further, many of our content and services licenses with third parties are non-exclusive. Accordingly, other media providers may be able to offer similar or identical content. This increases the importance of our ability to deliver compelling content and personalization of this content for users in order to differentiate our properties from other businesses. Although we generally develop compelling content of our own, when we are unable to do so, we engage freelance services or obtain licensed content which may not be at reasonable prices and which could harm our operating results.

In our Digital Media Businesses, if we are unable to prove that our advertising and sponsorship solutions provide an attractive return on investment for our customers, our financial results could be harmed.

Our ability to grow revenue from our Digital Media Businesses is dependent on our ability to demonstrate to marketers that their marketing campaigns with us provide a meaningful return on investment (“ROI”) relative to offline and other online opportunities. Certain of the marketing campaigns with respect to our Digital Media Businesses are designed such that the revenues received are based entirely upon the ROI delivered for customers. Our Digital Media Businesses has invested significant resources in developing its research, analytics, and campaign effectiveness capabilities and expects to continue to do so in the future. Our ability, however, to demonstrate the value of advertising and sponsorship on Digital Media Businesses properties depends, in part, on the sophistication of the analytics and measurement capabilities, the actions taken by our competitors to enhance their offerings, whether we meet the ROI expectations of our customers, and a number of other factors. If we are unable to maintain sophisticated marketing and communications solutions that provide value to our customers or demonstrate our ability to provide value to our customers, our financial results will be harmed.

A system failure, security breach, cyber-attack, or other technological risk could delay or interrupt service to our customers, harm our reputation and business, lead to a loss of customers, or subject us to significant liability.

Our operations are dependent on our network being free from material interruption by damage from fire, earthquake, or other natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications failure, unauthorized entry, computer viruses, cyber-attacks, or any other events beyond our control. Similarly, the operations of our partners and other third parties with which we work are also susceptible to the same risks. There can be no assurance that our existing and planned precautions of backup systems, regular data backups, security protocols, and other procedures will be adequate to prevent significant damage, system failure or data loss, and the same is true for our partners, vendors, and other third parties on which we rely. These precautions may change over time as laws and regulations regarding data privacy, security, and protection of information change.

We face a wide variety of cyber-attacks including attempts to gain unauthorized access to customer accounts.

Increased information technology security threats and more sophisticated cybercrimes and cyberattacks, including computer viruses and other malicious codes, ransomware, unauthorized access attempts, denial-of-service attacks, phishing, social engineering, hacking, and other types of attacks, pose a risk to the security and availability of our information technology systems, networks, products, solutions, and services, including those that are managed, hosted, provided, or used by third parties (and which may not provide the same level of information security as our own products, systems, or solutions), as well as the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of our data and the data of our customers, partners, consumers, employees, stockholders, suppliers and others. Also, many of our services are web-based, and the amount of data we store for our users has been increasing. Despite the implementation of security measures, our infrastructure, and that of our partners, vendors, and other third parties may be vulnerable to computer viruses, errors, bugs, defects, hackers, or similar disruptive problems caused by our vendors, partners, other third parties, subscribers, employees, or other internet users who attempt to invade public and private data networks. As seen in the industries in which we operate and others, these activities have been, and will continue to be, subject to continually evolving cybersecurity and technological risks. The rapid evolution and increased adoption of AI technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks, as we may be unable to keep pace with the increasing sophistication of AI-based cybersecurity threats. Further, in some cases we do not have in place disaster recovery facilities for certain ancillary services.

A significant portion of our operations relies heavily on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other sensitive data. For example, a significant number of our Cybersecurity & Martech customers authorize us to bill them directly for all transaction fees charged by us. We rely on encryption and authentication technology to effect secure transmission of confidential information, including customer financial information, which is highly dependent on our billing systems functioning. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography, or other developments may result in a material compromise or breach of the technology used by us, our partners, our vendors, or other third parties to protect transaction and other confidential data. Any system failure or security breach that causes interruptions or data loss in and to our operations and systems or those of our partners, vendors, customers, or other third parties, whether due to human error or misconduct, system errors, or vulnerabilities in our or our third party service providers’ products, systems, or solutions, or which leads to the misappropriation of our or our customers’ confidential information, including as a result of the introduction of new and emerging technologies such as AI, could result in a significant liability to us (including in the form of judicial decisions and/or settlements, regulatory findings and/or forfeitures, and other means), cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators, and/or the media), cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, and deter current and potential customers from using our services.

We use vendors to assist with cybersecurity risks, but these vendors may not be able to assist us adequately in preparing for or responding to a cybersecurity incident. We maintain insurance related to cybersecurity risks, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any breaches or other adverse consequences related to a cybersecurity event. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows, or a negative impact to our reputation could cause us to suffer other negative consequences. For example, we may incur remediation costs (such as liability for stolen assets or information, repairs of system damage, and incentives to customers or business partners in an effort to maintain relationships after an attack); increased cybersecurity protection costs (which may include the costs of making organizational changes, deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants); lost revenues resulting from (i) the unauthorized use of proprietary information, (ii) the failure to retain or attract customers following an attack, or (iii) the diversion of our resources away from revenue-generating activity and towards remediation activity; litigation and legal risks (including regulatory actions by state and federal governmental authorities and non-U.S. authorities); increased insurance premiums; reputational damage that adversely affects customer or investor confidence; damage to our competitiveness and stock price; and diminished long-term shareholder value. To date, such events have not resulted in the material impairment of our business operations.

Generative AI and related technologies could present risks and challenges to our business.

Developments in the use of generative AI and related technologies make it easier to access, duplicate, and distribute our content, or otherwise generate output based on our content, without authorization, fair compensation, or proper attribution. These technologies may reduce our online traffic and audience sizes, infringe our intellectual property rights, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our reputation may also be harmed if these technologies wrongly attribute inaccurate information to us. We seek to limit such threats; however, policing unauthorized use of our content and intellectual property is often difficult and the steps taken by us may not prevent misuse and infringement of our intellectual property. Although we do not believe these threats have been material to our businesses to date, we expect to continue to be subject to these threats and there can be no assurance that we will not experience a negative impact on our business as a result of them.

The use of copyrighted material by generative AI and related technologies has not been fully interpreted by federal, state, or international courts, and the legal and regulatory framework for generative AI continues to evolve and remains uncertain. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the jurisdictions in which we operate, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, which may affect how operators of generative AI and related technologies seek to use our content. For example, in 2024 California enacted a range of laws regulating the use and development of AI, which generally relate to transparency, privacy, and fairness, among other concerns. Furthermore, in Europe the EU’s AI Act was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on July 12, 2024 and entered into force on August 1, 2024. We are still evaluating the impact of these laws on our business. The cost for us to enforce such laws and regulations, or otherwise protect our content and intellectual property rights, could be significant.

Changes in our tax rates, changes in tax treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce, the adoption of new U.S. or international tax legislation, or exposure to additional tax liabilities may adversely impact our financial results.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States (both federal and state) and in certain foreign jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice. New tax laws, regulations and administrative practices could be enacted or adopted at any time, and existing tax laws, regulations and administrative practices could be interpreted, modified, or applied adversely to us, possibly with retroactive effect. These changes may adversely impact our effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations.

We are currently under or subject to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and other domestic and foreign tax authorities and government bodies for both direct and indirect taxes. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our income tax and other tax reserves. If our reserves are not sufficient to cover these contingencies, such inadequacy could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

In addition, due to the global nature of the internet, it is possible that various states or foreign countries might attempt to impose additional or new taxes, including digital services taxes, or regulations on our business. Tax authorities at the international, federal, state, and local levels are currently reviewing the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce and online advertising. The application of existing, new, or revised taxes on our business would likely increase the cost of doing business online and decrease the attractiveness of selling products and advertising over the internet. The application of these taxes on our business could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Furthermore, much of our Digital Media Businesses’ e-commerce revenue comes from arrangements in which we are paid by retailers to promote their digital product and service offers on our sites. Certain states have implemented regulations that require retailers to collect and remit sales taxes on sales made to residents of such states if a publisher, such as us, that facilitated that sale is a resident of such state. Paid retailers in our marketplace that do not currently have a sales tax nexus in any state that subsequently passes similar regulations and in which we have operations, employees, or contractors now or in the future, may significantly alter the manner in which they pay us, cease paying us for sales we facilitate for that retailer in such state, or cease using our marketplace, each of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected, or in the future should collect sales and use, telecommunications, or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future tax, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We believe we remit state and local sales and use, excise, utility user, and ad valorem taxes, as well as fees and surcharges or other similar obligations, in all relevant jurisdictions in which we generate sales, based on our understanding of the applicable laws in those jurisdictions. Such tax, fee, and surcharge laws and rates vary greatly by jurisdiction, and the application of each of them to e-commerce businesses, such as ours, is a complex and evolving area. The jurisdictions where we have sales may apply more rigorous enforcement efforts or take more aggressive positions in the future that could result in greater tax liability. In addition, in the future we may also decide to engage in activities that would require us to pay sales and use, telecommunications, or similar taxes in new jurisdictions. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Weakened global and U.S. economic conditions, volatility in the economy, and political instability may adversely affect us and certain of our customers, which may result in, among other things, decreased usage and advertising levels, as well as decreased customer acquisition and customer retention rates and, in turn, could lead to a decrease in our revenues or rate of revenue growth.

Our overall performance depends in part on general global and U.S. economic conditions. Weakened global and U.S. economic conditions (including reduced economic growth, recessions, inflationary conditions, fluctuating interest rates, and increased unemployment), volatility in the economy, tariffs and trade protection measures, and political instability may affect the global economy, and therefore, us and certain of our customers. Among other things, such conditions may lead, and have in the past led, to decreased usage of our services, decreased retention rates, decreased advertising, e-commerce, subscription or other revenues, and increased costs. The impact of pandemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases, and the reactions of governmental and public health authorities and others, may disrupt economic activity, resulting in reduced commercial and consumer confidence and spending, increased unemployment, closure or restricted operating conditions for businesses, inflation, volatility in the global economy, instability in the credit and financial markets, labor shortages, and disruption in supply chains. These each may impact, and have in the past impacted, our revenues and profitability. For example, in connection with certain global conflicts, the United States and other governments have imposed severe economic sanctions and export controls and have threatened additional sanctions and controls. The full impact of these measures, or of any potential responses to them by the countries involved, on the businesses and results of operations or our customers or us is unknown.

Climate change may have a long-term impact on our business.

Climate change may have an adverse impact on our business locations, and those of our customers and vendors. For example, our business locations, or those of our customers and vendors, may experience adverse climate-related events, including fluctuations in temperature or water availability, floods, wildfires (and resultant air quality impacts), other unusual or prolonged adverse weather patterns, and power shutoffs associated with these events. A climate-related event that destroys or disrupts any of our critical systems could severely impact our ability to conduct business, and we cannot ensure that our systems and data centers will remain fully operational during and immediately after such an event or disruption. Climate-related events also pose risks to our employees’ ability to stay connected and perform their job duties, particularly for those who work from home. We may experience increased employee turnover, business losses or additional costs to maintain or resume operations due to climate-related events. In addition, changes in regulatory requirements, markets and shareholder expectations regarding climate change may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are assessing and managing the climate-related risks to our operations, including through our Environmental, Social and Governance Committee, but we cannot ensure that we are fully able to assess or manage such risks.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and some of our competitors may have greater resources to commit to growth, superior technologies, cheaper pricing, or more effective marketing strategies. Also, we face significant competition for users, advertisers, publishers, developers, and distributors.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and are undergoing rapid technological changes. Some of our competitors include major companies with much greater resources and significantly larger customer bases than we have. Some of these competitors offer their services at lower prices than we do. These companies may be able to develop and expand their network infrastructures and capabilities more quickly, adapt more swiftly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, take advantage of acquisition and other opportunities more readily, and devote greater resources to the marketing and sale of their products and services than we can. There can be no assurance that additional competitors will not enter markets that we are currently serving and plan to serve or that we will be able to compete effectively. Competitive pressures may reduce our revenue, operating profits, or both.

Our Digital Media Businesses face competition from online media companies as well as from social networking sites, mobile applications, traditional print and broadcast media, general purpose and search engines, generative AI, and various e-commerce sites. Our Connectivity business faces competition from connectivity analytics providers and network testing sites. Our Cybersecurity & Martech business faces competition from cloud software services and applications across several categories, including secured communications, cybersecurity, and marketing technology.

Several of our competitors offer an integrated variety of software and internet products, advertising services, technologies, online services, and content. We compete against these and other companies to attract and retain subscribers, users, advertisers, partners, and developers. We also compete with social media and networking sites which are attracting a substantial and increasing share of users and users’ online time, and may continue to attract an increasing share of online advertising dollars.

In addition, several competitors offer products and services that directly compete for users with our business offerings. Similarly, the advertising networks operated by our competitors or by other participants in the display marketplace offer services that directly compete with our offerings for advertisers, including advertising exchanges, ad networks, demand side platforms, ad serving technologies, and sponsored search offerings. We also compete with traditional print and broadcast media companies to attract advertising spending. Some of our existing competitors and possible entrants may have greater brand recognition for certain products and services, more expertise in a particular segment of the market, and greater operational, strategic, technological, financial, personnel, or other resources than we do. Many of our competitors have access to considerable financial and technical resources with which to compete aggressively, including by funding future growth and expansion and investing in acquisitions, technologies, and research and development. Further, emerging start-ups may be able to innovate and provide new products and services faster than we can. In addition, competitors may consolidate with each other or collaborate, and new competitors may enter the market. Some of the competitors of our Cybersecurity & Martech business in international markets have a substantial competitive advantage over us because they have dominant market share in their territories, are owned by local telecommunications providers, have greater brand recognition, are focused on a single market, are more familiar with local tastes and preferences, or have greater regulatory and operational flexibility due to the fact that we may be subject to both U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements.

If our competitors are more successful than we are in developing and deploying compelling products or in attracting and retaining users, advertisers, publishers, developers, or distributors, our revenue and growth rates could decline. For additional information regarding our competition, and the risks arising out of the competitive environment in which we operate, see the subsection entitled “Competition” with respect to each of our businesses contained in Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our growth will depend on our ability to develop, strengthen, and protect our brands, and these efforts may be costly and have varying degrees of success.

Our brand recognition has significantly contributed to the success of our business. Strengthening our current brands and launching competitive new brands will be critical to achieving widespread commercial acceptance of our products and services. This will require our continued focus on active marketing, the costs of which have been increasing and may continue to increase. In addition, substantial initial investments may be required to launch new brands and expand existing brands to cover new geographic territories and technology fields. Accordingly, we may need to spend increasing amounts of money on, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing, and other efforts to cultivate brand recognition and customer loyalty. In addition, we are supporting an increasing number of brands, each of which requires its own investment of resources. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenues and, even if they do, increased revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. A failure to launch, promote, and maintain our brands, or the incurrence of substantial expenses in doing so, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our brand recognition depends, in part, on our ability to protect our trademark portfolio and establish trademark rights covering new brands and territories. Some regulators and competitors have taken the view that certain of our brands are descriptive or generic when applied to the products and services offered by our Cybersecurity & Martech business. Nevertheless, we have obtained U.S. and foreign trademark registrations for many of our brand names, logos, and other brand identifiers. If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect trademark rights covering our brands across the territories in which they are or may be offered, the value of these brands may be diminished, competitors may be able to dilute, harm, or take advantage of our brand recognition and reputation, and our ability to attract subscribers may be adversely affected.

We hold domain names relating to our brands, in the U.S. and internationally. The acquisition and maintenance of domain names are generally regulated by governmental agencies and their designees. The regulation of domain names may change. Governing bodies may establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars, or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may be unable to acquire or maintain all relevant domain names that relate to our brands. Furthermore, international rules governing the acquisition and maintenance of domain names in foreign jurisdictions are sometimes different from U.S. rules, and we may not be able to obtain all of our domains internationally. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon or otherwise decrease the value of our brands, trademarks or other proprietary rights. In addition, failure to secure or maintain domain names relevant to our brands could adversely affect our reputation and make it more difficult for users to find our websites and services.

If the distribution of Consensus Cloud Solutions, Inc. (“Consensus”) equity, together with certain related transactions, does not qualify as a transaction that is generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Ziff Davis, Consensus and Ziff Davis stockholders could be subject to significant tax liabilities.

On October 7, 2021, the Company completed the separation of its cloud fax business into Consensus, an independent publicly traded company. The separation of Consensus was effected by a pro rata distribution to our shareholders of 80.1% of the stock of Consensus, comprising our prior cloud fax business. We obtained (i) a private letter ruling from the IRS, satisfactory to our Board of Directors, regarding certain U.S. federal income tax matters relating to the separation and related transactions and (ii) an opinion of outside counsel, satisfactory to our Board of Directors, regarding the qualification of the distribution, together with certain related transactions, as generally tax-free, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”). The opinion of outside counsel and the IRS private letter ruling were based, among other things, on various facts and assumptions, as well as certain representations, statements and undertakings of Ziff Davis and Consensus (including those relating to the past and future conduct of Ziff Davis and Consensus). If any of these facts, assumptions, representations, statements or undertakings is, or becomes, inaccurate or incomplete, or if Ziff Davis or Consensus breach any of their respective covenants contained in any of the separation-related agreements or in the documents relating to the IRS private letter ruling and/or any opinion, the IRS private letter ruling and/or any opinion may be invalid. Accordingly, notwithstanding receipt of the IRS private letter ruling and/or opinions of counsel or other external tax advisors, the IRS could determine that the distribution and certain related transactions should be treated as taxable transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes if it determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations, statements or undertakings that were included in the request for the IRS private letter ruling or on which any opinion was based are false or have been violated. In addition, the IRS private letter ruling does not address all of the issues that are relevant to determining whether the distribution, together with certain related transactions, qualifies as a transaction that is generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and an opinion of outside counsel or other external tax advisor represents the judgment of such counsel or advisor which is not binding on the IRS or any court. Accordingly, notwithstanding receipt by Ziff Davis of the IRS private letter ruling and the tax opinions referred to above, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not assert that the distribution and/or certain related transactions do not qualify for tax-free treatment for U.S. federal income tax purposes or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. In the event the IRS were to prevail with such a challenge, Ziff Davis, Consensus and Ziff Davis’ stockholders could be subject to significant U.S. federal income tax liability.

If the distribution, together with certain related transactions, fails to qualify as a transaction that is generally tax-free under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code, in general, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Ziff Davis would recognize taxable gain as if it had sold the Consensus common stock in a taxable sale for its fair market value and Ziff Davis stockholders who receive shares of Consensus common stock in the distribution would be subject to tax as if they had received a taxable distribution equal to the fair market value of such shares.

In addition, we may incur certain tax costs in connection with the separation, including non-U.S. tax costs resulting from separations in multiple non-U.S. jurisdictions that do not legally provide for tax-free separations, which may be material. As a result of requirements of Section 355 of the Code or other applicable tax laws, in order to avoid the risk of incurring material tax-related liabilities, for a period of time after the separation we may determine to forego certain strategic transactions, equity issuances or repurchases or other transactions that we would otherwise believe to be in the best interests of our stockholders or that might increase the value of our business.

Our business is highly dependent on our billing systems.

A significant part of our revenues depends on prompt and accurate billing processes. Customer billing is a highly complex process, and our billing systems must efficiently interface with third-party systems, such as those of credit card processing companies. Our ability to accurately and efficiently bill our customers is dependent on the successful operation of our billing systems and the third-party systems upon which we rely, such as our credit card processor, and our ability to provide these third parties the information required to process transactions. In addition, our ability to offer new services or alternative-billing plans is dependent on our ability to customize our billing systems. Any failures or errors in our billing systems or procedures could impair our ability to properly bill our current customers or attract and service new customers, and thereby could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.

If our business experiences excessive credit and debit card declines, fraudulent activity, or cannot meet evolving credit card company merchant standards, we could incur substantial costs and lose the right to accept credit cards for payment and our subscriber base could decrease significantly.

A significant number of our paid Cybersecurity & Martech subscribers and certain subscribers from our Digital Media Businesses and Connectivity business authorize us to bill their credit card accounts directly for all service fees charged by us. Weakness in certain segments of the credit markets and in the U.S. and global economies could result in increased numbers of rejected credit and debit card payments. We believe this could result in increased customer cancellations and decreased customer signups. Rejected credit or debit card payments, customer cancellations, and decreased customer signups may adversely impact our revenues and profitability.

Additionally, if people pay for these services with stolen credit cards, we could incur substantial unreimbursed third-party vendor costs. We also incur losses from claims that customers did not authorize credit card transactions to purchase our services. If the numbers of unauthorized credit card transactions become excessive, we could be assessed substantial fines for excess chargebacks and could lose the right to accept credit cards for payment. In addition, we are subject to Payment Card Industry (“PCI”) data security standards, which require periodic audits by independent third parties to assess our compliance. PCI standards are a comprehensive set of requirements for enhancing payment account data security. Failure to comply with the security requirements or rectify a security issue may result in fines or a restriction on accepting payment cards. Credit card companies may change the standards required to utilize their services from time to time. If we are unable to meet these new standards, we could be unable to accept credit cards. Further, the law relating to the liability of providers of online payment services is currently unsettled and states may enact their own rules with which we may not comply. Substantial losses due to fraud or our inability to accept credit card payments, which could cause our paid subscriber base to significantly decrease, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

As a creator and a distributor of content over the internet, we face potential liability for legal claims based on the nature and content of the materials that we create or distribute.

Users access health-related content through our Everyday Health Group properties, including information regarding particular medical conditions, diagnosis and treatment, and possible adverse reactions or side effects from medications. If our content, or content we obtain from third parties, contains inaccuracies, it is possible that consumers or professionals who rely on that content or others may make claims against us with various causes of action. Although our properties contain terms and conditions, including disclaimers of liability, that are intended to reduce or eliminate our liability, third parties may claim that these online agreements are unenforceable.

Our editorial and other quality control procedures may not be sufficient to ensure that there are no errors or omissions in our content offerings or to prevent such errors and omissions in content that is controlled by our partners. Even if potential claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending against these claims could be expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention away from our operations.

We may be engaged in legal proceedings that could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses and could divert significant operational resources and our management’s time and attention.

From time to time, we are subject to litigation or claims or are involved in other legal disputes or regulatory inquiries, including in the areas of patent infringement and data privacy, that could negatively affect our business operations and financial condition. Such disputes could cause us to incur unforeseen expenses, divert operational resources, occupy a significant amount of our management’s time and attention and negatively affect our business operations and financial condition. The outcomes of such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, carrying the potential for unfavorable rulings that could include monetary damages and injunctive relief. We do not always have insurance coverage for defense costs, judgments, and settlements. We may also be subject to indemnification requirements with business partners, vendors, current and former officers and directors, and other third parties. Payments under such indemnification provisions may be material. For a more detailed description of certain lawsuits in which we are involved, see Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

If we are unable to continue to attract visitors to our websites from search engines, then consumer traffic to our websites could decrease, which could negatively impact the sales of our products and services, our advertising revenue and the number of purchases generated for our retailers through our Digital Media marketplaces.

We generate consumer traffic to our websites using various methods, including search engine marketing, or SEM, search engine optimization, or SEO, email campaigns and social media referrals. Our revenues and profitability levels are dependent upon our continued ability to use a combination of these methods to generate consumer traffic to our websites in a cost-efficient manner. We have experienced and continue to experience fluctuations in search result rankings for a number of our websites. There can be no assurances that we will be able to grow or maintain current levels of consumer traffic.

Our SEM and SEO techniques have been developed to work with existing search algorithms utilized by the major search engines. Major search engines frequently modify their search algorithms. Changes in search engine algorithms or user interfaces could cause our websites to receive less favorable placements, which could reduce the number of users who visit our websites. In addition, we use keyword advertising to improve our search ranking and to attract users to our sites. If we fail to follow legal requirements regarding the use of keywords or search engine guidelines and policies properly, search engines may rank our content lower in search results or could remove our content altogether from their indices.

Any decline in consumer traffic to our websites could adversely impact the amount of ads that are displayed and the number of purchases we generate for our retailers, which could adversely affect our revenues. An attempt to replace this traffic through other channels may require us to increase our sales and marketing expenditures, which would adversely affect our operating results and which may not be offset by additional revenues.

As we continue to grow our international operations, adverse currency fluctuations and foreign exchange controls could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

As we expand our international operations, we could be exposed to significant risks of currency fluctuations. In some countries outside the U.S., we offer our services in the applicable local currency, including but not limited to the Canadian Dollar, the British Pound Sterling, the Australian Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Danish Krone, the Swedish Krona, and the Norwegian Krone, among others. As a result, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the results of our operations, which in turn may materially adversely affect reported earnings and the comparability of period-to-period results of operations. Changes in currency exchange rates may also affect the relative prices at which we and foreign competitors sell our services in the same market. In addition, changes in the value of the relevant currencies may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. Furthermore, we may become subject to exchange control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit our conversion of other currencies into U.S. Dollars. We cannot assure you that future exchange rate movements will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. To date, we have not entered into foreign currency hedging transactions to control or minimize these risks.

We may be subject to risks from international operations.

As we continue to expand our business operations in countries outside the U.S., our future results could be materially adversely affected by a variety of uncontrollable and changing factors including, among others, foreign currency exchange rates; political or social unrest or economic instability in a specific country or region; increased tariffs, trade protection measures and other regulatory requirements which may affect our ability to provide our services; difficulties in staffing and managing international operations; compliance with international labor and employment laws and regulations; and adverse tax consequences, including imposition of withholding or other taxes on payments by subsidiaries and affiliates. Any or all of these factors could have a material adverse impact on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

We have only limited experience in marketing and operating our services in certain international markets. Moreover, we have in some cases experienced and expect to continue to experience in some cases higher costs as a percentage of revenues in connection with establishing and providing services in international markets versus in the United States. In addition, certain international markets may be slower than the U.S. in adopting the internet and/or outsourced messaging and communications solutions and so our operations in international markets may not develop at a rate that supports our level of investments.

Further, the impact on the global economy as a result of unforeseen global crises such as war, acts of terrorism or aggression or strife, strikes, global health pandemics, earthquakes or major weather events, including as exacerbated by climate changes, or other events outside of our control could negatively impact our revenue and operating results.

We may be found to infringe the intellectual property rights of others, and we may be unable to defend our proprietary technology, content, and intellectual property.

Our success depends, in part, upon our proprietary technology, content, and intellectual property. We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, contractual restrictions, and other confidentiality safeguards to protect our proprietary technology and content. However, these measures may provide only limited protection and it may be costly and time-consuming to enforce compliance with our intellectual property rights. In some circumstances, we may not have adequate, economically feasible or realistic options for enforcing our intellectual property and we may be unable to detect unauthorized use. While we have a robust worldwide portfolio of issued patents and pending patent applications, there can be no assurance that any of these patents will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, that we will be able to successfully police infringement, or that any rights granted under these patents will in fact provide a competitive advantage to us.

In addition, our ability to register or protect our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property may be limited in some foreign countries. As a result, we may not be able to effectively prevent competitors in these regions from utilizing our intellectual property, which could reduce our competitive advantage and ability to compete in those regions and negatively impact our business.

We also strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on federal, state, and common law rights, as well as contractual restrictions. We typically enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our proprietary information. However, we may not be successful in executing these agreements with every party who has access to our confidential information or contributes to the development of our technology or intellectual property rights. Those agreements that we do execute may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. These contractual arrangements and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not prevent the misappropriation or disclosure of our proprietary information nor deter independent development of similar technology or intellectual property by others.

Monitoring unauthorized use of the content on our websites and mobile applications, and our other intellectual property and technology, is difficult and costly. Our efforts to protect our proprietary rights and intellectual property may not have been and may not be adequate to prevent their misappropriation or misuse. Third parties from time to time copy content or other intellectual property or technology from our solutions without authorization and seek to use it for their own benefit. We generally seek to address such unauthorized copying or use, but we have not always been successful in stopping all unauthorized use of our content or other intellectual property, or technology, and may not be successful in doing so in the future. Further, we may not have been and may not be able to detect unauthorized use of our technology, content, or intellectual property, or to take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights.

Companies that operate in the same industries as our businesses have experienced substantial litigation regarding intellectual property. We may find it necessary or appropriate to initiate claims or litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or determine the validity and scope of intellectual property rights claimed by others. This or any other litigation to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights may be expensive and time-consuming, could divert management resources, and may not be adequate to protect our business.

We have been and expect to continue to be subject to legal claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others. The ready availability of damages and royalties and the potential for injunctive relief have increased the costs associated with litigating and settling patent infringement claims. In addition, we may be required to indemnify our resellers, customers, and users for similar claims made against them. Any claims, whether or not meritorious, could require us to spend significant time, money, and other resources in litigation, pay damages and royalties, develop new intellectual property, modify, design around, or discontinue existing products, services, or features, or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the infringement claims. These licenses, if required, may not be available at all or have acceptable terms. As a result, intellectual property claims against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

The successful operation of our business depends upon the supply of critical business elements and marketing relationships from other companies.

We depend upon third parties for critical elements of our business, including technology, infrastructure, customer service, and sales and marketing components. We rely on private third-party providers for our internet, telecommunications, website traffic, and other connections and services and for co-location of a significant portion of our servers and other hosting services. In addition, we rely on third-party platforms to facilitate and provide access to products sold through our sites. Any disruption in the services provided by any of these suppliers, any adverse change in access to their platforms or services or in their terms and conditions of use or services, or any failure by them to handle current or higher volumes of activity could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. To obtain new customers, we have marketing agreements with operators of leading search engines and websites and employ the use of resellers to sell our products. These arrangements typically are not exclusive and do not extend over a significant period of time. Failure to continue these relationships on terms that are acceptable to us or to continue to create additional relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Our success depends on our retention of our executive officers and senior management and our ability to hire and retain key personnel.

Our success depends on the skills, experience, and performance of executive officers, senior management, and other key personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of our executive officers, senior managers, or other key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract, integrate, and retain highly qualified technical, sales, and managerial personnel. Competition for these people is intense, and there can be no assurance that we can retain our key employees or that we can attract, assimilate, or retain other highly qualified technical, sales, and managerial personnel in the future.

We are exposed to risk if we cannot maintain or adhere to our internal controls and procedures.

We have established and continue to maintain, assess, and update our internal controls and procedures regarding our business operations and financial reporting. Our internal controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding our business operations and financial reporting. However, because of the inherent limitations in this process, internal controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or misstatements. To the extent our internal controls are inadequate or not adhered to by our employees, our business, financial condition, and operating results could be materially adversely affected. We have previously identified a material weakness in our internal controls, which we subsequently remediated. We cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. A material weakness in our internal controls could result in a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements.

If we are not able to maintain internal controls and procedures in a timely manner, or without adequate compliance, we may be unable to accurately or timely report our financial results or prevent fraud and may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities such as the SEC or the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Any such action or restatement of prior-period financial results as a result could harm our business or investors’ confidence in the Company and could cause our stock price to fall.

Divestitures or other dispositions could negatively impact our business, and contingent liabilities from businesses that we have sold could adversely affect our financial statements.

We continually assess the strategic fit of our existing businesses and may divest or otherwise dispose of businesses that are deemed not to fit with our strategic plan or are not achieving the desired return on investment. These transactions pose risks and challenges that could negatively impact our business. For example, when we decide to sell or otherwise dispose of a business or assets, we may be unable to do so on satisfactory terms within our anticipated timeframe or at all, and even after reaching a definitive agreement to sell or dispose a business the sale is typically subject to satisfaction of pre-closing conditions which may not become satisfied. In addition, divestitures or other dispositions may dilute our earnings per share, have other adverse financial and accounting impacts, and distract management, and disputes may arise with buyers. Furthermore, we have retained responsibility for and/or have agreed to indemnify buyers against some known and unknown contingent liabilities related to a number of businesses we have sold or disposed of. The resolution of these contingencies has not had a material effect on our financial statements but we cannot be certain that this favorable pattern will continue.

Potential indemnification liabilities to Consensus pursuant to the separation agreement could materially and adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We entered into a separation and distribution agreement and related agreements with Consensus to govern the separation and distribution of Consensus and the relationship between the two companies going forward. These agreements provide for specific indemnity and liability obligations of each party and could lead to disputes between the parties. If we are required to indemnify Consensus under the circumstances set forth in these agreements, we may be subject to substantial liabilities. In addition, with respect to the liabilities for which Consensus has agreed to indemnify us under these agreements, there can be no assurance that the indemnity rights we have against Consensus will be sufficient to protect us against the full amount of the liabilities, or that Consensus will be able to fully satisfy its indemnification obligations. Each of these risks could negatively affect our businesses, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

ESG matters, as well as related reporting obligations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our reputation and performance.

U.S. and international regulators, investors and other stakeholders are focused on ESG matters. We have established and publicly announced certain ESG initiatives and goals, including our commitment to diversity and inclusion. These statements reflect our current plans and aspirations and are not guarantees that we will be able to achieve them. Some investors may use these non-financial performance factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies and actions related to ESG are inadequate. As ESG best practices and reporting standards continue to evolve, we may incur increasing costs related to ESG monitoring, reporting, and complying with ESG initiatives. In addition, in the event that we communicate certain initiatives or goals regarding ESG matters, we could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could be criticized for such initiatives or goals. We are also subject to disclosure, reporting, and diligence requirements regarding certain ESG risks and initiatives. There has been an increased focus on these initiatives by many regulators, investors, and other stakeholders, and any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable federal, state, local, or international laws and regulations could result in legal and regulatory proceedings against us. The failure to accomplish or accurately track and report on these goals on a timely basis, or at all, could adversely affect our reputation, financial performance, and growth, and expose us to increased scrutiny from the investment community as well as enforcement authorities.

We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which may cause the price of our securities to decline.

From time to time, we release guidance in our earnings conference calls, earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our expected future performance that represents our management's estimates as of the date of release. This guidance often includes forward-looking statements based on projections prepared by our management. Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and/or are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. Some of those key assumptions relate to the macroeconomic environment, including inflation and interest rates, which are inherently difficult to predict. Others are related to the future actions of existing and potential customers and vendors and relate to outcomes that we do not control. We generally state possible outcomes as high and low ranges, which are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to imply that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges. Furthermore, analysts and investors may develop and publish their own projections of our business, which may form a consensus about our future performance. Our actual business results may vary significantly from such guidance or that consensus due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, any of which or combination thereof could materially and adversely affect our business and future operating results. Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results may vary from our guidance and the variations may be material.

Risks Related To Our Industries

We are subject to a variety of new, existing and changing laws and regulations, across both domestic and international markets, which could subject us to claims, judgments, monetary liabilities, and other remedies, to increased compliance and defense costs, and to limitations on our business practices.

We are subject to laws and regulations affecting our domestic and international operations in a number of areas.

The application of existing domestic and international laws and regulations to us relating to issues such as labor, defamation, pricing, advertising, taxation, promotions, billing, e-commerce, consumer protection, accessibility, content regulation, data privacy, youth safety, export restrictions and sanctions, telecommunications, mobile communications and media, television, intellectual property ownership and infringement, real estate, anti-corruption, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions, anti-competition, climate, environmental, health, safety, and accreditation, in many instances, is unclear or unsettled. In addition, we will also be subject to any new laws and regulations directly applicable to our domestic and international activities. Compliance with these laws, regulations and similar requirements may be onerous and expensive, and these laws may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, further increasing the cost of compliance and doing business. Any such costs, which may rise in the future as a result of changes in these laws and regulations or in their interpretation, could individually or in the aggregate make our products and services less attractive to our customers, delay the introduction of new products in one or more regions, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. We have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, or agents will not violate such laws and regulations or our policies and procedures. Further, the application of existing laws to us or our subsidiaries regulating or requiring licenses for certain businesses of our advertisers including, for example, distribution of pharmaceuticals, alcohol, or other regulated substances, adult content, tobacco, or firearms, as well as insurance and securities brokerage, and legal services, can be unclear. Internationally, we may also be subject to laws regulating our activities in foreign countries and to foreign laws and regulations that are inconsistent from country to country. Our businesses utilize contractors, freelancers and/or staff from third-party outsourcers to provide content and other services. However, in the future, arrangements with such individuals may not be deemed appropriate by a relevant government authority, which could result in additional costs and expenses. We may incur substantial liabilities for expenses necessary to defend against litigation regarding these laws and regulations or to otherwise comply with these laws and regulations, and we may incur potentially substantial penalties for any failure to comply. Compliance with these laws and regulations may also cause us to change or limit our business practices in a manner adverse to our business.

A number of laws, including those referenced below, impact our business. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) is intended, in part, to limit the liability of eligible online service providers for listing or linking to third-party websites that include materials that infringe copyrights or other rights of others. Portions of the Communications Decency Act (“CDA”) are intended to provide statutory protections to online service providers who distribute third-party content. We rely on the protections provided by both the DMCA and the CDA in conducting our business. If these or other laws or judicial interpretations are changed to narrow their protections or previously accepted U.S. constitutional protections, or if international jurisdictions refuse to apply similar provisions in international lawsuits, we will be subject to a greater risk of liability, our costs of compliance with these regulations or to defend litigation may increase, or our ability to operate certain lines of business may be limited.

Cybersecurity, privacy, data security, consumer protection, and data protection laws are constantly evolving at the federal and state levels in the United States, as well as abroad. We are currently subject to such laws both at the federal and state levels in the U.S. as well as similar laws in a variety of international jurisdictions. For example, our use or sharing or certain data subjects us to the Video Privacy Protection Act ("VPPA"), the California Invasion of Privacy Act ("CIPA"), the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”) and the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), as discussed more below. The interpretation of these laws may be uncertain and may also impose conflicting obligations on us.

The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (the “CAN-SPAM Act”), which allows for penalties that run into the millions of dollars, requires commercial emails to include identifying information from the sender and a mechanism for the receiver to opt out of receiving future emails. Several states have enacted additional, more restrictive and punitive laws regulating commercial email. Foreign legislation exists as well, including Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation and the European laws that have been enacted pursuant to the GDPR and European Union Directive 2002/58/EC and its amendments. We use email as a significant means of communicating with our existing and potential users. We believe that our email practices comply with the requirements of the CAN-SPAM Act, state laws, and applicable foreign legislation. If we were ever found to be in violation of these laws and regulations, or any other laws or regulations, our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Plaintiffs across the country have filed lawsuits arguing that websites and mobile applications are “places of public accommodation” under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and, as such, must include functionality to make them accessible to and navigable by to persons with disabilities. There is currently a split in the federal courts of appeal as to whether a website or mobile application can be a “place of public accommodation” under the ADA. A majority of federal circuit courts to address the issue have concluded that standalone websites are not, because a place of public accommodation is a physical establishment. A minority of federal circuit courts have extended the concept of “places of public accommodation” to remote businesses, including standalone websites. The Supreme Court, which would have the authority to resolve the issue nationwide, has not yet ruled on the issue. We cannot predict how the Supreme Court will resolve the issue if and when it has the opportunity to do so.

Native advertising is an increasing part of our Digital Media business’s online advertising revenue. On December 22, 2015, the FTC issued Guidelines and an Enforcement Policy Statement on native advertising, described by the FTC as, in part, ads which often “resemble the design, style, and functionality of the media in which they are disseminated”. We believe we are compliant with the requirements of these guidelines on our current practices and offerings. However, we will continue to monitor what effect this guideline and other related government regulations, and how the FTC enforces it, could have on our native advertising and branded content business. In addition, the timing and extent of any enforcement by the FTC with regard to our native advertising practices, or others’, could reduce the revenue we generate from this line of business. The United Kingdom similarly has issued guidelines on native advertising in the United Kingdom Code of Non-broadcast Advertising and Direct & Promotional Marketing (“CAP Code”) and is regulated, in part, by the Advertising Standards Authority. We believe we are compliant with the requirements of the CAP Code on our current practices and offerings and will continue to monitor the effect of these and other related governmental regulations.

We believe that many of our cloud services are “information services” under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and related precedent, or, if not “information services”, that we are entitled to other exemptions. In connection with our Cybersecurity & Martech business, we utilize data transmissions over public telephone lines and other facilities provided by third-party carriers. These transmissions are subject to foreign and domestic laws, regulations and requirements by the Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”), state public utility commissions, foreign governmental authorities, and industry trade associations such as the CTIA. These regulations and requirements affect our ability to provide services, the availability of numbers, the prices we pay for transmission services, the administrative costs associated with providing our services, the competition we face from telecommunications service providers and other aspects of our market. However, as the services we offer expand, we may become subject to other regulatory agency regulation. It is also possible that a federal or state regulatory agency could take the position that our offerings, or a subset of our offerings, are properly classified as telecommunications services or otherwise not entitled to certain exemptions upon which we currently rely. Such a finding could potentially subject us to fines, penalties or enforcement actions as well as liabilities for past regulatory fees and charges, retroactive contributions to various telecommunications-related funds, telecommunications-related taxes, penalties, and interest. It is also possible that such a finding could subject us to additional regulatory obligations that could potentially require us either to modify our offerings in a costly manner, diminish our ability to retain customers, or discontinue certain offerings, in order to comply with certain regulations. Changes in the regulatory environment could decrease our revenues, increase our costs and restrict our service offerings. In many of our international locations, we are subject to regulation by the applicable governmental authority.

In the U.S., Congress, the FCC, and a number of states require regulated telecommunications carriers to contribute to federal and/or state Universal Service Funds (“USF”). Generally, USF is used to subsidize the cost of providing service to low-income customers and those living in high cost or rural areas. If there are changes to USF requirements, we may need to absorb the increased costs or raise the amount we currently collect from some of our customers, which could cause us to alter or eliminate our non-paid services and to raise the price of our paid services, which in turn could cause us to lose customers, reduce our profit margins, or diminish any price advantage that we may have currently have. Any of these results could lead to a decrease in our revenues and net income and could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

In addition, due to the number of text messages, phone calls and other communications we send or make on behalf of our customers in connection with the services we provide, communication-related privacy laws could result in particularly significant damage awards or fines. For example, in the United States, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) prohibits placing calls or sending text messages to mobile phones without “prior express consent” subject to limited exceptions. As currently construed, the TCPA does not distinguish between voice and data, and, as such, text and SMS/MMS messages may also be “calls” for the purpose of TCPA obligations and restrictions. For violations of the TCPA, a plaintiff may seek actual monetary loss or statutory damages of $500 per violation, whichever is greater, and courts may treble the damage award for willful or knowing violations. Parties that solely enable calling or text messaging are only directly liable under the TCPA pursuant to federal common law vicarious liability principles. We take significant steps to ensure that users understand that they are responsible for how they use our technology, including complying with relevant federal and state law. However, because we do not enjoy absolute exemption from liability under the TCPA and related FCC and FTC rules, we could face inquiries from the FCC and FTC or enforcement actions by these agencies, or private causes of action, if someone uses our service for such impermissible purposes. If this were to occur and we were to be held liable for someone’s use of our service for unauthorized calling or text messaging mobile users, the financial penalties could cause a material adverse effect on our operations and harm our business reputation.

Also, in the United States, the Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”) requires any telecommunications carriers to be capable of performing wiretaps and recording other call identifying information in cooperation with law enforcement. In September 2005, the FCC expanded the definition of “telecommunications carriers” to include facilities-based broadband internet access providers and Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (“VoIP”) providers that interconnect with the public switched telephone network. As a result of this definition, our VoIP offerings are subject to CALEA, which has impacted our operations.

Moreover, our Everyday Health Group business may be subject to additional government oversight or regulation by Congress, the FTC, the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and state legislatures and regulatory agencies. In addition, certain services provided by Everyday Health Group constituent businesses are also subject to private regulation both directly by accrediting bodies and indirectly by industry codes followed by commercial supporters and providers of continuing education programs for healthcare professionals.

While we believe we are in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations, we could be subject to enforcement actions, fines, forfeitures, and other adverse actions. Any failure or perceived failure by us, our partners, our vendors, or third parties on which we rely for our operations could result in a significant liability to us (including in the form of judicial decisions and/or settlements, regulatory findings and/or forfeitures, and other means), cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators, and/or the media), cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, and deter current and potential customers from using our services. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

Government and private actions or self-regulatory developments may subject us to cybersecurity, privacy, data security, and data protection laws with uncertain interpretations as well as impose conflicting obligations on us and could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

The use of consumer data is a topic of active interest among federal, state, and international regulatory bodies, as well as by private parties, and the legal and regulatory environment is unsettled and evolving. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, disclosure, sharing, and security of data that we receive from and about our users. Our privacy and cookie policies and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of user data are posted on our websites.

Certain business units within our Digital Media Businesses and Connectivity business collect and sell data about their users’ online behavior, and the revenue associated with this activity could be impacted by government regulation and enforcement, industry trends, self-regulation, technology changes, consumer behavior and attitude, and private action. We also use such information to work with our advertisers to more effectively target ads to relevant users and consumers, which ads command a higher rate.

Many of our users voluntarily provide us with demographic and other information when they register for one of our services or properties. In order for our Everyday Health Group brands to deliver marketing and communications solutions to pharmaceutical and medical device companies, health insurers, hospital systems, and other customers, we rely on data provided by our users. We also purchase data from third-party sources to augment our user profiles and marketing databases so we are better able to personalize content, enhance our analytical capabilities and better target our marketing programs. If changes in user sentiment regarding the sharing of information results in a significant number of visitors to our websites and applications refusing to provide us with information such as demographic information, information about their specific health interests, or professional information, our ability to personalize content for our users and provide targeted marketing solutions would be impaired. If our users choose to opt-out of having their data used for behavioral targeting, it would be more difficult for us to offer targeted marketing programs to our customers.

We append data from third-party sources to augment our user profiles. If we are unable to acquire data from third-party sources for whatever reason, or if there is a marked increase in the cost of obtaining such data, our ability to personalize content and provide marketing solutions could be negatively impacted.

Our use or sharing of certain data places us at risk for claims, whether or not the claims have merit, under a number of other laws, including but not limited to the VPPA and the CIPA. We and many other businesses have been sued and/or threatened with such claims. We cannot reliably predict the courts' or arbitrators' view of the theories asserted in the cases brought against us under the VPPA or CIPA and defending against them in court or in arbitration could substantially increase our legal costs and potential liability, and risk-mitigation measures to curb such claims could cause our revenues to decline and adversely affect our operating results.

Numerous other countries have, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use and transmission of personal information as well. For example, we are subject to the GDPR which governs the collection and use of personal data in the

European Union (“EU”), including by companies outside of the European Union. The GDPR harmonizes EU data privacy laws and contains significant obligations and requirements that have resulted in a greater compliance burden with respect to our operations and data use in Europe, which will continue to increase our costs. The GDPR, which is wide-ranging in scope, imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, the security and confidentiality of the personal data, data breach notification, and the use of third-party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. Individuals also have the right to compensation under the GDPR.

The GDPR also prohibits data transfers from the EU to other countries outside of the EU, including the United States, without appropriate security safeguards and practices in place, creates mandatory breach notification requirements under certain circumstances, enhances enforcement authority and imposes large penalties for noncompliance.

Additionally, on March 25, 2022, the U.S. and European Commission announced that they had agreed in principle to a new Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework (the “TDPF”) to enable trans-Atlantic data flows and address the concerns raised in the Schrems II decision. To implement the commitments of the U.S. under the TDPF, in October 2022, President Biden signed an Executive Order on Enhancing Safeguards for the United States Signals Intelligence Activities (the Executive Order). This subsequently prompted the European Commission to formally launch the process to adopt an adequacy decision based on the Executive Order in December 2022, and the adequacy decision was adopted on July 10, 2023. The TDPF has been recognized as adequate under the E.U. to allow transfers of personal data from the E.U. to companies in the U.S. that have self-certified to the framework. However, the TDPF is subject to legal challenges and may be struck down by the EU courts.

We have put into place various alternative frameworks and grounds on which to rely in order to be in compliance with relevant law for the transfer of data from overseas locations to the United States, including reviewing our data collection process and procedures and putting into place Data Processing Agreements that incorporate Standard Contractual Clauses as well as supplementary measures with vendors, partners and other third parties. Some independent data regulators have adopted the position that other forms of compliance are also invalid, though the legal grounds for these findings remain unclear at this time. We cannot predict at this time whether the alternative grounds that we continue to implement will be found to be consistent with relevant laws nor can we evaluate what, if any, potential liability may be at this time.

The CCPA, in its original form and as amended under the CPRA, similarly contains significant obligations and requirements that have resulted in a greater compliance burden with respect to our operations and data usage of California residents, which will continue to increase our costs. The CCPA covers businesses that obtain or access personal information of California resident consumers, grants consumers enhanced privacy rights and control over their personal information and imposes significant requirements on covered companies with respect to consumer data privacy rights. The CCPA provides consumers with the right to opt out of the sale of their personal information including the requirement to include a “Do Not Sell” link on our websites and applications that sell personal data of California resident consumers. Individuals may have the right to file a class action under the CCPA in certain circumstances. In November 2020, California voters adopted the CPRA that amends the CCPA, including creating a new agency to implement and enforce the law and enhancing and strengthening regulatory requirements and individual protections under the CCPA. The CPRA took effect on January 1, 2023. A number of other states have enacted or are considering enacting similar privacy, data protection and information security laws, which may subject us to additional requirements and restrictions that could have an impact on our business, further complicating our privacy compliance obligations through the introduction of increasingly disparate requirements across the various U.S. jurisdictions in which we operate. Additionally, Washington state has enacted a health and location data privacy law, and other states are considering similar legislation. Congress is considering legislation that may preempt some or all of such U.S. state privacy laws, providing a more robust private right of action.

In certain instances, we may be subject to enhanced privacy obligations based on the type of information we store and process. For instance, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”) is intended to impose restrictions on the ability of online services to collect some types of information from children under the age of 13. Additionally, certain states have passed laws restricting the ability to offer services to minors without parental consent or otherwise limiting the services that we can provide to minors. In addition, the Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology to Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2008 (“PROTECT Act”) requires online service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances, as well as other federal, state or international laws and legislative efforts designed to protect children on the internet may impose additional requirements on us. U.S. export control laws and regulations impose requirements and restrictions on exports to certain nations and persons and on our business.

New and expanding “Do Not Track” regulations have been enacted or proposed that protect users’ right to choose whether or not to be tracked online. These regulations seek, among other things, to allow consumers to have greater control over the use of private information collected online, to forbid the collection or use of online information, to demand a business to comply with their choice to opt out of such collection or use, and to place limits upon the disclosure of information to third-party websites. Similarly, exercise of the “Do Not Sell” right under the CCPA limits a business’ ability to monetize certain personal information collected online. Such laws and regulations could have a significant impact on the operation of our advertising and data businesses. U.S. regulatory agencies have also placed an increased focus on online privacy matters and, in particular, on online advertising activities that utilize cookies or other tracking tools. Consumer and industry groups have expressed concerns about online data collection and use by companies, which has resulted in the release of various industry self-regulatory codes of conduct and best practice guidelines that are binding for member companies and that govern, among other things, the ways in which companies can collect, use and disclose user information, how companies must give notice of these practices and what choices companies must provide to consumers regarding these practices.

We may be required or otherwise choose to adopt Do Not Track mechanisms or self-regulation principles or provide opt-outs from the sale of certain user data, in which case our ability to use our existing tracking technologies, to collect and sell user behavioral data, and permit their use by other third parties could be impaired. This could cause our revenues to decline and adversely affect our operating results. U.S. and foreign governments have enacted or considered or are considering legislation or regulations that could significantly restrict our ability to collect, augment, analyze, use, and share de-identified or anonymous data, which could increase our costs and reduce our revenue.

While we work to comply with all applicable law and relevant “best practices” addressing cybersecurity, privacy, data security, consumer protection, and data protection, this is an area of the law that is constantly evolving as are the relevant industry codes and threat matrix. Further it is possible that applicable law and “best practices” are interpreted in an inconsistent or conflicting manner either by differing federal, state or international authorities or across the jurisdictions in which we operate. Some privacy laws are currently being challenged and litigation in this space could impact the privacy rights of our community, including modifying the ability of third parties to obtain private communications between users, which in turn may negatively impact users' experience, trust, and satisfaction and decrease their engagement with our products.

Further, failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our policies, applicable requirements, or industry self-regulatory principles related to the collection, use, sharing, or security of personal information, or other privacy, data-retention or data­ protection matters could result in a loss of user confidence in us, damage to our brands, and ultimately in a loss of users and advertising partners, which could adversely affect our business. Changes in these or any other laws and regulations or the interpretation of them could increase our future compliance costs, limit the amount and type of data we can collect, transfer, share, or sell, make our products and services less attractive to our users, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. Further, any failure on our part to comply with any relevant laws or regulations may subject us to significant civil or criminal liabilities.

We face potential liability related to the privacy and security of health-related information we collect from, or on behalf of, our consumers and customers.

The privacy and security of information about the physical or mental health or condition of an individual is an area of significant focus in the United States and in other jurisdictions because of heightened privacy concerns and the potential for significant consumer harm from the misuse of such sensitive data. We have procedures and technology in place intended to safeguard the information we receive from customers and users of our services from unauthorized access or use.

The Privacy Standards and Security Standards under the HIPAA establish a set of basic national privacy and security standards for the protection of individually identifiable health information by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and certain healthcare providers, referred to as “covered entities”, and the business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services. Notably, whereas HIPAA previously directly regulated only these covered entities, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”) made certain of HIPAA’s Privacy and Security Standards directly applicable to covered entities’ business associates. Business associates are subject to significant civil and criminal penalties for failure to comply with applicable Privacy and Security Standards. Additionally, certain states have adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA.

HIPAA directly applies to covered entities such as hospital clients of certain of our subsidiaries. Since these clients disclose protected health information to our subsidiaries so that those subsidiaries can provide certain services to them, those subsidiaries are business associates of those clients. In addition, we may sign business associate agreements in connection with the provision of the products and services developed for other third parties or in connection with certain of our other services that may transmit or store protected health information.

Failure to comply with the requirements of HIPAA, HITECH, regulations promulgated under HIPAA and HITECH (including but not limited to the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules and the Health Breach Notification Rule), or any of the applicable federal and state laws and regulations regarding patient or consumer health privacy, identity theft prevention and detection, breach notification and data security may subject us to penalties, including civil monetary penalties and, in some circumstances, criminal penalties or contractual liability under agreements with our customers and clients. Any failure or perception of failure of our products or services to meet HIPAA, HITECH and related regulatory requirements could expose us to risks of investigation, notification, litigation, penalty or enforcement, adversely affect demand for our products and services, and force us to expend significant capital and other resources to modify our products or services to address the privacy and security requirements of our clients and HIPAA and HITECH.

These laws and regulations are subject to interpretation by courts and regulators that might expand their scope of coverage. For example, the FTC recently adopted a Policy Statement offering guidance on the scope of its Health Breach Notification Rule, and issued related guidance, stating that consumer mobile applications that draw health information from one source and health or non-health information from one or more other sources are covered by the Rule, and that breaches of security under the Rule include disclosures of sensitive health information without user authorization. Any changes in these or any other laws and regulations or the interpretation of them could increase our future compliance costs, limit the amount and type of data we can collect, transfer, share, or sell, make our products and services less attractive to our users, or cause us to change or limit our business practices. Further, any failure on our part to comply with any relevant laws or regulations may subject us to significant civil or criminal liabilities.

Developments in the healthcare industry could adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of Everyday Health Group’s advertising and sponsorship revenues is derived from the healthcare industry, including pharmaceutical, health and wellness services, over-the-counter, and consumer-packaged-goods companies, and could be affected by changes affecting healthcare spending. Industry changes affecting healthcare spending could impact the market for these offerings. General reductions in expenditures by healthcare industry participants could result from, among other things:

• Government regulation or private initiatives that affect the manner in which healthcare industry participants interact with consumers and the general public;
• Changes to federal and state tax rates and allowed expense deductions;
• Consolidation of healthcare industry participants;
• Reductions in governmental funding for healthcare; and
• Adverse changes in business or economic conditions affecting pharmaceutical companies or other healthcare industry participants.

Even if general expenditures by industry participants remain the same or increase, developments in the healthcare industry may result in reduced spending in some or all of the specific market segments that we serve now or in the future. For example, use of our content offerings and the sale of our products and services could be affected by:

• Changes in the design and provision of health insurance plans;
• A decrease in the number of new drugs or pharmaceutical products coming to market; and
• Decreases in marketing expenditures by pharmaceutical companies as a result of governmental regulation or private initiatives that discourage or prohibit advertising or sponsorship activities by pharmaceutical companies.

The healthcare industry has changed significantly in recent years, and we expect that significant changes to the healthcare industry will continue to occur. However, the timing and impact of developments in the healthcare industry are difficult to predict. We cannot assure you that the demand for our offerings will continue to exist at current levels or that we will have adequate technical, financial, and marketing resources to react to changes in the healthcare industry.

Government regulation of healthcare creates risks and challenges with respect to our compliance efforts and our business strategies with our Everyday Health Group set of brands.

The healthcare industry is highly regulated and subject to changing political, legislative, regulatory, and other influences. Existing and future laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry could create unexpected liabilities for us, cause us to incur additional costs, and restrict our operations. Many healthcare laws are complex, and their application may not be clear. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations, or other failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could create liability for us. Even in areas where we are not subject to healthcare regulation directly, we may become involved in governmental actions or investigations through our relationships with customers that are regulated, and participation in such actions or investigations, even if we are not a party and not the subject of an investigation, may cause us to incur significant expenses. Additionally, government actions, investigations, or pronouncements, or a change in self-regulatory organization rules or healthcare industry norms, might impact healthcare industry customer views of risks associated with purchasing our services and result in a reduction in their expenditures.

For example, there are federal and state laws that govern patient referrals, physician financial relationships and inducements to healthcare providers and patients. The federal healthcare programs’ anti-kickback provisions prohibit any person or entity from willingly offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving anything of value, directly or indirectly, to induce or reward, or in return for either the referral of patients covered by Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs or the leasing, purchasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the lease, purchase or order of any item, good, facility or service covered by these programs. Many states also have similar anti-kickback laws that are not necessarily limited to items or services for which payment is made by a federal healthcare program. Our sale of advertising and sponsorships to healthcare providers potentially implicates these laws. However, we review our practices to ensure that we comply with all applicable laws. The laws in this area are broad, and we cannot determine precisely how they will be applied to our business practices. Any determination by a state or federal regulatory agency that any of our practices violate any of these laws could subject us to liability and require us to change or terminate some portions of our business.

Further, we derive revenues from the sale of advertising and promotion of prescription and over-the-counter drugs and medical devices, as well as non-drug consumer health and wellness products. If the FDA or the FTC finds that any of the information provided on our properties violates FDA or FTC regulations, they may take regulatory or judicial action against us and/or the advertiser of that information. State attorneys general may also take similar action based on their state’s consumer protection statutes. Any increase or change in regulation of advertising and promotion in the healthcare industry could make it more difficult for us to generate and grow our advertising and sponsorship revenues.

In addition, the practice of most healthcare professions requires licensing under applicable state law and state laws may further prohibit business entities from practicing medicine, which is referred to as the prohibition against the corporate practice of medicine. Similar state prohibitions may exist with respect to other licensed professions. We believe that we do not engage in the practice of medicine or any other licensed healthcare profession, or provide, through our properties, professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, or other advice that is tailored in such a way as to implicate state licensing or professional practice laws. However, a state may determine that some portion of our business violates these laws and may seek to have us discontinue those portions or subject us to penalties or licensure requirements. Any determination that we are a healthcare provider and acted improperly as a healthcare provider may result in liability to us.

Our business could suffer if providers of broadband internet access services block, impair, or degrade our services.

Our business is dependent on the ability of our customers and visitors to our online properties to access our services and applications over broadband internet connections. Internet access providers and internet backbone providers may be able to block, degrade, or charge for access or bandwidth use of certain of our products and services, which could lead to additional expenses and the loss of users. Our products and services depend on the ability of our users to access the internet. Use of our services and applications through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, must have a high-speed data connection. Broadband internet access services, whether wireless or landline, are provided by companies with significant market power. Many of these providers offer products and services that directly compete with ours.

Many of the largest providers of broadband services have publicly stated that they will not degrade or disrupt their customers’ use of applications and services, like ours. If such providers were to degrade, impair, or block our services, it would negatively impact our ability to provide services to our customers and likely result in lost revenue and profits, and we would incur legal fees in attempting to restore our users’ access to our services. Broadband internet access providers may also attempt to charge us or our customers additional fees to access services like ours that may result in the loss of customers and revenue, decreased profitability, or increased costs to our retail offerings that may make our services less competitive.

Technologies have been developed that are able to block certain of our advertisements or impair our ability to serve interest-based advertising which could harm our operating results.

Technologies have been developed and are likely to continue to be developed that can block internet or mobile display advertising. Most of our Digital Media Businesses’ revenues are derived from fees paid by advertisers in connection with the display of advertisements or clicks on advertisements on web pages or mobile devices. As a result, such technologies and tools are reducing the number of display advertisements that we are able to deliver or our ability to serve our interest-based advertising and this, in turn, could reduce our advertising revenue and operating results. Adoption of these types of technologies by more of our users could have a material impact on our revenues. We have implemented third-party products to combat these ad-blocking technologies and are developing other strategies to address advertisement blocking. However, our efforts may not be successful to offset the potential increasing impact of these advertising blocking products.

If we or our third-party service providers fail to prevent click fraud or choose to manage traffic quality in a way that advertisers find unsatisfactory, our profitability may decline.

A portion of our display revenue comes from advertisers that pay for advertising on a price-per-click basis, meaning that the advertisers pay a fee every time a user clicks on their advertising. This pricing model can be vulnerable to so-called “click fraud”, which occurs when clicks are submitted on ads by a user who is motivated by reasons other than genuine interest in the subject of the ad. A portion of our display revenue also comes from advertisers that pay for advertising on the bases of price-per-impression, price-per-visit or price-per-engagement. These pricing models can also be vulnerable to fraud known variously as “invalid traffic” or “non-human traffic”, which occurs when the impression, visit or engagement is generated for reasons other than genuine interest in the subject of the ad. We or our third-party service providers may be exposed to the risk of click fraud, invalid traffic or other clicks, actions or conversions that advertisers may perceive as undesirable. If fraudulent or other malicious activity is perpetrated by others and we or our third-party service providers are unable to detect and prevent it, or choose to manage traffic quality in a way that advertisers find unsatisfactory, the affected advertisers may experience or perceive a reduced return on their investment in our advertising programs which could lead the advertisers to become dissatisfied with our advertising programs and they might refuse to pay, demand refunds, or withdraw future business. Undetected click fraud could damage our brands and lead to a loss of advertisers and revenue. We obtain third-party certification that certain of our products apply “best practices” to detect and prevent click fraud. If we are unable to maintain such certification, advertisers might refuse to pay, demand refunds, and withdraw future business, and our business reputation might be harmed.

The industries in which we operate are undergoing rapid technological changes and we may not be able to keep up.

The industries in which we operate are subject to rapid and significant technological change. We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. We expect that new services and technologies will emerge in the markets in which we compete. These new services and technologies may be superior to the services and technologies that we use or these new services may render our services and technologies obsolete. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards, including for example with respect to the use of AI. We may be unable to obtain access to new technologies on acceptable terms or at all and may therefore be unable to offer services in a competitive manner. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

Risks Related To Our Liquidity and Indebtedness

We are exposed to risks associated with changes in interest rates.

Increases in interest rates could increase our financing costs over time, either through potential near-term borrowings under our existing credit facility, which is subject to floating interest rates, or through the refinancing of our existing debt. Elevated interest rates have generally increased the cost of debt and we may be required to pay higher interest rates on new indebtedness we may incur in the future, including under our existing revolving credit facility, in comparison to the interest rates payable on our prior and currently outstanding indebtedness, including in connection with the refinancing of such indebtedness. Interest rates are sensitive to numerous factors outside of our control, such as government and central bank monetary policy in the jurisdictions in which we operate. In addition, actions by credit rating agencies, such as downgrades or negative changes to ratings outlooks, can affect the availability and cost of funding for us and can increase our cost of capital and hurt our competitive position.

We maintain cash deposits in excess of federally insured limits and the collapse of certain banks and potentially other financial institutions may adversely impact us.

We maintain domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks that exceed the FDIC insurance limits. We also maintain cash deposits in foreign banks where we operate, some of which are not insured or are only partially insured by the FDIC or similar agencies. Bank failures, events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, or concerns or rumors about such events, may lead to liquidity constraints. The failure of any financial institution to which we face direct exposure, may lead to significant disruptions to our operations, liquidity, financial position, and reputation. There can be no assurance that our deposits in excess of the FDIC or other comparable insurance limits will be backstopped by the U.S. or applicable foreign government, or that any bank or financial institution with which we do business will be able to obtain needed liquidity from other banks, government institutions, or by acquisition in the event of a failure or liquidity crisis.

Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial flexibility and our competitive position.

Our level of indebtedness could have significant effects on our business. For example, it could:

• Make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations, including those related to our current indebtedness and any other indebtedness we may incur in the future;
• Increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry, and competitive conditions;
• Require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and other elements of our business strategy and other general corporate purposes, including share repurchases and payment of dividends;
• Limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industries in which we operate;
• Restrict us from exploiting business opportunities;
• Place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness; and
• Limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, share repurchases, debt service requirements, execution of our business strategy, or other general corporate purposes.

In addition, the agreements governing our Outstanding Debt contain, and the agreements evidencing or governing other future indebtedness (“Subsequent Debt Agreements”) may contain, restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests.

The restricted covenants contained in the documents governing our Outstanding Debt impose significant operating and financial restrictions and may limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions, meet capital needs or make acquisitions, or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans. These include restrictions on our ability to:

• Incur additional indebtedness;
• Create liens;
• Engage in sale-leaseback transactions;
• Pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock;
• Purchase or redeem capital stock;
• Make investments or certain other restricted payments;
• Sell assets;
• Enter into transactions with affiliates;
• amend the terms of certain other indebtedness and organizational documents; or
• Effect a consolidation or merger.

Subsequent Debt Agreements may contain similar restrictive covenants.

A breach of the covenants under the documents governing our Outstanding Debt or under the documents governing any Subsequent Debt Agreement could result in an event of default. Such a default may allow the holders or creditors to accelerate the obligations under our Outstanding Debt, or the obligations under Subsequent Debt Agreements, and may result in the acceleration of any other indebtedness to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In the event the holders or creditors of our Outstanding Debt or any creditors under Subsequent Debt Agreements, accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness or our other indebtedness.

To service our debt and fund our other capital requirements, we will require a significant amount of cash, and our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other elements of our business strategy and other general corporate purposes, including share repurchases and payment of dividends, will depend upon our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business, and other factors affecting our operations. To some extent, our future performance is subject to general and regional economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot ensure that we will generate cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available, in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional indebtedness or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of our Convertible Notes or to repurchase such Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change or repurchase our senior notes upon change in control.

Holders of our Convertible Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their notes in the applicable series upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indentures governing such notes) before the maturity date at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion, we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Convertible Notes being converted. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases or redemptions of our outstanding notes, and the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

Holders of our senior notes have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of their senior notes upon the occurrence of a change of control triggering event (as defined in the indenture). We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases or redemptions of the surrendered senior notes.

In addition, our ability to repurchase or redeem our notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our current or future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase or redeem our notes at a time when the repurchase or redemption is required by the applicable indenture or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Convertible Notes as required would constitute a default under the applicable indenture. A default under any indenture or the fundamental change or change of control itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness or certain of our other current indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase, redeem or convert the notes as required.

Risks Related To Our Stock

The fundamental change purchase features of our notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial attempt to take over our Company.

The terms of our Convertible Notes require us to offer to purchase the Convertible Notes for cash in the event of a fundamental change (as defined in the indentures of the Convertible Notes), and the terms of our senior notes require us to offer to repurchase the senior notes for cash in the event of a change of control (as defined in the applicable indenture). These features may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of the Company that would otherwise be beneficial to investors.

Conversions of the Convertible Notes could dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders.

The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes could dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. Any sales on the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Convertible Notes, respectively, could depress the price of our common stock.

We are a holding company and our operations are conducted through, and substantially all of our consolidated assets are held by, our subsidiaries, which may be subject to certain restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to us to fund dividends on our stock, pay interest on our notes and fund other holding company expenses.

We are a holding company. We conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our consolidated assets is held by our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends on our stock, service our debt and fund other holding company expenses depends on the results of operations of our subsidiaries and upon the ability of such subsidiaries to provide us with cash, whether in the form of dividends, loans, or otherwise. Dividends, loans or other distributions to us from such subsidiaries could be subject to current and or future contractual and other restrictions.

We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully consummated or will enhance long-term stockholders value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the trading price of our common stock and diminish our cash reserves.

In August 2024, our Board of Directors approved an increase in our 2020 share repurchase program under which we are authorized to purchase up to 15 million shares of our common stock from time to time and extended the program to August 2029. The remaining shares available for purchase as of December 31, 2024 under the program are approximately 6.2 million. Our share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares on any particular timetable or at all. There can be no assurance that we will repurchase additional shares at favorable prices or at all. Further, our share repurchases could affect the trading price of our common stock, increase its volatility, reduce the market liquidity for our stock and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a lower market valuation of our common stock. Repurchasing our common stock will reduce the amount of cash we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, and other general corporate purposes. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased will depend on various factors, including the market price of our common stock, trading volume, general market conditions, and other corporate and economic considerations.

Future sales of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price.

As of February 21, 2025, substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock were available for resale, subject to volume and manner of sale limitations applicable to affiliates under SEC Rule 144. Sales of a substantial number of shares of common stock on the public market or the perception of such sales could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales also might make it more difficult for us to issue equity securities in the future at a price that we think is appropriate, or at all.

Anti-takeover provisions could negatively impact our stockholders.

Provisions of Delaware law and of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third-party from acquiring control of us. For example, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which would make it more difficult for another party to acquire us without the approval of our Board of Directors in certain circumstances. Additionally, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws (i) include advance notice requirements for director nominations and for proposing matters that stockholders may act on at stockholder meetings, (ii) authorize our Board of Directors to issue, without requiring any stockholder approval, preferred stock which may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock and which could be issued as a defensive measure in response to a takeover proposal, and (iii) provide that vacancies on our Board of Directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum. These provisions could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us, or prevent a third-party from doing so entirely, even if an acquisition might be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Our stock price may be volatile or may decline.

Our stock price and trading volumes have been volatile and we expect that this volatility will continue in the future due to factors, such as:

• Assessments of the size of our advertiser, user, and subscriber bases, our average revenue per user and subscriber, and comparisons of our results in these and other areas versus prior performance and that of our competitors;
• Our growth and profitability;
• Variations between our actual results and investor expectations;
• Regulatory or competitive developments affecting our markets;
• Investor perceptions of us and comparable public companies;
• Conditions and trends in the industries in which we operate;
• Announcements of technological innovations and acquisitions;
• Introduction of new services by us or our competitors;
• Developments with respect to intellectual property rights;
• Conditions and trends in the internet and other technology industries;
• Rumors, gossip, or speculation published online;
• General market conditions, including prolonged or increased inflation;
• Geopolitical events such as war, threat of war, or terrorist actions; and
• Global health pandemics.

In addition, the stock market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market prices for the common stocks of technology and other companies, particularly communications and internet companies. These broad market fluctuations have previously resulted in a material decline in the market price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. We may become involved in this type of litigation in the future. Litigation is often expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the critical importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our and our customer’s data and information assets. As such, we have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a cybersecurity incident response plan.

We design and assess our program based on International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) information security risk management frameworks. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the above frameworks as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels, and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.

Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:

• risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
• a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
• the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test, or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;
• cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management, including through the use of third-party providers for regular mandatory trainings;
• a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
• a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors.

Although we have designed our cybersecurity program and governance procedures above to mitigate cybersecurity risks, we face cybersecurity risks, threats and attacks that could materially affect our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For further details on the exposures related to these risks, see the section titled “Risk Factors” within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board of Directors considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee the oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Audit Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.

The Audit Committee receives quarterly reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as certain incidents with lesser impact potential.

The Audit Committee reports to the full Board of Directors regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board of Directors also receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program. Board members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), internal security staff, or external experts as part of the Board of Directors’ continuing education on topics that impact public companies.

Our management team, including our Chief Technology Officer and CISO, is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The team has a primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our current Chief Technology Officer has over 25 years of experience in the field of technology, including cybersecurity. His in-depth knowledge and experience are instrumental in developing and executing our cybersecurity strategies. Our CISO has over 25 years of experience in various roles in cybersecurity and information technology.

Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include receiving briefings from internal security personnel; analyzing threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and reviewing alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

Our global headquarters is in New York City, where we lease approximately 23,000 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that extends through December 2030. Additionally, we have smaller leased offices throughout Asia, North America, Europe, and Australia.

All of our network equipment is housed at one of multiple co-location facilities around the world. We believe our current facilities are generally in good operating condition and are sufficient to meet our needs for the foreseeable future.

See Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies to our accompanying consolidated financial statements for a description of our legal proceedings.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on our estimates and assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include the information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those discussed in the section titled “Cautionary Note on Forward Looking Information” and in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

Ziff Davis, Inc. was incorporated in 2014 as a Delaware corporation through the creation of a holding company structure. Ziff Davis, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Ziff Davis”, “the Company”, “our”, “us”, or “we”), is a vertically focused digital media and internet company whose portfolio includes leading brands in technology, shopping, gaming and entertainment, health and wellness, connectivity, cybersecurity, and martech. Our business specializes in the technology, shopping, gaming and entertainment, healthcare, and connectivity markets, offering content, tools, and services to consumers and businesses and provides internet-delivered cloud-based services to consumers and businesses including cybersecurity, privacy, and marketing technology.

Segments

Following changes to our internal reporting structure, the Company concluded that it has five operating segments which are now presented as the following five reportable segments: 1) Technology & Shopping, 2) Gaming & Entertainment, 3) Health & Wellness, 4) Connectivity, and 5) Cybersecurity & Martech. The current reportable segments of Technology & Shopping, Gaming & Entertainment, Health & Wellness, and Connectivity previously were included in a Digital Media reportable segment. Prior period segment information is presented on a comparable basis to conform to this new segment presentation with no effect on previously reported consolidated results. Refer to Note 17 — Segment Information for additional detail.

Revenue Overview

The primary types of revenues that we generate are described below.

Advertising and Performance Marketing - We sell online display and video advertising on our owned-and-operated websites and applications and on third-party sites. We have contractual arrangements with advertisers either directly or through agencies. The terms of these contracts specify the price of the advertising to be sold and the volume of advertisements that will be served over the course of a campaign. Additionally, we have contractual arrangements with certain third-party websites and applications not owned by us, and third-party advertising networks to deliver online display and video advertising to their websites and applications or to third-party sites. We generate leads for advertisers, including vendors of consumer health and wellness products, consumer packaged goods, and information technology services, through various marketing methods. We also generate clicks to online merchants by listing products, deals, and discounts on our web properties, and earn a commission when customers “click-through” the ad to make a purchase.

Subscription and Licensing - We provide cloud-based subscription services and generate “fixed” subscription revenues for customer subscriptions and, to a lesser extent, “variable” usage revenues generated from actual usage by our subscribers. We offer subscription and licensing services to businesses, which offer up-to-date insights into global fixed broadband and mobile performance data, and we offer subscription packages to consumers through the Lose It! weight loss app and through Humble Bundle’s digital subscriptions and storefront for video games, ebooks, and software. We also generate revenue from the sale of perpetual software licenses, related software support, and maintenance used in conjunction with software and other related services. We license our proprietary technology, data, and intellectual property to third parties for various purposes.

Other - Other revenues primarily include those from the sale of hardware used in conjunction with software, online course revenue, and game publishing revenue.

Revenues from customers classified by revenue source are as follows (in thousands):

Performance Metrics

We use certain metrics to generally assess the operational and financial performance of our businesses. For our advertising and performance marketing businesses, net advertising and performance marketing revenue retention is an indicator of our ability to retain the spend of our existing advertisers year over year, which we view as a reflection of the effectiveness of our advertising and performance marketing platforms. Similarly, we monitor the number of our customers and the revenue per customer, as defined below, as these metrics provide further details related to our reported revenue and contribute to certain of our business planning decisions.

The following table sets forth certain key operating metrics for the advertising and performance marketing revenues based on the reportable segment for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(1) Net advertising and performance marketing revenue retention equals (i) the trailing twelve month revenue recognized related to prior year customers in the current year period (excluding revenue from acquisitions during the stub period) divided by (ii) the trailing twelve month revenue recognized related to prior year customers in the prior year period (excluding revenue from acquisitions during the stub period). This excludes customers that generated less than $10,000 of revenue in the measurement period.

(2) Excludes customers that spent less than $2,500 in the quarter.

(3) Represents total gross quarterly advertising and performance marketing revenues divided by customers as defined in footnote (2).

For our subscription and licensing businesses, the number of customers that we serve is an indicator of our customer retention and growth. The average monthly revenue per customer and the churn rate also contribute to insights that contribute to certain of our business planning decisions.

The following table sets forth certain key operating metrics for the subscription and licensing revenues based on the reportable segment for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(1) Represents the quarterly average of the end of month customer counts. Customers associated with each reportable segment may not foot precisely since each is presented independently.

(2) The metric includes the sale of perpetual software licenses, when applicable, revenue for which is recorded at a point-in time rather than over-time.

(3) Represents quarterly gross subscription and licensing revenues divided by customers as defined in footnote (1).

(4) Churn rate is calculated as (i) the average revenue per customer in the prior month multiplied by the number of cancellations in the current month, calculated at each business and aggregated; divided by (ii) subscription and licensing revenue in the current month, calculated at each business and aggregated.

(5) The churn rate calculation for Connectivity includes the sum of the monthly revenue from the specific cancelled agreements in the numerator.

(6) Resellers within Cybersecurity & Martech segment are counted as one customer when there is not visibility into the number of underlying customers served by the reseller.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and operating results require us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. See Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K that describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions and may be material.

The accounting policies described below are those we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations and that require the most complex and subjective management judgment.

Revenue Recognition

The following describes the nature of the Company’s primary types of revenue.

Advertising and Performance Marketing

Advertising and performance marketing revenues are earned primarily from the delivery of advertising services and from marketing, performance marketing, production services. Revenues from the delivery of advertising services are earned on websites and applications that are owned and operated by the Company and on those websites and applications that are part of the Company’s advertising network. Revenues are primarily earned by generating traffic to the Company’s websites, apps, and third-party platforms on which brands of the Company have a presence and monetizing this traffic. The value provided to the customer is primarily derived from the provision of traffic the Company generates from its specific content within each vertical, as well as data obtained by the website or app traffic. Such revenues are generally recognized over the period in which the products or services are delivered.

The Company determines whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction, respectively. The vast majority of the Company’s advertising and performance marketing revenue is recognized on a gross basis as the Company primarily acts as a “principal” as defined under ASC Topic 606, *Revenue from Contracts with Customer (“*ASC 606”). Revenues recognized on a gross basis are generated (i) by the Company serving online display and video advertising across its owned and operated web properties, on third-party sites, or on unaffiliated advertising networks; and (ii) through the Company’s lead-generation business. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to revenue paid to the Company by certain third-party advertising networks who serve online display and video advertising across the Company’s owned-and-operated web properties and certain third-party platforms, primarily related to the transfer of functional intellectual property. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to revenue earned from servicing client gift card programs where we collect the total value of the gift card on our customers’ behalf.

Subscription and Licensing

Revenues from subscriptions are earned through (i) the granting of access to, or delivery of, data products or services to customers; (ii) usage-based fees, and (iii) reselling various third-party solutions, primarily through the Company’s email security line of business. Subscriptions cover video games and related content, health information, data, and other copyrighted material. Revenues are also earned from listing fees, subscriptions to online publications, and from other sources. Third-party solutions, along with the Company’s proprietary products, allow the Company to offer customers a variety of solutions to better meet the customer’s needs. Subscription revenues are primarily recognized over the contract term. Revenues related to the provision of access to historical data for certain services are recorded at the time of delivery. In instances where usage-based fees are charged, a significant portion of which are paid in advance, the Company defers the portions of monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual fees collected in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations and recognizes them in the period earned.

Licensing revenues are earned through the license of certain assets to clients. Assets are licensed for clients’ use in their own promotional materials or otherwise and may include logos, editorial reviews, or other copyrighted material that represent symbolic intellectual property, as defined in ASC 606. Revenues under such license agreements are generally recognized over the contract term. In instances when technology assets in the form of functional intellectual property are licensed to the Company’s clients, revenues from the license of these assets are recognized at a point in time.

Licensing revenues also include revenues from transactions involving the sale of perpetual software licenses, related software support, and maintenance. Revenue will be recognized when the obligations are met, either over time or at a point in time, depending on the nature of the obligation.

• Revenues from software license performance obligations are generally recognized upfront at the point in time that the software is made available to the customer for download and use.
• Revenues from related software support and maintenance are generally recognized ratably over the contractual period, because technical support, unspecified software product upgrades, maintenance releases, and patches are provided to customers on an as needed basis and they are available during the term of the support period.

The Company determines whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction, respectively. The vast majority of the subscription and licensing revenue is recognized on a gross basis as the Company primarily acts as a “principal” as defined under ASC 606. The Company records revenue on a gross basis with respect to revenue generated from the resale of various third-party solutions, primarily through its email security line of business, because the Company has control of the specified good or service prior to transferring control to the customer.

Other

Other revenues primarily include those from the sale of hardware used in conjunction with software described above, online course revenue, and game publishing revenue. Hardware product and related software performance obligations, such as those relating to an operating system or firmware, are highly interdependent and interrelated and are accounted for as a bundled performance obligation. The revenues for this bundled performance obligation are generally recognized at the point in time that the hardware and software products are delivered and ownership is transferred to the customer.

The Company determines whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis by assessing whether the Company is acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction, respectively. The majority of the other revenue is recognized on a gross basis as the Company primarily acts as a “principal” as defined under ASC 606. The Company records revenue on a net basis with respect to games sold on third-party platforms.

Business Combinations

The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations in accordance with GAAP and uses estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price paid for acquisitions to the fair value of the assets, including identifiable intangible assets and liabilities acquired. Such estimates are complex because of the judgment required in determining these values. The determination of purchase price and the fair value of monetary assets acquired and liabilities assumed is typically the least complex aspect of the Company’s accounting for business combinations due to inherently lower level of judgment required. Due to the higher degree of complexity associated with the valuation of acquired intangible assets, the Company may obtain the assistance of reputable valuation specialists in the allocation of purchase price to the identifiable intangible assets acquired. The valuation of identifiable intangible assets may be based on significant unobservable inputs and assumptions such as, but not limited to, future revenue growth rates, gross and operating margins, customer attrition rates, royalty rates, discount rates, and terminal growth rate assumptions. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of purchased customer relationships, trademarks, trade names, developed technologies and other intangible assets. We use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately assign the useful lives of the acquired intangible assets subject to amortization, which are amortized over the period of estimated economic benefit. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of an acquisition as information relevant to closing date fair values becomes available. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

The Company evaluates its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment pursuant to ASC Topic 350, *Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (“*ASC 350”), which provides that goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but tested annually for impairment or more frequently if the Company believes indicators of impairment exist. The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually on October 1st at the reporting unit level, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist, or if a decision is made to dispose of a business. In connection with the annual impairment test for goodwill, the Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company determines that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it then performs an impairment test of goodwill. The impairment test involves comparing the fair values of the applicable reporting units with their aggregate carrying values, including goodwill. The Company generally determines the fair value of its reporting units using a mix of an income approach and a market approach. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment of $85.3 million, $56.9 million and $27.4 million, respectively. In each period, the fair value of the reporting unit was determined using an equal weighting of an income approach that was based on the discounted estimated future cash flows of the reporting unit and a market approach that uses the guideline public company approach. We believe the combination of these approaches provides an appropriate valuation because it incorporates the expected cash generation of the reporting unit in addition to how a third-party market participant would value the reporting unit. As the business is assumed to continue in perpetuity, the discounted future cash flows include a terminal value. Determining fair value using a discounted estimated future cash flow analysis requires the exercise of significant judgment with respect to several items, including the amount and timing of expected future cash flows and appropriate discount rates. The expected cash flows used in the discounted cash flow analyses were based on the most recent forecast for the reporting unit. For years beyond the forecast period, the estimates were based, in part, on forecasted growth rates. The discount rate the Company used represents the estimated weighted average cost of capital, which reflects the overall level of inherent risk involved in its reporting unit operations and the rate of return a market participant would expect to earn. Determining fair value using a market approach considers multiples of financial metrics based on trading multiples of a selected peer group of companies. From the comparable companies, a representative market multiple is determined, which is applied to financial metrics to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. Refer to Note 8 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Following the impairments at the two reporting units within the Technology & Shopping reportable segment during the year ended December 31, 2024, there was no excess of fair value over the carrying value at those reporting units. So any further decrease in estimated fair value of these two reporting units will result in an additional impairment charge to goodwill. Goodwill for these two reporting units was $322.1 million as of December 31, 2024. There were no other reporting units with less than 10% excess fair value over carrying value as of the most recent evaluation that may be at risk of impairment as of December 31, 2024. Changes in market conditions, and key assumptions made in future quantitative assessments, including expected cash flows, competitive factors and discount rates, could negatively impact the results of future impairment testing and could result in the recognition of an impairment charge.

The Company did not have intangible assets with indefinite lives during years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

Long-lived Assets

The Company accounts for long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets, and identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives (subject to amortization), in accordance with the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, *Property, Plant, and Equipment (“*ASC 360”), which requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the expected undiscounted future net cash flows generated by the asset. If it is determined that the asset may not be recoverable, and if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent of the difference. In addition, the Company reviews the useful lives of its long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that these lives may be changed.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of recent accounting pronouncements and the Company’s expectations of their impact on its consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Consolidated Results of Operations

See Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with SEC on February 26, 2024, for a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for 2023 compared to 2022.

The main focus of our Technology & Shopping, Gaming & Entertainment, and Health & Wellness platform monetization programs is to provide relevant and useful advertising to visitors to our websites, provide meaningful content that informs and shapes purchase intent, and leverage our brand and editorial assets into subscription platforms. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to improve the relevance of the ads displayed on our websites and applications and those included within our advertising networks, and improve the effectiveness of our content as well as our subscription services and licenses.

The operating margin we realize on revenues generated from ads placed on our websites and applications is significantly higher than the operating margin we realize from revenues generated from those placed on third-party websites and applications. Growth in advertising revenues from our websites and applications has generally exceeded that from third-party websites and applications. This trend has generally had a positive impact on our operating margins.

The main focus of our Connectivity segment is to collect and correlate the information on internet connectivity, network performance, and consumer experiences, while providing insights and software relating to broadband networks. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to enhance our existing offerings and offer new services to continue to satisfy the evolving needs of our global customers.

The main focus of our Cybersecurity & Martech service offerings is to reduce or eliminate costs, increase sales and enhance productivity, mobility, business continuity, and security of our customers as the technologies and devices they use evolve over time. As a result, we expect to continue to take steps to enhance our existing offerings and offer new services to continue to satisfy the evolving needs of our customers.

We expect acquisitions to remain an important component of our strategy and use of capital across our Company; however, for a number of reasons, including macroeconomic conditions, in a given period, we may close greater or fewer acquisitions than in prior periods or acquisitions of greater or lesser significance than in prior periods. Moreover, future acquisitions of businesses with different business models, may impact overall operating profit margins. From time to time, the Company may take steps to reduce investment in one or more of its business activities. In the past, we have divested certain businesses that we determined were no longer consistent with the Company’s focus or that no longer aligned with the current or expected business performance of the Company’s other businesses.

The following table sets forth, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, information derived from our Statements of Operations as a percentage of revenues.

Revenues

(in thousands, except percentages)

Our revenues primarily consist of revenues from (i) advertising and performance marketing revenues, which are earned from the delivery of advertising services, marketing, performance marketing, and production services, and (ii) subscription and licensing revenues, which are earned through the granting of access to, or delivery of, certain data products or services to customers, usage-based fees, and by reselling various third-party solutions, primarily through the email security line of the Company. Subscription and licensing revenues primarily consist of revenues from “fixed” customer subscription revenues and “variable” revenues generated from actual usage of our services.

Our revenues increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period primarily due to a $30.7 million increase in advertising and performance marketing revenue driven primarily by an increase of $34.9 million in our Technology & Shopping reportable segment and a $6.7 million increase in our Gaming & Entertainment reportable segment, partially offset by a decline of $9.7 million in our Health & Wellness reportable segment. Subscription and licensing revenues increased $12.1 million due primarily to an increase of $8.4 million in our Health & Wellness reportable segment, $6.7 million in our Connectivity reportable segment, and $4.7 million in our Gaming & Entertainment reportable segment, partially offset by a decrease of $6.6 million in our Cybersecurity & Martech reportable segment. Included in the revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $83.2 million of incremental revenue contributed by businesses acquired during 2024.

Direct costs

(in thousands, except percentages)

Direct costs represent the company’s cost of revenue and primarily include costs associated with compensation for personnel directly involved in revenue generation, content fees, production costs, royalty fees, hosting and licensing costs, and processing fees. The increase in direct costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period was primarily due to a $5.5 million increase in processing fees, a $4.6 million increase in royalties, and a $2.7 million increase in database hosting costs.

Sales and Marketing

(in thousands, except percentages)

Sales and marketing costs consist primarily of internet-based advertising, sales and marketing, personnel costs, and other business development related expenses. Our internet-based advertising relationships consist primarily of fixed cost and performance-based (cost-per-impression, cost-per-click, and cost-per-acquisition) advertising relationships with an array of online service providers. The increase in sales and marketing expenses during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period was primarily due to a $28.7 million increase in salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses related primarily to acquisitions in the period and severance costs, including those associated with a voluntary buyout program, and a $5.0 million increase in expenses for software purchases.

Research, Development, and Engineering

(in thousands, except percentages)

Research, development, and engineering costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses. The decrease in research, development, and engineering costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period was primarily due to a $1.4 million decrease in salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses primarily as a result of an increase in capitalized costs related to the nature of projects in 2024 as compared with projects in 2023.

General, Administrative, and Other Related Costs

(in thousands, except percentages)

General, administrative, and other related costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses including share-based compensation and severance, changes in the fair value associated with contingent consideration, bad debt expense, professional fees, and insurance costs. The increase in general, administrative, and other related costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period was primarily due to $13.1 million higher salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses driven primarily by higher share-based compensation expense and a $5.4 million increase in third-party debt modification costs, acquisition-related fees, and other legal-related fees, partially offset by a $6.1 million decrease in expense from changes in estimated amounts of deferred acquisition payments related to previously acquired businesses and a $3.7 million decrease in office related expenses.

Depreciation and Amortization

(in thousands, except percentages)

Depreciation and amortization costs consist of depreciation related to property and equipment, including internally developed software, as well as amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with business acquisitions, and other intangible assets of the Company. The decrease in depreciation and amortization costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period was primarily due to a decline of $27.4 million in amortization expense as assets became fully amortized and due to a decline in the amortization of customer relationships as more amortization expense is recognized earlier in the useful life based on estimated economic benefit.

Goodwill Impairment

Goodwill impairment was $85.3 million and $56.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The goodwill impairment during all periods was related to reporting units within the Technology & Shopping reportable segment. Refer to Note 8 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Non-Operating Income and Expenses

The following table represents the components of non-operating income and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Interest expense, net. Interest expense is generated primarily from interest due on outstanding debt, partially offset by interest income generated from interest earned on cash, cash equivalents, and investments. Interest expense, net decreased during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior period primarily due to the absence from the 2024 results of a non-recurring $7.7 million of interest expense related to the 1.75% Convertible Notes at a rate of 0.50% per annum recorded in the prior period. See Note 9 — Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Loss on sale of business. Loss on sale of business during the year ended December 31, 2024 represents the loss on disposal of an international business in the Technology & Shopping reportable segment.

Loss on investments, net. Loss on investments, net is generated from realized and unrealized gains or losses from investments in equity and debt securities. Loss on investment, net recorded in 2024 and 2023 includes the change in the fair value of the Company’s investment in Consensus common stock prior to the disposition of the investment and the results of the disposition of Consensus common stock, which occurred during the second quarter of 2024.

Other income (loss), net. Other income (loss), net is generated primarily from miscellaneous items and gains or losses on foreign currency. The change was primarily attributable to a reversal of a reserve established in connection with deferred consideration from a buyer of a previously disposed business during 2024 and changes in gains or losses on foreign currency.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on pre-tax income, statutory tax rates, tax regulations (including those related to transfer pricing), and different tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax bases of our assets and liabilities reflect our best estimate of the tax benefits and costs we expect to realize. When necessary, we establish valuation allowances to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $3.2 million, after considering substantial restrictions on the utilization of these NOLs due to “ownership changes”, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). The Company estimates that all of the above-mentioned federal NOLs will be available for use before their expiration. $3.2 million of the NOLs expire through the year 2031 depending on the year the loss was incurred.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal capital loss limitation carryforwards of $23.4 million that begin to expire in 2026. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, the Company had available state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $4.1 million, which last indefinitely. The Company had no foreign tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2024.

Income tax expense was $41.4 million and $24.1 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our effective tax rates for 2024 and 2023 were 44.4% and 32.2%, respectively.

The change in the annual effective income tax rate in 2024 compared to prior period was primarily attributable to the following:

1. a larger goodwill impairment recognized for book purposes during 2024 as compared to 2023. For both years, since the impairment related to excess financial statement goodwill with no tax basis, no corresponding tax benefits were recognized.

2. A recognition of a valuation allowance against a portion of the U.S. capital loss carryforwards, which resulted in a discrete change of $5.8 million; and

3. a decrease in the amount of unrealized losses recognized on our investment in Consensus common stock, which resulted in a lower tax benefit during 2024.

In order to provide additional understanding in connection with our foreign taxes, the following represents the statutory and effective tax rate by significant foreign country:

(1) Effective tax rate excludes certain discrete items.

The statutory tax rate is the rate imposed on taxable income for corporations by the local government in that jurisdiction. The effective tax rate measures the taxes paid as a percentage of pretax profit. The effective tax rate can differ from the statutory tax rate when a company can exempt some income from tax, claim tax credits, or due to the effect of book-tax differences that do not reverse and discrete items.

Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and in evaluating our tax positions on a worldwide basis. We believe our tax positions, including intercompany transfer pricing policies, are consistent with the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Certain of these tax positions have in the past been, and are currently being, challenged, and this may have a significant impact on our effective tax rate if our tax reserves are insufficient.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) established a Pillar Two Framework that was supported by over 130 countries worldwide. On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) Member States adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15% with effective dates of January 1, 2025, for different aspects of the directive. A significant number of other countries are also implementing similar legislation. The Company has analyzed the impact of the Pillar Two framework’s corporate minimum income tax rate of 15% and does not expect that it will have a material effect on the Company’s liability for corporate taxes and the Company’s consolidated effective tax rate.

Equity Method Investment

Income (loss) from equity method investment, net of tax. Income (loss) from equity method investment was primarily generated from the investment in the OCV Fund I, LP (the “OCV Fund”) for which the Company receives annual audited financial statements. The investment in the OCV Fund is presented net of tax. The Company recognizes its share of net earnings or losses relating to the investment in the OCV Fund on a one-quarter lag due to the timing and availability of financial information from the OCV Fund. If the Company becomes aware of a significant decline in value that is other-than-temporary, the loss will be recorded in the period in which the Company identifies the decline.

Income (loss) from equity method investment was $11.2 million and $(9.3) million, net of income tax for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in income from equity method investment, net of income tax in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to an increase in value of the underlying investments.

Segment Results

Our businesses are based on the organizational structure used by management for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance: (i) Technology & Shopping, (ii) Gaming & Entertainment, (iii) Health & Wellness, (iv) Connectivity, and (v) Cybersecurity & Martech. Reportable segment results presented below are exclusive of inter-segment revenues and expenses.

Technology & Shopping

The financial results are presented as follows (in thousands):

2024 and 2023

Technology & Shopping’s revenues of $361.9 million in 2024 increased $31.3 million, or 9.5%, compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in advertising and performance marketing revenues of $34.9 million primarily driven by an increase of $32.3 million in the technology business related to an acquisition during 2024, partially offset by a decline of $2.5 million in other revenues and $1.1 million in subscription and licensing revenues.

Technology & Shopping‘s operating costs and expenses of $433.0 million in 2024 increased $51.9 million, or 13.6%, compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in goodwill impairment of $28.4 million and an increase in salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses of approximately $17.6 million.

As a result of these factors, Technology & Shopping’s operating loss of $71.1 million in 2024 increased $20.6 million, or 40.7%, compared to 2023.

2023 and 2022

Technology & Shopping’s revenues of $330.6 million in 2023 decreased $54.4 million, or 14.1%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $43.8 million decrease in advertising and performance marketing revenues and a $8.8 million decrease in other revenues. The decrease in advertising and performance marketing revenues was primarily due to a $29.9 million decrease in revenues within the technology business and a $13.9 million decrease in revenues within the shopping business.

Technology & Shopping‘s operating costs and expenses of $381.1 million in 2023 decreased $0.3 million, or 0.1%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $9.9 million decrease in depreciation and amortization expense, a $10.1 million decrease in salaries, benefits, and related employee expenses, and a $6.2 million decrease in advertising and marketing related expenses, partially offset by a $29.5 million increase in goodwill impairment.

As a result of these factors, Technology & Shopping’s operating loss of $50.5 million in 2023 increased $54.1 million compared to 2022.

Gaming & Entertainment

The financial results are presented as follows (in thousands):

2024 and 2023

Gaming & Entertainment’s revenues of $180.3 million in 2024 increased $11.5 million, or 6.8%, compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in advertising and performance marketing revenues of $6.7 million primarily driven by an acquisition during 2024 and a $4.7 million increase in subscription and licensing revenues due to the Humble Bundle properties.

Gaming & Entertainment’s operating costs and expenses of $126.3 million in 2024 increased $14.8 million, or 13.2%, compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in campaign fulfillment costs of approximately $3.3 million, an increase in advertising and marketing related expenses of approximately $2.8 million, and an increase in professional and other third-party services of approximately $2.3 million.

As a result of these factors, Gaming & Entertainment’s operating income of $54.0 million in 2024 decreased $3.3 million, or 5.8%, compared to 2023.

2023 and 2022

Gaming & Entertainment’s revenues of $168.8 million in 2023 increased $2.5 million, or 1.5%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $1.8 million increase in advertising and performance marketing revenues primarily due to an increase in third-party advertising revenue and a $0.7 million increase in subscription and licensing revenues.

Gaming & Entertainment’s operating costs and expenses of $111.5 million in 2023 decreased $1.4 million, or 1.2%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $3.3 million decrease in partner payments and a $1.2 million decrease in advertising and marketing related expenses, partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in professional and other third-party services expenses, and $0.5 million increase in cloud computing, software, and other related expenses.

As a result of these factors, Gaming & Entertainment’s operating income of $57.3 million in 2023 increased $3.9 million, or 7.3%, compared to 2022.

Health & Wellness

The financial results are presented as follows (in thousands):

2024 and 2023

Health & Wellness’ revenues of $362.4 million in 2024 increased $0.5 million, or 0.1%, compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in subscription and licensing revenues of $8.4 million, driven by a $8.0 million increase in the Health & Wellness Consumer business, and an increase in Other revenues of $1.8 million. These increases were partially offset by a decline of $9.7 million in advertising and performance marketing revenue due to the Health & Wellness Professional business.

Health & Wellness’ operating costs and expenses of $295.2 million in 2024 decreased $3.1 million, or 1.1%, compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease of $7.1 million in depreciation and amortization expense, and a $3.3 million decrease in advertising and marketing related expenses, partially offset by a $6.1 million increase in salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses.

As a result of these factors, Health & Wellness’ operating income of $67.2 million in 2024 increased $3.6 million, or 5.7%, compared to 2023.

2023 and 2022

Health & Wellness’ revenues of $361.9 million in 2023 increased $26.0 million, or 7.8%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $20.0 million increase in subscription and licensing revenues, a $4.8 million increase in advertising and performance marketing revenues, and a $1.3 million increase in other revenues. The increase in subscription and licensing revenues was primarily driven an increase of $20.0 million in the Health & Wellness consumer business due to an acquisition in 2022 that had a full year of results in 2023.

Health & Wellness’ operating costs and expenses of $298.3 million in 2023 increased $28.7 million, or 10.6%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $9.6 million increase in salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses, $4.2 million increase in costs primarily associated with app-store fees, a $3.9 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense, a $3.1 million increase in advertising and marketing related expenses, and a $2.0 million increase in bad debt expense in 2023 compared to 2022.

As a result of these factors, Health & Wellness’ operating income of $63.6 million in 2023 decreased $2.6 million, or 4.0%, from 2022.

Connectivity

The financial results are presented as follows (in thousands):

2024 and 2023

Connectivity’s revenues of $213.6 million in 2024 increased $2.1 million, or 1.0%, compared to 2023 due an increase of $6.7 million in subscription and licensing revenues driven primarily by a $4.3 million increase in our revenues from network performance services, partially offset by a decline of $3.4 million in other revenues and a decline of $1.2 million in advertising and performance marketing revenues.

Connectivity’s operating costs and expenses of $134.2 million in 2024 decreased $6.7 million, or 4.7%, compared to 2023 primarily due to a $6.1 million decrease in expense from changes in estimated amounts of deferred acquisition payments related to previously acquired businesses.

As a result of these factors, Connectivity’s operating income of $79.4 million in 2024 increased $8.8 million, or 12.4%, from 2023.

2023 and 2022

Connectivity’s revenues of $211.5 million in 2023 increased $20.3 million, or 10.6%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $20.1 million increase in subscription and licensing revenues, including a $14.3 million increase within our revenues from network performance services and a $5.8 million increase within our Ekahau business.

Connectivity’s operating costs and expenses of $140.9 million in 2023 increased $28.0 million, or 24.8%, compared to 2022 primarily due to a $10.6 million increase in salaries, benefits, and other employee expenses, a $6.3 million increase in depreciation and amortization, and a $2.6 million increase in professional and other third-party services.

As a result of these factors, Connectivity’s operating income of $70.6 million in 2023 decreased $7.8 million, or 9.9%, compared to 2022.

Cybersecurity & Martech

The financial results are presented as follows (in thousands):

2024 and 2023

Cybersecurity & Martech’s revenues of $283.5 million in 2024 decreased $7.7 million, or 2.6%, compared to 2023 primarily due to lower revenue of approximately $5.6 million within the Company’s cybersecurity business related to the Company’s consumer privacy services.

Cybersecurity & Martech’s operating costs and expenses of $228.5 million in 2024 decreased $19.5 million, or 7.8%, compared to 2023 primarily due to a $19.6 million decrease in depreciation and amortization expense.

As a result of these factors, Cybersecurity & Martech’s operating income of $55.0 million in 2024 increased $11.8 million, or 27.2%, from 2023.

See Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with SEC on February 26, 2024, for a discussion of Cybersecurity & Martech results of operations for 2023 compared to 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash flows from operations and debt financing. We continue to invest in the development and expansion of our operations using available cash flows from operations. Ongoing investments include, but are not limited to, improvements in our offerings, investments in new products and services, acquisitions, and continued investments in sales and marketing. We also use cash flows from operations to service our debt obligations and the repurchase of our shares.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

Cash, cash equivalents, and investments consisted of (in thousands):

Cash, cash equivalents, and investments held within domestic and foreign jurisdictions were as follows (in thousands):

For information on short-term and long-term investments of the Company, refer to Note 5 — Investments to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Financings

On April 7, 2021, the Company entered into a $100.0 million Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”).

On June 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Fifth Amendment to the Credit Agreement, which provided for the issuance of a senior secured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of $90.0 million (the “Term Loan Facility”). On September 15, 2022, the Company entered into a Sixth Amendment to its existing Credit Agreement, which provided for the issuance of a senior secured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of approximately $22.3 million (“Term Loan Two Facility”). During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed non-cash exchanges of 2.8 million shares of its common stock of Consensus with the lenders under the Fifth and the Sixth Amendments to settle the Company’s obligations of $112.3 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan Facility and Term Loan Two Facility plus related interest. On June 18, 2024, the Company entered into a New Lender Joinder Agreement and Eighth Amendment (the “Joinder and Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Joinder and Amendment provides for, among other things, (i) an increase in the Aggregate Revolving Loan Commitment by an aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million for a total of $350.0 million, (ii) an extension of the scheduled maturity date from April 7, 2026 to the earlier of (x) June 18, 2027 or (y) under certain limited circumstances, August 2, 2026, (iii) a “credit spread adjustment” for SOFR-based borrowings of 0.10% across all interest periods, (iv) the inclusion of limited conditionality borrowing mechanics with respect to certain borrowings and (v) certain other related amendments.

On July 16, 2024, the Company issued $263.1 million in aggregate principal amount of new 3.625% Convertible Notes due 2028 (the “3.625% Convertible Notes”) and paid an aggregate of approximately $135.0 million in cash in exchange for approximately $400.9 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 1.75% convertible senior notes due November 1, 2026 (the “1.75% Convertible Notes”) (collectively, the “Exchange Transaction”) pursuant to separate, privately negotiated exchange agreements with certain holders of the 1.75% Convertible Notes. The Company also paid outstanding and accrued interest of $1.5 million on the exchanged 1.75% Convertible Notes. The 3.625% Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.625% per annum on the principal amount thereof, payable semi-annually in arrears on September 1 and March 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2025, to the noteholders of record of the 3.625% Convertible Notes as of the close of business on the immediately preceding August 15 and February 15, respectively. The 3.625% Convertible Notes will mature on March 1, 2028, unless earlier converted or repurchased. The 3.625% Convertible Notes can be settled in cash, the Company’s common stock, or a combination of cash and the Company’s common stock, at $0.01 par value per share, at the Company’s election. See Note 9 – Debt in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2024, the conversion rate is 9.3783 shares of the Company’s common stock for each $1,000 principal amount of 1.75% Convertible Notes (or 1,398,391 shares), which represents a conversion price of approximately $106.63 per share of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2024, the market trigger conditions did not meet the conversion requirements of the 1.75% Convertible Notes and, consequently, none of the 1.75% Convertible Notes have been converted. The Company may not redeem the 1.75% Convertible Notes prior to November 1, 2026.

As of December 31, 2024, the conversion rate of the 3.625% Convertible Notes is 10 shares per $1,000 principal amount of the 3.625% Convertible Notes (or 2,631,470 shares), which represents an initial conversion price of $100 per share. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events as set forth in the indenture governing the 3.625% Convertible Notes, but will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, upon the occurrence of a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change”, as defined in the 3.625% Convertible Note Indenture, the Company will in certain circumstances increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its 3.625% Convertible Notes in connection with such a corporate event. The Company may not redeem the 3.625% Convertible Notes prior to March 1, 2028.

As of each December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, net availability under the Credit Agreement was $348.9 million and $100.0 million, respectively, net of letters of credit.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased approximately $181.2 million in aggregate principal amount of the 4.625% Senior Notes for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $167.7 million. No repurchases of 4.625% Senior Notes were effectuated during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Material Cash Requirements

Ziff Davis’ long-term contractual obligations generally include its long-term debt as described above, interest on long-term debt, lease payments on its property and equipment, and holdback amounts in connection with certain business acquisitions. These long-term contractual obligations extend through 2031. Refer to Note 4 — Business Acquisitions, Note 9 — Debt, and Note 10 — Leases to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for further details on holdback payments, long-term debt, and operating leases.

As of December 31, 2024, we and our subsidiaries had outstanding $864.3 million in aggregate principal amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024, our total future minimum lease payments are $34.0 million, of which approximately $9.4 million future minimum lease payments are due in the succeeding twelve months. As of December 31, 2024, our liability for uncertain tax positions was $30.3 million. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into commitments including those related to cloud computing, information technology, security, and information and document management. The Company also has revenue sharing arrangements with annual minimum guarantees based upon third-party website advertising metrics and other contractual provisions.

We currently anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, and availability under our revolving credit facility, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for working capital, capital expenditures, and share repurchases, if any, for at least the next 12 months.

Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities (in millions):

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Operating Activities

Our net cash provided by operating activities resulted primarily from cash received from our customers offset by cash payments we made to third parties for their services, employee compensation, interest payments associated with our debt, and taxes. The $70.4 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily related to the timing of collections from our customers and timing of payments to our vendors during 2024, partially offset by a reduction in prepaid expenses during 2024. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities includes the activities of TDS Gift Cards (“TDS”) from the date of the acquisition, which positively impacted the Company’s net cash provided by operating activities by $50.9 million.

Investing Activities

The $170.0 million increase in net cash used in investing activities in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily related to higher cash used on business acquisitions during 2024 compared to 2023, partially offset by proceeds received on the sale of our investment in Consensus common stock and proceeds received related to the sale of disposed businesses.

Financing Activities

The $206.2 million increase in net cash used in financing activities in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily related to cash used to settle a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Company’s 1.75% Convertible Notes and increased share repurchases.

Stock Repurchase Program

On August 6, 2020, our Board of Directors (the ”Board”) approved a program authorizing the repurchase of up to ten million shares of our common stock through August 6, 2025 (the “2020 Program”). On August 2, 2024, the Board authorized (i) an increase in its 2020 Program pursuant to which the Company may purchase up to an additional five million shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Additional Authorization”) and (ii) an extension of the expiration date of the share repurchase program from August 6, 2025 to August 2, 2029. As a result of the Additional Authorization, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock under the 2020 Program increased from up to ten million shares to up to 15 million shares of the Company’s common stock. In connection with the authorization, the Company entered into certain Rule 10b5-1 trading plans with a broker-dealer to facilitate the repurchase program.

A summary of share repurchases under the 2020 Program during the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows (in thousands, except share amounts):

(1) Excludes the impact of excise taxes.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 1,585,846 and 736,536 shares (which were subsequently retired), respectively, at an aggregate cost of $104.9 million, and $71.3 million, respectively (including an immaterial amount of commission fees) under the 2020 Program. Cumulatively at December 31, 2024, 8,758,692 shares were repurchased, under the 2020 Program, at an aggregate cost of $583.6 million (including excise tax). As a result of the repurchases, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for purchase as of December 31, 2024 is 6,241,308 shares. Refer to Note 13 — Stockholders’ Equity to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our investment portfolio and potential borrowings under our credit facility that would bear variable market interest rates. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve our principal while maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve these objectives, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a mix of instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in our investment policy or otherwise approved by the Board. Our cash and cash equivalents are not subject to significant interest rate risk due to the short maturities of these instruments. As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value of our cash and cash equivalents approximated fair value. Our return on these investments is subject to interest rate fluctuations.

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $505.9 million and $737.6 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalent investments primarily in funds that invest in U.S. treasuries, money market funds, as well as demand deposit accounts with maturities within three months or less. Currently, we do not have interest rate risk on our outstanding long-term debt as these arrangements have fixed interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value and the fair value of our fixed rate debt was $864.3 million and $820.1 million, respectively. Following the Exchange Transaction, our fixed rate debt matures as follows: $149.1 million in 2026, $263.1 million in 2028, and $460.0 million in 2030. Interest rates have risen since certain of these sources of financing were obtained. Thus, we may not be able to refinance this fixed rate debt at similar or favorable rates when it matures. Further, our revolving credit agreement bears interest at variable rates. However, during 2024, we did not need to draw on this revolving credit agreement. If we need to draw on the revolving credit facility in the future, we will be exposed to interest rate changes. Refer to Note 6 — Fair Value Measurements and Note 9 — Debt to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

We cannot ensure that future interest rate movements will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, prospects, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. To date, we have not entered into interest rate hedging transactions to control or minimize certain of these risks.

Market Risk

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold our remaining investment in Consensus common stock. The value of our investment in Consensus common stock was based upon the quoted market price of Consensus common stock. Prior to the sale of this investment, our results of operations and financial condition were materially impacted by increases or decreases in the price of Consensus common stock, which is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Foreign Currency Risk

We conduct business in certain foreign markets, primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, the European Union, Japan, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Our principal exposure to foreign currency risk relates to investment and intercompany debt in foreign subsidiaries that transact business in functional currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, primarily the Canadian Dollar, the British Pound Sterling, the Australian Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Danish Krone, the Swedish Krona, and the Norwegian Krone. If we are unable to settle our intercompany debts in a timely manner, we will remain exposed to foreign currency fluctuations.

As we expand our international presence, we become further exposed to foreign currency risk by entering new markets with additional foreign currencies. The economic impact of currency exchange rate movements is often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions, and other factors. These changes, if material, could cause us to adjust our financing and operating strategies.

As currency exchange rates change, translation of the income statements of the international businesses into U.S. Dollars affects year-over-year comparability of operating results.

Historically, we have not hedged translation risks because cash flows from international operations were generally reinvested locally; however, we may do so in the future. Our objective in managing foreign exchange risk is to minimize the potential exposure to changes that exchange rates might have on earnings, cash flows, and financial position.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, foreign exchange (losses) gains amounted to $(1.0) million, $(3.9) million, and $8.2 million, respectively.

Cumulative translation adjustments, net of tax, included in Other comprehensive income (loss), net for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, were $(12.4) million, $13.7 million, and $(32.5) million respectively.

We currently do not have derivative financial instruments for hedging, speculative, or trading purposes and therefore are not subject to such hedging risk. However, we may in the future engage in hedging transactions to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Ziff Davis’ management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for Ziff Davis. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) using the 2013 framework.

Our system of internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Based on our evaluation, management concluded that Ziff Davis’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the SEC’s general guidance that the assessment of a recently acquired business’ internal control over financial reporting may be omitted in the year of acquisition, management has excluded certain of its 2024 acquisitions from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. Total assets, excluding goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, and total revenue of TDS and CNET acquired in 2024, in aggregate, represent approximately 15% and 5%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by KPMG LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their audit report which is included herein.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-5(f) under the Exchange Act) which occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

(d) Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Ziff Davis, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Ziff Davis, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and stockholders' equity for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 25, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

The Company acquired TDS and CNET during 2024, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, TDS and CNET’s internal control over financial reporting associated with 15% and 5% of assets and revenue, respectively, included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of TDS and CNET.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

New York, New York

February 25, 2025