Public Service Co of New Mexico: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2023

THE COMPANY

Overview

PNMR is an investor-owned holding company with two regulated utilities serving approximately 824,000 residential, commercial, and industrial customers and end-users of electricity in New Mexico and Texas. PNMR’s electric utilities are PNM and TNMP. PNMR strives to create a clean and bright energy future for customers, communities, and shareholders. PNMR’s strategy and decision-making are focused on safely providing reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible power built on a foundation of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) principles.

PNMR is focused on achieving three key financial objectives:

• Earning authorized returns on regulated businesses
• Delivering at or above industry-average earnings and dividend growth
• Maintaining investment grade credit ratings

In conjunction with these objectives, PNM and TNMP are dedicated to:

• Maintaining strong employee safety, plant performance, and system reliability
• Delivering a superior customer experience
• Demonstrating environmental stewardship in business operations, including transitioning to an emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040
• Supporting the communities in their service territories

PNMR’s success in accomplishing its financial objectives is highly dependent on two key factors: fair and timely regulatory treatment for its utilities and the utilities’ strong operating performance. The Company has multiple strategies in place to achieve favorable regulatory treatment, all of which have as their foundation a focus on the basics: safety, operational excellence, and customer satisfaction, while engaging stakeholders to build productive relationships. The Company believes that maintaining strong and modern electric infrastructure is critical to ensuring reliability and supporting economic growth. PNM and TNMP strive to balance service affordability with infrastructure investment to maintain a high level of electric reliability and to deliver a safe and superior customer experience.

Both PNM and TNMP seek cost recovery for their investments through general rate cases, periodic cost of service filings, and various rate riders. Additional information about rate filings is provided in Operations and Regulation below and in Note 17.

PNMR’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol PNM. PNMR was incorporated in the State of New Mexico in 2000.

On August 25, 2023, PNM formed PNM Energy Transition Bond Company I, LLC (“ETBC I”), a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary for the limited purpose of purchasing, owning, and administering energy transition property, issuing Securitized Bonds, and performing related activities.

Other Information

These filings for PNMR, PNM, and TNMP include disclosures for each entity. For discussion purposes, this report uses the term “Company” when discussing matters of common applicability to PNMR, PNM, and TNMP. Discussions regarding only PNMR, PNM, or TNMP are so indicated. A reference to “MD&A” in this report refers to Part II, Item 7. – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. A reference to a “Note” refers to the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Financial information relating to amounts of revenue, net earnings, and total assets of reportable segments is contained in MD&A and Note 2.

Merger

On October 20, 2020, PNMR, Avangrid and Merger Sub entered into the Merger Agreement pursuant to which Merger Sub would have merged with and into PNMR, with PNMR surviving the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Avangrid. The Merger Agreement provided that it may be terminated by each of PNMR and Avangrid if the Effective Time shall not have occurred by the December 31, 2023 End Date. On December 31, 2023, Avangrid informed PNMR that it was terminating the Merger Agreement effective as of December 31, 2023.

WEBSITES

The PNMR website is an important source of Company information. New or updated information for public access is routinely posted. PNMR encourages analysts, investors, and other interested parties to register on the website to automatically receive Company information by e-mail. This information includes news releases, notices of webcasts, and filings with the SEC. Participants will not receive information unless requested and can unsubscribe at any time.

Our corporate websites are:

• PNMR: www.pnmresources.com (http://www.pnmresources.com)
• PNM: www.pnm.com (http://www.pnm.com)
• TNMP: www.tnmp.com (http://www.tnmp.com)

PNMR’s corporate website includes a dedicated section providing key environmental and other sustainability information related to PNM’s and TNMP’s operations and other information that collectively demonstrates the Company’s commitment to ESG principles. This information highlights plans for PNM to have an emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040.

The contents of these websites are not a part of this Form 10-K. The SEC filings of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are accessible free of charge on the PNMR website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Reports filed with the SEC are available on its website, www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov). These reports are also available in print upon request from PNMR free of charge.

Also available on the Company’s website at https://www.pnmresources.com/esg-commitment/governance.aspx and in print upon request from any shareholder are PNMR’s:

• Corporate Governance Principles
• Code of Ethics (Do the Right Thing – Principles of Business Conduct; Supplier Code of Conduct)
• Charters of the Audit and Ethics Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee, Compensation and Human Resources Committee, and Finance Committee
• Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws

The Company will post amendments to or waivers from its code of ethics (to the extent applicable to the Company’s executive officers and directors) on its website.

OPERATIONS AND REGULATION

Regulated Operations

Electric power demand is generally seasonal. Power consumption in both New Mexico and Texas peaks during the hot summer months with revenues traditionally peaking during that period. The seasonality of demand for electricity in turn impacts the timing of plant maintenance and operating expense throughout the year. As a result, the quarterly operating results of PNMR and its operating subsidiaries vary throughout the year. In addition, unusually mild or extreme weather patterns may cause the overall operating results of the Company to fluctuate.

PNM Operational Information

PNM is an electric utility that provides electric generation, transmission, and distribution service to its rate-regulated customers. PNM was incorporated in the State of New Mexico in 1917. PNM’s retail electric service territory covers a large area of north-central New Mexico, including the cities of Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, and Santa Fe, and certain areas of southern New Mexico. Service to retail electric customers is subject to the jurisdiction of the NMPRC. The largest retail electric customer served by PNM accounted for 3.6% of its retail electric revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Other services provided by PNM include wholesale transmission services to third parties. Regulation encompasses the utility’s electric rates, service, accounting, issuances of securities, construction of major new generation, abandonment of existing generation, types of generation resources, transmission and distribution facilities, and other matters. See Notes 16 and 17 for additional information on rate cases and other regulatory matters.

Weather-normalized retail electric KWh sales decreased by 1.0% in 2023 and increased by 1.5% in 2022. The system peak demands for retail customers are as follows:

System Peak Demands

A - 2

PNM holds long-term, non-exclusive franchise agreements for its electric retail operations, with varying expiration dates. These franchise agreements allow the utility to access public rights-of-way for placement of its electric facilities. To the extent franchise agreements expire in some areas PNM serves, PNM remains obligated under New Mexico state law to provide service to customers in these areas, and therefore, the expirations should not have a material adverse impact. The Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, and Santa Fe metropolitan areas accounted for 41.6%, 7.4% and 5.9% of PNM’s 2023 revenues and no other franchise area represents more than 5%. PNM also earns revenues from its electric retail operations in its service areas that do not require franchise agreements.

PNM owns 3,428 miles of electric transmission lines that interconnect with other utilities in New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, and Utah. New Mexico is frequently characterized by its high potential for solar and wind capacity. PNM owns transmission capacity in an area of eastern New Mexico with large wind generation potential and in recent years there has been substantial interest by developers of wind generation to interconnect to PNM’s transmission system in this area.

PNM began participating in the EIM in 2021 which has generated cost savings that are passed through to customers in PNM’s FPPAC. PNM also engages in activities to optimize its existing jurisdictional assets and long-term power agreements through spot market, hour-ahead, day-ahead, week-ahead, and other sales of excess generation not required to fulfill retail load and contractual commitments. These activities have significantly increased electric operating revenues and are passed on to customers under PNM’s FPPAC with no impact to net earnings. PNM continues to evaluate opportunities that benefit customers and is exploring opportunities with the expectation of reliably achieving incrementally greater cost savings and using the region’s increasing renewable resources more efficiently. PNM supports efforts in the Western United States to expand regional market opportunities by participating in day-ahead market design initiatives and discussions on Regional Transmission Organization formation.

Regulatory Activities

NMPRC Regulated Retail Rate Proceedings

The rates PNM charges retail customers are subject to traditional rate regulation by the NMPRC. In December 2022, PNM filed the 2024 Rate Change with the NMPRC. The application proposed an increase of $63.8 million in base non-fuel revenues. The requested change primarily reflected investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure, largely offset by cost reductions resulting from PNM’s transition to lower-cost, clean generation resources including the retirement of the SJGS and expiration of leased capacity from PVNGS. The request also included updated depreciation rates for natural gas plants to align with the Company’s 2040 carbon-free portfolio goal.

On December 8, 2023, the hearing examiners in the case issued a RD. The RD proposed an increase in non-fuel revenues of $6.1 million compared to the $63.8 million increase requested by PNM. Major components of the difference in the increase in non-fuel revenues proposed in the RD, included:

• A ROE of 9.26% compared to the 10.25% requested by PNM
• Finding of prudency regarding PNM’s decision to remain in Four Corners and a remedy for the prudency to be a disallowance to PNM’s total Four Corners net book value by $84.8 million
• Approval of $51.3 million of PNM’s requested $96.3 million regulatory asset for PVNGS undepreciated investments, but disallowance of a return on the remaining $45.0 million or any CWIP associated with it
• Recommended capital structure of 49.61% equity, 50.10% debt, and 0.29% preferred stock

On January 3, 2024, the NMPRC issued a final order largely adopting the RD. The most notable difference in the final order is with regards to PVNGS. The final order requires that the regulatory liability associated with leased capacity at PVNGS after the Unit 1 lease expired on January 15, 2023, be returned to ratepayers over two years through a separate rate rider. In addition, the NMPRC had modifications that included approval of accelerated depreciation for specific gas plants, approval of PNM’s TOD pilot program, and ordered PNM to update the remedy associated with Four Corners. See Note 17.

In October 2022, PNM filed its Grid Modernization Application with the NMPRC. PNM’s proposal to modernize its electricity grid through infrastructure and technology improvements increases the efficiency, reliability, resilience, and security of PNM’s electric system. PNM’s application seeks approval of grid modernization investments of approximately $344 million for the first six years of a broader 11-year strategy. See Note 17.

PNM has a NMPRC-approved rate rider to collect costs for renewable energy procurements that are not otherwise being collected in rates. If PNM’s earned return on jurisdictional equity in a calendar year, adjusted for weather and other items not representative of normal operation, exceeds the NMPRC-approved rate by 0.5%, the rider provides that PNM would refund the excess to customers during the following year. PNM slightly exceeded the limitation in 2022 and does not expect to exceed the limitation in 2023. See Note 17. The NMPRC has also approved riders designed to allow PNM to bill and collect substantially all fuel and purchased power costs, costs of approved energy efficiency initiatives, and costs associated with enhancing transportation electrification in New Mexico.

FERC Regulated Wholesale Transmission

Rates charged to wholesale electric transmission customers, other than customers on the Western Spirit Line described below, are based on a formula rate mechanism pursuant to which rates for wholesale transmission service are calculated annually in accordance with an approved formula. The formula includes updating cost of service components, including investment in plant and operating expenses, based on information contained in PNM’s annual financial report filed with FERC, as well as including projected transmission capital projects to be placed into service in the following year. The projections included are subject to true-up in the formula rate for the following year. Certain items, including changes to return on equity and depreciation rates, require a separate filing to be made with FERC before being included in the formula rate.

The Energy Transition Act (“ETA”)

The ETA became effective in 2019. As discussed below, the ETA amends the REA and requires utilities operating in New Mexico to provide 100% zero-carbon energy by 2045. The ETA also provides for a transition from fossil-fueled generating resources to renewable and other carbon-free resources by allowing utilities to issue to qualified investors securitized bonds, or “energy transition bonds,” related to the retirement of certain coal-fired generating facilities. Proceeds from the energy transition bonds must be used to provide utility service to customers and for other costs as defined by the ETA. In 2020, the NMPRC unanimously approved the hearing examiners’ recommended decisions regarding the abandonment of SJGS and the related securitized financing under the ETA. On August 25, 2023, PNM formed ETBC I for the limited purpose of purchasing, owning, and administering energy transition property, issuing Securitized Bonds, and performing related activities. On November 15, 2023, ETBC I issued $343.2 million of Securitized Bonds and purchased energy transition property from PNM.

In early 2021, PNM filed the Four Corners Abandonment Application, which sought NMPRC approval to exit PNM’s 13% share of Four Corners as of December 31, 2024, and to issue approximately $300 million of energy transition bonds as provided by the ETA. PNM’s request provided background on the prudence of PNM’s investment in Four Corners and explained how the proposed sale and abandonment provides a net public benefit. On December 15, 2021, the NMPRC issued a final order denying approval of the Four Corners Abandonment Application and the corresponding request for issuance of securitized financing. On December 22, 2021, PNM filed a Notice of Appeal with the NM Supreme Court of the NMPRC decision to deny the application. On July 6, 2023, the NM Supreme Court issued a decision concluding that the NMPRC reasonably and lawfully denied PNM’s application for abandonment, determining that PNM did not meet its burden in challenging the NMPRC’s final order. The Company is evaluating the facts and circumstances surrounding the exit of Four Corners and will determine next steps.

Renewable Energy

The REA was enacted to encourage the development of renewable energy in New Mexico. The ETA amended the REA and requires utilities operating in New Mexico to have renewable portfolios equal to 40% by 2025, 50% by 2030, 80% by 2040, and 100% zero-carbon energy by 2045. The REA provides for streamlined proceedings for approval of utilities’ renewable energy procurement plans, provides utilities recovery of costs incurred consistent with approved procurement plans, and sets a RCT for the procurement of renewable resources to prevent excessive costs being added to rates. PNM files required renewable energy plans with the NMPRC annually and makes procurements consistent with the plans approved by the NMPRC. See Note 17.

TNMP

Operational Information

TNMP is a regulated utility operating and incorporated in the State of Texas. TNMP’s predecessor was organized in 1925. TNMP provides transmission and distribution services in Texas under the provisions of TECA and the Texas Public Utility Regulatory Act. TNMP is subject to traditional cost-of-service regulation with respect to rates and service under the jurisdiction of the PUCT and certain municipalities. TNMP’s transmission and distribution activities are solely within ERCOT, which is the independent system operator responsible for maintaining reliable operations for the bulk electric power supply system in most of Texas. Therefore, TNMP is not subject to traditional rate regulation by FERC. TNMP serves a market of small to medium sized communities, most of which have populations of less than 50,000. TNMP is the exclusive provider of transmission and distribution services in most areas it serves.

TNMP’s service territory consists of three non-contiguous areas. One portion of this territory extends from Lewisville, which is approximately 10 miles north of the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, eastward to municipalities near the Red River, and to communities north, west, and south of Fort Worth. The second portion of its service territory includes the area along the Texas Gulf Coast between Houston and Galveston, and the third portion includes areas of far west Texas between Midland and El Paso. TNMP owns 1,026 miles of electric transmission lines that interconnect with other utilities in Texas. There has been a significant increase in interconnection requests and cryptocurrency mining applications on the TNMP system, which has necessitated new transmission stations, upgrades at existing stations, and transmission line capacity upgrades.

TNMP provides transmission and distribution services at regulated rates to various REPs that, in turn, provide retail electric service to consumers within TNMP’s service area. See Notes 16 and 17 for additional information on rate cases and other regulatory matters.

For its volumetric load consumers billed on KWh usage, TNMP was flat in its weather normalized retail KWh sales in 2023 and experienced an increase of 2.4% in 2022. For its weather normalized demand-based load, excluding retail transmission consumers, TNMP experienced an increase of 14.1% in 2023 and an increase of 17.3% in 2022. As of December 31, 2023, 116 active REPs receive transmission and distribution services from TNMP. In 2023, the three largest REPs accounted for 25%, 19%, and 11% of TNMP’s operating revenues. No other consumer accounted for more than 10% of revenues.

TNMP holds long-term, non-exclusive franchise agreements for its electric transmission and distribution services. These agreements have varying expiration dates, and some have expired. TNMP intends to negotiate and execute new or amended franchise agreements with municipalities where the agreements have expired or will be expiring. Since TNMP is the exclusive provider of transmission and distribution services in most areas that it serves, the need to renew or renegotiate franchise agreements should not have a material adverse impact. TNMP also earns revenues from service provided to facilities in its service area that lie outside the territorial jurisdiction of the municipalities with which TNMP has franchise agreements.

Regulatory Activities

The rates TNMP charges customers are subject to traditional rate regulation by the PUCT. On January 1, 2019, TNMP implemented a PUCT order in TNMP’s 2018 Rate Case to increase annual base rates by $10.0 million based on a ROE of 9.65%, a cost of debt of 6.44%, and a capital structure comprised of 55% debt and 45% equity. The increase reflects the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate to 21.0%. Under the approved settlement stipulation TNMP was granted authority to update depreciation rates and refund the regulatory liability related to federal tax reform to customers.

The PUCT has approved mechanisms that allow TNMP to recover capital invested in transmission and distribution projects without having to file a general rate case. The PUCT approved interim adjustments to TNMP’s transmission rates of $14.2 million in March 2022, $5.3 million in September 2022, $19.4 million in May 2023, and $4.2 million in September 2023. On January 25, 2024, TNMP filed an application to further update its transmission rates, which would increase revenues by $13.1 million annually. The application is pending before the PUCT. The PUCT approved interim adjustments to TNMP’s distribution revenue requirement of $6.8 million in September 2022 and $14.5 million in September 2023. In the 2023 Texas Legislative sessions a bill was passed that will now permit DCRF proceedings to be filed twice per year, shortening the regulatory timeframe for the proceedings. The PUCT also approved rate riders that allow TNMP to recover amounts related to energy efficiency and third-party transmission costs.

Corporate and Other

The Corporate and Other segment includes PNMR holding company activities, primarily related to corporate level debt and the activities of PNMR Services Company. PNMR Services Company provides corporate services through shared services agreements to PNMR and all of PNMR’s business units, including PNM and TNMP. These services are charged and billed at cost on a monthly basis to the business units. The activities of PNMR Development and NMRD are also included in Corporate and Other.

SOURCES OF POWER

PNM

Generation Capacity

As of December 31, 2023, the total net generation capacity of facilities owned or leased by PNM was 1,672 MW. PNM also obtains power under long-term PPAs for the power produced by Valencia, New Mexico Wind, Red Mesa Wind, Casa Mesa Wind, La Joya Wind I and II, the Lightning Dock Geothermal facility, the Solar Direct solar facility, the Route 66 solar facility, and the NMRD-owned solar facilities. In addition, PNM has battery storage agreements which went into effect in 2023.

PNM’s capacity in electric generating facilities, which are owned, leased, under PPAs or battery storage agreements, in commercial operation as of December 31, 2023 is:

1 In January 2024, leased capacity of 10 MW in PVNGS Unit 2 expired and the rights to the capacity were acquired by SRP from the lessors. Subsequently, PNM’s interest in PVNGS represents 7.3% and 288 MW.

Renewables

In addition to PNM’s owned solar facilities, PNM has a customer distributed solar generation program that represented 281.6 MW at December 31, 2023. PNM enters into battery storage agreements and purchases renewable power under long-term PPAs, all currently having expiration dates beginning in January 2035 and extending through May 2047. The NMPRC has approved plans for PNM to procure energy and RECs from additional renewable resources to serve retail customers and a data center located in PNM’s service territory, including the portfolio to replace SJGS and the PVNGS Leased Interest Abandonment Application. If adjusted for these approved plans, the table above would reflect the percentage of generation capacity from fossil-fueled resources of 27.0%, from nuclear resources of 6.5%, and from renewable resources of 66.5%. In addition, PNM has filed an application with the NMPRC seeking approval of resources to be available for the 2026 summer peak, which are necessary for PNM to safely and reliably meet its projected system load. These renewable resources are key for PNM to meet the RPS and related regulations that require PNM to achieve prescribed levels of energy sales from renewable sources, including those set by the ETA, without exceeding cost requirements.

These resources and their currently expected operation dates are as follows:

Fossil‑Fueled Plants

SJGS was a four-unit coal-fired plant operated by PNM, the last of which (Unit 4) was retired in September 2022.

Four Corners Units 4 and 5 are 13% owned by PNM. These units are jointly owned with APS, SRP, Tucson, and NTEC, and are operated by APS. PNM had no ownership interest in Four Corners Units 1, 2, or 3, which were shut down by APS in 2013. The Four Corners plant site is located on land within the Navajo Nation and is subject to an easement from the federal government. APS, on behalf of the Four Corners participants, negotiated amendments to extend the owners’ right to operate the plant on the site to July 2041. In June 2021, APS and the owners of Four Corners entered into agreements to operate Four Corners seasonally beginning in Fall 2023, subject to the necessary approvals including PNM’s Four Corners Abandonment Application at the NMPRC. Under seasonal operations, a single unit would remain online year-round, subject to market conditions as well as planned maintenance outages and unplanned outages. In addition, the other unit would be operational throughout the summer season when customer demand is the highest. In the third quarter of 2023, APS notified the other participant owners of Four Corners of their intent to request normal operations between November 1, 2023 and May 31, 2024. PNM filed the Four Corners Abandonment Application, which sought NMPRC approval to exit PNM’s 13% share of Four Corners as of December 31, 2024, which was denied by the NMPRC. See Note 17.

PNM owns 100% of Reeves, Afton, Rio Bravo, Lordsburg, and La Luz and one-third of Luna. The remaining interests in Luna are owned equally by Tucson and Samchully Power & Utilities 1, LLC. PNM is also entitled to the entire output of Valencia under a PPA. Reeves, Lordsburg, Rio Bravo, La Luz, and Valencia are used primarily for peaking power and transmission support. As discussed in Note 10, Valencia is a variable interest entity and is consolidated by PNM.

Nuclear Plant

PNM is participating in the three units of PVNGS with APS (the operating agent), SRP, EPE, SCE, SCPPA, and the Department of Water and Power of the City of Los Angeles. Currently, PNM has ownership interests of 2.3% in Unit 1, 9.4% in Unit 2, and 10.2% in Unit 3.

In 2021, PNM and SRP entered into an Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement, pursuant to which PNM agreed to sell to SRP certain PNM-owned assets and nuclear fuel necessary to the ongoing operation and maintenance of leased capacity in PVNGS Unit 1 and Unit 2, which SRP has agreed to acquire from the lessors upon termination of the existing leases. The proposed transaction between PNM and SRP received all necessary approvals, and in January 2023, the Unit 1 leases expired and PNM relinquished the associated 7.9% entitlement share of the power and energy generated by Unit 1. The remaining Unit 2 lease expired in January 2024 and PNM relinquished the associated 0.8% entitlement share of the power and energy generated by Unit 2. See Notes 16 and 17 for information on other PVNGS matters including the PVNGS Leased Interest Abandonment Application and Note 8 for additional information concerning the PVNGS leases.

Purchased Power

A summary of purchased power, excluding Valencia, is as follows:

Plant Operating Statistics

Equivalent availability of PNM’s major base-load generating stations was:

Joint Projects

SJGS, PVNGS, Four Corners, and Luna are joint projects each owned or leased by several different entities. Some participants in the joint projects are investor-owned entities, while others are privately, municipally, or co-operatively owned. Furthermore, participants in SJGS had varying percentage interest in different generating units within the project and have different percentage interest with respect to plant decommissioning and coal mine reclamation obligations.

The primary operating or participation agreements for the other joint projects expire July 2041 for Four Corners, December 2046 for Luna, and November 2047 for PVNGS. As described above, Four Corners is located on land within the Navajo Nation and is subject to an easement from the federal government.

It is possible that other participants in the joint projects have circumstances and objectives that have changed from those existing at the time of becoming participants. The status of these joint projects is further complicated by the uncertainty surrounding the form of potential legislation and/or regulation of GHG, other air emissions, and CCRs, as well as the impacts of the costs of compliance and operational viability of all or certain units within the joint projects. It is unclear how these factors will enter into discussions and negotiations concerning the status of the joint projects as the expiration of basic operational agreements approaches. PNM can provide no assurance that its participation in the joint projects will continue in the manner that currently exists.

TNMP

TNMP provides only transmission and distribution services and does not sell power.

FUEL

PNM

The percentages (on the basis of KWh) of PNM’s generation of electricity, including Valencia, fueled by coal, nuclear fuel, and gas and oil, and the average costs to PNM of those fuels per MMBTU were as follows:

In 2023 and 2022, 5.0% and 4.1% of PNM’s generation was from utility-owned solar, which has no fuel cost. Due to locally available natural gas, the utilization of locally available coal deposits, and the generally adequate supply of nuclear fuel, PNM believes that adequate sources of fuel are available for its generating stations into the foreseeable future. PNM recovers substantially all of its fuel and purchased power costs through the FPPAC.

Coal

Substantially all of PNM’s coal costs are passed on to PNM’s customers under the FPPAC. Four Corners obtains its coal requirements from a mine near the plant. The coal supply arrangement for Four Corners runs through July 6, 2031 and provides for pricing adjustments over its term based on economic indices.

See Note 16 for additional information about PNM’s coal supply arrangements. See Note 17 for additional information about PNM’s SJGS Abandonment Application, PNM’s Four Corners Abandonment Application, and PNM’s IRP, which all focus on a carbon-free electricity portfolio by 2040.

Natural Gas

The natural gas used as fuel for the electric generating plants is procured on the open market and delivered by third-party transportation providers. The supply of natural gas can be subject to disruptions due to extreme weather events and/or pipeline or facility outages. PNM has contracted for firm gas transmission capacity to minimize the potential for disruptions due to extreme weather events. Certain of PNM’s natural gas plants are generally used as peaking resources that are highly relied upon during seasonally high load periods and/or during periods of extreme weather, which also may be the times natural gas has the highest demand from other users. Substantially all of PNM’s natural gas costs are recovered through the FPPAC.

Nuclear Fuel and Waste

PNM is one of several participants in PVNGS. The PVNGS participants are continually identifying their future nuclear fuel resource needs and negotiating arrangements to fill those needs. The PVNGS participants have contracted for 100% of PVNGS’s requirements for uranium concentrates through 2026 and an average of 60% through 2028. Additional needed supplies are covered through existing inventories or spot market transactions. For conversion services, 100% are contracted through 2026 and an average of 80% through 2028. Additional needed conversion services are covered through existing inventories or spot market transactions. For enrichment services, 80% is contracted through 2026. For fuel assembly fabrication 100% is contracted through 2027.

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 required the DOE to begin to accept, transport, and dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste generated by the nation’s nuclear power plants by 1998. The DOE’s obligations are reflected in a contract with each nuclear power plant. The DOE failed to begin accepting spent nuclear fuel by 1998. APS (on behalf of itself and the other PVNGS participants) pursued legal actions for which settlements were reached. See Note 16 for information concerning these actions.

The DOE had planned to meet its disposal obligations by designing, licensing, constructing, and operating a permanent geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. In March 2010, the DOE filed a motion to dismiss with prejudice its Yucca Mountain construction authorization application that was pending before the NRC. Several legal proceedings followed challenging DOE’s withdrawal of its Yucca Mountain construction authorization application. None of these lawsuits have been conclusively decided. However, the DC Circuit ordered the NRC to resume its review of the application. The results of the NRC’s review publications do not signal whether or when the NRC might authorize construction of the repository.

All spent nuclear fuel from PVNGS is being stored on-site. PVNGS has sufficient capacity at its on-site ISFSI to store all of the nuclear fuel that will be irradiated during the initial operating license periods, which end in December 2027. Additionally, PVNGS has sufficient capacity at its on-site ISFSI to store a portion of the fuel that will be irradiated during the extended license periods, which end in November 2047. If uncertainties regarding the U.S. government’s obligation to accept and store spent fuel are not favorably resolved, the PVNGS participants will evaluate alternative storage solutions. These may obviate the need to expand the ISFSI to accommodate all of the fuel that will be irradiated during the extended license periods.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

Electric utilities are subject to stringent laws and regulations for protection of the environment by local, state, federal, and tribal authorities. In addition, PVNGS is subject to the jurisdiction of the NRC, which has the authority to issue permits and licenses and to regulate nuclear facilities in order to protect the health and safety of the public from radioactive hazards and to conduct environmental reviews. The liabilities under these laws and regulations can be material. In some instances, liabilities may be imposed without regard to fault, or may be imposed for past acts, whether or not such acts were lawful at the time they occurred. See MD&A – Other Issues Facing the Company – Climate Change Issues for information on GHG. In addition, Note 16 contains information related to the following matters, incorporated in this item by reference:

• PVNGS Decommissioning Funding
• Nuclear Spent Fuel and Waste Disposal
• The Energy Transition Act
• Environmental Matters under the caption “The Clean Air Act”
• Cooling Water Intake Structures
• Effluent Limitation Guidelines
• Santa Fe Generating Station
• Environmental Matters under the caption “Coal Combustion Residuals Waste Disposal”

COMPETITION

Regulated utilities are generally not subject to competition from other utilities in areas that are under the jurisdiction of state regulatory commissions. In New Mexico, PNM does not have direct competition for services provided to its retail electric customers. In Texas, TNMP is not currently in any direct retail competition with any other regulated electric utility. However, PNM and TNMP are subject to customer conservation and energy efficiency activities, as well as initiatives to utilize alternative energy sources, including self-generation, or otherwise bypass the PNM and TNMP systems.

PNM is subject to varying degrees of competition in certain territories adjacent to or within the areas it serves. This competition comes from other utilities in its region as well as rural electric cooperatives and municipal utilities. PNM is involved in the generation and sale of electricity into the wholesale market to serve its New Mexico retail customers. PNM is subject to competition from regional utilities and merchant power suppliers with similar opportunities to generate and sell energy at market-based prices and larger trading entities that do not own or operate generating assets.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

PNM Resources depends on over 1,600 dedicated employees to deliver outstanding customer service and transform into an emissions-free generation future.

Culture

Our diverse and inclusive workforce makes the Company successful through our core values of safety, caring, and integrity. Our culture fosters an accountability and behavioral mindset to sustain shared purpose. Transparency, collaboration, and innovation create both individual and organizational focus on achieving key results. Aligned with the core value of safety, we continued an in-depth safety culture initiative with training and actionable plans integrated into leadership development. In addition, we incorporate mental and physical well-being into our culture through a robust employee wellness program.

Talent Management and Total Rewards

We seek to attract and retain a highly skilled workforce by offering competitive compensation and benefits as well as opportunities for career advancement. Total compensation packages are reviewed regularly to ensure competitiveness within the industry and consistency with performance levels. We are committed to leadership development and mentorship programs, which ensure our leaders’ success and provide diverse learning plans for all employees.

Diversity and Inclusion

Our core values also drive a culture committed to diversity and inclusion. Our diverse workforce enables the Company to provide exceptional value to our customers and stakeholders. Our 1,635 employees include 33% represented by a bargaining unit, 28% women, 55% minorities, 15% identified as disabled, and 9% veterans. Our diversity goal at the Company is for our workforce to mirror the communities we serve. To enhance diversity, we take a multi-tiered approach, including required training for all employees on topics including Americans with Disability Act and diversity in the workplace and leaders are trained in unconscious bias, incorporating diversity into our hiring process and undertaking targeted recruitment with organizations supporting diverse candidates. Compensation equity is reviewed three times per year and we perform a robust annual succession planning process, including an evaluation of our programs for diversity and inclusion.

Governance

The Board agrees that human capital management is an important component of PNM Resources’ continued growth and success, and is essential for its ability to attract, retain and develop talented and skilled employees. Management regularly reports to the Compensation Committee of the Board on human capital management topics, including corporate culture, diversity and inclusion, employee development and compensation and benefits. The Compensation Committee has oversight of talent retention and development and succession planning, and the Board provides input on important decisions in each of these areas.

Employees

The following table sets forth the number of employees of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP as of December 31, 2023:

(1) Represents employees of PNMR Services Company.

As of December 31, 2023, PNM had 333 employees in its power plant and operations areas that are currently covered by a collective bargaining agreement with the IBEW Local 611 that is in effect through April 30, 2026. As of December 31, 2023, TNMP had 207 employees represented by IBEW Local 66 covered by a collective bargaining agreement that is in effect through August 31, 2027. The wages and benefits for PNM and TNMP employees who are members of the IBEW are typically included in the rates charged to electric customers and consumers, subject to approval of the NMPRC and PUCT.

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements made in this filing that relate to future events or PNMR’s, PNM’s, or TNMP’s expectations, projections, estimates, intentions, goals, targets, and strategies are made pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Readers are cautioned that all forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and estimates and apply only as of the date of this report. PNMR, PNM, and TNMP assume no obligation to update this information.

Because actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements, PNMR, PNM, and TNMP caution readers not to place undue reliance on these statements. PNMR’s, PNM’s, and TNMP’s business, financial condition, cash flows, and operating results are influenced by many factors, which are often beyond their control, that can cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These factors, which are neither presented in order of importance nor weighted, include:

• The ability of PNM and TNMP to recover costs and earn allowed returns in regulated jurisdictions and the impact on service levels for PNM customers if the ultimate outcomes do not provide for the recovery of costs and operating and capital expenditures, as well as other impacts of federal or state regulatory and judicial actions
• The ability of the Company to successfully forecast and manage its operating and capital expenditures, including aligning expenditures with the revenue levels resulting from the ultimate outcomes of regulatory proceedings
• Uncertainty surrounding the status of PNM’s participation in jointly-owned generation projects, including the potential exit from Four Corners
• Uncertainty regarding the requirements and related costs of decommissioning power plants and reclamation of coal mines, as well as the ability to recover those costs from customers, including the potential impacts of current and future regulatory proceedings
• The impacts on the electricity usage of customers and consumers due to performance of state, regional, and national economies, energy efficiency measures, weather, seasonality, alternative sources of power, advances in technology, and other changes in supply and demand
• Uncertainty related to the potential for regulatory orders, legislation or rulemakings that provide for municipalization of utility assets or public ownership of utility assets, including generation resources, or which would delay or otherwise impact the procurement of necessary resources in a timely manner
• The Company’s ability to maintain its debt and access the financial markets in order to repay or refinance debt as it comes due and for ongoing operations and construction expenditures due to disruptions in the capital or credit markets, actions by ratings agencies, and fluctuations in interest rates resulting from any negative impacts from regulatory proceedings, actions by the Federal Reserve or geopolitical activity
• The risks associated with the cost and completion of generation, transmission, distribution, and other projects, including uncertainty related to regulatory approvals and cost recovery, the ability of counterparties to meet their obligations under certain arrangements (including renewable energy resources, approved PPAs and battery storage agreements related to replacement resources for facilities retired or for which the leases terminated), and supply chain or other outside support services that may be disrupted
• The potential unavailability of cash from PNMR’s subsidiaries due to regulatory, statutory, or contractual restrictions or subsidiary earnings or cash flows
• The performance of generating units, transmission systems, and distribution systems, which could be negatively affected by operational issues, fuel quality and supply chain issues (disruptions), unplanned outages, extreme weather conditions, wildfires, terrorism, cybersecurity breaches, and other catastrophic events, including the costs the Company may incur to repair its facilities and/or the liabilities the Company may incur to third parties in connection with such issues beyond the extent of insurance coverage
• State and federal regulation or legislation relating to environmental matters and renewable energy requirements, the resultant costs of compliance, and other impacts on the operations and economic viability of PNM’s generating plants
• State and federal regulatory, legislative, executive, and judicial decisions and actions on ratemaking, and taxes, including guidance related to the interpretation of changes in tax laws, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and other matters
• Risks related to climate change, including potential financial and reputational risks resulting from increased stakeholder scrutiny related to climate change, litigation, legislative and regulatory efforts to limit GHG, including the impacts of the ETA
• Employee workforce factors, including cost control efforts and issues arising out of collective bargaining agreements and labor negotiations with union employees
• Variability of prices and volatility and liquidity in the wholesale power and natural gas markets, including the impacts to transmission margins
• Changes in price and availability of fuel and water supplies, including the ability of the mine supplying coal to Four Corners and the companies involved in supplying nuclear fuel to provide adequate quantities of fuel
• Regulatory, financial, and operational risks inherent in the operation of nuclear facilities, including spent fuel disposal uncertainties
• The impacts of decreases in the values of marketable securities maintained in trusts to provide for decommissioning, reclamation, pension benefits, and other postretirement benefits, including potential increased volatility resulting from actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflationary concerns, and international developments
• Uncertainty surrounding counterparty performance and credit risk, including the ability of counterparties to supply fuel and perform reclamation activities and impacts to financial support provided to facilitate reclamation and decommissioning at SJGS
• The effectiveness of risk management regarding commodity transactions and counterparty risk
• The outcome of legal proceedings, including the extent of insurance coverage
• Changes in applicable accounting principles or policies

For information about the risks associated with the use of derivative financial instruments see Part II, Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

SECURITIES ACT DISCLAIMER

Certain securities described in this report have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or any state securities laws and may not be reoffered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and applicable state securities laws. This Form 10-K does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities.

The business and financial results of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond their control, including those set forth below and in MD&A, Note 16, and Note 17. For other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated in any forward-looking statement contained in this report, see Disclosure Regarding Forward Looking Statements in Item 1. Business. TNMP provides transmission and distribution services to REPs that provide electric service to consumers in TNMP’s service territories. References to customers in the risk factors discussed below also encompass the customers of these REPs who are the ultimate consumers of electricity transmitted and distributed through TNMP’s facilities.

Regulatory Risks

The profitability of PNMR’s utilities depends on being able to recover their costs through regulated rates and earn a fair return on invested capital, including investments in its generating plants. Without timely cost recovery, including recovery of undepreciated investments and the opportunity to earn a fair return on capital investments, PNMR’s liquidity and results of operations could be negatively impacted. Further, PNM and TNMP are in a period of significant capital expenditures. While increased capital investments, higher interest rates, and other costs are placing upward pressure on rates charged to customers, energy efficiency initiatives and other factors are placing downward pressure on customer usage. The combination of these matters could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.

The rates PNM charges its customers are regulated by the NMPRC and FERC. TNMP is regulated by the PUCT. The Company is in a period requiring significant capital investment and is projecting total construction expenditures for the years 2024-2028 to be $6.1 billion. PNM and TNMP anticipate a trend toward increasing costs, for which they will have to seek regulatory recovery. These costs include, or are related to, costs of asset construction for generation, transmission, and distribution systems necessary to provide electric service, as well as the cost to remove and retire existing assets, environmental compliance expenditures, regulatory mandates to acquire power from renewable resources, regulation related to nuclear safety, increased costs related to cybersecurity, increased interest costs to finance capital investments, and depreciation. If the NMPRC does not authorize appropriate recovery of any of the costs discussed above, including undepreciated generating resources at the time those resources are removed from service and fails to authorize recovery of the costs of obtaining power to replace those resources, PNM’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

At the same time costs are increasing, there are factors placing downward pressure on the demand for power, thereby reducing customer usage. These factors include changing customer behaviors, including increased emphasis on energy efficiency measures and utilization of alternative sources of power, rate design that is not driven by economics, which could influence customer behavior, unfavorable economic conditions, reduced new sources of demand, and unpredictable weather patterns. The combination of costs increasing relatively rapidly and the technologies and behaviors that are reducing energy consumption places upward pressure on the per unit prices that must be charged to recover costs. This upward pressure on unit prices could result in additional efforts by customers to reduce consumption through alternative measures. Without timely cost recovery and the authorization to earn a reasonable return on invested capital, the Company’s liquidity and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

In December 2022, PNM filed the 2024 Rate Change that included investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure for the six years between 2019 through 2024 as primary drivers of PNM’s identified revenue deficiency and a request for an ROE of 10.25%. The revenue deficiency is largely offset by cost reductions resulting from PNM’s transition to lower-cost, clean generation resources. On January 3, 2024, the NMPRC issued a final order increasing non-fuel rates by a fraction of what was requested in the application and approving an ROE of 9.26%. The final order also provided for specific disallowances of PNM’s undepreciated investments in Four Corners and PVNGS. This adverse outcome in the 2024 Rate Change could negatively impact PNM’s financial position, results of operation, and cash flows. See Note 17.

It is also possible that unsatisfactory outcomes of these matters, the financial impact of climate change regulation or legislation, other environmental regulations, the result of litigation, the adequacy and timeliness of cost recovery mechanisms, and other business considerations, could jeopardize the economic viability of certain generating facilities or the ability or willingness of individual participants to continue their participation through the periods currently contemplated in the agreements governing those facilities.

PNMR has counterparty credit risk in connection with financial support that was provided to facilitate the coal supply arrangement for SJGS. Adverse developments from these factors could have a negative impact on the business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of PNM and PNMR.

PNMR has an arrangement with a bank under which the bank has issued $30.3 million of letters of credit in favor of sureties in order for the sureties to post reclamation bonds that are required under the miner’s operating permit. The Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be negatively impacted if the current mine operator were to default on its obligations to reclaim the San Juan mine and PNMR is required to perform under the letter of credit support agreement.

PNMR’s utilities are subject to numerous comprehensive federal, state, tribal, and local environmental laws and regulations, including those related to climate change as well as increased stakeholder actions related to ESG matters and reducing GHG, which may impose significant compliance costs and may significantly limit or affect their operations and financial results.

Compliance with federal, state, tribal, and local environmental laws and regulations, including those addressing climate change, air quality, CCRs, discharges of wastewater originating from fly ash and bottom ash handling facilities, cooling water, ESG matters, GHG emissions, and other matters, may result in increased capital, operating, and other costs, particularly with regard to enforcement efforts focused on power plant emission control obligations. These costs could include remediation, containment, civil liability, and monitoring expenses. The Company cannot predict how it would be affected if existing environmental laws and regulations were to be repealed, revised, or reinterpreted, or if new environmental laws or regulations were to be adopted. See Note 16 and the Climate Change Issues subsection of the Other Issues Facing the Company section of MD&A.

The utility industry is facing increasing stakeholder scrutiny related to ESG matters. Recently, PNMR has seen a rise in certain stakeholders, such as investors, customers, employees, and lenders, placing increasing importance on the impact and social cost associated with climate change. Federal GHG reduction measures setting emission guidelines remain in a state of uncertainty. Therefore, PNMR is dealing with an uncertain regulatory and policy environment and increased scrutiny and changing stakeholder expectations with respect to environmental and climate change programs, judicial decisions, and international accords. Under the Biden Administration, EPA and other federal agencies have sought to expand climate change regulations and work to aggressively reduce GHG emissions. Many state agencies, environmental advocacy groups, and other organizations will continue to focus on decarbonization with enhanced attention on GHG from fossil-fueled generation facilities. See discussion above and Note 17, regarding PNM’s abandonment applications and the ETA. PNM currently depends on fossil-fueled generation for 43.3% of its electricity. As discussed under Climate Change Issues, this type of generation could be subject to future EPA or state regulations requiring GHG reductions. The anticipated expansion of federal and state regulations could result in additional operating restrictions on facilities and increased generation and compliance costs.

CCRs from the operation of SJGS were used in the reclamation of a surface coal mine. These CCRs consist of fly ash, bottom ash, and gypsum. Any new regulation that would affect the reclamation process, including any future decision regarding classification of CCRs as hazardous waste, could significantly increase the costs of the disposal of CCRs and the costs of mine reclamation. In addition, PNM would incur additional costs to the extent the rule requires the closure or modification of CCR units at Four Corners or the construction of new CCR units beyond those already anticipated or requires corrective action to address releases from CCR disposal units at the site. See Note 16.

A regulatory body may identify a site requiring environmental cleanup, including cleanup related to catastrophic events such as hurricanes or wildfires, and designate PNM or TNMP as a responsible party. There is also uncertainty in quantifying exposure under environmental laws that impose joint and several liability on all potentially responsible parties. Failure to comply with environmental laws and regulations, even if such non-compliance is caused by factors beyond PNM’s or TNMP’s control, may result in the assessment of civil or criminal penalties and fines.

In the first round of the CAA regional haze program, BART determinations were made for both SJGS and Four Corners, requiring the facilities to reduce the levels of visibility-impairing emissions, including NOx, through the installation of control technology, resulting in operating cost increases. Deadlines for SIPs for the second planning period were in July 2021 which NMED was unable to meet. NMED is currently preparing its next regional haze SIP and notified PNM that it will not be required to submit a regional haze four-factor analysis for SJGS since PNM retired its share of SJGS in 2022.

In February 2024, EPA proposed to impose a federal implementation plan on New Mexico to address the interstate transport of ozone and its precursors, referred to by EPA as the “good neighbor” rule. If finalized as proposed, compliance with the rule would require specified fossil fuel-fired generating resources to participate in an ozone-season NOx emission allowance trading program that will limit total NOx emissions from all affected units within the state of New Mexico.

If PNM fails to timely obtain, maintain or comply with any required environmental regulatory approval, operations at affected facilities could be suspended or could subject PNM to additional expenses and potential penalties. Failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations also could result in civil liability arising out of government enforcement actions or private claims. Environmental noncompliance could also result in reputational harm, which may cause stock price decreases or cause certain investors and financial institutions not to purchase the Company’s debt securities or otherwise provide the Company with capital or credit on favorable terms, which may cause the cost of capital to increase. In addition, PNMR and its operating subsidiaries may underestimate the costs of environmental compliance, liabilities, and litigation due to the uncertainty inherent in these matters. Although there is uncertainty about the timing and form of the implementation of EPA’s regulations regarding GHG emissions, climate change, CCRs, power plant emissions, changes to the ambient air quality standards, and other environmental issues, the promulgation and implementation of such regulations could have a material impact on operations. The Company is unable to estimate these costs due to the many uncertainties associated with, among other things, the nature and extent of future regulations and changes in existing regulations, including the changes in regulatory policy under the Biden Administration. Timely regulatory recovery of costs associated with any environmental-related regulations would be needed to maintain a strong financial and operational profile. The above factors could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, and liquidity.

PNMR, PNM, and TNMP are subject to complex government regulation unrelated to the environment, which may have a negative impact on their businesses, financial position and results of operations.

To operate their businesses, PNMR, PNM, and TNMP are required to have numerous permits and approvals from a variety of regulatory agencies. Regulatory bodies with jurisdiction over the utilities include the NMPRC, NMED, PUCT, TCEQ, ERCOT, FERC, NRC, EPA, and NERC. Oversight by these agencies covers many aspects of the Company’s utility operations including, but not limited to: location, construction, and operation of facilities; the purchase of power under long-term contracts; conditions of service; the issuance of securities; and rates charged to customers. FERC has issued a number of rules pertaining to preventing undue discrimination in transmission services and electric reliability standards. The significant level of regulation imposes restrictions on the operations of the Company and causes the incurrence of substantial compliance costs. PNMR and its subsidiaries are unable to predict the impact on their business and operating results from future actions of any agency regulating the Company. Changes in existing regulations or the adoption of new ones could result in additional expenses and/or changes in business operations. Failure to comply with any applicable rules, regulations or decisions may lead to customer refunds, fines, penalties, and other payments, which could materially and adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition of PNMR and its subsidiaries.

Operational Risks

Customer electricity usage could be reduced by increases in prices charged and other factors. This could result in underutilization of PNM’s generating capacity, as well as underutilization of the capacities of PNM’s and TNMP’s transmission and distribution systems. Should this occur, operating and capital costs might not be fully recovered, and financial performance could be negatively impacted.

A number of factors influence customers’ electricity usage. These factors include but are not limited to rates charged by PNM and TNMP, rates charged by REPs utilizing TNMP’s facilities to deliver power, energy efficiency initiatives, unusual weather patterns, availability and cost of alternative sources of power, and national, regional, or local economic conditions.

These factors and others may prompt customers to institute additional energy efficiency measures or take other actions that would result in lower energy consumption. If customers bypass or underutilize PNM’s and TNMP’s facilities through self-generation, renewable, or other energy resources, technological change, or other measures, revenues would be negatively impacted.

PNM’s and TNMP’s service territories include several military bases and federally funded national laboratories, as well as large industrial customers that have significant direct and indirect impacts on the local economies where they operate. The Company does not directly provide service to any of the military bases or national laboratories but does provide service to large industrial customers. The Company’s business could be hurt from the impacts on the local economies associated with these customer groups as well as directly from the large industrial customers for a number of reasons including federally-mandated base closures, significant curtailment of the activities at the bases or national laboratories, and closure of industrial facilities or significant curtailment of their activities.

Another factor that could negatively impact the Company is that proposals are periodically advanced in various localities to municipalize, or otherwise take over PNM’s facilities, which PNM believes would require state legislative or other legal action to implement, or to establish new municipal utilities in areas currently served by PNM. If any such initiative is successful, the result could be a material reduction in the usage of the facilities, a reduction in rate base, and reduced earnings.

Should any of the above factors result in facilities being underutilized, the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be significantly impacted.

Advances in technology could make electric generating facilities less competitive.

Research and development activities are ongoing for new technologies that produce power or reduce power consumption. These technologies include renewable energy, customer-oriented generation, energy storage, and energy efficiency. PNM generates power at central station power plants to achieve economies of scale and produce power at a cost that is competitive with rates established through the regulatory process. There are distributed generation technologies that produce power, including fuel cells, microturbines, wind turbines, and solar cells, which have become increasingly cost competitive. These advances in technology have reduced the costs of these alternative methods of producing power to a level that is competitive with that of central station power production. In addition, advances made in the capabilities of energy storage have further decreased power production and peak usage through the dispatch of more battery systems. These technological advances have resulted in demand reduction that negatively impact revenue and/or result in underutilized assets that have been built to serve peak usage. In addition, certain federal, state, or local requirements that regulated utilities such as PNM are required to follow could result in third parties being able to provide electricity from similar generation technologies to consumers at prices lower than PNM is able to offer. As these technologies become more cost competitive or can be used by third-parties to supply power at lower prices than PNM is able to offer, PNM’s energy sales and/or regulated returns could be eroded, and the value of its generating facilities could be reduced. Advances in technology could also change the channels through which electric customers purchase or use power, which could reduce the Company’s sales and revenues or increase expenses. These advances can also create more uncertainty in load shapes and forecasts, which could have implications for generation and system planning.

Costs of decommissioning, remediation, and restoration of nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants, as well as reclamation of related coal mines, could exceed the estimates of PNMR and PNM as well as the amounts PNM recovers from its ratepayers, which could negatively impact results of operations and liquidity.

PNM has interests in a nuclear power plant, two coal-fired power plants, and several natural gas-fired power plants and is obligated to pay its share of the costs to decommission these facilities. PNM is also obligated to pay for its share of the costs of reclamation of the mines that supply coal to the coal-fired power plants. Likewise, other owners or participants are responsible for their shares of the decommissioning and reclamation obligations and it is important to PNM that those parties fulfill their obligations. Rates charged by PNM to its customers, as approved by the NMPRC, include a provision for recovery of certain costs of decommissioning, remediation, reclamation, and restoration. The NMPRC has established a cap on the amount of costs for the final reclamation of the surface coal mines that may be recovered from customers. PNM records estimated liabilities for its share of the legal obligations for decommissioning and reclamation. These estimates include many assumptions about future events and are inherently imprecise. In the event the costs to decommission the facilities or to reclaim the mines serving the plants exceed current estimates, or if amounts are not approved for recovery by the NMPRC, results of operations could be negatively impacted.

The costs of decommissioning any nuclear power plant are substantial. PNM is responsible for all decommissioning obligations related to its entire interest in PVNGS, including portions under lease both during and after termination of the leases. PNM maintains trust funds designed to provide adequate financial resources for decommissioning PVNGS and SJGS, and for reclamation of the coal mine that served SJGS and continue to serve Four Corners at the end of their expected lives. However, if the PVNGS units are decommissioned before their planned date or the coal mine serving Four Corners is shut down sooner than expected, these funds may prove to be insufficient.

The financial performance of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP may be adversely affected if power plants, other generation resources, and transmission and distribution systems do not operate reliably and efficiently.

The Company’s financial performance depends on the successful operation of PNM’s generation assets, as well as the transmission and distribution systems of PNM and TNMP. PNM’s retirement of SJGS and the potential retirement of Four Corners will increase PNM’s dependency on other generation resources, including renewable resources, gas-fired facilities, and PVNGS, and will reduce PNM’s flexibility in managing those resources. Unscheduled or longer than expected maintenance outages, breakdown or failure of equipment or processes due to aging infrastructure, inability to install or operate renewable resources, temporary or permanent shutdowns to achieve environmental compliance, other performance problems with the generation assets, severe weather conditions, accidents and other catastrophic events, acts of war or terrorism, cybersecurity attacks, wildfires, disruptions in the supply, quality, and delivery of fuel and water supplies, and other factors could result in PNM’s load requirements being larger than available system generation capacity. Unplanned outages of generating units and extensions of scheduled outages occur from time to time and are an inherent risk of the Company’s business. If these were to occur, PNM would be required to purchase electricity in either the wholesale market or spot market at the then-current market price. There can be no assurance that sufficient electricity would be available at reasonable prices, or available at all. The failure of transmission or distribution facilities may also affect PNM’s and TNMP’s ability to deliver power. These potential generation, distribution, and transmission problems, and any service interruptions related to them, could result in lost revenues and additional costs.

PNMR, PNM, and TNMP are subject to information security breaches and risks of unauthorized access to their information and operational technology systems as well as physical threats to assets.

The Company faces the risk of physical and cybersecurity attacks, both threatened and actual, against generation facilities, transmission and distribution infrastructure, information technology systems, and network infrastructure, which could negatively impact the ability of the Company to generate, transport, and deliver power, or otherwise operate facilities in the most efficient manner or at all.

The utility industry in which the Company operates is a highly regulated industry that requires the continued operation of sophisticated information technology systems and network infrastructure, some of which are deemed to be critical infrastructure under NERC guidelines. Certain of the Company’s systems are interconnected with external networks. In the regular course of business, the utilities handle a range of sensitive security and customer information. PNM and TNMP are subject to the rules of various agencies and the laws of various states, related to safeguarding and maintaining the confidentiality of this information. Cyber-attacks regularly occur, and generally are unsuccessful. To date, those few events that were successful did not result in significant or consequential business impacts. However, despite steps the Company may take to detect, mitigate, and/or eliminate threats and respond to security incidents, the techniques used by those who wish to obtain unauthorized access, and possibly disable or sabotage systems and/or abscond with information and data, change frequently and continue to evolve with the use of artificial intelligence and the Company may not be able to protect against all such actions.

In the event that a capable adversary attacks the Company’s computer and operating systems, despite the best efforts of the Company, the generation, transmission, or distribution of electrical services could be degraded or disrupted, customer information, business records, or other sensitive data could be lost, destroyed, or released outside of the Company’s control. Further, the Company’s use of technologies manufactured by third parties may be subject to espionage activities, and cyber-attack of the third party resulting in losses outside of the control of the Company. Although the Company has implemented security measures to identify, prevent, detect, respond to, and recover from cyber and physical security events and supply chain disruptions, critical infrastructure, including information and operational technology systems, are vulnerable to disability, failures, or unauthorized access, which could occur as a result of malicious compromise, employee error, and/or employee misconduct or supply compromise. A successful physical or cybersecurity attack or other similar failure of the systems could impact the reliability of PNM’s generation and PNM’s and TNMP’s transmission and distribution systems, including the possible unauthorized shutdown of facilities. Such an event could lead to disruptions of business operations, including the Company’s ability to generate, transport, and deliver power to serve customers, to bill customers, and to process other financial information. A breach of the Company’s information systems could also lead to the loss and destruction of confidential and proprietary data, personally identifiable information, trade secrets, intellectual property and supplier data, and could disrupt business operations which could harm the Company’s reputation and financial results, as well as potential increased regulatory oversight, litigation, fines, and other remedial action. The costs incurred to investigate and remediate a physical or cybersecurity attack could be significant. A significant physical or cybersecurity attack on the Company’s critical infrastructure could have an adverse impact on the operations, reputation and financial condition of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP.

There are inherent risks in the ownership and operation of nuclear facilities.

Following the transfer of the PVNGS Unit 1 Leased Interest to SRP in January 2023 and the expiration of the leased interest in Unit 2 in January 2024, PNM currently has a 7.3% undivided interest in PVNGS. PVNGS represented 10.7% of PNM’s total generating capacity as of December 31, 2023. PVNGS is subject to environmental, health, and financial risks including but not limited to the ability to obtain adequate supplies of nuclear fuel and water, the ability to dispose of spent nuclear fuel, decommissioning of the plant (see above), securing the facilities against possible terrorist attacks, and unscheduled outages due to equipment failures.

The NRC has broad authority under federal law to impose licensing and safety-related requirements for the operation of nuclear generation facilities. Events at nuclear facilities of other operators or which impact the industry generally may lead the NRC to impose additional requirements and regulations on all nuclear generation facilities, including PVNGS. A major incident at a nuclear facility anywhere in the world could cause the NRC to limit or prohibit the operation or licensing of any domestic nuclear unit and to promulgate new regulations that could require significant capital expenditures and/or increase operating costs.

In the event of noncompliance with its requirements, the NRC has the authority to impose a progressively increasing inspection regime that could ultimately result in the shutdown of a unit, civil penalties, or both, depending upon the NRC’s assessment of the severity of the situation, until compliance is achieved. Increased costs resulting from penalties, a heightened level of scrutiny, and/or implementation of plans to achieve compliance with NRC requirements could adversely affect the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of PNMR and PNM. Although PNM has no reason to anticipate a serious nuclear incident at PVNGS, if an incident did occur, it could materially and adversely affect PNM’s results of operations and financial condition.

PNM has external insurance coverage to minimize its financial exposure to some risks. However, it is possible that liabilities associated with nuclear operations could exceed the amount of insurance coverage. See Note 16.

Peak demand for power could exceed forecasted supply capacity, resulting in increased costs for purchasing capacity in the market or building additional generation facilities and/or battery storage facilities.

PNM is obligated to supply power to retail customers. As PNM continues to complete the significant transition in generation resources necessary to achieve 100% carbon emission-free generation by 2040, there are certain potential deliverability and cost risks associated with this transition. These risks are in three main areas, including 1) risk of completion of replacement resources prior to planned generation unit retirements, 2) increasing levels of renewable generation presenting risks of uncertainty and variability that will be further compounded as neighboring systems transition towards increasing levels of renewable resources, and 3) risks for mitigating possible resource volatility through a shrinking energy market.

At peak times, power demand could exceed PNM’s forecasted available generation capacity, particularly if PNM’s power plants are not performing as anticipated and additional resources are not approved, or are not available, as PNM transitions its system to carbon emission-free generation and battery storage. Availability of this technology may create additional strain on the system by adding these additional resources without adequate storage. Additionally, further advances in the technology of renewable resources may need to occur in order to ensure that these resources meet carbon emission-free standards. Competitive market forces or adverse regulatory actions may require PNM to purchase capacity and energy from the market or build additional resources to meet customers’ energy needs in an expedited manner. If that occurs, PNM may see opposition to recovery of these additional costs and could experience a lag between when costs are incurred and when regulators permit recovery in customers’ rates. These situations could have negative impacts on results of operations and cash flows.

As a result of construction delays, most of the SJGS replacement resources were not available for the 2022 and 2023 summer peak load periods. If these delays continue, PNM’s existing resources, including available reserves, may be insufficient for 2024 summer peak load reliability. Prolonged delays in replacement resources for SJGS, PVNGS, availability of existing resources, and increased costs for purchasing capacity may negatively impact the results of operations and cash flows. See Note 17.

In 2022, the NMPRC adopted revisions to the IRP Rule that revamp and modernize the planning process to accommodate increased stakeholder involvement. The IRP Rule establishes a collaborative facilitated process for a utility and stakeholders to agree on a statement of need for potential new or additional resources, as well as an action plan to guide procurement or development of resources to meet the stated need. Following acceptance of the statement of need and action plan, a utility will provide the NMPRC and intervenors drafts of the request for proposals (“RFP”) and a timeline for issuing, receiving, evaluating, and ranking bids. The NMPRC will then appoint an Independent Monitor (“IM”) to oversee the RFP process, which allows for parties and the IM to comment on the RFP consistency with the IRP, after which the utility issues the RFP. On December 2, 2022, PNM filed an appeal with the NM Supreme Court of the NMPRC’s final order which adopted revisions to the IRP Rule. See Note 17. The proposed oversight of the procurement process is likely to prevent a utility’s timely acquisition of necessary resources and may inhibit competitive procurement.

Difficulties in obtaining permits and rights-of-way could negatively impact PNM’s results of operations.

PNM’s ability to execute planned operational activities and projects may be inhibited by difficulties in obtaining permits and rights-of-way and other delays. Many of PNM’s transmission and distribution lines cross federal, state, and tribal lands. The Company can experience significant delays in obtaining approvals for new infrastructure, as well as renewals of existing rights-of-way and access for critical maintenance, including vegetation management on these lands. The environmental regulations governing siting and permitting on federal, state, and tribal lands are complex, involve multiple agencies, and include a public process. Any of these risk factors could result in higher costs, delays, or the inability to complete planned projects.

General Economic and Weather Risks

Changes in interest rates could adversely affect our business.

Interest rates have increased and may continue to increase in the future. As a result, interest rates on future credit facilities and debt offerings could be higher than current levels, causing our financing costs to increase accordingly. In addition, because we use both fixed and variable rate debt, we are exposed to market risk due to the floating interest rates on our variable rate borrowings. Our results of operations, cash flows and financial position could be affected adversely by significant fluctuations in interest rates from current levels.

Supply chain issues, high inflation, actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflationary concerns and other market conditions, geopolitical activity and the resulting impact on business and economic conditions could negatively affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and the trading value of PNMR’s common stock and the Company’s debt securities.

Continued supply chain issues were initially experienced during high inflation, actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflationary concerns or other market conditions, geopolitical activity and the resulting impact on the economy and financial markets could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and access to the capital markets. The Company provides critical electric services and has implemented business continuity and emergency response plans to continue to provide these services to its customers and to support the Company’s operations. The Company is also continuing to work with our suppliers to understand and mitigate the potential impacts to our supply chain and have taken steps to ensure the availability of critical components by increasing lead times and maintaining integrity of our systems.

However, there is no assurance that the continued effects of these market conditions will not adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, ability to access the capital markets, and the trading value of the Company’s common stock and debt securities. These effects could adversely impact the Company by:

• reducing usage and/or demand for electricity by our customers in New Mexico and Texas;
• causing delays and disruptions in the availability of and timely delivery of materials and components used in our operations;
• causing delays and disruptions in the supply chain resulting in disruptions in the commercial operation dates of certain projects;
• causing a deterioration in the credit quality of our counterparties, including power purchase agreement providers, contractors or retail customers, that could result in credit losses;
• causing impairments of goodwill or long-lived assets and adversely impacting the Company’s ability to develop, construct and operate facilities;
• impacting the Company’s ability to meet the requirements of the covenants in our existing credit facilities, including covenants regarding debt to capitalization;
• causing a deterioration in our financial metrics or the business environment that impacts our credit ratings;
• decreasing the value of our investment securities held in trusts for pension and other postretirement benefits, and for nuclear decommissioning, SJGS decommissioning, and coal mine reclamation, which could lead to increased funding requirements;
• impacting our liquidity position and cost of and ability to access funds from financial institutions and capital markets; and
• causing other unpredictable events.

General economic conditions of the nation and/or specific areas can affect the Company’s customers and suppliers. Economic recession or downturn may result in decreased consumption by customers and increased bad debt expense, and could also negatively impact suppliers, all of which could negatively affect the Company.

Economic activity in the service territories of PNMR subsidiaries is a key factor in their performance. Decreased economic activity can lead to declines in energy consumption, which could adversely affect future revenues, earnings, and growth. Higher unemployment rates, both in the Company’s service territories and nationwide, could result in commercial customers ceasing operations and lower levels of income for residential customers. These customers might then be unable to pay their bills on time, which could increase bad debt expense and negatively impact results of operations and cash flows. Economic conditions also impact the supply and/or cost of commodities and materials needed to construct or acquire utility assets or make necessary repairs.

The operating results of PNMR and its operating subsidiaries are seasonal and are affected by weather conditions.

Electric generation, transmission, and distribution are generally seasonal businesses that vary with the demand for power. With power consumption typically peaking during the hot summer months, revenues traditionally peak during that period. As a result, quarterly operating results of PNMR and its operating subsidiaries vary throughout the year. In addition, PNMR and its operating subsidiaries have historically had lower revenues resulting in lower earnings when weather conditions are milder. Unusually mild weather in the future could reduce the revenues, net earnings, and cash flows of the Company.

Drought conditions in New Mexico, especially in the “four corners” region, where Four Corners is located, may affect the water supply for PNM’s generating plants. If inadequate precipitation occurs in the watershed that supplies that region, PNM may have to decrease generation at these plants. This would require PNM to purchase power to serve customers and/or reduce the ability to sell excess power on the wholesale market and reduce revenues. Drought conditions or actions taken by the court system, regulators, or legislators could limit PNM’s supply of water, which would adversely impact PNM’s business.

TNMP’s service areas are exposed to extreme weather, including high winds, drought, flooding, ice storms, and periodic hurricanes. Extreme weather conditions, particularly high winds and severe thunderstorms, also occur periodically in PNM’s service areas. These severe weather events can physically damage facilities owned by TNMP and PNM. Any such occurrence both disrupts the ability to deliver energy and increases costs. Extreme weather can also reduce customers’ usage and demand for energy or could result in the Company incurring obligations to third parties related to such events. These factors could negatively impact results of operations and cash flows.

The impact of wildfires could negatively affect PNM’s and TNMP’s results of operations.

PNM and TNMP have large networks of electric transmission and distribution facilities. Weather conditions including severe drought, high winds, and the natural desert vegetation in the U.S. Southwest region and Texas could contribute to wildfires in or near PNM’s and TNMP’s service territories. PNM and TNMP take proactive steps to mitigate wildfire risk. However, wildfire risk is always present and PNM and TNMP could be held liable for damages incurred as a result of wildfires caused, or allegedly caused, by their transmission and distribution systems. In addition, wildfires could cause damage to PNM’s and TNMP’s assets that could result in loss of service to customers or make it difficult to supply power in sufficient quantities to meet customer needs. These events could have negative impacts on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Financial Risks

PNMR may be unable to meet its ongoing and future financial obligations and to pay dividends on its common stock if its subsidiaries are unable to pay dividends or distributions to PNMR.

PNMR is a holding company and has no operations of its own. PNMR’s ability to meet its financial obligations and to pay dividends on its common stock primarily depends on the net earnings and cash flows of PNM and TNMP and their capacity to pay upstream dividends or distributions. Prior to providing funds to PNMR, PNM and TNMP have financial and regulatory obligations that must be satisfied, including among others, debt service and, in the case of PNM, preferred stock dividends.

The NMPRC has placed certain restrictions on the ability of PNM to pay dividends to PNMR, including that PNM cannot pay dividends that cause its debt rating to fall below investment grade. The NMPRC has also restricted PNM from paying dividends in any year, as determined on a rolling four-quarter basis, in excess of net earnings without prior NMPRC approval. PNM is permitted to pay dividends to PNMR from prior equity contributions made by PNMR. Additionally, PNMR’s financing agreements generally include a covenant to maintain a debt-to-capitalization ratio that does not exceed 70%, and PNM and TNMP’s financing arrangements generally include a covenant to maintain debt-to-capitalization ratios that do not exceed 65%. PNM also has various financial covenants that limit the transfer of assets, through dividends or other means and the Federal Power Act imposes certain restrictions on dividends paid by public utilities, including that dividends cannot be paid from paid-in capital.

Further, the ability of PNMR to declare dividends depends upon the extent to which cash flows will support dividends, the Company’s financial circumstances and performance, economic conditions in the U.S. and in the Company’s service areas, future growth plans and the related capital requirements, and other business considerations. Declaration of dividends may also be affected by decisions of the NMPRC, FERC, and PUCT in various regulatory cases currently pending or that may be docketed in the future, including the outcome of appeals of those decisions, conditions imposed by the NMPRC, PUCT, or Federal Power Act, and the effect of federal regulatory decisions and legislative acts.

Disruption in the credit and capital markets may impact the Company’s strategy and ability to raise capital.

PNMR and its subsidiaries rely on access to both short-term and longer-term capital markets as sources of liquidity for any capital requirements not satisfied by cash flow from operations. In general, the Company relies on its short-term credit facilities as the initial source to finance construction expenditures. This results in increased borrowings under the facilities over time. The Company is currently projecting total construction expenditures for the years 2024-2028 to be $6.1 billion. If PNMR or its operating subsidiaries are not able to access capital at competitive rates, or at all, PNMR’s ability to finance capital requirements and implement its strategy will be limited. Disruptions in the credit markets, which could negatively impact the Company’s access to capital, could be caused by an economic recession, declines in the health of the banking sector generally or the failure of specific banks who are parties to the Company’s credit facilities, deterioration in the overall health of the utility industry, the bankruptcy of an unrelated energy company, war, terrorist attacks, cybersecurity attacks, or threatened attacks.

If the Company’s cash flow and credit and capital resources are insufficient to fund capital expenditure plans, the Company may be forced to delay important capital investments, sell assets, seek additional equity or debt capital, or restructure debt. In addition, insufficient cash flows and capital resources may result in reductions of credit ratings. This could negatively impact the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness on acceptable terms and would result in an increase in the interest rates applicable under the Company’s credit facilities. The Company’s cash flow and capital resources may be insufficient to pay interest and principal on debt in the future. If that should occur, the Company’s capital raising or debt restructuring measures may be unsuccessful or inadequate to meet scheduled debt service obligations. This could cause the Company to default on its obligations and further impair liquidity.

Reduction in credit ratings or changing rating agency requirements could materially and adversely affect the Company’s growth, strategy, business, financial position, results of operations, and liquidity.

PNMR, PNM, and TNMP cannot be sure that any of their current credit ratings will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be put under review for a downgrade, lowered, or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency. As discussed in MD&A - Liquidity and Capital Resources, all of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP debt ratings are investments grade. Downgrades or changing requirements could result in increased borrowing costs due to higher interest rates on current borrowings or future financings, a smaller potential pool of investors, and decreased funding sources. Such conditions also could require the provision of additional support in the form of letters of credit and cash or other collateral to various counterparties.

Declines in values of marketable securities held in trust funds for pension and other postretirement benefits, in the NDT and coal mine reclamation trusts, and in the SJGS decommissioning trust could result in sustained increases in costs and funding requirements for those obligations, which may affect operational results.

The pension plans’ targeted asset allocation is 50% liability matching fixed and 50% return generating income, which includes alternative income. The Company uses a strategy, known as Liability Driven Investing, which seeks to select investments that match the liabilities of the pension plans. The OPEB plans generally use the same pension fixed income and equity investment managers and utilize the same overall investment strategy as the pension plans, except there is no allocation to alternative investments and the OPEB plans have a target asset allocation of 30% equities and 70% fixed income.

The NDT investment portfolio maintains a target of 80% fixed income and 20% equity securities. The current asset allocation exposes the NDT investment portfolio to market and macroeconomic factors. Declines in market values could result in increased funding of the trusts, the recognition of losses as impairments for the NDT and coal mine reclamation trusts, SJGS decommissioning trust, and additional expense for the benefit plans. In addition, a change in GAAP required that all changes in the fair value of equity securities recorded on the Company’s balance sheet be reflected in earnings, which results in increased volatility in earnings.

Impairments of goodwill and long-lived assets of PNMR, PNM, and TNMP could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, liquidity, and results of operations.

The Company annually evaluates recorded goodwill for impairment. See Note 1 and the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates section of MD&A. Long-lived assets are also assessed whenever indicators of impairment exist. Factors that affect the long-term value of these assets, including treatment by regulators in ratemaking proceedings, as well as other economic and market conditions, could result in impairments. Significant impairments could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, liquidity, and results of operations.

The impacts and implementation of U.S. tax reform legislation may negatively impact PNMR’s, PNM’s, and TNMP’s businesses, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Changes in tax laws may negatively impact PNMR’s, PNM’s, and TNMP’s businesses, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The Company possesses tax credits and other carryforwards, the value of which could be diminished by new laws or the Company’s ability to timely utilize them. Increases in tax rates may not be immediately recoverable through PNM’s and TNMP’s regulated rates, reducing earnings. Tax laws and regulations may also negatively impact the relative value of some resource investments over others, making those investments less competitive.

Governance Risks

Provisions of PNMR’s organizational documents, as well as several other statutory and regulatory factors, will limit another party’s ability to acquire PNMR and could deprive PNMR’s shareholders of the opportunity to receive a takeover premium for shares of PNMR’s common stock.

PNMR’s restated articles of incorporation and by-laws include a number of provisions that may have the effect of discouraging persons from acquiring large blocks of PNMR’s common stock or delaying or preventing a change in control of PNMR. The material provisions that may have such an effect include:

• Authorization for the Board to issue PNMR’s preferred stock in series and to fix rights and preferences of the series (including, among other things, voting rights and preferences with respect to dividends and other matters)
• Advance notice procedures with respect to any proposal other than those adopted or recommended by the Board
• Provisions specifying that only a majority of the Board, the chairman of the Board, the chief executive officer, or holders of at least one-tenth of all of PNMR’s shares entitled to vote may call a special meeting of shareholders

Under the New Mexico Public Utility Act, NMPRC approval is required for certain transactions that may result in PNMR’s change in control or exercise of control, including ownership of 10% or more of PNMR’s voting stock. PUCT approval is required for changes to the ownership of TNMP or its parent and certain other transactions relating to TNMP. Certain acquisitions of PNMR’s outstanding voting securities also require FERC approval.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

Process for identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity risks

From an overall enterprise risk management perspective, the Company views cybersecurity as a “tier 1” risk and considers it one of its top priorities. The Company’s cybersecurity program (the “Cybersecurity Program”) includes processes to identify, assess, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. The Cybersecurity Program utilizes a risk-based approach and includes written cybersecurity and information technology policies and procedures, including a cybersecurity incident response plan. The Company’s Cybersecurity Program is led by its Vice President and Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), who oversees the management and development of all business technology and security for the Company and its subsidiaries. The CIO is also responsible for federal reliability standards compliance, critical infrastructure protection and the supply chain function.

The Cybersecurity Program is a robust, enterprise-wide, risk-based security program that adheres to the guidelines of the National Institute of Science and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework for Protecting Critical Infrastructure to define material risks and establish controls designed to protect, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity incidents. To protect the most critical systems, the Company also complies with the NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards.

The Company regularly assesses control results through third party audits, penetration tests and internal assessments to continuously improve cyber protections and data privacy controls. The Company partners with government and industry peers in several cybersecurity programs to share information and provide mutual assistance in the event of a cyber-attack. Supply chain risk of third-party suppliers is also assessed as part of the procurement process and incorporates cybersecurity contractual stipulations in its supplier contracts. The Company remains focused on increasing cybersecurity awareness and is continuously evaluating and implementing effective, up-to-date technologies and processes to enhance its cybersecurity capabilities.

The Company engages in the periodic assessment and testing of the Company’s policies, standards, processes and practices that are designed to address cybersecurity threats and incidents. These efforts include a wide range of activities, including audits, assessments, tabletop exercises, threat modeling, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of the Company’s cybersecurity measures and planning. The Company regularly engages third parties to perform assessments on the Company’s cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, audits and independent reviews of the Company’s information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The results of such assessments, audits, and reviews are reported to the Audit and Ethics Committee and the Board, and the Company adjusts its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices as necessary based on the information provided by these assessments, audits, and reviews.

Risks from cybersecurity threats

The information set forth under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” — “PNMR, PNM, and TNMP are subject to information security breaches and risks of unauthorized access to their information and operational technology systems as well as physical threats to assets.” on page A-16 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is hereby incorporated by reference. As of December 31, 2023, our financial condition, results of operations or business strategy have not been materially affected by risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of previously identified cybersecurity incidents, but we cannot provide assurance that they will not be materially affected in the future by such risks or any future material incidents.

Cybersecurity Governance

Management’s role in assessing and managing the Company’s material risks from cybersecurity threats

The Company’s management is responsible for managing cybersecurity risk and bringing to the Audit and Ethics Committee and Board’s attention the most significant cybersecurity risks facing the Company. The CIO oversees the Company’s Cybersecurity Program and reports to the Company’s President and Chief Operating Officer. The CIO leads the development, implementation, and enforcement of security policies and data breach resiliency plans, as well as works with internal and external cybersecurity and IT teams to monitor and maintain the security of the Company’s IT infrastructure. The CIO is supported by a team of enterprise information, system security, and risk professionals. The CIO receives reports on cybersecurity threats on an ongoing basis and regularly reviews risk management measures implemented by the Company to identify and mitigate data security and cybersecurity risks. The CIO updates senior management on these matters and works closely with the General Counsel to oversee compliance with legal, regulatory, and contractual security requirements. The CIO has significant information technology and program management experience and has served many years in the Company’s information security organization. The CIO is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional, Certified Information Systems Auditor and Certified Information Security Manager. In addition, the CIO has a M.S. in Information Systems.

Board oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats

Cybersecurity risk oversight remains a priority for the Board who is responsible for oversight of the Company’s information security program, including compliance and risk management and the review of cybersecurity risks. The Board has adopted a Cyber Risk Policy which is overseen by the Audit and Ethics Committee. The Audit and Ethics Committee’s oversight of cyber risk management assists in the Board’s assessment of the adequacy of resources, funding, and focus within the Company with respect to cyber risk. Specifically, the Audit and Ethics Committee assists the Board in its oversight responsibilities regarding the company-wide security risk management practices, including overseeing the practices, procedures, and controls that management uses to identify, assess, respond to, remediate, and mitigate risks related to cybersecurity. The Audit and Ethics Committee provides oversight of management’s efforts to identify and mitigate cyber risk. Specifically, senior leadership, including the CIO, regularly briefs the Audit and Ethics Committee and the Board on Company’s cybersecurity posture. In executing its risk oversight duties, the Audit and Ethics Committee and the Board can and does access internal and external expertise regarding the Company’s challenges and opportunities related to cybersecurity

PNMR

The significant properties owned by PNMR include those owned by PNM and TNMP and are disclosed below.

PNM

See Sources of Power in Part I, Item 1 Business above for information on PNM’s owned and leased capacity in electric generating stations. As of December 31, 2023, PNM owned, or jointly owned, 3,428 miles of electric transmission lines, 5,768 miles of distribution overhead lines, 6,098 miles of underground distribution lines (excluding street lighting), and 251 substations. PNM’s electric transmission and distribution lines are generally located within easements and rights-of-way on public, private, and Native American lands. PNM owns and leases communication, office and other equipment, office space, vehicles, and real estate. PNM also owns service and office facilities throughout its service territory. See Note 8 for additional information concerning leases.

TNMP

TNMP’s facilities consist primarily of transmission and distribution facilities located in its service areas. TNMP also owns and leases vehicles, service facilities, and office locations throughout its service territory. As of December 31, 2023, TNMP owned 1,026 miles of overhead electric transmission lines, 7,328 miles of overhead distribution lines, 1,516 miles of underground distribution lines, and 128 substations. Substantially all of TNMP’s property is pledged to secure its first mortgage bonds. See Note 7.

See Note 16 and Note 17 for information related to the following matters for PNMR, PNM, and TNMP, incorporated in this item by reference.

Note 16

• Cooling Water Intake Structures
• Santa Fe Generating Station

Note 17

• PNM – 2020 Decoupling
• PNM – Integrated Resource Plan
• PNM – Grid Modernization Application
• PNM – Community Solar Act
• TNMP – Transmission Cost of Service Rates
• TNMP – Periodic Distribution Rate Adjustment

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for PNMR is presented on a combined basis, including certain information applicable to PNM and TNMP. This report uses the term “Company” when discussing matters of common applicability to PNMR, PNM, and TNMP. The MD&A for PNM and TNMP is presented as permitted by Form 10-K General Instruction I (2) as amended by the FAST Act. For additional information related to the earliest of the two years presented please refer to the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. A reference to a “Note” in this Item 7 refers to the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, unless otherwise specified. Certain of the tables below may not appear visually accurate due to rounding.

MD&A FOR PNMR

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Overview and Strategy

PNMR is a holding company with two regulated utilities serving approximately 824,000 residential, commercial, and industrial customers and end-users of electricity in New Mexico and Texas. PNMR’s electric utilities are PNM and TNMP. PNMR strives to create a clean and bright energy future for customers, communities, and shareholders. PNMR’s strategy and decision-making are focused on safely providing reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible power built on a foundation of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) principles.

Recent Developments

Merger

On October 20, 2020, PNMR, Avangrid and Merger Sub entered into the Merger Agreement pursuant to which Merger Sub would have merged with and into PNMR, with PNMR surviving the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Avangrid. The Merger Agreement provided that it may be terminated by each of PNMR and Avangrid if the Effective Time shall not have occurred by December 31, 2023 End Date. On December 31, 2023, Avangrid informed PNMR that it was terminating the Merger Agreement effective as of December 31, 2023.

2024 Rate Change

In December 2022, PNM filed the 2024 Rate Change with the NMPRC. The application proposed an increase of $63.8 million in base non-fuel revenues. The requested increase was based on a calendar year 2024 FTY and reflected an ROE of 10.25%, investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure, largely offset by cost reductions resulting from PNM’s transition to lower-cost, clean generation resources including the retirement of the SJGS and expiration of leased capacity from PVNGS. The request also included updated depreciation rates for natural gas plants to align with the Company’s 2040 carbon-free portfolio goal.

On December 8, 2023, the hearing examiners in the case issued a RD. The RD proposed an increase in non-fuel revenues of $6.1 million compared to the $63.8 million increase requested by PNM. Major components of the difference in the increase in non-fuel revenues proposed in the RD, included:

• A ROE of 9.26% compared to the 10.25% requested by PNM
• Finding of prudency regarding PNM’s decision to remain in Four Corners and a remedy for the prudency to be a disallowance to PNM’s total Four Corners net book value by $84.8 million
• Approval of $51.3 million of PNM’s requested $96.3 million regulatory asset for PVNGS undepreciated investments, but disallowance of a return on the remaining $45.0 million or any CWIP associated with it
• Recommended capital structure of 49.61% equity, 50.10% debt, and 0.29% preferred stock

On January 3, 2024, the NMPRC issued a final order largely adopting the RD. The most notable difference in the final order is with regards to PVNGS. The final order requires that the regulatory liability associated with leased capacity at PVNGS after the Unit 1 lease expired on January 15, 2023, be returned to ratepayers over two years through a rate rider. In addition, the NMPRC had modifications that included approval of accelerated depreciation for specific gas plants, approval of PNM’s TOD pilot program, and ordered PNM to update the remedy associated with Four Corners. See Note 17.

Grid Modernization Application

On October 3, 2022, in compliance with New Mexico Grid Modernization Statute, PNM filed its Grid Modernization Application with the NMPRC. The projects included in the Grid Modernization Application improve customers’ ability to customize their use of energy and ensure that customers, including low-income customers, are a top priority and will benefit from the electricity grid consistent with the Grid Modernization Statute. PNM’s proposal to modernize its electricity grid through infrastructure and technology improvements also increases the efficiency, reliability, resilience, and security of PNM’s electric system. PNM’s application seeks approval of grid modernization investments of approximately $344 million for the first six years of a broader 11-year strategy. The proposed Grid Modernization Rider would recover capital costs, operating expenses, and taxes associated with the investments included in the Grid Modernization Application. See Note 17.

Texas Legislation

In the 2023 Texas Legislative session, several bills were passed to support utility reliability and resiliency by encouraging and protecting utility infrastructure investments. The bill with the largest near-term financial impact to TNMP is the DCRF legislation that adds a second filing per year and shortens the regulatory timeframe for the proceedings. Other bills include system resiliency and temporary mobile generation, which provide opportunities for added investment in TNMP’s service territory and reduce uncertainty around rate recovery. Another bill directs ERCOT to develop reliability plans for the Permian Basin which could result in the need for additional investments in the West Texas service territory. Additionally, the Damaging Critical Infrastructure Bill helps protect TNMP’s investments in response to criminal offenses damaging critical infrastructure facilities. These pieces of legislation demonstrate that Texas continues to encourage utility investment and prioritizes timely rate recovery. TNMP will look to prioritize investments aligned with these measures that improve the quality of service for current and future customers.

Financial and Business Objectives

PNMR is focused on achieving three key financial objectives:

• Earning authorized returns on regulated businesses
• Delivering at or above industry-average earnings and dividend growth
• Maintaining investment grade credit ratings

In conjunction with these objectives, PNM and TNMP are dedicated to:

• Maintaining strong employee safety, plant performance, and system reliability
• Delivering a superior customer experience
• Demonstrating environmental stewardship in business operations, including transitioning to an emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040
• Supporting the communities in their service territories

Earning Authorized Returns on Regulated Businesses

PNMR’s success in accomplishing its financial objectives is highly dependent on two key factors: fair and timely regulatory treatment for its utilities and the utilities’ strong operating performance. The Company has multiple strategies to achieve favorable regulatory treatment, all of which have as their foundation a focus on the basics: safety, operational excellence, and customer satisfaction, while engaging stakeholders to build productive relationships. Both PNM and TNMP seek cost recovery for their investments through general rate cases, periodic cost of service filings, and various rate riders. The rates PNM and TNMP charge customers are subject to traditional rate regulation by the NMPRC, FERC, and the PUCT. Additional information about rate filings is provided in Note 17.

Fair and timely rate treatment from regulators is crucial to PNM and TNMP in earning their allowed returns and critical for PNMR to achieve its financial objectives. PNMR believes that earning allowed returns is viewed positively by credit rating agencies and that improvements in the Company’s ratings could lower costs to utility customers.

The Energy Transition Act (“ETA”)

The ETA requires utilities operating in New Mexico to have renewable portfolios equal to 40% by 2025, 50% by 2030, 80% by 2040, and 100% zero-carbon energy by 2045. The ETA also allows for the recovery of undepreciated investments and decommissioning costs related to qualifying EGUs that the NMPRC has required be removed from retail jurisdictional rates, provided replacement resources to be included in retail rates have lower or zero-carbon emissions. The ETA provides for a transition from fossil-fueled generating resources to renewable and other carbon-free resources by allowing utilities to issue Securitized Bonds, or “energy transition bonds,” related to the retirement of certain coal-fired generating facilities to qualified investors. See additional discussion of the ETA in Note 16 and the issuance of Securitized Bonds in Note 7.

The ETA has and will have a significant impact on PNM’s future generation portfolio, including PNM’s retirement of SJGS in 2022 and the exit of Four Corners. PNM cannot predict the full impact of the ETA on potential future generating resource abandonment and replacement filings with the NMPRC.

State Regulation

SJGS Abandonment Application – In July 2019, PNM filed the SJGS Abandonment Application with the NMPRC. The application included several replacement resource scenarios including PNM’s recommended replacement scenario, which is consistent with PNM’s goal of having a 100% emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040 and would have provided cost savings to customers while preserving system reliability.

In 2020, the NMPRC issued an order which authorized PNM to abandon SJGS by June 30, 2022, to issue Securitized Bonds of up to $361 million, and to establish the Energy Transition Charge upon issuance of the Securitized Bonds. The NMPRC’s order required an interim rate rider adjustment upon the start date of the Energy Transition Charge to provide immediate credits to customers for the full value of PNM’s revenue requirement related to SJGS until those reductions are reflected in base rates. In addition, PNM was granted authority to establish regulatory assets to recover costs that PNM will pay prior to the issuance of the Securitized Bonds, including costs associated with the bond issuances as well as for severances, job training, and economic development funds. Later that year, the NMPRC issued an order approving replacement resource selection criteria identified in the ETA.

On February 28, 2022, WRA and CCAE filed a joint motion for order to show cause and enforce financing order and supporting brief, which requested that the NMPRC order PNM to show cause why its rates should not be reduced at the time SJGS is abandoned even if the issuance of Securitized Bonds occurs at a later date. On June 17, 2022, the hearing examiners issued a recommended decision requesting the NMPRC issue an order requiring PNM to, among other things revise its rates to remove all of the costs of SJGS and issue rate refunds to customers at the time of the abandonment. On June 29, 2022, the

NMPRC issued its final order adopting and approving the recommended decision in its entirety with certain additions. SJGS Unit 1 ceased operations in July 2022 and SJGS Unit 4 ceased operations in September 2022. In September 2022, the NM Supreme Court issued a partial stay of NMPRC’s order and PNM suspended issuing rate refunds. On August 18, 2023, PNM, along with the intervening parties in the pending appeal of the matter addressing customer bill credits and resolution of the remaining steps involved in the SJGS retirement under the ETA, filed an Unopposed Joint Motion for Abeyance and Remand to Implement Settlement and Request for Expedited Order at the NM Supreme Court. In the motion, the parties asked the NM Supreme Court to hold the appeal in abeyance and remand the matter to the NMPRC to allow the NMPRC to consider and take formal action on a unanimous proposed settlement on remand. Under the terms of the unanimous settlement, PNM would provide $115.0 million in rate refunds to customers over a one-year period, resolving all disputes raised in the matter addressing customer bill credits involved in the SJGS retirement before the NMPRC, including removal of SJGS ratemaking and prudence issues in the 2024 Rate Change. On September 14, 2023, the NM Supreme Court remanded the matter to the NMPRC. On September 21, 2023, the NMPRC approved the unanimous settlement agreement. See Notes 16 and 17. On November 15, 2023, ETBC I issued $343.2 million in Securitized Bonds. See Note 7.

Four Corners Abandonment Application - In early 2021, PNM filed the Four Corners Abandonment Application, which sought NMPRC approval to exit PNM’s 13% share of Four Corners as of December 31, 2024, and issuance of approximately $300 million of Securitized Bonds as provided by the ETA. On December 15, 2021, the NMPRC issued a final order denying approval of the Four Corners Abandonment Application and the corresponding request for issuance of securitized financing. On December 22, 2021, PNM filed a notice of appeal with the NM Supreme Court of the NMPRC decision to deny the application. On July 6, 2023, the NM Supreme Court issued a decision concluding that the NMPRC reasonably and lawfully denied PNM’s application for abandonment, determining that PNM did not meet its burden in challenging the NMPRC’s final order. For additional information regarding prudency of PNM’s investments in Four Corners see 2024 Rate Change in Note 17. The Company is evaluating the facts and circumstances surrounding the exit of Four Corners and will determine next steps.

PNM enhanced its plan to exit Four Corners and emphasized its ESG strategy to reduce carbon emissions on March 12, 2021 with an announcement for additional plans allowing for seasonal operations at Four Corners beginning in the fall of 2023, subject to the necessary approvals, including PNM’s Four Corners Abandonment Application at the NMPRC. The solution for seasonal operations would ensure the plant is available to serve each owners’ customer needs during times of peak energy use while minimizing operations during periods of low demand. This approach would result in an estimated annual 20 to 25 percent reduction in carbon emissions at the plant and retains jobs and royalty payments for the Navajo Nation. In the third quarter of 2023, APS notified the other participant owners of Four Corners of their intent to resume normal operations between November 1, 2023 and May 31, 2024. See additional discussion of the ETA and PNM’s Four Corners Abandonment Application in Notes 16 and 17.

PVNGS Leased Interest Abandonment Application - On April 2, 2021, PNM filed the PVNGS Leased Interest Abandonment Application. In the application PNM requested NMPRC authorization to decertify and abandon its Leased Interest and to create regulatory assets for the associated remaining undepreciated investments with consideration of cost recovery of the undepreciated investments in a future rate case. PNM also sought NMPRC approval to sell and transfer the PNM-owned assets and nuclear fuel supply associated with the Leased Interest to SRP, which acquired the Leased Interest from the lessors upon termination of the leases.

On August 25, 2021, the NMPRC issued an order confirming PNM requires no further NMPRC authority to abandon the PVNGS Leased Interest and to sell and transfer the PNM-owned assets and nuclear fuel supply associated with the Leased Interest to SRP. On November 18, 2022, the NMPRC issued its order on Joint Motion for Accounting Order requiring PNM to establish a regulatory liability to track and account for, upon termination of the PVNGS leases, all costs currently borne by ratepayers associated with those leases during pendency of the 2024 Rate Change, subject to a determination of ratemaking treatment. In addition, PNM may establish a regulatory asset account to record undepreciated investment for improvements to the Unit 1 and Unit 2 Leased Interests upon termination of the leases, and to record cost differences in the proceeds from SRP for the sale of the PVNGS Leased Assets and the actual book value. Recovery of these items was determined in the 2024 Rate Change. In the 2024 Rate Change, PNM also addressed unresolved issues including whether PNM’s decision to renew the five leases and the repurchase of 64.1 MW in PVNGS Unit 2 capacity exposed ratepayers to additional financial liability beyond that to which they would have been exposed, and whether PNM should be denied recovery of future decommissioning expenses as a remedy for imprudence. The NMPRC has approved replacement resources for its PVNGS Leased Interest of 300 MW solar PPA combined with a 300 MW battery storage agreement. PNM anticipates these facilities will be in service in 2024 and continues to pursue additional resources to replace the PVNGS leases. For additional information on PNM’s Leased Interest and the associated abandonment application see Note 8 and Note 17, respectively.

Summer Peak Resource Adequacy - Throughout 2021, 2022 and 2023, PNM provided notices of delays and status updates to the NMPRC for the approved SJGS replacement resource projects as well as delays in replacement resources for the PVNGS leased capacity that expired in January 2023. In the second half of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023, PNM entered into agreements totaling 420 MW of firm power purchases for the summer peak in 2023 and the purchase of 40 MW of firm capacity at PVNGS for all twelve months of 2023, providing PNM with a projected system reserve margin necessary to meet customer demand. While PNM continues to experience new system peaks, PNM’s generation resources performed sufficiently with no challenges to resource adequacy during the 2022 and 2023 summer peak seasons. PNM anticipates that a majority of the SJGS and PVNGS leased capacity replacement resources will be available prior to the 2024 summer peak season and may also secure additional firm energy market purchases necessary to meet customer load during the 2024 summer season. See Note 17.

2020 Decoupling Petition – In 2020, PNM filed a petition for approval of a rate adjustment mechanism that would decouple the rates of its residential and small power rate classes. Decoupling is a rate design principle that severs the link between the recovery of fixed costs of the utility through volumetric charges. On April 27, 2022, the NMPRC issued an order finding that the EUEA does not mandate the NMPRC to authorize or approve a full decoupling mechanism, defining full decoupling as limited to energy efficiency and load management measures and programs. On May 24, 2022, PNM filed a notice of appeal with the NM Supreme Court. The NM Supreme Court held oral arguments on November 13, 2023. See Note 17.

The Community Solar Act - The Community Solar Act establishes a program that allows for the development of community solar facilities and provides customers of a qualifying utility with the option of accessing solar energy produced by a community solar facility in accordance with the Community Solar Act. The NMPRC is charged with administering the Community Solar Act program, establishing a total maximum capacity of 200 MW community solar facilities (applicable until November 2024) and allocating proportionally to the New Mexico electric investor-owned utilities and participating cooperatives. The Act also includes several tribal-friendly provisions that can fast track solar development on tribal lands. As required under the Community Solar Act, on March 30, 2022, the NMPRC issued an order that adopted a rule on the administration of the Community Solar Act program. See Note 17.

PNM Rate Riders and other

The NMPRC has approved PNM recovering fuel costs through the FPPAC, as well as rate riders for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and the TEP. These mechanisms allow for more timely recovery of investments. PNM’s Grid Modernization Application includes proposals for installation and deployment of advanced metering infrastructure investments and recovery under a rate rider permitted by New Mexico legislation. See Note 17.

TNMP

The regulatory framework in Texas strongly encourages investments into the grid by providing timely recovery through rate mechanisms outside of general rate cases. The PUCT has approved mechanisms that allow TNMP to recover capital invested in transmission and distribution projects without having to file a general rate case. The PUCT also approved rate riders that allow TNMP to recover amounts related to energy efficiency and third-party transmission costs. In 2024, TNMP anticipates filing its first resiliency plan under the new rules implementing the legislation passed in 2023. An independent evaluation and development of a system resiliency plan covering three years is required in the filing. Under the rules, we may choose to recover the associated capital investments under the existing TCOS and DCRF rules. The rules also allow for recovery of certain O&M costs, such as vegetation management expenditures that exceed the amount authorized for recovery in base rates. TNMP also has approximately 273,000 advanced meters across its service territory, the costs of which are being recovered through base rates.

FERC Regulation

Rates PNM charges wholesale transmission customers are subject to traditional rate regulation by FERC. Rates charged to wholesale electric transmission customers, other than customers on the Western Spirit Line, are based on a formula rate mechanism pursuant to which rates for wholesale transmission service are calculated annually in accordance with an approved formula. The formula includes updating cost of service components, including investment in plant and operating expenses, based on information contained in PNM’s annual financial report filed with FERC, as well as including projected transmission capital projects to be placed into service in the following year. The projections included are subject to true-up. Certain items, including changes to return on equity and depreciation rates, require a separate filing to be made with FERC before being included in the formula rate.

Delivering At or Above Industry-Average Earnings and Dividend Growth

PNMR’s financial objective to deliver at or above industry-average earnings and dividend growth enables investors to realize the value of their investment in the Company’s business. Earnings growth is based on ongoing earnings, which is a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes from GAAP earnings certain non-recurring, infrequent, and other items that are not indicative of fundamental changes in the earnings capacity of the Company’s operations. PNMR uses ongoing earnings to evaluate the operations of the Company and to establish goals, including those used for certain aspects of incentive compensation, for management and employees.

PNMR targets a dividend payout ratio in the 50% to 60% range of its ongoing earnings. PNMR expects to provide at or above industry-average dividend growth in the near-term. The Board will continue to evaluate the dividend on an annual basis, considering sustainability and growth, capital planning, and industry standards.

The Board approved the following increases in the indicated annual common stock dividend:

Maintaining Investment Grade Credit Ratings

The Company is committed to maintaining investment grade credit ratings in order to reduce the cost of debt financing and to help ensure access to credit markets, when required. On January 15, 2024, S&P revised PNMR, PNM & TNMP’s outlook to stable from positive. See the subheading Liquidity included in the full discussion of Liquidity and Capital Resources below for the specific credit ratings for PNMR, PNM, and TNMP. All of the credit ratings issued by both Moody’s and S&P on the Company’s debt continue to be investment grade.

Business Focus

To achieve its business objectives, focus is directed in key areas: Safe, Reliable and Affordable Power; Utility Plant and Strategic Investments; Environmentally Responsible Power; and Customer, Stakeholders, and Community Engagement. The Company works closely with its stakeholders to ensure that resource plans and infrastructure investments benefit from robust public dialogue and balance the diverse needs of our communities. Equally important is the focus of PNMR’s utilities on customer satisfaction and community engagement.

Safe, Reliable, and Affordable Power

Safety is the first priority of our business and a core value of the Company. PNMR utilizes a Safety Management System to provide clear direction, objectives and targets for managing safety performance and minimizing risks and empowers employees to “Be the Reason Everyone Goes Home Safe”.

PNMR measures reliability and benchmark performance of PNM and TNMP against other utilities using industry-standard metrics, including System Average Interruption Duration Index (“SAIDI”) and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (“SAIFI”). PNM’s and TNMP’s investment plans include projects designed to support reliability and reduce the amount of time customers are without power.

PNMR and its utilities are aware of the important roles they play in enhancing economic vitality in their service territories. Management believes that maintaining strong and modern electric infrastructure is critical to ensuring reliability and supporting economic growth. When contemplating expanding or relocating their operations, businesses consider energy affordability and reliability to be important factors. PNM and TNMP strive to balance service affordability with infrastructure investment to maintain a high level of electric reliability and to deliver a safe and superior customer experience. Investing in PNM’s and TNMP’s infrastructure is critical to ensuring reliability and meeting future energy needs. Both utilities have long-established records of providing customers with safe and reliable electric service.

PNM participates in the EIM, a real-time wholesale energy trading market operated by the CAISO that enables participating electric utilities to buy and sell energy. The EIM aggregates the variability of electricity generation and load for multiple balancing authority areas and utility jurisdictions. In addition, the EIM facilitates greater integration of renewable resources through the aggregation of flexible resources by capturing diversity benefits from the expanding geographic footprint and the expanded potential uses for those resources. The NMPRC approved collection of PNM’s regulatory asset to recover the initial capital investments and implementation and ongoing costs necessary to participate in the EIM in the 2024 Rate Change final order. PNM has experienced an aggregate of $91.5 million in cost savings to customers through participation in the EIM, which includes $44.4 million occurring in the year ended December 31, 2023. PNM passes the cost savings through to customers under PNM’s FPPAC.

PNM joined the Western Resource Adequacy Program (“WRAP”) in April 2023 to bolster PNM’s preparations for times of critical need. WRAP is a first-of-its-kind program in the West that adds a region-wide coordination between power providers for assessing and addressing resource adequacy. This step helps ensure regional resource availability is visible and coordinated in the event PNM customers are critically impacted by a resource emergency. WRAP is currently in the non-binding phases of the program, which is expected to continue through the winter of 2025.

Utility Plant and Strategic Investments

Utility Plant Investments – During the 2022 and 2023 periods, PNM and TNMP together invested $1.9 billion in utility plant, including transmission and distribution systems, substations, power plants, and nuclear fuel. Investment plans emphasize new investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure to support growing demand with grid reliability and resilience and to deliver clean energy. The Company has been improving the diversification of its rate base among regulatory jurisdictions, moving TNMP and FERC transmission rate base to over half of the consolidated rate base.

Investments at TNMP support the continued high growth across each region of its service territory. Economic growth across Texas continues to push the demands on TNMP’s system to new levels, including a new system peak in January 2024. Additionally, the Texas legislature in 2023 passed a series of bills aimed at encouraging investments to enhance grid reliability and resilience. The PUCT has developed, and continues to develop, rules associated with the new legislation. TNMP will submit filings for investments and recovery in accordance with these new rules in addition to the existing rate recovery mechanisms.

PNM has also experienced growing demand, including a new system peak recorded in 2023. PNM investments are aimed at advancing the infrastructure beyond its original architecture to a more flexible and redundant system accommodating growing amounts of intermittent and distributed generation resources and integrating evolving technologies that provide long-term customer value. New Mexico’s clean energy future depends on a reliable, resilient, secure grid to deliver an evolving mix of energy resources to customers. In addition, projects included in the Grid Modernization Application improve customers’ ability to customize their use of energy and modernize PNM’s electric grid through infrastructure and technology improvements. Under New Mexico legislation for grid modernization, any approved investments may be recovered under a rate rider.

At PNM, an increase in transmission investments also supports growing transmission demands across the system and are recovered through an annual FERC formula rate mechanism based on a usage-based system allocation.

See the subheading Capital Requirements included in the full discussion of Liquidity and Capital Resources below for additional discussion of the Company’s projected capital requirements.

Strategic Investments – In 2017, PNMR Development and AEP OnSite Partners created NMRD to pursue the acquisition, development, and ownership of renewable energy generation projects, primarily in the state of New Mexico. PNMR Development and AEP OnSite Partners each have a 50% ownership interest in NMRD. As of December 31, 2023, NMRD’s renewable energy capacity in operation was 185.1 MW, which includes 180 MW of solar-PV facilities to supply energy to the Meta data center located within PNM’s service territory, 1.9 MW to supply energy to Columbus Electric Cooperative located in southwest New Mexico, 2.0 MW to supply energy to the Central New Mexico Electric Cooperative, and 1.2 MW of solar-PV facilities to supply energy to the City of Rio Rancho, New Mexico. On January 11, 2024, the NMPRC approved PNM’s an application to service the data center for an additional 140 MW of solar PPA combined with 50 MW of battery storage expected to be operational in 2025.

On December 22, 2023, PNMR Development and AEP Onsite reached agreement for the sale of NMRD and its subsidiaries for approximately $230 million, subject to adjustment to reflect the actual amounts of certain components of working capital at closing. Closing occurred on February 27, 2024, with PNMR Development receiving $117.0 million upon settlement. As previously disclosed, PNMR expects to use the net proceeds from the sale of NMRD to reduce the future external capital needs at PNMR and support continued investments in regulated rate base at PNMR’s utilities. See Note 21.

Integrated Resource Plan

NMPRC rules require that investor-owned utilities file an IRP every three years. The IRP is required to cover a 20-year planning period and contain an action plan covering the first three years of that period. On September 14, 2022 and November 2, 2022, the NMPRC adopted revisions to the IRP Rule. The revisions revamp and modernize the planning process to accommodate increased stakeholder involvement. On December 2, 2022, PNM filed an appeal with the NM Supreme Court of the NMPRC’s final order which adopted revisions to the IRP Rule. The NM Supreme Court has scheduled oral arguments for May 13, 2024. See additional discussion of the NMPRC adopted revision to the IRP Rule in Note 17.

In the second quarter of 2022, PNM initiated its 2023 IRP process which covers the 20-year planning period from 2023 through 2042. Consistent with past IRPs, PNM received public input from interested parties as part of this process. On December 15, 2023, PNM filed its 2023 IRP with a continued focus on a carbon-free energy system by 2040. The plan highlights the need for the significant sustained addition of resources over the next two decades, replacing retiring or expiring capacity, and meeting concurrent load growth, while reducing the carbon intensity of PNM’s portfolio.

Environmentally Responsible Power

PNMR has a long-standing record of environmental stewardship. PNM’s environmental focus is in three key areas:

• Developing strategies to provide reliable and affordable power while transitioning to a 100% emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040
• Preparing PNM’s system to meet New Mexico’s increasing renewable energy requirements as cost-effectively as possible
• Increasing energy efficiency participation

PNMR’s corporate website (www.pnmresources.com (http://www.pnmresources.com)) includes a dedicated section providing key environmental and other sustainability information related to PNM’s and TNMP’s operations and other information that collectively demonstrates the Company’s commitment to ESG principles. This information highlights plans for PNM to be coal-free no later than 2031 and to achieve an emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040.

In February 2022, PNM named its first Chief Sustainability Officer. The Chief Sustainability Officer is responsible for developing and implementing the Company’s business strategy and positions on environmental and sustainability policy issues and is charged with establishing organization-wide policies, strategies, goals, objectives and programs that advance sustainability and ensure compliance with regulations. The role serves as the Company’s primary contact with various regulatory and stakeholder agencies on environmental matters. In addition, the role leads environmental justice work, incorporating impacts to tribal, worker and affected communities and advancing ESG reporting.

PNM’s grid modernization plan is a major step forward to providing reliable, affordable and sustainable energy. As part of that plan, PNM will promote energy equity where technology like smart meters and distribution upgrades will be provided to low-income areas first in order to allow customers to gain insights into their energy usage in order to improve affordability and create fairer access to energy.

In 2020, PNM announced an agreement to partner with Sandia National Laboratories in research and development projects focused on energy resiliency, clean energy, and national security. The partnership demonstrates PNMR’s commitment to ESG principles and its support of projects that further its emissions-free generation goals and plans for a reliable, resilient, and secure grid to deliver New Mexico’s clean energy future. PNM also recently joined the Electric Power Research Institute (“EPRI”) Climate READi (Resilience and Adaptation) Initiative, a three-year initiative to develop a comprehensive and consistent approach to physical climate risk and facilitate the analysis and application of appropriate climate data among all stakeholders to enhance the planning, design and operation of a resilient power system. In addition, PNM’s Time-of-Day pilot approved in the 2024 Rate Change final order incentivizes customers, through price signals, to use energy during the day when renewable generation is abundant.

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, also commonly known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (“BIL”), was signed into law on November 15, 2021. This act represents a “once-in-a-generation” investment designed to modernize and upgrade America’s infrastructure. The BIL includes historic investments to upgrade the transmission and distribution systems to improve reliability and resilience, and to facilitate the deployment of more affordable and cleaner energy across the country. In collaboration with a coalition of both private and public entities and with the principal grantee GridBeyond Ltd, PNM applied for a BIL grant through DOE in the Advanced Reliability and Resiliency Operations for Wind and Solar (“ARROWS”) program. GridBeyond Ltd, as principal grantee, will receive $3.9 million in BIL funding and PNM will provide the in-kind, $3.9 million, local match. The project aims to boost confidence in renewable power investments using GridBeyond Ltd artificial intelligence (“AI”) -powered distributed energy resource management system (“iDERMS”) technology. The AI-powered platform will be used to forecast, optimize, and control resources such as wind, solar, and batteries on PNM’s power grid in real-time and will enable GridBeyond Ltd to collect, analyze, and quantify the overall energy savings to determine how successfully PNM is able to integrate these resources against a backdrop of variable renewable power output and storage.

PNM also recently submitted concept papers for a second round of Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnership (“GRIP”) funding through DOE for the following projects:

• $25.0 million for a total grid orchestration project to develop a means of managing the operational risk of a carbon-free grid composed of highly distributed, predominantly third party owned, generation and virtual generation assets, allowing for optimal dispatching to increase Distributed Energy Resources’ (“DER”) hosting capacity, improve service quality, provide DER value stacking, and increase equity among the communities of New Mexico;
• $15.0 million to enable Virtual Power Plant (“VPP”) control on PNM’s power grid, enhancing PNM’s control systems to integrate VPP, deploying distribution and behind-the-meter assets to enable a pilot area, and enabling a VPP program between PNM and third party VPP aggregators for five substations; and
• $25.0 million for Artificial Intelligence Management (“AIM”) for the Rockies: Wildfire Mitigation to create a smart grid and advance New Mexico’s plans to implement cutting-edge technologies for wildfire mitigation. AIM for the Rockies will implement an ignition management program, using data collection on ignitions in hazardous fire areas

and use wildfire cameras, acoustic sensors and AI software to model an innovative approach to wildfire mitigation that will help PNM make more informed decisions on asset and operations deployment in critical situations.

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) into law. The IRA provides benefits for PNMR and its customers by extending and enhancing clean energy incentives such as the investment tax credit and production tax credit. As the Company continues its transition away from carbon emitting sources, these credits will reduce the cost of renewable investments. In addition, the IRA includes a new production tax credit for existing nuclear facilities that is expected to create an added benefit for PNM’s ownership in the carbon-free PVNGS. Other IRA provisions will encourage transportation electrification with new electric vehicle credits and added incentives for vehicle charging infrastructure. For many of the IRA provisions, additional clarification and detailed guidance from the IRS is still pending.

Electric Vehicles

PNMR is building upon its ESG goal of 100% emissions-free generation by 2040 with plans for additional emissions reductions through the electrification of its vehicle fleet. Growing the number of electric vehicles within the Company’s fleet will benefit the environment and lower fuel costs furthering the commitment to ESG principles. Under the commitment, existing fleet vehicles will be replaced as they are retired with an increasing percentage of electric vehicles. The goals call for 25% of all light duty fleet purchases to be electric by 2025 and 50% to be electric by 2030.

To demonstrate PNMR’s commitment to increase the electrification of vehicles in its service territory, PNM implemented the TEP in 2022. TEP supports customer adoption of electric vehicles by addressing barriers to adoption. PNM’s TEP program budget provides both residential and non-residential customers funding towards the purchase of chargers and/or behind-the-meter infrastructure, as well as customer education and outreach on EV specific electricity rates to encourage charging during off-peak periods. Over 25% of the program budget is dedicated to low- and moderate-income customers to plan for an equitable transition to an electrified transportation sector.

In 2021, PNM joined the National Electric Highway Coalition, which plans to build fast-charging ports along major U.S. travel corridors. The coalition, with approximately 50 investor-owned electric companies is committed to providing EV fast charging ports that will allow the public to drive EVs with confidence throughout the country’s major roadways. To support this initiative, PNM’s TEP program includes the installation of a charging network along major roadways in New Mexico.

Other Environmental Matters

Four Corners may be required to comply with environmental rules that affect coal-fired generating units, including climate, regional haze, and ozone rules and the ETA. On May 23, 2023, EPA proposed new carbon pollution standards for coal and natural gas-fired power plants under Section 111 of the CAA. PNM is currently evaluating the proposed rule, which will have an impact on Four Corners as an existing coal-fired power plant and could potentially affect PNM’s gas resources as well. On February 16, 2024, EPA proposed to impose a federal implementation plan on New Mexico to address the interstate transport of ozone and its precursors, referred to by EPA as the “good neighbor” rule, which may also impact PNM’s gas resources by requiring participation in an ozone-season NOx emission allowance trading program. See Note 16.

Renewable Energy

PNM’s renewable procurements in service as of December 31, 2023 with a total net generation capacity of 1,277 MW include utility-owned solar capacity, as well as solar, wind, geothermal, and battery storage. In addition to PNM’s owned solar facilities, PNM also has a customer distributed solar generation program that represented 281.6 MW at December 31, 2023. The NMPRC has approved plans for PNM to procure energy and RECs from additional renewable resources to serve retail customers and a data center located in PNM’s service territory, including the portfolio to replace SJGS and the PVNGS Leased Interest Abandonment Application. PNM’s approved renewable resource plans have a generation capacity of 1,692 MW and are expected in operation by 2025. In addition, PNM filed an application with the NMPRC seeking approval of 410 MW of renewable resources for the 2026 summer peak. The majority of these renewable resources are key means for PNM to meet the RPS and related regulations that require PNM to achieve prescribed levels of energy sales from renewable sources, including those set by the ETA, without exceeding cost requirements. For additional discussion of the ETA, PNM’s Abandonment Applications, and 2026 Resource Application see Notes 16 and 17.

PNM will continue to procure renewable resources while balancing the impact to customers’ electricity costs in order to meet New Mexico’s escalating RPS and carbon-free resource requirements.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency plays a significant role in helping to keep customers’ electricity costs low while meeting their energy needs and is one of the Company’s approaches to supporting environmentally responsible power. PNM’s and TNMP’s energy efficiency and load management portfolios continue to achieve robust results. In 2023, incremental energy saved as a result of new participation in PNM’s portfolio of energy efficiency programs is estimated to be 101 GWh. This is equivalent to the annual consumption of approximately 14,500 homes in PNM’s service territory. PNM’s load management and annual energy efficiency programs also help lower peak demand requirements. In 2023, TNMP’s incremental energy saved as a result of new participation in TNMP’s energy efficiency programs is estimated to be approximately 17 GWh. This is equivalent to the annual consumption of approximately 2,297 homes in TNMP’s service territory. TNMP’s high-performance homes residential new construction energy efficiency program has earned the Energy Star Partner of the Year award for 7 years, including 5 years receiving the Sustained Excellence Award, recognizing long-term commitment to fighting climate change and protecting public health through energy efficiency. For information on PNM’s and TNMP’s energy efficiency filing with the NMPRC and PUCT see Note 17.

Water Conservation and Solid Waste Reduction

PNM continues its efforts to reduce the amount of fresh water used to make electricity (about 45% more efficient than in 2005). Continued growth in PNM’s fleet of solar and wind energy sources, energy efficiency programs, and innovative uses of air-cooling technology have contributed to this reduction. Water usage has continued to decline as PNM has substituted less fresh-water-intensive generation resources to replace SJGS. As the Company moves forward with its mission to achieve 100% carbon‐free generation by 2040, it expects that more significant water savings will be gained. Shutting down SJGS in 2022 and Four Corners by 2031 will allow the Company to reach our goals for reduced freshwater use at 80% by 2035 and 90% by 2040 from 2005 levels. Focusing on responsible stewardship of New Mexico’s scarce water resources improves PNM’s water-resilience in the face of persistent drought and ever-increasing demands for water to spur the growth of New Mexico’s economy.

In addition to the above areas of focus, the Company is working to reduce the amount of solid waste going to landfills through increased recycling and reduction of waste. In 2023, 20 of the Company’s 21 facilities met or exceeded the solid waste diversion goal of a 65% diversion rate. The Company expects to continue to do well in this area in the future.

Customer, Stakeholder, and Community Engagement

Another key element of the Company’s commitment to ESG principles is fostering relationships with its customers, stakeholders, and communities. The Company strives to deliver a superior customer experience. Through outreach, collaboration, and various community-oriented programs, the Company has demonstrated a commitment to building productive relationships with stakeholders, including customers, community partners, regulators, intervenors, legislators, and shareholders. Local relationships and one-on-one communications remain two of the most valuable ways both PNM and TNMP connect with their stakeholders. Both companies maintain long-standing relationships with governmental representatives and key electricity consumers to ensure that these stakeholders are updated on Company investments and initiatives. Key electricity consumers also have dedicated Company contacts that support their important service needs.

The Company utilizes a number of communications channels and strategic content to serve and engage its many stakeholders. PNM’s website provides the details of major regulatory filings, including general rate requests, as well as the background on PNM’s efforts to maintain reliability, keep prices affordable, and protect the environment. The Company’s website is also a resource for information about PNM’s operations and community outreach efforts, including plans for building a sustainable energy future for New Mexico and to transition to an emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040. PNM also leverages social media in communications with customers on various topics such as education, outage alerts, safety, customer service, and PNM’s community partnerships in philanthropic projects. As discussed above, PNMR’s corporate website includes a dedicated section providing additional information regarding the Company’s commitment to ESG principles and other sustainability efforts.

In 2023, PNM implemented in-person residential and business customer advisory councils to build and improve customer relationships as well as to provide PNM with a way to enhance its understanding of customers’ needs, gauge interest levels, develop and guide programs and solutions to be highly customer centric. Additionally, PNM continues to focus its efforts to enhance the customer experience through customer service improvements, including enhanced customer service engagement options, strategic customer outreach, and improved communications. These efforts are supported by market research to understand the varying needs of customers, identifying and establishing valued services and programs, and proactively communicating and engaging with customers. In 2023, PNM and the electric utility industry as a whole, continued to experience a decline in customer satisfaction as measured by J.D. Power. However, PNM remains focused on continuously improving its customers’ experience at every touchpoint and placing greater focus on customer assistance through economic uncertainty.

With reliability being the primary role of a transmission and distribution service provider in Texas’ deregulated market, TNMP continues to focus on keeping end-users updated about interruptions and to encourage consumer preparation when severe weather is forecasted. In both 2021 and 2022, TNMP provided 30-person teams in support of other utilities that experienced significant damage to their transmission and distribution system as a result of Hurricane Ida and Hurricane Ian. TNMP has been honored by the Edison Electric Institute eight times since 2012 for its assistance to out-of-state utilities affected by hurricanes. TNMP has also been honored three times since 2008 for hurricane response in its own territory.

PNM continues to focus on addressing energy affordability by promoting participation in utility programs among households with high energy burden to offset high bills. PNM has implemented efforts to increase participation in low income energy efficiency programs, providing additional aid through the PNM Good Neighbor Fund, the establishment of a temporary Summer High Heat Fund that provided bill assistance to low and moderate income customers, partnering with state agencies to make it easier to access funding, improving access to clean energy through expanded outreach and communication, and the implementation of low income transportation electrification programs. As a result of these communication efforts, 6,769 families in need received emergency assistance through the PNM Good Neighbor Fund during 2023. Additionally, PNM has worked closely with the New Mexico Department of Finance and Administration to implement strategies ensuring customers receive rent benefits, including utility bill assistance, from the Emergency Rental Assistance Program (“ERAP”). As a result of these efforts, the ERAP has paid over $8.8 million in customer arrears since the launch of the program in March 2021.

During the three years ended December 31, 2023, corporate giving contributed $12.5 million to civic, educational, environmental, low income, and economic development organizations. During 2023, corporate giving has maintained a strategic focus on these pillars and continues to highlight corporate citizenship through active involvement with sponsorships demonstrating PNM’s commitment to the community. In 2023, this corporate giving included $1.0 million to support New Mexico high school students and their ability to participate in electric trade programs. In the third quarter of 2023, PNM shareholders donated $0.6 million to a newly created PNM Summer Heat Bill Help Fund which delivered crucial relief to low and moderate income customers struggling to pay their electric bills during the record-breaking 2023 summer heatwave and $0.5 million was given to the PNM Good Neighbor Fund.

Another demonstration of the Company’s commitment to ESG principles is the Company’s tradition of supporting the communities it serves in New Mexico and Texas. This support extends beyond corporate giving and financial donations from the PNM Resources Foundation to also include collaborations on community projects, low-income customer assistance programs, and employee volunteerism.

PNMR recognizes its responsibility to support programs and organizations that enrich the quality of life across its service territories and seeks opportunities to further demonstrate its commitment in these areas as needs arise. In response to community needs, PNMR partners with other corporate funders to support nonprofits and small businesses. While its service territory does not include the Navajo Nation, PNM’s operations include generating facilities and employees in this region. The PNM Navajo Nation Workforce Training Scholarship Program provides support for Navajo tribal members and encourages the pursuit of education and training in existing and emerging jobs in the communities in which they live. PNM has invested in paid summer college engineering internship programs for American Indian students available in the greater Albuquerque area, established the PNM Pueblo Education Scholarship Endowment to invest in higher education for Native American Indian students, and supported the development of an entrepreneur complex located in Albuquerque and operated by the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, owned by the 19 pueblo nations of New Mexico. PNM also continues to partner with the Navajo Nation in the Light up Navajo project, piloted in 2019 and modeled as a mutual aid project with over 25 utilities nationwide participating to connect Navajo homes without electricity to the power grid. PNM has partnered with New Mexico universities to enhance intern programs and developed a business coalition model to drive economic development through intern partnerships. PNM has also partnered with key nonprofit organizations to initiate funding and action for programs focused on diversity, equity and inclusion.

Employee volunteers are the lifeblood of a healthy corporate culture. Community giving through volunteers’ time and effort is at the heart of employee engagement. Throughout 2023, the Company held large-scale volunteer events, working alongside nonprofits, schools, and vulnerable communities throughout New Mexico and Texas. More than 500 employees in both states participated in the “Day of Service”, a workday event encouraging employee volunteerism. Throughout the year, employees volunteer their time generously through independent volunteer activities and board participation. Employees strengthen community resilience by giving at least 9,000 volunteer hours each year to support the health, safety, and well-being of diverse communities.

In addition to the extensive engagement both PNM and TNMP have with nonprofit organizations in their communities, the PNM Resources Foundation provides an annual average of nearly $1.4 million in grant funding over the past three years across New Mexico and Texas. These grants help nonprofits innovate or sustain programs to grow and develop their mission, develop and implement environmental programs, and provide educational opportunities. The PNM Resources Foundation continued to expand its matching and volunteer grant programs and the annual amount of matching donations available to each of its employees was increased. The PNM Resources Foundation also approved an increase to the amount awarded to employees, through the employee crisis management fund, who have been affected by the wildfires. Throughout 2023, the Foundation celebrated its 40th year of serving community needs highlighting education, inclusion, the environment and community vitality and awarded $0.7 million to 44 organizations in New Mexico and Texas.

Economic Factors

PNM – In 2023, PNM experienced a decrease in weather normalized residential load of 1.0%, slightly offset by an increase in weather normalized commercial load of 0.2% compared to 2022. In addition, PNM experienced a decrease in industrial load of 4.6% compared to 2022.

TNMP – In 2023, TNMP’s volumetric weather normalized retail load was flat when compared to 2022. Weather normalized demand-based load, excluding retail transmission consumers, increased 14.1% in 2023 compared to 2022.

The Company is closely monitoring the impacts on the capital markets of other macroeconomic conditions, including actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflationary concerns or other market conditions, and geopolitical activity. The Company has not experienced, nor does it expect significant negative impacts to customer usage at PNM and TNMP resulting from these economic impacts. However, if current economic conditions worsen, the Company may be required to implement additional measures such as reducing or delaying operating and maintenance expenses and planned capital expenditures.

Results of Operations

Net earnings attributable to PNMR were $87.8 million, or $1.02 per diluted share in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $169.5 million, or $1.97 per diluted share in 2022. Among other things, earnings in the year ended December 31, 2023 benefited from higher transmission margin at PNM and TNMP, warmer weather at PNM, higher distribution rates at TNMP, higher demand-based load at TNMP, increased performance on PNM’s NDT, coal mine reclamation and SJGS decommissioning investment securities, and decreased operational and maintenance expense and depreciation expense at PNM primarily due to the retirement of SJGS and the disposition of the PVNGS Unit 1 Leased Interest. These increases were more than offset by regulatory disallowances resulting from the NMPRC final order in the 2024 Rate Change, the SJGS abandonment settlement agreement, higher employee related, outside services and vegetation management expenses at PNM and TNMP, increased depreciation and property taxes at TNMP due to increased plant in service, new capacity arrangements at PNM, lower weather normalized retail load at PNM, milder weather at TNMP, and higher interest charges at PNM, TNMP and Corporate and Other. Additional information on factors impacting results of operations for each segment is discussed below under Results of Operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

PNMR, PNM, and TNMP have revolving credit facilities with capacities of $300.0 million, $440.0 million, and $100.0 million. Total availability for PNMR on a consolidated basis was $459.4 million at February 16, 2024. The Company utilizes these credit facilities and cash flows from operations to provide funds for both construction and operational expenditures. PNMR also has intercompany loan agreements with each of its subsidiaries. For additional details regarding the Company’s revolving credit facilities, see Note 7.

PNMR projects that its consolidated capital requirements, consisting of construction expenditures and dividends, will total $6.8 billion for 2024-2028. These construction expenditures include TNMP’s investments to support continued high growth in system demand across TNMP’s service territories and growing encouragement for infrastructure investments from the Texas legislature to support grid reliability and resilience. PNM’s capital initiatives for investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure to deliver clean energy, enhance customer satisfaction, and increase grid resilience. Construction expenditures also include investments proposed in PNM’s Grid Modernization Application.

As discussed in Note 7, in November 2022, PNMR entered into a distribution agreement, pursuant to which the Company may sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate sales price of $200.0 million of its common stock, no par value, through sales agents under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program. During 2023, PNMR entered into forward sales agreements with third-party forward purchasers relating to the sale of 4.4 million shares of common stock, under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program, which is now concluded. On December 15, 2023, PNMR physically settled all shares under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program by issuing 4.4 million shares to the forward purchasers and receiving net proceeds of $198.2 million. Following this settlement, no shares of PNMR’s common stock remain subject to future settlement under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program. See Note 7.

To fund capital spending requirements to meet growth that balances earnings goals, credit metrics and liquidity needs, the Company has entered into a number of other financing arrangements. For further discussion on these financing arrangements see Liquidity and Capital Resources discussion below as well as Note 7.

After considering the effects of these financings and the Company’s short-term liquidity position as of February 16, 2024, the Company has consolidated maturities of long-term and short-term debt aggregating $658.0 million in the period from January 1, 2024 through February 28, 2025. In addition to internal cash generation, the Company anticipates that it will be necessary to obtain additional long-term financing in the form of debt refinancing, new debt issuances, and/or new equity in order to fund its capital requirements during the 2024-2028 period. The Company currently believes that its internal cash generation, existing credit arrangements, and access to public and private capital markets will provide sufficient resources to meet the Company’s capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2023 and February 16, 2024, the Company was in compliance with its debt covenants.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. Trends and contingencies of a material nature are discussed to the extent known. Also, refer to Disclosure Regarding Forward Looking Statements in Part I, Item 1 and to Risk Factors in Part I, Item 1A.

A summary of net earnings attributable to PNMR is as follows:

(In millions, except per share amounts)

The components of the changes in net earnings attributable to PNMR by segment are:

(In millions)

Information regarding the factors impacting PNMR’s operating results by segment are set forth below.

Segment Information

The following discussion is based on the segment methodology that PNMR’s management uses for making operating decisions and assessing performance of its various business activities. See Note 2 for more information on PNMR’s operating segments.

PNM

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

PNM defines utility margin as electric operating revenues less cost of energy, which consists primarily of fuel and purchase power costs. PNM believes that utility margin provides a more meaningful basis for evaluating operations than electric operating revenues since substantially all fuel and purchase power costs are offset in revenues as those costs are passed through to customers under PNM’s FPPAC. Utility margin is not a financial measure required to be presented and is considered a non-GAAP measure. PNM does not intend for utility margin to represent any financial measure as defined by GAAP however, the calculation of utility margin, as presented, most closely compares to gross margin as defined by GAAP. Reconciliations between utility margin and gross margin are presented below.

(In millions)

A - 36

The following table summarizes the operating results for PNM:

(In millions)

The following table shows GWh sales, including the impacts of weather, by customer class and average number of customers:

(1) Includes energy provided by PNM for renewable energy resources to match the energy and capacity requirements of Meta. PNM purchases renewable energy which is passed through to Meta under a rate rider. A special service rate is applied to Meta’s energy consumption in those hours of the month when their consumption exceeds the energy production from the renewable resources.

(2) PNM purchases energy for a large customer on the customer’s behalf and delivers the energy to the customer’s location through PNM’s transmission system. PNM charges the customer for the cost of the energy as a direct pass through to the customer with only a minor impact in utility margin resulting from providing ancillary services.

(3) Includes sales for resale activity resulting from PNM’s participation in the EIM.

Operating results – 2023 compared to 2022

The following table summarizes the significant changes to gross margin:

(In millions)

A - 37

The following table summarizes the significant changes to utility margin:

(In millions)

The following tables summarize the primary drivers for operating expenses, depreciation and amortization, other income (deductions), interest charges, and income taxes:

(In millions)

A - 38

(In millions)

TNMP

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

TNMP defines utility margin as electric operating revenues less cost of energy, which consists of costs charged by third-party transmission providers. TNMP believes that utility margin provides a more meaningful basis for evaluating operations than electric operating revenues since all third-party transmission costs are passed on to consumers through a transmission cost recovery factor. Utility margin is not a financial measure required to be presented and is considered a non-GAAP measure. TNMP does not intend for utility margin to represent any financial measure as defined by GAAP however, the calculation of utility margin, as presented, most closely compares to gross margin as defined by GAAP. Reconciliations between utility margin and gross margin are presented below.

(In millions)

A - 39

The following table summarizes the operating results for TNMP:

(In millions)

The following table shows total GWh sales, including the impacts of weather, by retail tariff consumer class and average number of consumers:

(1) Volumetric load consumers are billed on KWh usage.

(2) Demand-based load includes consumers billed on a monthly KW peak and retail transmission customers that are primarily billed under rate riders.

(3) TNMP provides transmission and distribution services to REPs that provide electric service to customers in TNMP’s service territories. The number of consumers above represents the customers of these REPs. Under TECA, consumers in Texas have the ability to choose any REP to provide energy.

Operating results – 2023 compared to 2022

The following table summarizes the significant changes to gross margin:

(In millions)

A - 40

The following table summarizes the significant changes to utility margin:

(In millions)

The following tables summarize the primary drivers for operating expenses, depreciation and amortization, other income (deductions), interest charges, and income taxes:

(In millions)

A - 41

(In millions)

Corporate and Other

The table below summarizes the operating results for Corporate and Other:

(In millions)

Corporate and Other operating expenses shown above are net of amounts allocated to PNM and TNMP under shared services agreements. The amounts allocated include certain expenses shown as depreciation and amortization and other income (deductions) in the table above. The change in operating expenses includes a decrease of $0.8 million in costs related to the Merger that were not allocated to PNM or TNMP. Substantially all depreciation and amortization expense are offset in operating expenses as a result of allocation of these costs to other business segments.

Operating results – 2023 compared to 2022

The following tables summarize the primary drivers for other income (deductions), interest charges, and income taxes:

(In millions)

A - 42

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Statements of Cash Flows

The information concerning PNMR’s cash flows is summarized as follows:

(In millions)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Changes in PNMR’s cash flow from operating activities result from net earnings, adjusted for items impacting earnings that do not provide or use cash. See Results of Operations above. Certain changes in assets and liabilities resulting from normal operations, including the effects of the seasonal nature of the Company’s operations, also impact operating cash flows.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

The changes in PNMR’s cash flows from investing activities relate primarily to changes in utility plant additions. Cash flows from investing activities include purchases and sales of investment securities in the NDT, SJGS decommissioning trust, and coal mine reclamation trusts as well as activity related to NMRD. Major components of PNMR’s cash inflows and (outflows) from investing activities are shown below:

(In millions)

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

The changes in PNMR’s cash flows from financing activities include:

• Short-term borrowings increased $29.9 million in 2023 compared to an increase of $169.3 million in 2022, resulting in a net decrease in cash flows from financing activities of $139.4 million in 2023
• In 2023, PNMR borrowed $500.0 million under the PNMR 2023 Term Loan and used the proceeds to repay borrowings under the PNMR 2021 Delayed Draw Term Loan
• In 2023, PNMR physically settled forward sales of common stock under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program and received $198.2 million in net proceeds that were used to repay amounts borrowed under the PNMR Revolving Credit Facility and for other corporate purposes
• In 2023, PNM issued $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of the PNM 2023 SUNs and used the proceeds to repay borrowings under the PNM Revolving Credit Facility and the PNM New Mexico Credit Facility, to fund capital expenditures, and for other corporate purposes
• In 2023, PNM remarketed $130.0 million of outstanding PCRBs to new investors
• In 2023, PNM repaid $55.0 million of 3.15% SUNs that were due in May 2023
• In 2023, PNM received proceeds from the sale of energy transition property to ETBC I and used those proceeds to repay the $225.0 million PNM 2022 Delayed Draw Term Loan and borrowings under the PNM Revolving Credit Facility
• In 2023, ETBC I issued $343.2 million in Securitized Bonds and used the proceeds to purchase energy transition property from PNM
• In 2023, TNMP issued $185.0 million aggregate principal amount of TNMP 2023 Bonds and used the proceeds to repay borrowings under the TNMP Revolving Credit Facility, to fund capital expenditures, and for other corporate purposes

Financing Activities

See Note 7 for additional information concerning the Company’s financing activities. PNM must obtain NMPRC approval for any financing transaction having a maturity of more than 18 months. In addition, PNM files its annual informational financing filing and short-term financing plan with the NMPRC. The Company’s ability to access the credit and capital markets at a reasonable cost is largely dependent upon its:

• Ability to earn a fair return on equity
• Results of operations
• Ability to obtain required regulatory approvals
• Conditions in the financial markets
• Credit ratings

The Company is closely monitoring the impacts on the capital markets of other macroeconomic conditions, including actions by the Federal Reserve to address inflationary concerns or other market conditions, and geopolitical activity. The Company currently believes it has adequate liquidity but cannot predict the effects of any of these macroeconomic conditions on the global, national, or local economy, including the Company’s ability to access capital in the financial markets, or on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Each of the Company’s revolving credit facilities and term loans contain a single financial covenant that requires the maintenance of a debt-to-capitalization ratio. For the PNMR agreements, this ratio must be maintained at less than or equal to 70%, and for the PNM and TNMP agreements, this ratio must be maintained at less than or equal to 65%. The Company’s revolving credit facilities, term loans, and other debt agreements generally also contain customary covenants, events of default, cross-default provisions, and change-of-control provisions. The Company is in compliance with its debt covenants.

On April 28, 2023, PNM entered into an agreement (the “PNM 2023 Note Purchase Agreement”) for the sale and issuance of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of two series of SUNs. PNM issued $150.0 million of the PNM 2023 SUNs at 5.51%, due April 28, 2035, and another $50.0 million at 5.92%, due April 28, 2053. Proceeds from the PNM 2023 SUNs were used to repay borrowings under the PNM Revolving Credit Facility and the PNM New Mexico Credit Facility, for funding of capital expenditures, and for general corporate purposes.

On April 28, 2023, TNMP entered into an agreement (the “TNMP 2023 Bond Purchase Agreement”) for the sale of $185.0 million aggregate principal amount of two series of TNMP first mortgage bonds. TNMP issued the first series of $130.0 million on April 28, 2023, at a 5.01% interest rate, due April 28, 2033. The second series of $55.0 million was issued on July 28, 2023, at a 5.47% interest rate, due July 28, 2053. The proceeds were used to repay borrowings under the TNMP Revolving Credit Facility, for funding of capital expenditures, and for other corporate purposes.

At December 31, 2022, PNM had $55.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.15% SUNs outstanding due May 2023. On May 15, 2023, PNM repaid the $55.0 million 3.15% SUNs.

At December 31, 2022, PNM had $130.0 million of 1.10% PCRBs outstanding with a mandatory remarketing date of June 1, 2023. On June 1, 2023, PNM remarketed the $130.0 million to new investors at 3.90% with a mandatory tender date of June 1, 2028.

On June 30, 2023, PNMR entered into the $500.0 million PNMR 2023 Term Loan. The PNMR 2023 Term Loan matures on June 30, 2026 and bears interest at a variable rate, which was 6.83% at December 31, 2023. The proceeds were used to prepay an equal amount of the PNMR 2021 Delayed Draw Term Loan, without penalty.

On November 15, 2023, ETBC I issued $343.2 million aggregate principal amount of its senior secured energy transition bonds, Series A (“Securitized Bonds”) in two tranches. The first tranche of $175.0 million aggregate principal amount was issued at an interest rate of 5.64% with an expected final payment due in August 2040. The second tranche of $168.2 million aggregate principal amount was issued at an interest rate of 6.03% with an expected final payment due in August 2048.

At December 31, 2022, PNM had $225.0 million outstanding under its PNM 2022 Delayed-Draw Term Loan that was set to mature in February 2024. On November 15, 2023, upon receipt of funds from the sale of energy transition property to ETBC I discussed in Note 7, PNM prepaid the $225.0 million outstanding under the PNM 2022 Delayed-Draw Term Loan, without penalty, and repaid borrowings under the PNM Revolving Credit Facility.

As discussed in Note 7, in November 2022, PNMR entered into a distribution agreement (the “PNMR 2022 ATM Program”). During 2023, PNMR entered into forward sales agreements with third-party forward purchasers relating to the sale of 4.4 million shares of common stock, under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program. The average initial forward sale prices were subject to adjustments based on a net interest rate factor and by future dividends paid on PNMR common stock. PNMR did not initially receive any proceeds upon the execution of these agreements and, except in certain specified circumstances, had the option to elect physical, cash, or net share settlement of the forward sale agreements on or before a date that is 12 months from the agreement effective dates. Refer to Note 7 for information regarding the average initial forward sales prices, the Company’s settlement options and related accounting treatment. On December 15, 2023, PNMR physically settled the forward purchases under the PNMR 2022 ATM Program and received $198.2 million in net cash proceeds that were used to repay borrowings under the PNMR Revolving Credit Facility and for other corporate purposes.

PNMR has entered into multiple hedging arrangements, with maturity dates ranging from September 2023 through December 2025. See Note 7 for the related effective dates and terms of each arrangement. All of these hedging agreements establish a fixed rate for the indicated amount of variable rate debt, above which a customary spread is applied, which is subject to change if there is a change in PNMR’s credit rating. These hedge agreements have been accounted for as cash flow hedges.

Capital Requirements

PNMR’s total capital requirements consist of construction expenditures, cash dividend requirements for PNMR common stock and PNM preferred stock. Key activities in PNMR’s current construction program include:

• Investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure
• Upgrading generation resources and delivering clean energy
• Purchasing nuclear fuel

Projected capital requirements for 2024-2028 are:

(In millions)

The construction expenditure estimates are under continuing review and subject to ongoing adjustment, as well as to Board review and approval. The construction expenditures above include TNMP’s investments to support continued high growth in system demand across TNMP’s service territories and growing encouragement for infrastructure investments from the Texas legislature to support grid reliability and resilience. PNM’s capital initiative that includes investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure to deliver clean energy, enhance customer satisfaction, and increase grid resilience. Construction expenditures also include investments proposed in PNM’s Grid Modernization Application. These investments provide for a more resilient, reliable, efficient, and decarbonized electric system. Not included in the table above are incremental expenditures for new customer growth in New Mexico and Texas, and other transmission and renewable energy expansion in New Mexico. The ability of PNMR to pay dividends on its common stock is dependent upon the ability of PNM and TNMP to pay dividends to PNMR. See Note 6 for a discussion of regulatory and contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends by PNM and TNMP.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, PNMR met its capital requirements and construction expenditures through cash generated from operations, as well as its liquidity arrangements and the borrowings discussed in Financing Activities above.

In addition to the capital requirements for construction expenditures and dividends, the Company has long-term debt and term loans that must be paid or refinanced at maturity. PNM has $198.0 million of PCRBs with a mandatory remarketing date in June 2024 and TNMP has $80.0 million of its 4.03% first mortgage bonds due in July 2024. ETBC I also has $2.5 million of scheduled payments due August 2024 for the Securitized Bonds which are funded by the energy transition charge billed to customers (Note 16). See Note 7 for additional information about the Company’s long-term debt and equity arrangements. The Company may also enter into new arrangements similar to the existing agreements, borrow under the revolving credit facilities, issue new long-term debt or equity in the public or private capital markets, or a combination of these sources. The Company has from time to time refinanced or repurchased portions of its outstanding debt before scheduled maturity. Depending on market conditions, the Company may refinance other debt issuances or make additional debt repurchases in the future.

Other Material Cash Requirements

In addition to the cash requirements for construction requirements and long-term debt discussed above, the Company has other material cash requirements related to long-term contractual obligations including minimum lease payments (Note 8), coal contracts, coal mine reclamation, nuclear decommissioning, SJGS plant decommissioning (Note 16), and pension and retiree medical contributions (Note 11).

Interest on long-term debt, excluding Securitized Bonds

Interest accrues on long-term debt agreements, at fixed rates, with the passage of time, and is typically paid semi-annually in accordance with the terms of the debt agreement. Provided that these long-term debt agreements are not prepaid or refinanced before their expected maturities, payments of interest are expected to total $113.4 million in 2024, $200.2 million in 2025 and 2026, $177.0 million in 2027 and 2028, and $818.4 million in 2029 and thereafter.

Scheduled payments on Securitized Bonds

Securitized Bonds are subject to fixed, scheduled, principal and interest payment arrangements that are paid semi-annually in accordance with the terms of the agreement and are funded by the energy transition charge billed to customers. See Note 16. Principal payments are expected to total $2.5 million for 2024, $14.2 million for 2025 and 2026, $15.9 million for 2027 and 2028, and $310.6 million for 2029 and thereafter. Interest payments are expected to total $15.0 million for 2024, $39.2 million for 2025 and 2026, $37.5 million for 2027 and 2028, and $223.0 million for 2029 and thereafter.

Transmission service arrangements

PNM owns transmission lines that are interconnected with other utilities in Arizona and Texas. PNM has executed long-term contracts with these other utilities to receive service for the transmission of energy owned by PNM utilizing the third-party transmission facilities. PNM generally receives transmission services, which are regulated by FERC, from a third-party through the other utilities’ OATT or a specific contract. PNM has reserved firm capacity on a long-term basis and is committed under the terms of the contracts. These contracted obligations total $16.0 million in 2024, $28.2 million in 2025 and 2026, $23.7 million in 2027 and 2028, and none in 2029 and thereafter.

Technology outsourcing

The Company has other technology services under long-term contracts. The obligations under these contracts total $7.1 million for 2024 and $8.9 million for 2025 and 2026.

Liquidity

PNMR’s liquidity arrangements include the $300.0 million PNMR Revolving Credit Facility, the $400.0 million PNM Revolving Credit Facility, and the $100.0 million TNMP Revolving Credit Facility. Both PNMR and PNM have exercised the available extension option on their respective credit facilities extending maturity through October 2026. Effective November 1, 2024, the amount of the PNMR Revolving Credit Facility will adjust to $285.0 million and the amount of the PNM Revolving Credit Facility will adjust to $380.0 million because one lender in each facility failed to agree to the extensions. PNM also has the $40.0 million PNM New Mexico Credit Facility with a maturity of May 20, 2026. TNMP has exercised the available extension options on its $100.0 million credit facility, extending the maturity to September 23, 2026. Variable interest rates under the PNMR, PNM, and TNMP revolving credit facilities are based on SOFR. The Company believes the terms and conditions of these facilities are consistent with those of other investment grade revolving credit facilities in the utility industry. The Company expects that it will be able to extend or replace these credit facilities under similar terms and conditions prior to their expirations.

The revolving credit facilities and the PNM New Mexico Credit Facility provide short-term borrowing capacity. The revolving credit facilities also allow letters of credit to be issued. Letters of credit reduce the available capacity under the facilities. The Company utilizes these credit facilities and cash flows from operations to provide funds for both construction and operational expenditures. The Company’s business is seasonal with more revenues and cash flows from operations being generated in the summer months. In general, the Company relies on the credit facilities to be the initial funding source for construction expenditures. Accordingly, borrowings under the facilities may increase over time. Depending on market and other conditions, the Company will periodically sell long-term debt and use the proceeds to reduce the borrowings under the credit facilities.

Information regarding the range of borrowings for each facility is as follows:

(In millions)

At December 31, 2023, the weighted average interest rates were 6.69% for the PNM Revolving Credit Facility, 6.71% for the PNM New Mexico Credit Facility, 6.32% for the TNMP Revolving Credit Facility, and 6.96% for the PNMR Revolving Credit Facility.

The Company currently believes that its capital requirements for at least the next twelve months can be met through internal cash generation, existing, extended, or new credit arrangements, and access to public and private capital markets as discussed above and in Note 7. The Company anticipates that it will be necessary to obtain additional long-term financing to fund its capital requirements and to balance its capital structure during the 2024 – 2028 period. This could include new debt and/or equity issuances. To cover the difference in the amounts and timing of internal cash generation and cash requirements, the Company intends to use short-term borrowings under its current and future liquidity arrangements or other short-term loans. Market conditions, such as rising interest rates, may raise the cost of borrowing under the Company’s current and future liquidity arrangements or other variable debt. In addition, if market conditions worsen, the Company may not be able to access the capital markets or renew credit facilities when they expire. Should that occur, the Company would seek to improve cash flows by reducing capital expenditures and exploring other available alternatives.

Currently, all of the credit ratings issued by both Moody’s and S&P on the Company’s debt are investment grade. As of December 31, 2023, Moody’s outlook is stable for all entities and S&P outlook is positive for all entities. On January 15, 2024, S&P revised PNMR, PNM & TNMP’s outlook to stable from positive. Investors are cautioned that a security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold securities, that each rating is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization, and that each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.

As of February 16, 2024, ratings on the Company’s securities were as follows:

A - 47

A summary of liquidity arrangements as of February 16, 2024, is as follows:

(In millions)

In addition to the above, PNMR has $30.3 million of letters of credit outstanding under the WFB LOC Facility. The above table excludes intercompany debt. As of February 16, 2024, PNM and TNMP had zero and $3.8 million of intercompany borrowings from PNMR. PNMR Development had $14.3 million of intercompany borrowings from PNMR and PNMR had no intercompany borrowing from PNMR Development. The remaining availability under the revolving credit facilities at any point in time varies based on a number of factors, including the timing of collections of accounts receivables and payments for construction and operating expenditures.

PNMR has an automatic shelf registration that provides for the issuance of various types of debt and equity securities that expires in March 2025. PNM has a shelf registration statement for up to $650.0 million of SUNs that expires in May 2026.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

PNMR has no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on its financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Contingent Provisions of Certain Obligations

PNMR, PNM, and TNMP have a number of debt obligations and other contractual commitments that contain contingent provisions. Some of these, if triggered, could affect the liquidity of the Company. In the unlikely event that the contingent requirements were to be triggered, PNMR, PNM, or TNMP could be required to provide security, immediately pay outstanding obligations, or be prevented from drawing on unused capacity under certain credit agreements. The most significant consequences resulting from these contingent requirements are detailed in the discussion below.

The PNMR Revolving Credit Facility, PNM Revolving Credit Facility, PNM New Mexico Credit Facility, and the TNMP Revolving Credit Facility contain “ratings triggers,” for pricing purposes only. If PNMR, PNM, or TNMP is downgraded or upgraded by the ratings agencies, the result would be an increase or decrease in interest cost. The PNMR facility requires that PNMR is to maintain a debt-to-capitalization ratio of less than or equal to 70%. The debt-to-capitalization ratio requirement remains at less than or equal to 65% for the PNM and TNMP facilities. If these ratios were exceeded, the entity could be required to repay all borrowings under its facility, be prevented from borrowing on the unused capacity under the facility, and be required to provide collateral for all outstanding letters of credit issued under the facility.

PNM’s standard purchase agreement for the procurement of natural gas for its fuel needs contains a contingent requirement that could require PNM to provide collateral for its gas purchase obligations if the seller were to reasonably believe that PNM was unable to fulfill its payment obligations under the agreement.

The master agreement for the sale of electricity in the WSPP contains a contingent requirement that could require PNM to provide collateral if the credit ratings on its debt falls below investment grade. The WSPP agreement also contains a contingent requirement, commonly called a “material adverse change” provision, which could require PNM to provide collateral if a material adverse change in its financial condition or operations were to occur. Additionally, PNM utilizes standard derivative contracts to financially hedge and trade energy. These agreements contain contingent requirements that require PNM to provide security if the credit rating on its debt falls below investment grade. The Company believes its financing arrangements are sufficient to meet the requirements of the contingent provisions. No conditions have occurred that would result in any of the above contingent provisions being implemented.

Capital Structure

The capitalization tables below include the current maturities of long-term debt, but do not include short-term debt and do not include operating lease obligations as debt.

OTHER ISSUES FACING THE COMPANY

Climate Change Issues

Background

For the past several years, management has identified multiple risks and opportunities related to climate change, including potential environmental regulation, technological innovation, and availability of fuel and water for operations, as among the most significant risks facing the Company. Accordingly, these risks are overseen by the Board in order to facilitate more integrated risk and strategy oversight and planning. Board oversight includes understanding the various challenges and opportunities presented by these risks, including the financial consequences that might result from enacted and potential federal and/or state regulation of GHG; plans to mitigate these risks; and the impacts these risks may have on the Company’s strategy. In addition, the Board approves certain procurements of grid modernization technologies, and replacement resources.

Management is also responsible for assessing significant risks, developing and executing appropriate responses, and reporting to the Board on the status of risk activities. For example, management periodically updates the Board on the implementation of corporate environmental policy, and the Company’s environmental management systems, including the promotion of energy efficiency programs, and the use of renewable resources. The Board is also informed of the Company’s practices and procedures to assess the impacts of operations on the environment. The Board considers issues associated with climate change, the Company’s GHG exposures, and the financial consequences that might result from enacted and potential federal and/or state regulation of GHG. Management has published, with Board oversight, a Climate Change Report available at http://www.pnmresources.com/about-us/sustainability-portal.aspx, that details the Company’s efforts to transition to an emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040.

As part of management’s continuing effort to monitor climate-related risks and assess opportunities, the Company has advanced its understanding of climate change by participating in the “2 Degree Scenario” planning by participating in the Electric Power Research Institute (“EPRI”) Understanding Climate Scenarios & Goal Setting Activities program. The program focused on characterizing and analyzing the relationship of individual electric utility company’s carbon emissions and global temperature goals. Activities include analyzing the scientific understanding of global emissions pathways that are consistent with limiting global warming and providing insight to assist companies in developing approaches to climate scenario planning. As PNM expands its sustainability efforts, EPRI’s environmental and climate analysis programs have also been useful in gaining a better understanding of energy and environmental policy and regulations, advanced clean energy technologies, decarbonization trends and climate impacts. In 2022, PNM joined EPRI’s Climate READi program which is a strategic initiative convening a global collaborative of electric utilities, thought leaders, scientific researchers and other key stakeholders to strengthen the power sector’s collective approach to managing climate risk to the power system. The program is a three-year initiative, through work across three concurrent workstreams, and PNM will benefit from the development of a first-of-its-kind comprehensive framework for managing physical climate risk and investment prioritization.

The Company cannot anticipate or predict the potential long-term effects of climate change or climate change related regulation on its results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exposures

In 2022, GHG emissions associated with PNM’s interests in its fossil-fueled generating plants included approximately 4.8 million metric tons of CO2, which comprises the vast majority of PNM’s GHG emissions.

As of December 31, 2023, approximately 43% of PNM’s generating capacity, including resources owned, leased, under PPAs or battery storage agreements, all of which is located within the U.S., consisted of coal or gas-fired generation that produces GHG emissions and reflects the retirement of SJGS. As PNM shifts its generation to cleaner energy resources, the Company’s output of GHG emissions continues to decrease. Many factors affect the amount of GHG emitted, including total electricity sales, plant performance, economic dispatch, and the availability of renewable resources. For example, wind generation performance from PNM’s largest single renewable energy resource, New Mexico Wind, varies each year as a result of highly seasonal wind patterns and annual wind resource variability. Similarly, if PVNGS experienced prolonged outages or if PNM’s entitlement from PVNGS were reduced, PNM might be required to utilize other power supply resources such as gas-fired generation, which could increase GHG emissions.

PNM has several programs underway to reduce or offset GHG emissions from its generation resource portfolio, thereby reducing its exposure to climate change regulation. PNM shutdown SJGS Units 2 and 3 as part of its strategy to address the regional haze requirements of the CAA. The shutdown of SJGS Units 2 and 3 resulted in a reduction of GHG emissions for the entire station of approximately 54% for 2018, reflecting a reduction of 32% of GHG emissions from the Company’s owned interests in SJGS, below 2005 levels. PNM shut down the remaining SJGS Units 1 and 4 on June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively, resulting in additional reductions in GHG emissions. In addition, PNM filed the Four Corners Abandonment Application with the NMPRC for approval to sell its ownership interest in Four Corners by the end of 2024. The NMPRC denied PNM’s application in 2021 and the NM Supreme Court upheld the NMPRC decision in July 2023. The Company is still determining next steps. See additional discussion of the SJGS and Four Corners Abandonment in Note 17. Retiring PNM’s share of SJGS in 2022 resulted in a GHG emissions reduction from 2021 levels of 67% and exiting participation in Four Corners would result in a total reduction of approximately 88% of PNM’s GHG emissions based upon 2021 GHG emissions from generation.

PNM’s renewable procurements in service as of December 31, 2023 with a total net generation capacity of 1,277 MW include utility-owned solar capacity, as well as solar, wind, geothermal, and battery storage. The NMPRC has approved plans for PNM to procure energy and RECs from additional renewable resources to serve retail customers and a data center located in PNM’s service territory, including the portfolio to replace SJGS and the PVNGS Leased Interest Abandonment Application. PNM’s approved renewable resource plans have a generation capacity of 1,692 MW and are expected in operation by 2025. In addition, PNM filed an application with the NMPRC seeking approval of 410 MW of renewable resources for the 2026 summer peak. The majority of these renewable resources are key means for PNM to meet the RPS and related regulations that require PNM to achieve prescribed levels of energy sales from renewable sources, including those set by the ETA, without exceeding cost requirements. Approval of these renewable energy and battery resources supports PNM’s transition to a carbon-free portfolio by 2040. These estimates are subject to change due to underlying variables, including changes in PNM’s generation portfolio, supplier’s ability to meet contractual in-service dates and complex relationships between several factors. See additional discussion of these resources in Notes 16 and 17.

PNM also has a customer distributed solar generation program that represented 281.6 MW at December 31, 2023. PNM’s distributed solar programs will generate an estimated 563.2 GWh of emission-free solar energy available this year to offset PNM’s annual production from fossil-fueled electricity generation. Under the Community Solar Act, PNM will receive 125 MW of capacity to provide customers the option of accessing solar energy. PNM has offered its customers a comprehensive portfolio of energy efficiency and load management programs since 2007. PNM’s cumulative savings from these programs was approximately 7,462 GWh of electricity through 2023. Over the next 20 years, PNM projects energy efficiency and load management programs will provide the equivalent of approximately 12,900 GWh of electricity savings, which will avoid approximately 220,000 tons of CO2 based upon projected emissions from PNM’s portfolio of resources. These estimates are subject to change because of the uncertainty of many of the underlying variables, including changes in PNM’s generation portfolio, demand for electricity, energy efficiency, and complex relationships between those variables.

Because of PNM’s dependence on fossil-fueled generation, legislation or regulation that imposes a limit or cost on GHG could impact the cost at which electricity is produced. While PNM expects to recover any such costs through rates, the timing and outcome of proceedings for cost recovery are uncertain. In addition, to the extent that any additional costs are recovered through rates, customers may reduce their usage, relocate facilities to other areas with lower energy costs, or take other actions that ultimately could adversely impact PNM.

Other Climate Change Risks

PNM’s generating stations are located in the arid southwest. Access to water for cooling for some of these facilities is critical to continued operations. Forecasts for the impacts of climate change on water supply in the southwest range from reduced precipitation to changes in the timing of precipitation. In either case, PNM’s generating facilities requiring water for cooling will need to mitigate the impacts of climate change through adaptive measures. Current measures employed by PNM generating stations include the use of sustainable, less variable groundwater supplies and investments in technologies such as air cooling and cooling water recycling. These types of actions will continue to be important to sustain operations.

PNM’s service areas occasionally experience periodic high winds and severe thunderstorms. TNMP has operations in the Gulf Coast area of Texas, which experiences periodic hurricanes and other extreme weather conditions. In addition to potentially causing physical damage to Company-owned facilities, which disrupts the ability to transmit and/or distribute energy, weather and other events of nature can temporarily reduce customers’ usage and demand for energy. In addition, other events influenced by climate change, such as wildfires, could disrupt Company operations or result in third-party claims against the Company. PNM has enhanced its wildfire prevention efforts and maintains a wildfire mitigation plan; however, PNM remains at risk for wildfires outside of its control and the resulting damages in its service areas.

EPA Regulation

In 2007, the US Supreme Court held that EPA has the authority to regulate GHG emissions under the CAA, and in 2009, EPA released its endangerment finding for GHG from new motor vehicles, stating that the atmospheric concentrations of six key greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxides, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride) endanger the public health and welfare. These actions triggered new GHG permitting requirements for stationary sources, including the energy industry, under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (“PSD”) and Title V programs, although the US Supreme Court held the CAA does not authorize EPA to require a source to obtain a PSD permit solely on the basis of its potential GHG emissions.

EPA also determined that its finding of endangerment requires it to issue performance standards under Section 111 of the CAA to regulate GHG emissions from new and existing stationary sources, including fossil fuel fired electric generating units. Accordingly, in 2015, EPA issued Carbon Pollution Standards for new, modified, and reconstructed power plants (under Section 111(b)) and the Clean Power Plan for existing power plants (under Section 111(d)).

EPA’s Carbon Pollution Standards for new sources (those constructed after January 8, 2014) established separate standards for gas and coal-fired units deemed achievable through the application of what EPA determined to be the BSER demonstrated for each type of unit efficient natural gas combined cycle technology for gas units, and partial carbon capture and sequestration for coal units. The Clean Power Plan established numeric “emission standards” for existing electric generating units based on emission reduction opportunities that EPA deemed achievable using technical assumptions for three “building blocks”: efficiency improvements at coal-fired EGUs, displacement of affected EGUs with renewable energy, and displacement of coal-fired generation with natural gas-fired generation. EPA used those “emission standards” to set state emission reduction goals that formed the basis of a trading program that relied on “generation shifting” to reduce emissions from the power sector as a whole.

Multiple states, utilities, and trade groups challenged both the Carbon Pollution Standards for new sources and the Clean Power Plan for existing sources in separate cases, and the challengers successfully petitioned the US Supreme Court for a stay of the Clean Power Plan. However, before the DC Circuit could issue an opinion regarding either the Carbon Pollution Standards or the Clean Power Plan, President Trump took office and his administration asked the court to hold both cases in abeyance while the rules were re-evaluated, which the court granted.

In 2019, EPA repealed the Clean Power Plan, promulgated the ACE Rule, and revised the implementing regulations for all emission guidelines issued under CAA Section 111(d). EPA set the BSER for existing coal-fired power plants as heat rate efficiency improvements based on a range of “candidate technologies” to be applied inside the fence-line of an individual facility. The ACE Rule was also challenged and, on January 19, 2021, the DC Circuit issued an opinion in American Lung Association and American Public Health Association v. EPA, et al. vacating the ACE Rule. While the D.C. Circuit rejected the ACE Rule, it did not reinstate the Clean Power Plan. Rather, the DC Circuit granted an EPA motion asking the court to withhold issuance of the mandate with respect to the repeal of the Clean Power Plan until EPA responds to the court’s remand in a new rulemaking action.

Numerous parties sought review by the US Supreme Court and on June 30, 2022, the Court held that the “generation shifting” approach in the Clean Power Plan exceeded the powers granted to EPA by Congress, though the Court did not address the related issue of whether Section 111 of the CAA only authorizes EPA to require measures that can be implemented entirely within the fence line at an individual source. Of broader significance in administrative law, the Court’s opinion expressly invoked the major question doctrine, which requires rules involving issues of “vast economic or political significance” to be supported by clear statutory authorization. In cases where there is no clear statement of authority, courts need not defer to the agency’s statutory interpretation on “major questions.” The decision sets legal precedent for future rulemakings by EPA and other federal regulatory agencies whereby the agency’s authority may be limited based upon similar reasoning.

The litigation over the Carbon Pollution Standards remains held in abeyance but could be reactivated by the parties upon a determination by the court that reconsideration of the rule has concluded.

On May 23, 2023, EPA published in the Federal Register proposed regulatory actions under CAA sections 111(b) and (d) to replace the Clean Power Plan and the ACE rule. The proposed regulations cover: (1) New natural gas-based EGUs under section 111(b); (2) Existing large and frequently operated natural gas-based EGUs under section 111(d); and (3) Existing coal-based EGUs under section 111(d). Standards of performance for existing coal EGUs will be based on two technologies depending on retirement date: CCS or co-firing gas in lieu of coal. For gas-based EGUs, the standards will be based on CCS or the use of green hydrogen in lieu of natural gas. States will be required to develop SIPs to EPA that provide for the establishment, implementation and enforcement of these standards as they apply to existing sources. States may take into account remaining useful life and other factors when establishing the standards. EPA is proposing that existing coal units must start complying with their gas co-firing or CCS based standards of performance on January 1, 2030, unless they commit to retirement before 2032 (or retirement by 2035 if they also commit to a 20% annual operating limit). Existing combustion turbine units must start complying with their hydrogen or CCS based standards of performance on January 1, 2032, or January 1, 2035, depending on their subcategory, which is based on the control technology selected. The package also includes a proposed repeal of the ACE rule and revisions to the standard for modified and reconstructed units, along with a notice of public rulemaking seeking data and information about setting standards for existing smaller natural gas-based generators. Comments on the rule were due to EPA by August 8, 2023. PNM filed company-specific comments and continues to review the proposed rule and its potential impacts on the Company’s fossil-fueled generation resources. EPA has indicated it plans to promulgate a final rule by Spring 2024.

In 2021, President Biden signed an executive order “Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis,” which instructs agency heads to review all Trump Administration actions for inconsistency with the Biden Administration’s policy “to listen to the science; to improve public health and protect our environment; to ensure access to clean air and water; to limit exposure to dangerous chemicals and pesticides; to hold polluters accountable, including those who disproportionately harm communities of color and low-income communities; to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; to bolster resilience to the impacts of climate change; to restore and expand our national treasures and monuments; and to prioritize both environmental justice and the creation of the well-paying union jobs necessary to deliver on these goals.” Agency heads were directed to consider suspending, revising or rescinding any action that is inconsistent with the stated policy. Within 30 days of the executive order, agency heads submitted to the United States Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) a preliminary list of those actions being considered for suspension, revision or rescission that would be completed by December 31, 2021, and would be subject to OMB review. Within 90 days of the executive order, agency heads submitted to OMB an updated list of such actions that would be completed by December 31, 2025.

Federal Legislation

President Biden has indicated that climate change is a top priority for his administration. On April 22, 2021, at the Earth Day Summit, as part of the U.S.’s re-entry into the Paris Agreement, President Biden unveiled the goal to cut U.S. emissions by 50% - 52% from 2005 levels by 2030, nearly double the GHG emissions reduction target set by the Obama Administration. The 2030 goal joins President Biden’s other climate goals which include a carbon pollution-free power sector by 2035 and a net-zero emissions economy by no later than 2050.

In 2022, President Biden signed the IRA providing nearly $370 billion in climate action over the next decade. The legislation is aimed at reducing carbon emissions by investing in a variety of efforts, including tax credits for renewables, battery storage, carbon capture, and electric vehicle sales.

State and Regional Activity

Pursuant to New Mexico law, each utility must submit an IRP to the NMPRC every three years to evaluate renewable energy, energy efficiency, load management, distributed generation, and conventional supply-side resources on a consistent and comparable basis. The IRP is required to take into consideration risk and uncertainty of fuel supply, price volatility, and costs of anticipated environmental regulations when evaluating resource options to meet supply needs of the utility’s customers. The NMPRC requires that New Mexico utilities factor a standardized cost of carbon emissions into their IRPs using prices ranging between $8 and $40 per metric ton of CO2 emitted and escalating these costs by 2.5% per year. Under the NMPRC order, each utility must analyze these standardized prices as projected operating costs. Reflecting the evolving nature of this issue, the NMPRC order states that these prices may be changed in the future to account for additional information or changed circumstances. Although these prices may not reflect the costs that ultimately will be incurred, PNM is required to use these prices for purposes of its IRP. In its 2020 filing for Four Corners Abandonment, PNM analyzed resource portfolios under scenarios that assumed Four Corners would operate through 2031 and that PNM would exit Four Corners at the end of 2024. See Note 17.

The ETA was signed into New Mexico state law and became effective in 2019. The ETA, among other things, requires that investor-owned utilities obtain specified percentages of their energy from renewable and carbon-free resources. The ETA requires utilities operating in New Mexico to have renewable portfolios equal to 40% by 2025, 50% by 2030, 80% by 2040, and 100% zero-carbon energy by 2045. Under the ETA provisions, PNM will also be required to meet a generation emission standard of no more than 400 lbs. of CO2 per MWh beginning in 2023 and not more than 200 lbs. per MWh beginning in 2032. PNM takes this requirement into account in its resource planning, and it is expected that the standards will be met with the approved resource retirements and replacements. The ETA provides for a transition from fossil-fuel generating resources to renewable and other carbon-free resources by allowing investor-owned utilities to issue securitized bonds, or “energy transition bonds,” related to the retirement of coal-fired generating facilities to qualified investors. Proceeds provided by energy transition bonds must be used only for purposes related to providing utility service to customers and to pay energy transition costs (as defined by the ETA). These costs may include plant decommissioning and coal mine reclamation costs, and other costs that have not yet been charged to customers or disallowed by the NMPRC or by a court order. Proceeds from energy transition bonds may also be used to fund severances for employees of the retired facility and related coal mine and to promote economic development, education and job training in areas impacted by the retirement of coal-fired facilities. Energy transition bonds must be issued under a NMPRC approved financing order, are secured by “energy transition property”, are non-recourse to the issuing utility, and are repaid by a non-bypassable charge paid by all customers of the issuing utility. See additional discussion of the ETA in Note 16.

The ETA has a significant impact on PNM’s future generation portfolio. In compliance with the ETA, on June 15, 2022, the NMED announced a new rulemaking, Carbon Dioxide Emission Standards for Electric Generating Facilities, to develop carbon emission standards for new and existing electric coal-fired generating facilities. An informal comment period for the draft proposal ran from June 15, 2022 through June 29, 2022. On July 1, 2022, NMED requested the Environmental Improvement Board to docket the matter and set a schedule for pre-filed technical testimony which was filed on September 14, 2022, pre-filed rebuttal testimony which was filed on October 12, 2022, and a public hearing that was held on October 26 and 27, 2022. On October 28, 2022, the rule was passed which adopts new carbon emission standards for new and existing coal-fired power plants.

In 2020, the hearing examiners assigned to the SJGS abandonment and financing proceedings issued recommended decisions recommending approval of PNM’s abandonment application and for the issuance of Securitized Bonds consistent with the requirements of the ETA. On April 1, 2020, the NMPRC approved the hearing examiners’ recommendation to approve PNM’s application to retire its share of SJGS in 2022 and for the issuance of Securitized Bonds. PNM has also requested approval of energy transition bonds for the Four Corners Abandonment costs of that transition away from coal-fired generation. On December 15, 2021, the NMPRC denied approval of the Four Corners Abandonment Application and the corresponding request for issuance of securitized financing. PNM cannot predict the full impact of the ETA or the NM Supreme Court decision with respect to the abandonment of Four Corners. See additional discussion of PNM’s SJGS and Four Corners Abandonment Applications in Note 17.

International Accords

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”) is an international environmental treaty that was negotiated at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (informally known as the Earth Summit) and entered into force in March 1994. The objective of the treaty is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Parties to the UNFCCC, including the U.S., have been meeting annually in Conferences of the Parties (“COP”) to assess progress in meeting the objectives of the UNFCCC.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement was finalized during the 2015 COP. The aim of the Paris Agreement is to limit global temperature rise to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The agreement, which was agreed to by approximately 200 parties, requires that countries submit INDCs. INDCs reflect national targets and actions that arise out of national policies and elements relating to oversight, guidance and coordination of actions to reduce emissions by all countries. In November 2014, then President Obama announced the United States’ commitment to reduce GHG, on an economy-wide basis, by 26%-28% from 2005 levels by the year 2025. The U.S. INDC was part of an overall effort by the former administration to have the U.S. achieve economy-wide reductions of around 80% by 2050. The former administration’s GHG reduction target for the electric utility industry was a key element of its INDC and was based on EPA’s GHG regulations for new, existing, and modified and reconstructed sources at that time. Thresholds for the number of countries necessary to ratify or accede to the Paris Agreement and total global GHG percentage were achieved on October 5, 2016 and the Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016. On June 1, 2017, President Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris Agreement. As a result of the President’s notice to the United Nations, the U.S. officially withdrew from the Paris Agreement on November 4, 2020. On January 20, 2021, President Biden signed an instrument that will allow the United States to rejoin the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The instrument was deposited with the United Nations on January 21, 2021, and the United States officially became a party to the Agreement on February 19, 2021.

PNM has calculated GHG reductions that would result from scenarios that assume PNM’s retirement of its share of the SJGS in 2022 and exiting Four Corners by 2031 and PNM has set a goal to have a 100% emissions-free generating portfolio by 2040. While the Company has not conducted an independent 2 Degree Scenario analysis, our commitment to becoming 100% emissions-free by 2040 produces a carbon emissions reduction pathway that tracks within the ranges of climate scenario pathways that are consistent with limiting the global warming average to less than 2 degrees Celsius. In addition, as an investor-owned utility operating in the state of New Mexico, PNM is required to comply with the ETA, which requires utilities’ generating portfolio be 100% carbon-free by 2045. The requirements of the ETA and the Company’s goal compare favorably to the U.S. INDC of 50% to 52% carbon emissions reduction by 2030 and the Biden Administration’s goal of net-zero carbon emissions economy-wide by 2050. On April 1, 2020, the NMPRC approved PNM’s application to retire its share of SJGS in 2022. PNM filed for abandonment of Four Corners on January 8, 2021. See Note 17.

PNM will continue to monitor the United States’ participation in the Paris Agreement and other parties’ involvement in these types of international accords, but the potential impact that such accords may have on the Company cannot be determined at this time.

Assessment of Legislative/Regulatory Impacts

The Company has assessed, and continues to assess, the impacts of climate change legislation and regulation on its business. This assessment is ongoing and future changes arising out of the legislative or regulatory process could impact the assessment significantly. PNM’s assessment includes assumptions regarding specific GHG limits; the timing of implementation of these limits; the possibility of a market-based trading program, including the associated costs and the availability of emission credits or allowances; the development of emission reduction and/or renewable energy technologies; and provisions for cost containment. Moreover, the assessment assumes various market reactions such as the price of coal and gas and regional plant economics. These assumptions are, at best, preliminary and speculative. However, based upon these assumptions, the enactment of climate change legislation or regulation could, among other things, result in significant compliance costs, including large capital expenditures by PNM, and could jeopardize the Company’s reputation as well as the economic viability of certain generating facilities. See Notes 16 and 17. The ultimate consequences of increased stakeholder scrutiny related to climate change and environmental regulation could lead to increased costs to customers and affect results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition if the incurred costs are not fully recovered through regulated rates. Higher rates could also contribute to reduced usage of electricity. PNM’s assessment process is evolving and is too speculative at this time for a meaningful prediction of the long-term financial impact.

Transmission Issues

At any given time, FERC has various notices of inquiry and rulemaking dockets related to transmission issues pending. Such actions may lead to changes in FERC administrative rules or ratemaking policy but have no time frame in which action must be taken or a docket closed with no further action. Further, such notices and rulemaking dockets do not apply strictly to PNM but will have industry-wide effects in that they will apply to all FERC-regulated entities. PNM monitors and often submits comments taking a position in such notices and rulemaking dockets or may join in larger group responses. PNM often cannot determine the full impact of a proposed rule and policy change until the final determination is made by FERC and PNM is unable to predict the outcome of these matters.

Other Matters

See Notes 16 and 17 for a discussion of commitments and contingencies and rate and regulatory matters.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to apply accounting policies and to make estimates and judgments that best provide the framework to report the results of operations and financial position for PNMR, PNM, and TNMP. As a result, there exists the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. Management has identified the following accounting policies that it deems critical to the portrayal of the financial condition and results of operations and that involve significant subjectivity. The following discussion provides information on the processes utilized by management in making judgments and assumptions as they apply to its critical accounting policies.

Regulatory Accounting

The Company is subject to the provisions of GAAP for rate-regulated enterprises and records assets and liabilities resulting from the effects of the ratemaking process, which would not be recorded under GAAP for non-regulated entities. Additional information concerning regulatory assets and liabilities is contained in Note 13.

The Company continually evaluates the probability that regulatory assets and liabilities will impact future rates and makes various assumptions in those analyses. The expectations of future rate impacts are generally based on orders issued by regulatory commissions or historical experience, as well as discussions with applicable regulatory authorities. If future recovery or refund ceases to be probable, the Company would be required to write-off the portion that is not recoverable or refundable in current period earnings.

The Company has made adjustments to regulatory assets and liabilities that affected its results of operations in the past due to changes in various factors and conditions impacting future cost recovery. Based on its current evaluation, the Company believes that future recovery of its regulatory assets is probable.

Impairments

Tangible long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. These potential impairment indicators include management’s assessment of fluctuating market conditions as a result of planned and scheduled customer purchase commitments; future market penetration; changing environmental requirements; fluctuating market prices resulting from factors including changing fuel costs and other economic conditions; long-term weather patterns; and other market trends. The amount of impairment recognized, if any, is the difference between the fair value of the asset and the carrying value of the asset and would reduce both the asset and current period earnings. Variations in the assessment of potential impairment or in the assumptions used to calculate an impairment could result in different outcomes, which could lead to significant effects on the Consolidated Financial Statements. See Notes 16 and 17.

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the goodwill might be impaired. Impairment testing may be performed based on either a qualitative analysis or quantitative analysis. Note 19 contains information on the impairment testing performed by the Company on goodwill. For 2023, the Company utilized a qualitative analysis for both the PNM and TNMP reporting units. No impairments were indicated in the Company’s annual goodwill testing, which was performed as of April 1, 2023. Since the annual evaluation, there have been no indications that the fair values of the reporting units with recorded goodwill have decreased below the carrying values. The annual testing was based on certain critical estimates and assumptions. Changes in the estimates or the use of different assumptions could affect the determination of fair value and the conclusion of impairment for each reporting unit.

Application of the qualitative goodwill impairment test requires evaluating various events and circumstances to determine whether it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. As a part of the Company’s goodwill qualitative testing process for a reporting unit, various factors that are specific to that reporting unit as well as industry and macroeconomic factors are evaluated in order to determine whether these factors are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the fair value of the reporting unit. Examples of the factors that were considered in the qualitative testing of the goodwill include the results of the most recent quantitative impairment test, current and long-term forecasted financial results, regulatory environment, credit rating, changes in the interest rate environment, and operating strategy for the reporting unit.

Based on the analysis performed for the PNM and TNMP reporting units in 2023, the Company concluded that there were no changes that were reasonably likely to cause the fair value of the reporting units to be less than their carrying value and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill. Although the Company believes all relevant factors were considered in the qualitative impairment analysis to reach the conclusion that goodwill is not impaired, significant changes in any one of the assumptions could produce a significantly different result potentially leading to the recording of an impairment that could have significant impacts on the results of operations and financial position of the Company.

Decommissioning and Reclamation Costs

PNM is only required to recognize and measure decommissioning liabilities for tangible long-lived assets for which a legal obligation exists. Accounting for decommissioning costs for nuclear and fossil-fuel generation involves significant estimates related to costs to be incurred many years in the future after plant closure. Decommissioning costs are based on site-specific estimates, which are updated periodically and involve numerous judgments and assumptions, including estimates of future decommissioning costs at current price levels, inflation rates, and discount rates. Changes in these estimates could significantly impact PNMR’s and PNM’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Nuclear decommissioning costs are based on estimates of the costs for removing all radioactive and other structures at PVNGS. AROs, including nuclear decommissioning costs, are discussed in Note 15. Nuclear decommissioning costs represent approximately 72% of PNM’s ARO liability. A 10% increase in the estimates of future decommissioning costs at current price levels would have increased the ARO liability by $15.0 million at December 31, 2023. PNM recognizes an expense and a corresponding liability for ultimate decommissioning of PVNGS. See Note 17 for information concerning NMPRC’s order to address the recovery of decommissioning costs in a future proceeding.

In connection with both the SJGS coal agreement and the Four Corners fuel agreement, the owners and former owners are required to reimburse the mining companies for the cost of contemporaneous reclamation, as well as the costs for final reclamation of the coal mines. The reclamation costs are based on periodic site-specific studies that estimate the costs to be incurred in the future and are dependent upon numerous assumptions, including estimates of future reclamation costs at current price levels, inflation rates, and discount rates. A 10% increase in the estimates of future reclamation costs at current price levels would have increased the mine reclamation liability by $14.5 million at December 31, 2023. PNM considers the contemporaneous reclamation costs part of the cost of its delivered coal costs. The NMPRC has capped the amount that can be collected from ratepayers for final reclamation of the surface mines. If future estimates increase the liability for surface mine reclamation, the excess would be expensed at that time. See Note 16 for discussion of reclamation costs.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

The Company maintains qualified defined benefit pension plans, postretirement benefit plans providing medical and dental benefits, and executive retirement programs. The net periodic benefit cost or income and the calculation of the projected benefit obligations are recognized in the Company’s financial statements and depend on expected investment performance, the level of contributions made to the plans, and employee demographics. These calculations require the use of a number of actuarial assumptions and estimates. The most critical of the actuarial assumptions are the expected long-term rate of return, the discount rate, and projected health care cost trend rates. The Company reviews and evaluates its actuarial assumptions annually and adjusts them as necessary. Changes in the pension and OPEB assets and liabilities associated with these factors are not immediately recognized as net periodic benefit cost or income in results of operations, but are recognized in future years, generally, over the remaining life of the plan. However, these factors could have a significant impact on the financial position of the Company. Note 11 contains additional information about pension and OPEB obligations, including assumptions utilized in the calculations and impacts of changes in certain of those assumptions.

Accounting for Contingencies

The financial results of the Company may be affected by judgments and estimates related to loss contingencies. Contingencies related to litigation and claims, as well as environmental and regulatory matters, also require the use of significant judgment and estimation. The Company attempts to take into account all known factors regarding the future outcome of contingent events and records an accrual for any contingent loss events that are both probable of occurring and can be reasonably estimated based upon current available information. However, the actual outcomes can vary from any amounts accrued which could have a material effect on the results of operations and financial position of the Company. See Note 16 and Note 17.

Income Taxes

The Company’s income tax expense and related balance sheet amounts involve significant judgment and use of estimates. Amounts of deferred income tax assets and liabilities, current and noncurrent accruals, and determination of uncertain tax positions involve judgment and estimates related to timing and probability of the recognition of income and deductions by taxing authorities. In addition, some temporary differences are accorded flow-through treatment by the Company’s regulators and impact the Company’s effective tax rate. In assessing the likelihood of the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers the estimated amount and character of future taxable income. Significant changes in these judgments and estimates could have a material impact on the results of operations and financial position of the Company. Actual income taxes could vary from estimated amounts due to the future impacts of various items, including changes in income tax laws, the Company’s forecasted financial condition and results of operations in future periods, and the final review from taxing authorities. See Note 18.

MD&A FOR PNM

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

PNM operates in only one reportable segment, as presented above in Results of Operations for PNMR.

MD&A FOR TNMP

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

TNMP operates in only one reportable segment, as presented above in Results of Operations for PNMR.

The Company manages the scope of its various forms of market risk through a comprehensive set of policies and procedures with oversight by senior level management through the Risk Management Committee (“RMC”). The Board’s Finance Committee sets the risk limit parameters. The RMC has oversight over the risk control organization. The RMC is assigned responsibility for establishing and enforcing the policies, procedures, and limits and evaluating the risks inherent in proposed transactions on an enterprise-wide basis. The RMC’s responsibilities include:

• Establishing policies regarding risk exposure levels and activities in each of the business segments
• Approving the types of derivatives entered into for hedging
• Reviewing and approving hedging risk activities
• Establishing policies regarding counterparty exposure and limits
• Authorizing and delegating transaction limits
• Reviewing and approving controls and procedures for derivative activities
• Reviewing and approving models and assumptions used to calculate mark-to-market and market risk exposure
• Proposing risk limits to the Board’s Finance Committee for its approval
• Reporting to the Board’s Audit and Finance Committees on these activities

To the extent an open position exists, fluctuating commodity prices, interest rates, equity prices, and economic conditions can impact financial results and financial position, either favorably or unfavorably. As a result, the Company cannot predict with certainty the impact that its risk management decisions may have on its businesses, operating results, or financial position.

Commodity Risk

Information concerning accounting for derivatives and the risks associated with commodity contracts is set forth in Note 9, including a summary of the fair values of mark-to-market energy related derivative contracts included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no commodity derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments.

Commodity contracts that meet the definition of a derivative, are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the effects of mark-to-market commodity derivative instruments had no impact to PNM’s net earnings and $10.2 million of fair value gains and $7.8 million of fair value losses have been recorded as a regulatory asset. All of the fair values as of December 31, 2023 were determined based on prices provided by external sources other than actively quoted market prices. The net mark-to-market amounts will settle by the end of 2024.

PNM is exposed to changes in the market prices of electricity and natural gas for the positions in its wholesale portfolio not covered by the FPPAC. The Company manages risks associated with these market fluctuations by utilizing various commodity instruments that may qualify as derivatives, including futures, forwards, options, and swaps. PNM uses such instruments to hedge its exposure to changes in the market prices of electricity and natural gas. PNM also uses such instruments under an NMPRC approved hedging plan to manage fuel and purchased power costs related to customers covered by its FPPAC.

Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to credit risk from its retail and wholesale customers, as well as the counterparties to derivative instruments. The Company conducts counterparty risk analysis across business segments and uses a credit management process to assess the financial conditions of counterparties. The following table provides information related to credit exposure by the credit worthiness (credit rating) and concentration of credit risk for wholesale counterparties, all of which will mature in less than two years.

Schedule of Credit Risk Exposure

December 31, 2023

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) The rating “Investment Grade” is for counterparties, or a guarantor, with a minimum S&P rating of BBB- or Moody’s rating of Baa3. The category “Internal Ratings – Investment Grade” includes those counterparties that are internally rated as investment grade in accordance with the guidelines established in the Company’s credit policy.

(2) The Credit Risk Exposure is the gross credit exposure, including long-term contracts, forward sales, and short-term sales. The gross exposure captures the amounts from receivables/payables for realized transactions, delivered and unbilled revenues, and mark-to-market gains/losses. Gross exposures can be offset according to legally enforceable netting arrangements but are not reduced by posted credit collateral. At December 31, 2023, PNMR held $0.2 million of cash collateral to offset its credit exposure.

Net credit risk for the Company’s largest counterparty as of December 31, 2023 was $1.7 million.

Other investments have no significant counterparty credit risk.

Interest Rate Risk

The majority of the PNM’s and TNMP’s long-term debt is fixed-rate debt, which does not expose earnings to adverse changes in market interest rates. PNM and TNMP earnings are exposed to adverse changes in market interest rates when long- term debt must be refinanced, repriced or redeemed. PNMR’s debt and revolving credit facilities of PNM and TNMP are exposed to interest rate risk to the extent variable interest rates continue to rise. The Company periodically makes plans to reduce its variable interest rate exposures through various instruments including fixed rate debt and equity hedging arrangements like those executed by PNMR in 2022 and 2023, and otherwise expects that it will be able to extend or replace variable rate debt under similar terms and conditions prior to their expirations. Variable interest rates under the PNMR, PNM and TNMP revolving credit facilities are based on SOFR.

At February 16, 2024, variable rate debt balances and weighted average interest rates were as follows:

(In thousands)

The investments held by PNM in trusts for decommissioning, reclamation, pension benefits, and other post-employment benefits had an estimated fair value of $925.5 million at December 31, 2023, of which 39.4% were fixed-rate debt securities that subject PNM to risk of loss of fair value with increases in market interest rates. If interest rates were to increase by 50 basis points from their levels at December 31, 2023, the decrease in the fair value of the fixed-rate securities would be 1.5%, or $5.5 million. The securities held by TNMP in trusts for pension and other post-employment benefits had an estimated fair value of $49.5 million at December 31, 2023, of which 45.8% were fixed-rate debt securities that subject TNMP to risk of loss of fair value with movements in market interest rates. If interest rates were to increase by 50 basis points from their levels at December 31, 2023, the decrease in the fair value of the fixed-rate securities would be 5.2%, or $1.2 million.

PNM and TNMP do not directly recover or return through rates any losses or gains on the securities, including equity and alternative investments discussed below, in the trusts for decommissioning, reclamation, pension benefits, and other post-employment benefits. However, the overall performance of these trusts does enter into the periodic determinations of expense and funding levels, which are factored into the rate making process to the extent applicable to regulated operations. PNM and TNMP are at risk for shortfalls in funding of obligations due to investment losses, including those from the equity market and alternatives investment risks discussed below, to the extent not ultimately recovered through rates charged to customers.

Equity Market Risk

The investments held by PNM in trusts for decommissioning and reclamation and trusts established for PNM’s and TNMP’s pension and post-employment benefits plans include certain equity securities at December 31, 2023. These equity securities expose PNM and TNMP to losses in fair value should the market values of the underlying securities decline. Equity securities comprised 39.2% and 40.8% of the securities held by the various PNM and TNMP trusts as of December 31, 2023. A hypothetical 10% decrease in equity prices would reduce the fair values of these funds by $36.3 million for PNM and $2.0 million for TNMP.

Alternatives Investment Risk

As of December 31, 2023, PNM and TNMP had 7.1% and 10.6% of its pension assets invested in the alternative asset class. Alternative investments include investments in hedge funds, real estate funds, and private equity funds. The hedge funds and private equity funds are limited partner structures that are structured as multi-manager multi-strategy fund of funds to achieve a diversified position in these asset classes. The general partner oversees the selection and monitoring of the underlying managers. The hedge funds pursue various absolute return strategies such as relative value, long-short equity, and event driven. Private equity fund strategies include mezzanine financing, buy-outs, and venture capital. The real estate investments are commingled real estate portfolios that invest in a diversified portfolio of assets including commercial property and multi-family housing. The Company’s Corporate Investment Committee, assisted by its investment consultants, monitors the performance of the funds and general partner’s investments process. There is risk associated with these funds due to the nature of the strategies and techniques and the use of investments that do not have readily determinable fair values. A hypothetical 10% decrease in equity prices would reduce the fair values of these funds by $6.5 million for PNM and $0.5 million for TNMP.

PNMR

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, PNMR conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting.

“Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” appears on page B-2. This report is incorporated by reference herein. PNMR’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by KPMG LLP, as an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.

(c) Changes in internal controls.

There have been no changes in PNMR’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, PNMR’s internal control over financial reporting.

PNM

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, PNM conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting.

“Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” appears on page B-3. This report is incorporated by reference herein.

(c) Changes in internal controls.

There have been no changes in PNM’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, PNM’s internal control over financial reporting.

TNMP

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, TNMP conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(b) Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting.

“Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” appears on page B-4. This report is incorporated by reference herein.

C - 1

(c) Changes in internal controls.

There have been no changes in TNMP’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, TNMP’s internal control over financial reporting.