Encore Capital Group Inc: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2022

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” relating to Encore Capital Group, Inc. (“Encore”) and its subsidiaries (which we may collectively refer to as the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) within the meaning of the securities laws. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “will,” “may,” and similar expressions often characterize forward-looking statements. These statements may include, but are not limited to, projections of collections, revenues, income or loss, estimates of capital expenditures, plans for future operations, products or services, financing needs or plans or the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as assumptions relating to these matters. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we caution that these expectations or predictions may not prove to be correct or we may not achieve the financial results, savings, or other benefits anticipated in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are necessarily estimates reflecting the best judgment of our senior management and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which may be beyond our control or cannot be predicted or quantified, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. Many factors including, but not limited to, those set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K under “Part I, Item 1A—Risk Factors” and those set forth in “Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report could cause our actual results, performance, achievements, or industry results to be very different from the results, performance, achievements or industry results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Our business, financial condition, or results of operations could also be materially and adversely affected by other factors besides those listed. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements were made. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events, or for any other reason, even if experience or future events make it clear that any expected results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements will not be realized. In addition, it is generally our policy not to make any specific projections as to future earnings, and we do not endorse projections regarding future performance that may be made by third parties.

Our Business

We are an international specialty finance company providing debt recovery solutions and other related services for consumers across a broad range of financial assets. We purchase portfolios of defaulted consumer receivables at deep discounts to face value and manage them by working with individuals as they repay their obligations and work toward financial recovery. Defaulted receivables are consumers’ unpaid financial commitments to credit originators, including banks, credit unions, consumer finance companies and commercial retailers. Defaulted receivables may also include receivables subject to bankruptcy proceedings. We also provide debt servicing and other portfolio management services to credit originators for non-performing loans in Europe.

Encore Capital Group, Inc. (“Encore”) has three primary business units: MCM, which consists of Midland Credit Management, Inc. and its subsidiaries and domestic affiliates; Cabot, which consists of Cabot Credit Management Limited (“CCM”) and its subsidiaries and European affiliates, and LAAP, which is comprised of our investments and operations in Latin America and Asia-Pacific.

MCM (United States)

Through MCM, we are a market leader in portfolio purchasing and recovery in the United States.

Cabot (Europe)

Through Cabot, we are one of the largest credit management services providers in Europe and a market leader in the United Kingdom. Cabot, in addition to its primary business of portfolio purchasing and recovery, also provides a range of debt servicing offerings such as early stage collections, business process outsourcing (“BPO”), and contingent collections, including through Wescot Credit Services Limited (“Wescot”), a leading U.K. contingency debt collection and BPO services company.

LAAP (Latin America and Asia-Pacific)

We have purchased non-performing loans in Mexico. Additionally, we have invested in Encore Asset Reconstruction Company (“EARC”) in India. We previously owned non-performing loans in Colombia and Peru (sold in August 2021) and Brazil (sold in April 2020).

To date, operating results from LAAP have not been significant to our total consolidated operating results. Our long-term growth strategy is focused on continuing to invest in our core portfolio purchasing and recovery business in the United States and United Kingdom and strengthening and developing our business in the rest of Europe.

Government Regulation

MCM (United States)

As discussed in more detail under “Part I - Item 1 - Business - Government Regulation” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our operations in the United States are subject to federal, state and municipal statutes, rules, regulations and ordinances that establish specific guidelines and procedures that debt purchasers and collectors must follow when collecting consumer accounts, including among others, specific guidelines and procedures for communicating with consumers and prohibitions on unfair, deceptive or abusive debt collection practices.

Cabot (Europe)

As discussed in more detail under “Part I - Item 1 - Business - Government Regulation” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our operations in Europe are affected by foreign statutes, rules and regulations regarding debt collection and debt purchase activities. These statutes, rules, regulations, ordinances, guidelines and procedures are modified from time to time by the relevant authorities charged with their administration, which could affect the way we conduct our business.

Portfolio Purchasing and Recovery

MCM (United States)

In the United States, the defaulted consumer receivable portfolios we purchase are primarily charged-off credit card debt portfolios. A small percentage of our capital deployment in the United States is comprised of receivable portfolios subject to Chapter 13 and Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings.

We purchase receivables based on robust, account-level valuation methods and employ proprietary statistical and behavioral models across our U.S. operations. These methods and models allow us to value portfolios accurately (limiting the risk of overpaying), avoid buying portfolios that are incompatible with our methods or strategies and align the accounts we purchase with our business channels to maximize future collections. As a result, we have been able to realize significant returns from the receivables we acquire. We maintain strong relationships with many of the largest financial service providers in the United States.

Cabot (Europe)

In Europe, our purchased under-performing debt portfolios primarily consist of paying and non-paying consumer loan accounts. We also purchase: (1) portfolios that are in insolvency status, in particular, individual voluntary arrangements; and (2) non-performing secured mortgage portfolios and real estate assets previously securing mortgage portfolios. When we take possession of the underlying real estate assets or purchase real estate assets, we refer to those as real estate-owned assets, or REO assets.

We purchase paying and non-paying receivable portfolios using a proprietary pricing model that utilizes account-level statistical and behavioral data. This model allows us to value portfolios accurately and quantify portfolio performance in order to maximize future collections. As a result, we have been able to realize significant returns from the assets we have acquired. We maintain strong relationships with many of the largest financial services providers in the United Kingdom.

Purchases and Collections

Portfolio Pricing, Supply and Demand

MCM (United States)

Issuers have continued to sell predominantly fresh portfolios. Fresh portfolios are portfolios that are generally sold within six months of the consumer’s account being charged-off by the financial institution. We believe that pricing plateaued in the second quarter. Issuers continue to sell their volume in mostly forward flow arrangements that are often committed early in the calendar year. We believe growth in lending and rising delinquency rates will drive future supply increases. Lending has now surpassed pre-pandemic levels in the U.S. and we have started to see an increase in portfolio supply.

We believe that smaller competitors continue to face difficulties in the portfolio purchasing market because of the high cost to operate due to regulatory pressure and cost of capital. We believe this favors larger participants, like MCM, because the larger market participants are better able to adapt to these pressures and commit to larger forward flow agreements.

Cabot (Europe)

The U.K. market for charged-off portfolios prior to the COVID-19 pandemic generally provided a relatively consistent pipeline of opportunities, despite a historically low level of charge-off rates, as creditors have embedded debt sales as an integral part of their business models and consumer indebtedness has continued to grow since the financial crisis. An increasing amount of volume is sold in multi-year forward flow arrangements.

The Spanish debt market continues to be one of the largest in Europe with significant debt sales activity, and an expectation of a significant amount of debt to be sold and serviced in the future. Additionally, financial institutions continue to experience both market and regulatory pressure to dispose of non-performing loans, which should continue to provide debt purchasing opportunities in Spain.

Banks decreased portfolio sales at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to focus on customers’ needs. While we have seen a resumption of sales activity across many of our European markets, underlying default rates are generally low by historic levels, and sales levels are expected to fluctuate from quarter to quarter as banks seek to re-establish a more stable debt sales strategy. In general, supply remains below pre-pandemic levels while portfolio pricing has become more competitive across our European footprint.

Purchases by Geographic Location

The following table summarizes purchases of receivable portfolios by geographic location during the periods presented (in thousands):

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we invested $173.0 million to acquire receivable portfolios, with face values aggregating $1.8 billion, for an average purchase price of 9.4% of face value. The amount invested in receivable portfolios increased $30.3 million, or 21.2%, compared with the $142.7 million invested during the three months ended June 30, 2021, to acquire receivable portfolios with face values aggregating $1.2 billion, for an average purchase price of 12.4% of face value.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we invested $342.5 million to acquire receivable portfolios, with face values aggregating $3.0 billion, for an average purchase price of 11.3% of face value. The amount invested in receivable portfolios increased $29.6 million, or 9.5%, compared with the $312.9 million invested during the six months ended June 30, 2021, to acquire receivable portfolios with face values aggregating $2.5 billion, for an average purchase price of 12.6% of face value.

In the United States, portfolio purchases increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the corresponding period in the prior year. The majority of our deployments in the U.S. came from forward flow agreements, and the timing, contract duration, and volumes for each contract can fluctuate leading to variation when comparing to prior periods. Portfolio purchases in the U.S. are still lower than pre-pandemic levels as a result of a decrease in supply, which we believe is temporary.

In Europe, portfolio purchases increased slightly during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. Portfolio purchases in Europe remain below pre-pandemic average levels. In the UK, bank delinquencies remain at relatively low levels, and the level of outstanding unsecured consumer borrowings, while increasing, is still below pre-pandemic levels. The reported portfolio purchases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were subject to the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

The average purchase price, as a percentage of face value, varies from period to period depending on, among other factors, the quality of the accounts purchased and the length of time from charge-off to the time we purchase the portfolios.

During the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we invested $22.9 million and $1.2 million in REO assets, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we invested $35.2 million and $3.6 million in REO assets, respectively.

Collections from Purchased Receivables by Channel and Geographic Location

We utilize three channels for the collection of our purchased receivables: call center and digital collections; legal collections; and collection agencies. The call center and digital collections channel consists of collections that result from our call centers, direct mail program and online collections. The legal collections channel consists of collections that result from our internal legal channel or from our network of retained law firms. The collection agencies channel consists of collections from third party collections agencies to whom we pay a fee or commission. We utilize this channel to supplement capacity in our internal call centers, to service accounts in regions where we do not have collections operations or for accounts purchased where we maintain the collection agency servicing relationship. The following table summarizes the total collections by collection channel and geographic area during the periods presented (in thousands):

Gross collections from purchased receivables decreased by $114.7 million, or 18.7%, to $497.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022, from $612.4 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021. Gross collections from purchased receivables decreased by $201.8 million, or 16.6%, to $1,017.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, from $1,218.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

The decreases in collections from purchased receivables in the United States during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year, were primarily a result of an unusually high level of collections in the year ago period resulting from changes in consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The decreases were also a result of lower purchasing volumes in recent periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes in consumer behavior that resulted from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, while more prevalent a year ago, continued through the quarter. Even though we believe the pandemic-related drivers of this changed behavior are waning, in the second quarter we continued to see over-performance compared to our collections expectations.

The decreases in collections from purchased receivables in Europe during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year, were primarily due to lower purchasing volumes in recent periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the unfavorable impact from foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

Results of Operations

Results of operations, in dollars and as a percentage of total revenues, were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):

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Comparison of Results of Operations

Revenues

Our revenues primarily include debt purchasing revenue, which is revenue recognized from engaging in debt purchasing and recovery activities. We apply our charge-off policy and fully write-off the amortized costs (i.e., face value net of noncredit discount) of the individual receivables we acquire immediately after purchasing the portfolio. We then record a negative allowance that represents the present value of all expected future recoveries for pools of receivables that share similar risk characteristics using a discounted cash flow approach, which is presented as “Investment in receivable portfolios, net” in our consolidated statements of financial condition. The discount rate is an effective interest rate (or “purchase EIR”) established based on the purchase price of the portfolio and the expected future cash flows at the time of purchase.

Debt purchasing revenue includes two components:

(1) Revenue from receivable portfolios, which is the accretion of the discount on the negative allowance due to the passage of time (generally the portfolio balance multiplied by the EIR), and

(2) Changes in recoveries, which includes

(a) Recoveries above (below) forecast, which is the difference between (i) actual cash collected/recovered during the current period and (ii) expected cash recoveries for the current period, which generally represents over or under performance for the period; and

(b) Changes in expected future recoveries, which is the present value change of expected future recoveries, where such change generally results from (i) collections “pulled forward from” or “pushed out to” future periods (i.e.

amounts either collected early or expected to be collected later) and (ii) magnitude and timing changes to estimates of expected future collections (which can be increases or decreases).

Certain pools already fully recovered their cost basis and became zero basis portfolios (“ZBA”) prior to our adoption of CECL. We did not establish a negative allowance for these pools as we elected the Transition Resource Group for Credit Losses’ practical expedient to retain the integrity of these legacy pools. Similar to how we treated ZBA collections prior to the adoption of CECL, all subsequent collections to the ZBA pools are recognized as ZBA revenue, which is included in revenue from receivable portfolios in our consolidated statements of income.

Servicing revenue consists primarily of fee-based income earned on accounts collected on behalf of others, primarily credit originators. We earn fee-based income by providing debt servicing (such as early stage collections, BPO, contingent collections, trace services and litigation activities) to credit originators for non-performing loans in Europe.

Other revenues primarily include revenues recognized from the sale of real estate assets that are acquired as a result of our investments in non-performing secured residential mortgage portfolios and real estate assets in Europe and LAAP.

The following table summarizes revenues for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):

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Our operating results are impacted by foreign currency translation, which represents the effect of translating operating results where the functional currency is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has an unfavorable impact on our international revenues, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has a favorable impact on our international revenues. Our revenues were unfavorably impacted by foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound by 11.2% during the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021 and by 7.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021.

The decreases in revenue recognized from portfolio basis during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily due to a lower portfolio basis (i.e., a lower investment in receivable balance) driven by a lower volume of purchases.

As discussed above, ZBA revenue represents collections from our legacy ZBA pools. We expect our ZBA revenue to continue to decline as we collect on these legacy pools. We do not expect to have new ZBA pools in the future.

Recoveries above or below forecast represent over and under-performance in the reporting period. Collections during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 outperformed the projected cash flows. We believe the collection over-performance was a result of changes in consumer behavior and our liquidation improvement initiatives.

When reassessing the forecasts of expected lifetime recoveries during the three months ended June 30, 2022, management considered historical and current collection performance, and believes that for certain static pools sustained collections over-performance resulted in increased total expected recoveries. As a result, we have updated our forecast, resulting in a net increase of total estimated remaining collections which in turn, when discounted to present value, resulted in a positive change in expected future period recoveries of approximately $15.2 million and $136.1 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded approximately $43.2 million and $90.1 million, respectively, in negative change in expected future period recoveries.

The following tables summarize collections from purchased receivables, revenue from receivable portfolios, end of period receivable balance and other related supplemental data, by year of purchase (in thousands, except percentages):

(1) Portfolio balance includes non-accrual pool groups. The EIR presented is only for pool groups that accrete portfolio revenue.

(2) All portfolios are on non-accrual basis. Annual pool groups for other geographies have been aggregated for disclosure purposes.

(1) Portfolio balance includes non-accrual pool groups. The EIR presented is only for pool groups that accrete portfolio revenue.

(1) Portfolio balance includes non-accrual pool groups. The EIR presented is only for pool groups that accrete portfolio revenue.

(1) Portfolio balance includes non-accrual pool groups. The EIR presented is only for pool groups that accrete portfolio revenue.

Servicing revenues during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased as compared to servicing revenues during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The decreases were primarily attributable to reduced service demand from BPO clients and the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation, which was primarily the result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

Other revenues increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year, primarily driven by the increased sale of real estate assets, the increases were partially offset by the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation, which was primarily the result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound and Euro.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes operating expenses for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):

Our operating results are impacted by foreign currency translation, which represents the effect of translating operating results where the functional currency is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has a favorable impact on our international operating expenses, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has an unfavorable impact on our international operating expenses. Our operating expenses were favorably impacted by foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound by approximately 11.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, and by approximately 7.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Operating expenses are explained in more detail as follows:

Salaries and Employee Benefits

The increases in salaries and employee benefits during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily due to the following reasons:

• Increased salaries due to market adjustments;
• The increases were partially offset by decrease of headcount in our international locations and the favorable impact of foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

Cost of Legal Collections

Cost of legal collections primarily includes contingent fees paid to our external network of attorneys and the cost of litigation. We pursue legal collections using a network of attorneys that specialize in collection matters and through our internal legal channel. Under the agreements with our contracted attorneys, we advance certain out-of-pocket court costs. Cost of legal collections does not include internal legal channel employee costs, which are included in salaries and employee benefits in our consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes our cost of legal collections during the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):

The decreases of cost of legal collections during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, were primarily due to the following reasons:

• Decreased legal collection fees driven by decreased legal channel collections;
• Decreased court costs due to fewer placements in the legal collection channel;
• Favorable impact of foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

General and Administrative Expenses

The increases in general and administrative expense during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily due to the following reasons:

• Increased general and administrative expense associated with our return to the office initiatives.
• The increase was partially offset by the favorable impact of foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to reduced expenditures for postage and printing and the favorable impact of foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

Collection Agency Commissions

Collection agency commissions are commissions paid to third-party collection agencies. Collections through the collections agencies channel are predominately in Europe and vary from period to period depending on, among other things, the number of accounts placed with an agency versus accounts collected internally. Commission rates vary depending on, among other things, the amount of time that has passed since the charge-off of the accounts placed with an agency, the asset class, and the geographic location of the receivables. Generally, freshly charged-off accounts have a lower commission rate than accounts that have been charged off for a longer period of time, and commission rates for purchased bankruptcy portfolios are lower than the commission rates for charged-off credit card accounts.

Depreciation and Amortization

The decreases in depreciation and amortization expense during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily related to the favorable impact of foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

Interest Expense

The following tables summarize our interest expense (in thousands, except percentages):

The decreases in interest expense during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were primarily due to the following reasons:

• Lower average debt balances;
• Decreased interest rates as a result of various refinancing transactions in recent periods;
• The favorable impact of foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound and Euro.

Other Income

Other income or expense consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains or losses, interest income, and gains or losses recognized on certain transactions outside of our normal course of business. Other income was $1.8 million and $0.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other income was 2.2 million and $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes and effective tax rate are as follows for the periods presented ($ in thousands):

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the difference between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate was primarily due to the proportion of income earned in higher tax rate jurisdictions compared to lower tax rate jurisdictions. For the three months ended June 30, 2021, the difference between our effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate was primarily due to a tax benefit recognized on the U.K. tax rate adjustment which passed legislation in Q2 2021, and is effective from April 2023.

Non-GAAP Disclosure

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. Management believes that the presentation of such non-GAAP financial information is meaningful and useful in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

Management believes that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments, and amortization methods, which provide a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position, and prospects for the future. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of, our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of these measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted EBITDA. Management utilizes adjusted EBITDA (defined as net income before interest income and expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses, acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses, and other charges or gains that are not indicative of ongoing operations), in the evaluation of our operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented is as follows (in thousands):

(1) Amount represents acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses. We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore, adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.

(2) Collections applied to principal balance is calculated in the table below:

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Supplemental Performance Data

The tables included in this supplemental performance data section include detail for purchases, collections and ERC by year of purchase.

Our collection expectations are based on account characteristics and economic variables. Additional adjustments are made to account for qualitative factors that may affect the payment behavior of our consumers and servicing related adjustments to ensure our collection expectations are aligned with our operations. We continue to refine our process of forecasting collections both domestically and internationally with a focus on operational enhancements. Our collection expectations vary between types of portfolio and geographic location. For example, in the U.K., due to the higher concentration of payment plans, as compared to the U.S. and other locations in Europe, we expect to receive streams of collections over longer periods of time. As a result, past performance of pools in certain geographic locations or of certain types of portfolio are not necessarily a suitable indicator of future results in other locations or for other types of portfolio.

The supplemental performance data presented in this section is impacted by foreign currency translation, which represents the effect of translating financial results where the functional currency of our foreign subsidiary is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency. For example, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has an unfavorable reporting impact on our international purchases, collections, and ERC, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has a favorable impact on our international purchases, collections, and ERC.

We utilize proprietary forecasting models to continuously evaluate the economic life of each pool.

Cumulative Collections Money Multiple - Cumulative Collections from Purchased Receivables to Purchase Price Multiple

The following table summarizes our receivable purchases, related gross collections, and cumulative collections money multiples (in thousands, except multiples):

(1) Adjusted for Put-Backs and Recalls. Put-Backs (“Put-Backs”) and recalls (“Recalls”) represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreement.

(2) Cumulative collections from inception through June 30, 2022, excluding collections on behalf of others.

(3) Cumulative Collections Money Multiple (“CCMM”) through June 30, 2022 refers to cumulative collections as a multiple of purchase price.

Purchase Price Multiple - Total Estimated Collections from Purchased Receivables to Purchase Price Multiple

The following table summarizes our purchases, resulting historical gross collections, estimated remaining gross collections from purchased receivables, and purchase price multiple (in thousands, except multiples):

(1) Purchase price refers to the cash paid to a seller to acquire a portfolio less Put-backs, Recalls, and other adjustments. Put-Backs and Recalls represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreement.

(2) Cumulative collections from inception through June 30, 2022, excluding collections on behalf of others.

(3) Purchase Price Multiple represents total estimated gross collections divided by the purchase price.

(4) Includes portfolios acquired in connection with certain business combinations.

Estimated Remaining Gross Collections by Year of Purchase

The following table summarizes our estimated remaining gross collections from purchased receivable portfolios and estimated future cash flows from real estate-owned assets (in thousands):

(1) As of June 30, 2022, ERC for Zero Basis Portfolios include approximately $75.7 million for purchased consumer and bankruptcy receivables in the United States. ERC for Zero Basis Portfolios in Europe and other geographies was immaterial. ERC also includes approximately $56.2 million from cost recovery portfolios, primarily in other geographies.

(2) Represents the expected remaining gross cash collections over a 180-month period. As of June 30, 2022, ERC for 84-month and 120-month periods were:

(3) Amount for 2022 consists of six months data from July 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022.

(4) Includes portfolios acquired in connection with certain business combinations.

(6) Real estate-owned assets ERC includes approximately $116.6 million and $1.5 million of estimated future cash flows for Europe and Other Geographies, respectively.

Estimated Future Collections Applied to Investment in Receivable Portfolios

As of June 30, 2022, we had $3.0 billion in investment in receivable portfolios. The estimated future collections applied to the investment in receivable portfolios net balance is as follows (in thousands):

(1) Amount for 2022 consists of six months data from July 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022.

Cash Efficiency Margin

Cash efficiency margin facilitates a comparison of cash receipts to operating expenses and enhances visibility into operating expense management. The following table summarizes our cash efficiency margin calculation for the periods indicated (in thousands, except for percentages):

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Purchases by Quarter

The following table summarizes the receivable portfolios we purchased by quarter, and the respective purchase prices and fair value (in thousands):

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

The following table summarizes our cash flow activities for the periods presented (in thousands):

(Unaudited)

Operating Cash Flows

Cash flows from operating activities represent the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $98.5 million and $149.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Operating cash flows are derived by adjusting net income for non-cash operating items such as depreciation and amortization, changes in recoveries, stock-based compensation charges, and changes in operating assets and liabilities which reflect timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash associated with transactions and when they are recognized in results of operations.

Investing Cash Flows

Cash flows relating to investing activities is primarily affected by receivable portfolio purchases offset by collection proceeds applied to the investment in receivable portfolios.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $35.1 million and $240.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Receivable portfolio purchases, net of put-backs, were $337.9 million and $306.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Collection proceeds applied to the investment in receivable portfolios, were $406.7 million and $552.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Financing Cash Flows

Financing cash flows are generally affected by borrowings under our credit facilities and proceeds from various debt offerings, offset by repayments of amounts outstanding under our credit facilities and repayments of various notes.

Net cash used in financing activities was $155.6 million and $369.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Borrowings under our credit facilities were $446.9 million and $358.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Repayments of amounts outstanding under our credit facilities were $298.7 million and $511.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We paid $221.2 million and $161.0 million to settle our convertible senior notes using cash on hand and drawings under our Global Senior Facility during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Capital Resources

Historically, we have met our cash requirements by utilizing our cash flows from operations, cash collections from our investment in receivable portfolios, bank borrowings, debt offerings, and equity offerings. Depending on the capital markets, we consider additional financings to fund our operations and acquisitions. Our primary capital resources are cash collections from our investment in receivable portfolios and bank borrowings. From time to time, we may repurchase outstanding debt or equity and/or restructure or refinance debt obligations. Our primary cash requirements have included the purchase of receivable portfolios, entity acquisitions, operating expenses, the payment of interest and principal on borrowings, and the payment of income taxes.

We are in material compliance with all covenants under our financing arrangements. See “Note 7: Borrowings” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our debt. Available capacity under our Global Senior Facility, after taking into account applicable debt covenants, was $575.5 million as of June 30, 2022.

Our Board of Directors has approved a $300.0 million share repurchase program. Repurchases under this program are expected to be made from cash on hand and/or a drawing from our Global Senior Facility and may be made from time to time, subject to market conditions and other factors, in the open market, through private transactions, block transactions, or other methods as determined by our management and Board of Directors, and in accordance with market conditions, other corporate considerations, and applicable regulatory requirements. The program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock, and it may be modified or suspended at our discretion. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we repurchased 424,091 and 823,613 shares of our common stock for approximately $25.1 million and $50.7 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company repurchased 604,995 and 1,122,855 shares of its common stock for approximately $27.0 million and $47.4 million, respectively. Our practice is to retire the shares repurchased.

Our cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2022 consisted of $18.4 million held by U.S.-based entities and $135.9 million held by foreign entities. Most of our cash and cash equivalents held by foreign entities is indefinitely reinvested and may be subject to material tax effects if repatriated. However, we believe that our sources of cash and liquidity are sufficient to meet our business needs in the United States and do not expect that we will need to repatriate the funds.

Included in cash and cash equivalents is cash that was collected on behalf of, and remains payable to, third-party clients. The balance of cash held for clients was $19.2 million as of June 30, 2022.

Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, timing of cash collections from our consumers, and other risks detailed in our Risk Factors. However, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months, given our expectation of continued positive cash flows from operations, cash collections from our investment in receivable portfolios, our cash and cash equivalents, our access to capital markets, and availability under our credit facilities. Our future cash needs will depend on our acquisitions of portfolios and businesses.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Refer to “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” contained in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for a complete discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rates. As of June 30, 2022, there had not been a material change in any of the foreign currency risk information disclosed in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Interest Rates. As of June 30, 2022, there had not been a material change in the interest rate risk information disclosed in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Attached as exhibits to this Form 10-Q are the certifications required by Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This section includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based upon that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of June 30, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of such date due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting that was disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Remediation

As previously described in Part II, Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, we began implementing a remediation plan to address the material weakness mentioned above. The weakness will not be considered remediated, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect that the remediation of this material weakness will be completed no later than December 31, 2022.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Except for the additional risk factor set forth below, there is no material change in the information reported under “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and “Part II-Item 1A-Risk Factors” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

We may not be able to recruit and retain key employees and workers in a competitive labor market.

If we cannot successfully recruit and retain key employees and workers or if we experience the unexpected loss of those employees, our operations may be negatively affected. In addition, cost inflation may require us to enhance our compensation in order to compete effectively in the hiring and retention of employees.