Greene County Bancorp Inc: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

Overview of the Company’s Activities and Risks

The Company’s results of operations depend primarily on its net interest income, which is the difference between the income earned on the Company’s loan and securities portfolios and its cost of funds, consisting of the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Results of operations are also affected by the Company’s provision for credit losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense. Noninterest income consists primarily of fees and service charges. The Company’s noninterest expense consists principally of compensation and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment and data processing, and other operating expenses. Results of operations are also significantly affected by general economic and competitive conditions, changes in interest rates, as well as government policies and actions of regulatory authorities. Additionally, future changes in applicable law, regulations or government policies may materially affect the Company.

To operate successfully, the Company must manage various types of risk, including but not limited to, market or interest rate risk, credit risk, transaction risk, liquidity risk, security risk, strategic risk, reputation risk and compliance risk.

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and/or interest rates. Since net interest income (the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings) is the Company’s primary source of revenue. Net interest income is affected by changes in interest rates as well as fluctuations in the level and duration of the Company’s assets and liabilities.

Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting the Company. It is the exposure of the Company’s net interest income to adverse movements in interest rates. In addition to directly impacting net interest income, changes in interest rates can also affect the amount of new loan originations, the ability of borrowers and debt issuers to repay loans and debt securities, the volume of loan repayments and refinancing, and the flow and mix of deposits.

Credit risk is the risk to the Company’s earnings and shareholders’ equity that results from customers, to whom loans have been made and to the issuers of debt securities in which the Company has invested, failing to repay their obligations. The magnitude of risk depends on the capacity and willingness of borrowers and debt issuers to repay and the sufficiency of the value of collateral obtained to secure the loans made or investments purchased.

Liquidity risk is the risk the Company may not be able to satisfy current or future financial commitments or may become unduly reliant on alternate funding sources. The Company’s objective is to fund balance sheet growth while meeting the cash flow requirements of depositors. Management is responsible for liquidity monitoring and has available different sources of liquidity as requirements and demands change. These demands include loan growth and repayments, security purchases and maturities, deposit inflows and outflows, and payments on borrowings. Management continually monitors trends to identify patterns that might improve the predictability and timing of the Company’s liquidity position.

Operational risk is the risk to current or anticipated earnings or capital arising from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, the misconduct or errors of people, and adverse external events. Operational losses result from internal fraud; external fraud; employment practices and workplace safety, clients, products, and business practices; damage to physical assets; business disruption and system failures; and execution, delivery, and process management.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. desires to take advantage of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and is including this statement for the express purpose of availing itself of the protections of the safe harbor with respect to all such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements, which are included in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this quarterly report, describe future plans or strategies and include Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s expectations of future financial results. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s ability to predict results or the effect of future plans or strategies or qualitative or quantitative changes based on market risk exposure is inherently uncertain. Factors that could affect actual results include but are not limited to:

(a) changes in general market interest rates,

(b) changes in general economic conditions,

(c) credit risk,

(d) continued period of high inflation could adversely impact customers,

(e) cybersecurity risks,

(f) changes in general business and economic trends,

(g) legislative and regulatory changes,

(h) monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve,

(i) changes in the quality or composition of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s loan and investment portfolios,

(j) deposit flows,

(k) competition, and

(l) demand for financial services in Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s market area.

These factors should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements, since results in future periods may differ materially from those currently expected because of various risks and uncertainties.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, a rule adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), applies to certain SEC filings, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure (if a comparable GAAP measure exists) and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. Financial institutions like the Company and its subsidiary banks are subject to an array of bank regulatory capital measures that are financial in nature but are not based on GAAP and are not easily reconcilable to the closest comparable GAAP financial measures, even in those cases where a comparable measure exists. The Company follows industry practice in disclosing its financial condition under these various regulatory capital measures, including period-end regulatory capital ratios for itself and its subsidiary banks, in its periodic reports filed with the SEC, and it does so without compliance with Regulation G, on the widely-shared assumption that the SEC regards such non-GAAP measures to be exempt from Regulation G. The Company uses in this Report additional non-GAAP financial measures that are commonly utilized by financial institutions and have not been specifically exempted by the SEC from Regulation G. The Company provides, as supplemental information, such non-GAAP measures included in this Report as described immediately below.

Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis. That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total. This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities, and that even a single institution may significantly alter over time the proportion of its own portfolio that is invested in tax-exempt obligations. Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. While we present net interest income and net interest margin utilizing GAAP measures (no tax-equivalent adjustments) as a component of the tabular presentation within our disclosures, we do provide as supplemental information net interest income and net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis.

Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting estimates as those estimates made in accordance with GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations. The more significant of these policies are summarized in Note 1, Summary of significant accounting policies to the consolidated financial statements presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. Refer to Note 2, Recent Accounting Pronouncements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for recently adopted accounting standards. Not all significant accounting policies require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments. The allowance for credit losses on loans and unfunded commitments policies noted below are deemed the Company’s critical accounting estimate.

The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for credit losses for loans and unfunded commitments. The measurement of Current Expensed Credit Losses (“CECL”) on financial instruments requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). The estimate of expected credit losses under the CECL approach is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether the historical loss experience should be adjusted for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date that did not exist over the period from which historical experience was used. Finally, the Company considers forecasts about future economic conditions that are reasonable and supportable. The allowance for credit losses for loans, as reported in our consolidated statements of financial condition, are adjusted by a provision (expense) for credit losses, which is recognized in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loans, net of recoveries. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments represents the expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is determined by estimating future draws and applying the expected loss rates on those draws, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

Management of the Company considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses to be a critical accounting estimate given the uncertainty in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of our loan portfolios. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolios, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in those future periods. While management’s current evaluation of the allowance for credit losses indicates that the allowance is appropriate, the allowance may need to be increased under adversely different conditions or assumptions. The allowance for credit losses is significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of our loan portfolios, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. Material changes to these and other relevant factors may result in volatility to the allowance for credit losses, and therefore, volatility to our reported earnings. This critical accounting policy and its application are periodically reviewed with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors.

The Company’s policies on the CECL method for allowance for credit losses are disclosed in Note 1, Summary of significant accounting policies with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes presented in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.

Comparison of Financial Condition at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024

ASSETS

Total assets of the Company were $3.0 billion at March 31, 2025 and $2.8 billion at June 30, 2024, an increase of $182.2 million, or 6.5%. Securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity increased $96.4 million, or 9.3%, to $1.1 billion at March 31, 2025 as compared to $1.0 billion at June 30, 2024. Net loans receivable increased $118.0 million, or 8.0%, to $1.6 billion at March 31, 2025 as compared to $1.5 billion at June 30, 2024.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Total cash and cash equivalents for the Company were $155.5 million at March 31, 2025 and $190.4 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $34.9 million, or 18.3%. The level of cash and cash equivalents is a function of the daily account clearing needs and deposit levels as well as activities associated with securities transactions and loan funding. All of these items can cause cash levels to fluctuate significantly on a daily basis. The Company has continued to maintain strong capital and liquidity positions as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

SECURITIES

Securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity increased $96.4 million, or 9.3%, to $1.1 billion at March 31, 2025 as compared to $1.0 billion at June 30, 2024. Securities purchases totaled $330.9 million during the nine months ended March 31, 2025, consisting primarily of $207.7 million of state and political subdivision securities, $86.4 million of mortgage-backed securities, $24.7 million of U.S. Treasury securities, and $11.4 million of collateralized mortgage obligations. Principal pay-downs and maturities during the nine months ended March 31, 2025 amounted to $234.3 million, consisting primarily of $160.5 million of state and political subdivision securities, $53.0 million of U.S. Treasury securities, $17.5 million of mortgage-backed securities, $2.0 million of collateralized mortgage obligations and $1.3 million of corporate debt securities. At March 31, 2025, 58.8% of our securities portfolio consisted of state and political subdivision securities to take advantage of tax savings and to promote the Company’s participation in the communities in which it operates. Mortgage-backed securities, which represent 33.6% of our securities portfolio at March 31, 2025, do not contain sub-prime loans and are not exposed to the credit risk associated with such lending.

The following table summarizes the securities portfolio by classification as a percentage of the portfolio. The values are reported at the balance sheet carrying value, as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024. Refer to financial statements Note 3, Securities for the complete fair value of securities.

(Dollars in thousands)

There was no ACL recorded on securities available-for-sale as of either period presented as each of the securities in the portfolio are investment grade, current as to principal and interest and their price changes are consistent with interest and credit spreads when adjusting for convexity, rating, and industry differences.

Securities held-to-maturity are evaluated for credit losses on a quarterly basis under the CECL methodology. At March 31, 2025, the ACL on securities held-to-maturity was $422,000 as compared to $483,000 at June 30, 2024.

LOANS

Net loans receivable increased $118.0 million, or 8.0%, to $1.6 billion at March 31, 2025 as compared to $1.5 billion at June 30, 2024. Loan growth experienced during the nine months ended March 31, 2025 consisted primarily of $111.9 million in commercial real estate loans, $3.2 million in home equity loans, $3.0 million in commercial loans, and $2.0 million in residential real estate loans. The Company continues to experience loan growth as a result of the continued growth in its customer base and its relationships with other financial institutions in originating loan participations. The Company continues to use a conservative underwriting policy for loan originations, and does not engage in sub-prime lending or other exotic loan products. Updated appraisals are obtained on loans when there is a reason to believe that there has been a change in the borrower’s ability to repay the loan principal and interest, generally, when a loan is in a delinquent status. Additionally, if an existing loan is to be modified or refinanced, generally, an appraisal is ordered to ensure continued collateral adequacy.

The following tables present the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio in dollar amounts and percentages as of the dates indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Loan balances include net deferred fees/cost of ($217,000) and ($42,000) at March 31, 2025 and at June 30, 2024, respectively.

(2) Loan balances exclude accrued interest receivable of $7.2 million and $6.2 million at March 31, 2025 and at June 30, 2024, respectively, which is included in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated statement of financial condition.

The following table presents commercial real estate loans by concentrations:

(Dollars in thousands)

Commercial real estate loans are the largest segment of the Company’s loan portfolio and are comprised of 84.5% in non-owner occupied loans and 15.5% in owner occupied loans. These loans are generally secured by commercial, residential investment or industrial property types. The Company’s commercial real estate loan portfolio generally consists of standalone loans supported by both sufficient cash flows and collateral. On a portfolio basis, the Company’s non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans have a weighted average LTV of approximately 41.6%, and the Company’s owner occupied commercial real estate loans have a weighted average LTV of approximately 38.0%, as of March 31, 2025. The Company’s commercial real estate loans are primarily made within our market area in Greene, Columbia, Albany, Ulster and Rensselaer Counties of New York State. The Company actively monitors the economic and credit trends for borrower industries and manages our commercial real estate portfolio concentrations to mitigate its credit risk exposure.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s largest commercial real estate concentration was non-owner occupied multi-family loans at $288.5 million, or 27.5% of total commercial real estate loans. Non-owner occupied multi-family loans provide much needed housing for the residents located in our market area and have historically performed well with strong credit metrics. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted average LTV was approximately 42.6% for the non-owner occupied multi-family loan segment.

As of March 31, 2025, non-owner occupied construction loans were $70.5 million, or 6.7% of total commercial real estate loans. Construction loans are typically 12 to 24 months in duration with active monitoring, which may include pre-engineering review and third party site inspections for more complex projects. High volatility commercial real estate loan exposure totaled $4.8 million of the Company’s construction exposure. Construction loans are primarily comprised of approximately 28.9% mixed use real estate, 25.9% multi-family buildings, and 14.3% pre-construction and land loans.

The Company’s outstanding balance of non-owner occupied commercial real estate office loans were $64.0 million, or 6.1% of total commercial real estate loans as of March 31, 2025. The office loans are primarily low-rise, non-metropolitan buildings, located within our geographic footprint. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted average LTV was approximately 56.8% for the non-owner occupied office loan segment.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS

The allowance for credit losses on loans (the “ACL”) is established through a provision made periodically by charges or benefits to the provision for credit losses. This is necessary to maintain the ACL at a level which management believes is reasonably reflective of the overall loss expected over the contractual life of the loan portfolio. Management has an established ACL policy to govern the use of judgments exercised in evaluating the ACL required to estimate the expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolios and the material effect that such judgments can have on the consolidated financial statements. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions or reductions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast, analysis of loans evaluated individually, and/or changes in management’s assessment of factors.

The ACL is based on the results of life of loan quantitative models, reserves associated with collateral-dependent loans evaluated individually and adjustments for current conditions not accounted for in the quantitative models. The discounted cash flow methodology is used to calculate the CECL reserve for the residential real estate, commercial real estate, home equity and commercial loan segments. The remaining life method is utilized to determine the CECL reserve for the consumer loan segment. The Company elected to use the practical expedient to evaluate loans individually, if they are collateral dependent loans that are on non-accrual status with a balance of $250,000 or greater, which is consistent with regulatory requirements. The fair value of collateral for collateral dependent loans less selling expenses will be compared to the loan balance to determine if a CECL reserve is required. A qualitative factor framework has been developed to adjust the quantitative loss rates for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date.

The Company charges loans off against the ACL when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time or that it will cost the Company more than it will receive, and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the ACL, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer installment loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The ACL is increased by a provision for credit losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs.

Additional information about the ACL is included in Note 4, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, of the Company’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. Management considers the ACL to be appropriate based on evaluation and analysis of the loan portfolio.

The ACL totaled $21.2 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $19.2 million at June 30, 2024. The ACL to total loans receivable was 1.31% at March 31, 2025 compared to 1.28% at June 30, 2024. The increase in the ACL from March 31, 2025 to June 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to growth in gross loans and a modest deterioration in the economic forecasts used in the CECL model.

The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2025 was $1.8 million as compared to $1.3 million at June 30, 2024, an increase of $502,000. The increase in the reserve was primarily due to an increase in the contractual obligations to extend credit.

Non-accrual Loans and Non-performing Assets

Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, loans over 90 days past due and still accruing, other real estate owned that has been acquired in partial or full satisfaction of the loan obligation or upon foreclosure, and non-performing securities.

Generally, management places loans on non-accrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent. A non-accrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as non-performing and may be placed on non-accrual when circumstances indicate that the borrower may be unable to meet the contractual principal or interest payments. The threshold for evaluating classified and non-performing loans specifically evaluated for individual credit loss is $250,000. Foreclosed real estate represents property acquired through foreclosure and is valued at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less any estimated disposal costs. The Company monitors loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. As of March 31, 2025, there were five loans being monitored in the prior twelve months, under ASU-2022-02 with a total amortized basis of $6.9 million. As of March 31, 2024, there were two commercial real estate loans being monitored in the prior nine months, under ASU-2022-02 with a total amortized basis of $4.1 million.

Analysis of Non-accrual Loans and Non-performing Assets

(Dollars in thousands)

At March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, there were no loans delinquent greater than 90 days and accruing.

Non-performing assets amounted to $2.9 million and $3.7 million at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. Loans on non-accrual status totaled $2.9 million at March 31, 2025, of which there were two residential real estate loans totaling $297,000 and three commercial real estate loans totaling $1.1 million that were in process of foreclosure. Included in non-accrual loans were $1.4 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at March 31, 2025, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Loans on non-accrual status totaled $3.7 million at June 30, 2024, of which there were four residential real estate loans totaling $686,000 and three commercial real estate loans totaling $1.6 million in the process of foreclosure. Included in non-accrual loans were $1.5 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2024, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due.

DEPOSITS

Deposit flow is influenced by general economic conditions, changes in prevailing interest rates and competition. The diversity of deposit accounts offered allows the Company to be competitive in obtaining funds and responding to changes in consumer demand. The Company’s emphasis is placed on acquiring locally, stable, low-cost deposits to fund high-quality loans without taking on unnecessary interest rate risk. The ability to attract and maintain deposits and the rates paid on these deposits are and will continue to be affected by market conditions.

Deposits totaled $2.7 billion at March 31, 2025 and $2.4 billion at June 30, 2024, an increase of $265.5 million, or 11.1%. The Company had $11.6 million and zero brokered deposits at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. NOW deposits increased $232.6 million, or 13.2%, and certificates of deposits increased $53.6 million, or 38.7%, when comparing March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024. Noninterest bearing deposits decreased $9.2 million, or 7.4%, savings deposits decreased $7.8 million, or 3.1%, and money market deposits decreased $3.7 million, or 3.3%, when comparing March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

Major classifications of deposits at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024 are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table summarizes deposits by depositor type:

(Dollars in thousands)

The Company’s deposit base and liquidity position continues to be strong, and the deposit base is well diversified across segments to meet the transactional and investment needs of our customers. Municipal deposits are primarily from local New York State government entities, such as counties, cities, villages and towns, as well as school districts and fire departments. There is a seasonal component to municipal deposits levels associated with annual tax collections and fiscal spending patterns. In general, municipal balances increase at the end of the first and third quarters of our fiscal year. Municipal deposits above the FDIC insured limit are required to be collateralized by irrevocable municipal letters of credits issued by the Federal Home Loan Bank, municipal bonds, US Treasuries or government agency securities. Additionally, the Company offers large retail, business and municipal customers the ability to enhance FDIC insurance coverage, by electing to participate their deposit balance into a national deposit network.

The Company has many long-standing relationships with municipal entities throughout its market areas and their deposits have provided a stable funding source for the Company. The Company has a separate municipal department for the retention, management, and monitoring of municipal relationships.

Uninsured deposits represents the portion of deposit accounts that exceed the FDIC insurance limit. The Company calculates its uninsured deposit balances based on the methodologies and assumptions used for regulatory reporting requirements, which includes affiliate deposits and collateralized deposits.

The following table summarizes total uninsured deposits based on the same methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory reporting:

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Reflects $155.5 million of cash and cash equivalents, and $131.0 million and $18.1 million of remaining borrowing capacity from the Federal Home Loan Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank, as of March 31, 2025.

Uninsured deposits after exclusions represent 11.9% of total deposits as of March 31, 2025. The Company believes that this presentation provides a more accurate view of deposits at risk, given that affiliate deposits are not customer facing and therefore are eliminated upon consolidation, and collateralized deposits are fully secured by investments and municipal letters of credit. The Company continually monitors the level and composition of uninsured deposits.

BORROWINGS

At March 31, 2025, the Bank had pledged approximately $639.2 million of its residential and commercial mortgage portfolio as collateral for borrowing and irrevocable municipal letters of credit at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”). The maximum amount of funding available from the FHLB was $385.2 million at March 31, 2025, of which there were $2.2 million term fixed rate borrowings, $210.0 million irrevocable municipal letters of credit and $42.0 million of overnight borrowings outstanding at March 31, 2025. At June 30, 2024, the Bank had $115.3 million in overnight borrowings, and $9.2 million of long-term borrowings with the FHLB. Interest rates on overnight borrowings are determined at the time of borrowing. The irrevocable municipal letters of credit with the FHLB have been issued to secure municipal transactional deposit accounts, on behalf of Greene County Commercial Bank.

The FHLB term borrowings include long-term fixed rate borrowings from the “FHLB 0% Development Advance (ZDA) Program.” The Company receives a corresponding credit related to the FHLB term fixed rate borrowings, which effectively reduces the interest rate paid to zero percent. At March 31, 2025, the Bank had a FHLB long-term fixed rate borrowing of $2.2 million at a stated rate of 3.8%, maturing October 2027.

The Bank pledges securities and certificates of deposit as collateral at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window for overnight borrowings. At March 31, 2025, approximately $18.1 million collateral was available to be pledged against potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window of which there were zero overnight borrowings outstanding. The Bank participated in the “Bank Term Funding Program” (“BTFP”) that was established by the Federal Reserve Bank to provide additional funding to eligible depository institutions to meet the needs of their depositors. The BTFP ended new borrowings on March 11, 2024. At March 31, 2025, there were zero borrowings with the BTFP.

At June 30, 2024, there were zero overnight borrowings outstanding with the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and $25.0 million outstanding with the BTFP.

The Bank has established unsecured lines of credit with Atlantic Community Bankers Bank for $15.0 million and three other financial institutions for $75.0 million. The lines of credit provide for overnight borrowing and the interest rate is determined at the time of the borrowing. There were no borrowings outstanding with these lines of credit for the Bank at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

On September 17, 2020, the Company entered into Subordinated Note Purchase Agreements (“SNPAs”) with 14 qualified institutional investors, issued at 4.75% Fixed-to-Floating Rate due September 17, 2030, in the aggregate principal amount of $20.0 million, carried net of issuance costs of $424,000 amortized over a period of 60 months. These notes are callable on September 15, 2025. At March 31, 2025, there were $20.0 million of these SNPAs outstanding, net of issuance costs.

On September 15, 2021, the Company entered into SNPAs with 18 qualified institutional investors, issued at 3.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate due September 15, 2031, in the aggregate principal amount of $30.0 million, carried net of issuance costs of $499,000 amortized over a period of 60 months. These notes are callable on September 15, 2026. At March 31, 2025, there were $29.9 million of these SNPAs outstanding, net of issuance costs.

The sales of the SNPAs were made in a private placement to accredited investors under the exemption from registration provided under Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 506. The Notes are not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"), and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements.

For regulatory purposes, the Company allocated the SNPAs to The Bank of Greene County to qualify as Tier 1 capital subject to a 25% of capital limitation under risk-based capital guidelines. The portion that exceeds the 25% of capital limitation qualifies as Tier 2 capital.

At March 31, 2025, there were no other long-term borrowings and therefore no scheduled maturities of long-term borrowings.

EQUITY

Shareholders’ equity increased to $229.0 million at March 31, 2025 compared to $206.0 million at June 30, 2024, resulting primarily from net income of $21.8 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $5.0 million, partially offset by dividends declared and paid of $3.8 million.

The Federal Reserve raised its target benchmark interest rate in 2022 and into the third quarter of calendar year 2023, resulting in subsequent prime lending rate increases of 525 basis points and a significant increase in market rates between March 2022 and December 2023. The Federal Reserve has since reduced interest rates 100 basis points in the third and fourth quarter of 2024.

When market interest rates rise, the fair value of the fixed income bond portfolio will decrease, resulting in additional unrealized losses, and depending on the extent of the rise in interest rates, the increase in unrealized losses could be significant. The non-credit portion of unrealized losses are recorded to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, a component of Shareholders' Equity. A significant increase in market rates may have a negative impact on book value per share. The Company's bond portfolio is expected to mature at par and therefore the unrealized losses in the portfolio that result from higher market interest rates will decrease as the bonds become closer to maturity. However, if the Company were required to sell investment securities with an unrealized loss for any reason, including liquidity needs, the unrealized loss would become realized and reduce both net income for the reported period and regulatory capital, which as currently reported, excludes unrealized losses on investment securities.

As of the quarter ended March 31, 2025, market rates decreased as compared to December 31, 2024 and was in line with June 30, 2024. Long-term Treasury rates decreased in the current quarter due to market conditions and investor demand. This resulted in the fair value of the fixed income bond portfolio to increase and therefore, decreased the unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2025 as compared to December 31, 2024. Additionally, the Company continued to purchase investment securities in the higher interest rate environment, decreasing the unrealized loss position.

On September 17, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a stock repurchase program. Under the repurchase program, the Company may repurchase up to 400,000 shares of its common stock. Repurchases will be made at management’s discretion at prices management considers to be attractive and in the best interests of both the Company and its stockholders, subject to the availability of stock, general market conditions, the trading price of the stock, alternative uses for capital, and the Company’s financial performance. For the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares.

(1) Shareholders’ equity divided by outstanding shares.

(2) The dividend payout ratio has been calculated based on the dividends declared per share divided by basic earnings per share. No adjustments have been made for dividends waived by Greene County Bancorp, MHC (“MHC”), the owner of 54.1% of the Company’s shares outstanding.

(3) Dividends declared divided by net income. The MHC waived its right to receive dividends declared during the three months ended March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, December 31, 2023, March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2025. Dividends declared during the three months ended September 30, 2023, September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2024 were paid to the MHC. The MHC’s ability to waive the receipt of dividends is dependent upon annual approval of its members as well as receiving the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Board.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Three and Nine Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

Average Balance Sheet

The following table sets forth certain information relating to the Company for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. For the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resultant yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, are expressed in both dollars and rates. There were no tax equivalent adjustments made. Average balances were based on daily averages. Average loan balances include non-performing loans. The loan yields include net amortization of certain deferred fees and costs that are considered adjustments to yields.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Calculated net of deferred loan fees and costs, loan discounts, and loans in process.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Interest income calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP) includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Company’s investment in tax-exempt securities and loans had been subject to federal and New York State income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. The rate used for this adjustment was 21% for federal income taxes and 4.44% for New York State income taxes for the periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Calculated net of deferred loan fees and costs, loan discounts, and loans in process.

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Interest income calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP) includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Company’s investment in tax-exempt securities and loans had been subject to federal and New York State income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. The rate used for this adjustment was 21% for federal income taxes and 4.44% for New York State income taxes for the periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Rate / Volume Analysis

The following table presents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected the Company’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to:

(i) Change attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate);

(ii) Change attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and

(iii) The net change.

The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

(In thousands)

(1) Calculated net of deferred loan fees, loan discounts, and loans in process.

GENERAL

Return on average assets and return on average equity are common methods of measuring operating results. Annualized return on average assets increased to 1.12% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to 0.88% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Annualized return on average equity increased to 14.41% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to 11.92% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Annualized return on average assets increased to 1.04% for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to 0.91% for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. Annualized return on average equity increased to 13.40% for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to 12.69% for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in return on average assets and average equity for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily the result of net income outpacing growth in the balance sheet.

Net income amounted to $8.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $2.2 million. Net income amounted to $21.8 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $18.0 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $3.8 million.

Average assets increased $210.6 million, or 7.9%, to $2.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $2.7 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Average equity increased $26.9 million, or 13.7%, to $223.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $196.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Average assets increased $158.3 million, or 6.0%, to $2.8 billion for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $2.6 billion for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. Average equity increased $27.4 million, or 14.5%, to $217.0 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $189.6 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024.

INTEREST INCOME

Interest income amounted to $29.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $26.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $3.7 million, or 14.2%. Interest income amounted to $87.0 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $76.3 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $10.7 million, or 13.9%. The increase in yields earned on loans and securities had the greatest impact on interest income when comparing the 2025 and 2024 periods. The average balances of loans also increased during the comparative periods contributing to higher interest income.

Average loan balances increased $113.1 million and $80.3 million and the yield on loans increased 19 basis points and 26 basis points when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The average balance of securities increased $104.5 million and $76.4 million and the yield on such securities increased 11 basis points and 40 basis points when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Average interest-bearing bank balances and federal funds decreased $11.9 million and $2.1 million and the yield on interest-bearing bank balances and federal funds increased 22 basis points and 6 basis points when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

INTEREST EXPENSE

Interest expense amounted to $13.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $13.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $200,000, or 1.5%. Interest expense amounted to $43.6 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $38.2 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $5.4 million, or 14.0%. The increase during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily due to the increase of $204.2 million and $156.6 million in the average balances of interest-bearing liabilities and the increase in the average cost of funds. Increase in the cost of NOW deposits, certificates of deposits and insured cash sweep (“ICS”) deposits had the greatest impact on interest expense reflecting higher market interest rates when comparing the nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The cost of NOW deposits decreased 29 basis points, the cost of certificates of deposit decreased 56 basis points, and the cost of savings and money market deposits decreased 5 basis points when comparing the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The cost of NOW deposits increased 9 basis points, the cost of certificates of deposit increased 4 basis points, and the cost of savings and money market deposits increased 8 basis points when comparing the nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The growth in interest-bearing liabilities was primarily due to an increase in average NOW deposits of $179.5 million and $120.8 million and an increase in average certificates of deposits of $58.9 million and $58.7 million when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This was partially offset by a decrease in average savings and money market deposits of $14.9 million and $25.4 million when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Yields on interest-earning assets increased when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 as the Company continued to reprice assets into the higher interest rate environment. During the nine months ended March 31, 2025, the Company implemented a strategic reduction in deposit rates that aligns with the Federal Reserve’s rate cuts, while providing competitive financial solutions to the Company’s customers that reflect the prevailing economic conditions, while growing new relationships.

NET INTEREST INCOME

Net interest income increased $3.9 million to $16.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $12.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Net interest income increased $5.3 million to $43.4 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 from $38.1 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in net interest income was due to an increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets which increased $205.8 million and $154.6 million when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, increases in interest rates on interest-earning assets, which increased 23 basis points and 30 basis points when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and a decrease of 23 basis points in rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities when comparing the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in net interest income was offset by increases in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities, which increased $204.2 million and $156.6 million when comparing the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 15 basis points in rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities when comparing the nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Net interest rate spread increased 46 basis points to 2.12% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 1.66% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Net interest rate spread increased 15 basis points to 1.90% for the nine months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 1.75% for the nine months ended March 31, 2024.

Net interest margin increased 42 basis points to 2.32% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 1.90% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Net interest margin increased 15 basis points to 2.14% for the nine months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 1.99% for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in net interest rate spread and margin during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, was due to increases in interest income on loans and securities, as they continue to reprice at higher yields and the interest rates earned on new balances were higher than the historic low levels from the prior periods. This was partially offset by the increase in rates paid on deposits as compared to the nine months ended March 31, 2025.

Net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Company’s investment in tax-exempt securities and loans had been subject to federal and New York State income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. Tax equivalent net interest margin was 2.60% and 2.20% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and was 2.41% and 2.25% for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company closely monitors its interest rate risk, and the Company will continue to monitor and prudently manage the asset and liability mix to address the risks or potential negative effects of changes in interest rates. Management attempts to mitigate the interest rate risk through balance sheet composition. Several strategies are used to help manage interest rate risk such as maintaining a high level of liquid assets such as short-term federal funds sold and various investment securities and maintaining a high concentration of less interest-rate sensitive and lower-costing core deposits.

PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS

Provision for credit losses on loans amounted to $1.1 million and $277,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $2.3 million and $922,000 for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The loan provision for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to growth in gross loans and a modest deterioration in the economic forecasts used in the CECL model as of March 31, 2025. The allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans receivable was 1.31% at March 31, 2025 compared to 1.28% at June 30, 2024.

Loans classified as substandard and special mention totaled $44.8 million at March 31, 2025 and $48.6 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $3.8 million. Of the loans classified as substandard or special mention, $41.6 million were performing at March 31, 2025. There were no loans classified as doubtful or loss at March 31, 2025 or June 30, 2024.

Net charge-offs on loans amounted to $96,000 and $204,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of $108,000. Net charge-offs totaled $305,000 and $420,000 for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There were no material charge-offs in any loan segment during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025.

NONINTEREST INCOME

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest income increased $444,000, or 13.0%, to $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily due to a $610,000 Employee Retention Tax Credit (“ERTC”) and an increase in fee income earned on customer interest rate swap contracts of $190,000. This was partially offset by a $665,000 loss on sales of securities available-for-sale. Noninterest income increased $1.3 million, or 12.6%, to $11.5 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $10.2 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. The increase during the nine months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily due to a $610,000 ERTC, an increase in fee income earned on customer interest rate swap contracts of $400,000, service charge account fees of $222,000, loan fees of $174,000 and income from bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) of $359,000. This was partially offset by a $665,000 loss on sales of securities available-for-sale.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

(Dollars in thousands)

Noninterest expense increased $808,000, or 8.8%, to $10.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to $9.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Noninterest expense increased $1.6 million, or 5.7%, to $29.0 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to $27.4 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024. The increase during the nine months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily due to an increase of $479,000 in salaries and employee benefit costs, as new positions were created during the period to support the Company’s continued growth, an increase of $341,000 in service and data processing fees and an increase of $749,000 in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments, due to the Company’s increased contractual obligations to extend credit. This was partially offset by a decrease of $116,000 in legal and professional fees during the nine months ended March 31, 2025.

INCOME TAXES

Provision for income taxes reflects the expected tax associated with the pre-tax income generated for the given period and certain regulatory requirements. The effective tax rate was 9.9% and 8.0% for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2025, and 5.2% and 9.8% for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, respectively. The statutory tax rate is impacted by the benefits derived from tax-exempt bond and loan income, the Company’s real estate investment trust subsidiary income, and income received on the bank owned life insurance, to arrive at the effective tax rate. The increase during the three months ended March 31, 2025 is due to higher taxable income earned in proportion to tax-exempt income. The decrease in the effective tax rate during the nine months ended March 31, 2025 primarily reflects a higher mix of tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, tax advantage loans, and bank owned life insurance in proportion to pre-tax income, and solar investment tax credits earned.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates or prices such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company’s most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk since the majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The Company’s primary sources of funds are deposits and proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed securities and debt securities, with lines of credit available through the Federal Home Loan Bank, Atlantic Community Bankers Bank and three other financial institutions, as needed. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit outflows, mortgage prepayments, and lending activities are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. At March 31, 2025, the Company had $155.5 million in cash and cash equivalents, representing 5.2% of total assets, and had $292.3 million available in unused lines of credit.

As needed, to enhance strong levels of liquidity and to fund loan demand, the Bank and Commercial Bank (the “Banks”) may accept brokered deposits, generally in denominations of less than $250,000, from national brokerage networks, custodial deposit networks or through IntraFi’s one-way CDARS and ICS products, including IntraFi’s Insured Network Deposits (“IND”). The Banks combined can place and obtain brokered deposits up to 30% of total deposits, in the amount of $784.9 million based on policy. Additionally, both Banks participate in the IntraFi reciprocal (“two-way”) CDARS and the ICS products, which provides for reciprocal two-way transactions among other institutions, facilitated by IntraFi, for the purpose of maximizing FDIC insurance for depositors.

The Company had $11.6 million and zero brokered deposits as of March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.

Ensuring adequate liquidity to meet the Company’s cash and collateral obligations and due to the speed at which the movement of deposits may exit the bank, the Company’s primary liquidity measurement is focused on forward cash flows and the time sequence of available liquidity. This liquidity time sequence is determined by when cash becomes available in the Bank's Federal Reserve Account and then analyzed in time intervals of Minute 1, Day 1, Week 1 and Month 1.

The Company’s secondary liquidity measurement is On-Balance Sheet liquidity, which utilizes cash and cash equivalents, the market value of unpledged securities and the market value of pledged but unencumbered securities.

At March 31, 2025, liquidity measures were as follows:

Primary:

The Company’s off-balance sheet credit exposures at March 31, 2025:

(In thousands)

The Company anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet current commitments and other funding needs based on the level of cash and cash equivalents as well as the investments available-for-sale portfolio and borrowing capacity.

The Bank of Greene County and its wholly owned subsidiary, Greene County Commercial Bank, met all applicable regulatory capital requirements at March 31, 2025 and June 30, 2024.

(Dollars in thousands)

47

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer (who is our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (who is our principal financial and accounting officer), evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), at the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports, that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Because of its inherent limitations, management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, is based upon assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objective will be met. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. No evaluation of control can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, with the Company have been detected.