Comscore, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this 10-K to "Comscore," "we," "us," the "Company" and "our" refer to comScore, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. This 10-K contains trademarks and trade names of our company and our subsidiaries. We maintain trademark protection for our products and services. All trademarks and trade names appearing in this 10-K are the property of their respective holders.

Overview

We are a global information and analytics company that measures advertising, content, and the consumer audiences of each, across media platforms. We create our products using a global data platform that combines information on digital platforms (connected televisions, mobile devices, tablets and computers), televisions, direct to consumer applications, and movie screens with demographics and other descriptive information. We have developed proprietary data science that enables measurement of person-level and household-level audiences, removing duplicated viewing across devices and over time. This combination of data and methods enables a common standard for buyers and sellers to transact on advertising. This helps companies across the media ecosystem better understand and monetize their audiences and develop marketing plans and products to more efficiently and effectively reach those audiences. Our ability to unify behavioral and other descriptive data enables us to provide audience ratings, advertising verification and granular consumer segments that describe hundreds of millions of consumers. Our customers include digital publishers, television networks, movie studios, content owners, brand advertisers, agencies and technology providers.

The platforms we measure include televisions, mobile devices, computers, tablets, connected TV ("CTV") devices and movie theaters. The information we analyze crosses geographies, types of content and activities, including websites, mobile and over-the-top applications, video games, television and movie programming, e-commerce and advertising.

We are a Delaware corporation headquartered in Reston, Virginia with principal offices located at 11950 Democracy Drive, Suite 600, Reston, VA 20190. Our telephone number is 703-438-2000.

Recent Key Developments

Recapitalization Transaction with Preferred Stockholders

On September 26, 2025, we entered into separate Stock Exchange Agreements with the holders of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Series B Preferred Stock") pursuant to which, at the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby, each holder would exchange the Series B Preferred Stock then owned by such holder for shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Series C Preferred Stock"); common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock"); and a fixed cash payment of $2.0 million in June 2028. The issuance of securities in exchange for Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to the Stock Exchange Agreements (the "Recapitalization Transaction") and related matters were approved by our stockholders on December 19, 2025 and subsequently closed on December 29, 2025. The Recapitalization Transaction resulted in the exchange and retirement of all shares of Series B Preferred Stock, the elimination of related dividend rights, and a reduction in the holders' director designation rights, among other things.

Refer to Footnote 1, Organization and Footnote 4, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit), of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Recapitalization Transaction.

Amendment to Credit Agreement

On September 26, 2025, in connection with the Recapitalization Transaction, we entered into an amendment to our senior secured financing agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Blue Torch Finance LLC to permit the issuance of Series C Preferred Stock and related matters. The Credit Agreement amendment became effective on December 29, 2025, concurrent with the closing of the Recapitalization Transaction. Refer to Footnote 5, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Credit Agreement.

Background and Market

We were founded in 1999 on the belief that digital technology would transform the interactions between people, media and brands in ways that would generate substantial demand for data and analytics about that interaction. The growing adoption of digital technologies also allowed measurement of the behavior of consumers' online activities. Based on this vision, we built a global opt-in panel that provided insight into online activities. Over the years we have enhanced our product offerings by uniting panel data with census-level data from website tags and other sources, and we expanded our presence in various markets. We also have access to millions of television and video on demand ("VOD") screens and the ability to measure box office results from movie screens across the world.

In December 2021, we acquired Shareablee, Inc. ("Shareablee"), allowing us to expand our Media Metrix® and Video Metrix® currencies to include Shareablee's social media engagement and video insights, in order to bridge the industry gap of traditional digital and social measurement services.

Our Approach to Media Measurement

Our approach to measuring media consumption addresses the ubiquitous nature of media content and the fragmentation caused by the variety of platforms and technologies used to access such content. Advertising exposure and effectiveness is another rapidly changing and fragmented area where we apply scale for validation and campaign measurement across devices, platforms and ecosystem technology providers. We believe this fragmentation presents major challenges to using legacy measurement systems that are comprised of relatively small panels of cooperating consumers or are limited to specific media platforms. Our products and services are built on measurement and analytic capabilities comprised of broad-based data collection, proprietary databases, internally developed software and a computational infrastructure to measure, analyze and report on digital, television and movie activity at the level of granularity that we believe the media and advertising industries need.

Data Collection

The following collection methods illustrate our extensive data sourcing:

• We collect data from proprietary consumer panels that measure the use of computers, tablets and smartphones that access the internet. These panelists have agreed to install our passive metering software on their devices, home network or both.
• Comscore's Digital Census Data is our census digital network whereby content publishers share information with us. That sharing includes direct integrations with the publishers, as well as publishers' implementation of our software code (referred to as "tagging") on their websites, in mobile applications and video players to provide us usage information.
• We license certain demographic and behavioral mobile and panel data from third-party data providers.
• We obtain television viewership information from satellite, telecommunications, connected (Smart) TV and cable operators covering tens of millions of television and VOD screens.
• We measure gross receipts and attendance information from movie screens across the world.
• We integrate our digital and television viewership information with other third-party datasets that include consumer demographic characteristics, attitudes, lifestyles and purchase behavior.
• We integrate many of our services with programmatic advertising platforms.
• We utilize knowledgeable in-house industry analysts that span verticals such as pharmaceuticals, media, finance, consumer packaged goods and political information to add value to our data.
• We have created an opt-in Total Home Panel®, which can capture data that runs through a home's internet connection. This expands our intelligence to include such activity as game console and Internet of Things ("IOT") device usage.
• We collect content and advertising data from major social platforms for measurement, audience, and lift analysis.

Data Science and Management

The ability to integrate, manage and transform massive amounts of data is core to our company. We continue to invest in technologies to enable large-scale measurement with protection of consumer privacy and attractive economics. Our systems contain multiple redundancies and advanced distributed processing technologies. We have created innovations such as:

• Our Unified Digital Measurement® methodology, which allows us to combine person-centric panel data with website server data. We believe this gives our customers greater accuracy, granularity and relevance in audience measurement.
• Our TV measurement systems, underpinned by multiple patents, which enable us to provide a consistent measurement of TV audience sizes across national, local, and addressable television to customers evaluating programming as well as customers selling and buying TV advertising.
• An ability to deduplicate audiences across platforms, which is based on direct observations within our consumer panel and census data combined with proprietary data science. This deduplication allows us to measure the reach and frequency of advertising and content exposure across platforms and over time.
• An ability to capture the full content of a website or app session, which allows us to measure activity beyond page views such as purchase transactions, application submissions and product configurations.
• An ability to harness the power of artificial intelligence, or AI, to intelligently contextualize massive amounts of web and video content, which allows us to inform targeted and brand-safe advertising.

Product Delivery

We deliver our products and services through diverse methods to meet the needs of our customers. These include Software-as-a-Service ("SAAS") delivery platforms, application programming interfaces, data feeds that integrate directly with customer systems whether in-house or via data collaboration/data clean room environments, and integrations with advertising technology providers such as ad servers, customer and data management platforms, supply-side platforms, and demand-side platforms that enable data management, ad management and programmatic ad trading.

Our Products and Services

Our products and services help our customers reach audiences on the right platform, service the best creative content, and gain the right insights that can help marketers understand audience preferences. We do this by measuring audiences and consumer behavior across media platforms, while offering validation of advertising delivery and its effectiveness. Our customers include:

• Local and national television broadcasters and content owners;
• Network operators including cable companies, mobile operators and internet service providers;
• Distributors of streaming video content;
• Digital content publishers and social media platforms;
• Advertising technology companies that aggregate supply and demand side inventory for sale to end customers;
• Advertising agencies, including holding companies and independent agencies;
• Movie studios and movie theater operators;
• Financial service companies, including investment firms, consumer banks and credit card issuers;
• Manufacturers and retailers of consumer products such as consumer packaged goods, pharmaceuticals, automotive and electronics;
• Telecommunication and internet technology companies; and
• Political campaigns and related organizations.

Our products and services are organized around two solution groups:

• Content & Ad Measurement represents the measurement portion of our business - measuring audiences across content and advertisements for linear TV, CTV, desktops, laptops, tablets and mobile devices. Product offerings reported in this solution group include our legacy subscription-based syndicated offerings that measure audiences for linear TV (national and local), digital and streaming, as well as theatrical box office receipts. Also included in this solution group are our transaction-based cross-platform products: Proximic® by Comscore ("Proximic"), our Activation solution suite, and Cross-Platform Campaign Results ("CCR"), along with our subscription-based cross-platform product, Comscore Content Measurement ("CCM"). These syndicated and cross-platform products are used as currency to plan and execute ad campaigns, measure the outcome of ad campaigns, optimize ad campaigns that are in-flight, activate programmatic campaigns, and make content easier for programmatic advertisers to reach.
• Research & Insight Solutions represents the custom solutions we provide that are tailored to our clients' specific needs. These offerings include custom TV, digital and cross-platform data feeds, as well as other data integrations. They also include our survey business, our Consumer Brand Health business, and other bespoke research, data and insight deliverables that help our clients better understand their business, competitive landscape, clients and market.

We categorize our revenue along these two solution groups; however, our cost structure is tracked at the corporate level and not by our solution groups. These shared costs include employee costs, purchased data, operational overhead, data storage and technology that supports multiple products in both solution groups.

Content & Ad Measurement - Syndicated Audience products and services include:

• Comscore TV - National, which combines TV viewing information with marketing segmentation and consumer databases for enhanced audience intelligence. Comscore TV - National data is also used in analytical applications to help customers better understand the performance of network advertising campaigns.
• Comscore TV - Local, which allows customers to better understand consumer viewing patterns and characteristics across local TV stations and cable channels in their market(s) to promote viewership of a particular station and negotiate inventory pricing based on the size, value and relevance of the audience.
• Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix, which measure websites and applications on computers, smartphones and tablets across dozens of countries, are leading currencies for online media planning and enable customers to analyze audience size, reach, engagement, demographics and other characteristics. Publishers use Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix to demonstrate the value of their audiences and understand market dynamics, and advertisers and their agencies use Media Metrix Multi-Platform and Mobile Metrix to plan and execute effective marketing and content campaigns. These products also provide competitive intelligence such as cross-site visiting patterns, traffic source/loss reporting and local market trends.
• Video Metrix Multi-Platform, which delivers unduplicated measurement of digital video consumption across computer, smartphone, tablet and CTV devices and provides TV-comparable reach and engagement metrics, as well as audience demographics.
• Plan Metrix, which provides an understanding of consumer lifestyle, buying and other consumption habits, online and offline, by integrating attitudes and interests with online behavior and provides customers with insight into patterns and trends needed to develop and execute advertising and marketing campaigns.
• OnDemand Essentials, which provides multichannel video programming distributors and content providers with transactional tracking and reporting based on millions of television screens, enabling our customers to plan advertising campaigns that more precisely target consumers watching on-demand video content.
• Movie Solutions, including Box Office Essentials and International Box Office Essentials, which provide detailed measurement of domestic and international theatrical gross receipts and attendance, with movie-specific information across the globe; PostTrak, which is an exit polling service that reports audience demographics and the aspects of each title that trigger interest and attendance; and Swift, which is an electronic box office reporting system that facilitates the flow of reconciled theater-level ticket transactions.
• Hollywood Software Suite, including Comscore Theatrical Distribution System ("TDS"), Comscore Exhibitor Management System ("EMS"), Comscore Enterprise Web, and Cinema Auditorium Control Engine ("ACE"). Comscore TDS is an advanced software to help manage theatrical distribution worldwide. Comscore EMS provides a virtual staff of booking assistants and accountants working to consolidate point-of-sale data. Comscore Enterprise Web gives circuit managers an over-the-shoulder look at operations inside their theaters. Cinema ACE is a theater management system that drives productivity and efficiency across digital cinema operations.

Content & Ad Measurement - Cross-Platform products and services include:

• Activation Solutions (branded as Proximic), including Audience Activation and Content Activation. Comscore Audience Activation offers targeting with demographics and cross-screen behaviors for digital, mobile and CTV campaigns. Comscore Content Activation provides a robust set of pre-bid inventory filters to help marketers and media companies achieve brand-safe, relevant campaign delivery across desktop, mobile, podcasts, and CTV. Within the Content Activation suite, Predictive Audiences provides contextually delivered, ID-free segments based on granular audience behaviors.
• Cross-Platform Campaign Results, or CCR, which provides verification and measurement of video advertising delivered via mobile, desktop, digital, linear TV and CTV, resulting in unduplicated reporting that enables ad buyers and sellers to negotiate and evaluate campaigns across media platforms.
• Comscore Content Measurement, or CCM, which measures the audiences for content across linear TV, CTV and digital, providing unduplicated reporting that allows the buyers and sellers of advertising to understand the total reach of a given program or piece of content across the platforms where it is available.

Research & Insight Solutions products and services include:

• Comscore Marketing Solutions, which provide analytics that integrate online visitation and advertising data, TV viewing, purchase transactions, attitudinal research and other information assets. These custom deliverables are designed to meet client needs in specific industries such as automotive, financial services, media, retail, travel, telecommunications and technology. Applications include path-to-purchase analyses, competitive benchmarking, market segmentation studies, and branded content analytics.
• Lift Models, which measure the impact of advertising on a brand across multiple behavioral and attitudinal dimensions such as brand awareness, purchase intent, online visitation, online and offline purchase behavior and retail store visitation, enabling customers to fine tune campaign strategy and execution.
• Total Home Panel Suite, including CTV Intelligence and Connected Home, which capture CTV and IOT device usage and content consumption. Comscore Connected Home enables users to better understand consumer engagement with technology and media by measuring behavior across network and router-connected devices in the home. Comscore CTV Intelligence provides clients with critical insight into consumer streaming activity on TV-connected devices, including smart TVs, streaming sticks and boxes, and gaming consoles.
• Survey Analytics, which measure various types of consumer insights including brand health metrics.

Research and Development

Our research and development activities span our business of media and cross-platform measurement, encompassing data collection, data science, analytical application development and product delivery. We continue to focus on enhancing our coverage and scale, precision and granularity across diverse types of media, devices and geographies using our census, panel and other data assets as well as evolving AI capabilities.

Examples of our research and development initiatives include:

• Enhancing our recruiting methods and software applications, including through the use of AI tools;
• Developing new technologies to manage, stage and deliver cross-platform data and analytics through traditional web-based user interfaces and via integration with customer systems;
• Designing solutions to continue to measure the online media space while honoring increased privacy concerns, including the development of industry-compatible, interoperable methodologies designed to maintain functionality as browser, regulatory and legal environments change;
• Creating new methodologies to measure person-level TV and digital consumption at scale and across platforms; and
• Continuing to develop expertise in combining multiple data assets, both to leverage single-platform datasets into representative cross-platform measurements as well as working with the data of partner companies, allowing us to enhance existing services and create new and innovative audience measurement products. These efforts include original research into the measurement of data overlaps and deduplication in the measurement of reach.

Product Innovation

Engineering Products for a Privacy-Centric World

Our digital measurement is centered upon using first-party panel data combined with additional information captured through census measurement and data partnerships. Historically, we have used cookies and mobile advertising IDs to provide additional context and scale to our digital audience measurement solutions, as well as to assist in more targeted measurement and reportability. The continued development of opt-in permissions and enhanced focus on consent-based measurement provide the benefit of limiting the transfer of consumer personal information, but also mean changes to data collection, storage and delivery processes. In particular, limitations on the use of cookies and similar technologies create significant challenges for products that use these technologies for data collection and measurement.

We continue to innovate and adapt our methodologies to lead the transition to a more privacy-centric world. A key component is leveraging our capabilities in panels, which we believe give us a competitive advantage in digital and cross-platform management. In parallel, our work with existing and new partners to collaborate and test emerging solutions is intended to expand the reach of our large-scale integrations. We are creating measurement innovations designed to produce stronger products engineered for privacy-centric methodologies.

Comscore Predictive Audiences

With signal loss from evolving privacy laws and third-party cookie deprecation across many environments, advertisers need bold new solutions to ensure their campaigns continue to reach the right audiences without interruption. In response to this need, we launched Predictive Audiences – an ID-free targeting capability that enables advertisers to reach audiences based on granular consumer behavior through privacy-friendly contextual signals. This solution delivers scale and precision beyond what was previously available in the industry, and can be used across digital, mobile, and CTV campaigns.

Cross-Platform Innovation

Across a number of projects, we are innovating in cross-platform measurement of both advertising and content. Those projects include industry-wide efforts to deliver consistent cross-platform measurement of advertising as well as proprietary projects, for which we operate key components of the production pipeline. They also include the development of CCM. CCM provides deduplicated measurement of content at the title level across digital, CTV, and linear TV to provide broadcasters and advertisers a more complete view of the total audience for a given piece of content.

Measuring AI Influence

The growing use and prevalence of AI tools creates an opportunity to help our clients understand how AI platforms such as ChatGPT, Copilot and Gemini are fundamentally reshaping aspects of the consumer journey. In addition to offering visibility into how generative AI is being adopted and used, we are developing methodologies to help our customers quantify the downstream impact of AI use on website visitation, benchmark against their competitors, and optimize AI visibility.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property assets are important to protect our business. We protect our innovations and products with patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. In particular, we file for and seek to acquire patent rights for our innovations and we continue to seek to enhance our patent portfolio through targeted and strategic patent filings and licensing opportunities. We believe that we own the material trademarks used in connection with the marketing, distribution and sale of our products, both domestically and internationally. We will continue to pursue intellectual property opportunities in areas and technologies that we deem to be strategic and appropriate for our business.

Patents

Our patents extend across our data capture and processing techniques and include the following:

• Data Collection - metering such as biometrics and audio fingerprinting, tagging such as video viewability, browser optimization, IP obfuscation and TV-off measurement methodology.
• Data Processing - traffic and content categorization, demographic attribution, ad effectiveness measurement, data overlap and fusion, invalid traffic detection, data weighting, projection and processing of return path data, and personification of

viewership data.

Trademarks

We maintain trademark protection for our products and services. We rely on trademarks and service marks to protect our intellectual property assets and believe these are important to our marketing efforts and the competitive value of our products and services. We have registered and maintained trademarks around the globe. This 10-K also contains trademarks and trade names of our Company and our subsidiaries. All trademarks and trade names appearing in this 10-K are the property of their respective holders.

Licenses

We license data from third-party providers across the media platforms that we measure. Our licenses include agreements with satellite, telecommunications and cable operators covering television and VOD viewership data, third-party scheduling datasets and data matching partners, and agreements with providers of demographic and behavioral mobile and panel data. See "Our Approach to Media Measurement" above for a discussion of our data sourcing.

Competition

The market for audience and advertising measurement products is highly competitive and is evolving rapidly. We compete primarily with other providers of media intelligence and related analytical products and services. We also compete with providers of marketing services and solutions, with full-service survey providers and with internal solutions developed by customers and potential customers. Our principal competitors include:

• Full-service market research firms;
• Television measurement competitors, including traditional incumbents and emerging startups;
• Companies that provide audience ratings for TV, radio and other media that have extended or may extend their current services, particularly in certain international markets, to the measurement of digital media;
• Online advertising companies that provide measurement of online ad effectiveness and ad delivery used for billing purposes;
• Companies that provide digital advertising technology point solutions;
• Companies that provide audience and content measurement, programmatic targeting and competitive intelligence across digital platforms;
• Analytical services companies that provide customers with detailed information about behavior on their own websites;
• Companies that report Smart TV data; and
• Companies that provide consumers with TV and digital services, including cable and satellite TV providers.

We compete based on the following principal factors:

• The ability to provide accurate measurement of digital audiences across multiple digital platforms;
• The ability to provide TV audience measurement based on large-scale data that increases accuracy and reduces variability;
• The ability to provide deduplicated audience and content measurement across platforms;
• The ability to provide actual, accurate and reliable data regarding audience behavior and activity in a timely manner, including the ability to maintain large and statistically representative panels;
• The ability to provide reliable and objective third-party data that, as needed, is able to receive industry-accepted accreditation;
• The ability to adapt product offerings to emerging digital media technologies and standards;
• The breadth and depth of products and their flexibility and ease of use;
• The availability of data across various industry verticals and geographic areas and expertise across these verticals and in these geographic areas; and
• The ability to offer products that meet the changing needs of customers, particularly in the evolving privacy environment.

We believe we compete favorably on these factors and that our vision and investments in the future of media measurement across platforms will deliver products and services that our customers will continue to trust and value.

Government Regulation and Privacy

Data security and privacy laws apply to our various businesses. We have programs in place to detect, contain and respond to data security incidents; however, increasing technology risks or unauthorized users who successfully breach our network security could misappropriate or misuse our proprietary information or cause interruptions in our services. Many countries have data protection laws with different requirements than those in the U.S., and many states in the U.S. have or are developing their own data protection and privacy requirements, including requirements governing the use and disclosure of AI capabilities. This evolving framework has resulted, and may continue to result, in inconsistent requirements and differing interpretations across jurisdictions.

Governments, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. A number of laws have come into effect over the past decade, and there are proposals pending before federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies that have affected and are likely to continue to affect our business. For example, the European Union's ("EU") General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, has imposed more stringent EU data protection requirements with greater penalties for noncompliance. In addition, regulators in the EU, the U.S. and elsewhere have increasingly focused on transparency, consent, consumer choice and the collection of data using tracking technologies. In the EU, cross-border data transfers are increasingly scrutinized to ensure compliance, and there have been expanded enforcement efforts in this area. A number of U.S. states have also adopted comprehensive privacy laws governing the collection and use of personal information, with more expected in 2026 and beyond. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and impose new and complex requirements on our business. Failure to comply with these laws or other privacy, data collection, data transfer, disclosure or consent requirements could result in substantial penalties and reputational harm.

We also monitor actions by the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and their state and foreign counterparts, including regulatory developments relating to data security, privacy and AI as well as developments affecting Internet Service Providers, advertisers and other industry participants more broadly.

Human Capital Management

Our management of human capital is essential to the success of our company, and our management team is actively engaged in developing a strong, engaged employee base to execute on our business plans.

As of January 31, 2026, we had approximately 1,200 employees. Our employee population, which is comprised 93% of full-time employees and 7% of part-time employees, is dispersed across the globe, as outlined below as of December 31, 2025.

The following table outlines the percentage of employees in different functional areas as of December 31, 2025:

Employee Engagement & Retention

The development, attraction and retention of talent is critical to the success of our business. We focus on building employee engagement; developing a positive culture of trust, transparency, learning, and involvement; and providing competitive pay and benefits structures to attract and retain employees and protect the intellectual capital that we have built. We regularly review our employee turnover and satisfaction rates, and develop strategies and tactics to improve employee engagement and retention. On average, employee tenure is approximately six years, and more than 10% of our employees have been employed by our company for more than ten years.

We seek to attract and retain the best talent from a diverse group of sources around the world, in order to meet our current and future staffing needs. In addition to a robust employee referral practice and independent outreach, we have developed relationships with universities, professional associations, and industry alliances to further increase our outreach and talent pool. In 2025, our company conducted hiring in North America, Europe, India, and Latin America.

Where feasible within the countries in which we operate, we provide a competitive and varied portfolio of healthcare, wellness, financial, and other benefit offerings to suit the diverse needs and lifestyles of our employees. Within the United States, more than 80% of our eligible employee population was enrolled in one of our healthcare plans as of December 31, 2025.

We provide virtual, on-demand learning opportunities to all employees, and we also develop and deliver custom learning programs to meet specific business needs and employee interests. In 2025, approximately 74% of our employees participated in learning activities through the on-demand portal.

We believe we have strong labor practices and employee-friendly policies that enable a culture of trust, collaboration, and compliance. Our employment standards prioritize respect for the dignity and worth of each person. Employees have multiple avenues through which to express opinions, ideas, and concerns, which enables an open culture of communication and inclusion; our policies require that complaints are investigated and any findings are addressed. Our employees are not represented by labor unions outside of those few countries where union representation is a customary practice of doing business. We operate a Compliance Management System, a key component of which is mandatory training for all employees in areas including workplace harassment and our code of business conduct.

Work Environment

We believe we have created a work environment that represents our commitment to safety and wellness. We provide both system and technology capability as well as personal support, including wellness activities and resources, social activities, and support for working parents. Supporting the person, not just the "worker," allows us to maintain business operations without endangering employees or customers. We had no safety incidents reported in 2025.

Diversity and Inclusion

We strive to build and develop a workforce that reflects diversity, equity, and inclusion at all levels of the organization in accordance with applicable law. Our view is that our culture of involvement and appreciation of different backgrounds and perspectives enables us to more fully develop and leverage the strengths of our workforce to serve our customers and meet our business objectives. We place a high value on inclusion and employee-led opportunities across the Company, including Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs") which are sponsored by senior leadership but are developed and maintained by diverse groups of employees who share or champion common interests, representations, or causes. Membership in ERGs is open to all employees. We currently have ERGs in support of LGBTQ+ persons, people of color, women, emerging professionals, parents and caregivers, and remote workers. We have amplified our conversation and actions relating specifically to inclusion and diversity over recent years, implementing learning and development initiatives, additional ERGs, and expanded employee gatherings and activities.

Locations and Geographic Areas

We are located around the globe with employees in 14 countries. Our primary geographic market for employees is the United States, followed by Asia, Europe, Latin America and Canada. For information with respect to sales by geographic markets, refer to Footnote 3, Revenue Recognition, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Executive Officers and Directors

Executive Officers and Executive Director

Jonathan (Jon) Carpenter has served as our Chief Executive Officer since July 2022 and as a director since June 2024. Mr. Carpenter was our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer from November 2021 to July 2022. He previously served as Chief Financial Officer of Publishers Clearing House, a direct marketing and media company, from June 2016 until November 2021. Prior to Publishers Clearing House, he served in divisional CFO roles for Nielsen Company, Sears Holdings and NBC Universal. He began his career with General Electric in the GE Financial Management Program. Mr. Carpenter holds a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Vermont.

Stephen (Steve) Bagdasarian has served as our Chief Commercial Officer since November 2023 and was our Executive Vice President, Growth from October 2022 to November 2023. Mr. Bagdasarian previously served as Chief Operating Officer, Digital (January 2022 – October 2022), General Manager, Media and Strategy (July 2019 – December 2021) and General Manager, Liquid Wireless (July 2014 – July 2019) of Publishers Clearing House, a direct marketing and media company. Prior to Publishers Clearing House, he held a number of senior business development, strategy and marketing roles with digital technology companies. Mr. Bagdasarian is a member of TBD Angels, an angel investor group, and has invested and served as an advisor to several early-stage digital technology companies. He holds a bachelor's degree from College of the Holy Cross and a master's degree in business administration from Babson F.W. Olin Graduate School of Business.

Mary Margaret Curry has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since July 2022 and as our Chief Accounting Officer since December 2021. Ms. Curry joined Comscore in 2011 and has served in roles of increasing scope and responsibility since then, including as Global Tax Director (August 2011 to July 2015), Senior Director of Global Tax Compliance and Reporting (July 2015 to May 2018), Vice President of Tax and Treasury (May 2018 to November 2020) and Senior Vice President and Controller (November 2020 to December 2021). Prior to joining Comscore, she spent nine years with KPMG. Ms. Curry holds bachelor's and master's degrees in accounting from East Carolina University.

Gregory (Greg) Dale has served as our Chief Operating Officer since August 2022 and was our General Manager, Digital from December 2021 to August 2022. Mr. Dale previously served as Chief Operating Officer of Shareablee, Inc., a social media marketing analytics company, from July 2018 through our acquisition of Shareablee in December 2021. Prior to Shareablee, he was Chief Operating Officer of Persado, an artificial intelligence-based marketing content platform, from 2016 to 2018. Mr. Dale previously held senior roles with Comscore from 1999 to 2016, and prior to that, worked with data and analytics firm Information Resources, Inc. He holds a bachelor's degree from Purdue University.

Non-Executive Directors

Robert (Bob) Davenport has served as director since December 2025. Mr. Davenport is Head of Global Corporate Credit and Distressed Debt and Senior Managing Director of Cerberus Capital Management and Cerberus California, LLC. He joined Cerberus in 1996 and is responsible for overseeing and managing the firm's investments in stressed and distressed debt on a global basis. Prior to Cerberus, he was a principal at Vestar Capital Partners, where he was responsible for identifying, analyzing and executing leveraged buyout opportunities. Previously, he worked in the mergers and acquisitions group at Drexel Burnham. Mr. Davenport graduated from the University of California. He previously served as a member of the Board of Trustees for the Crossroads School for Arts and Sciences and Heal the Bay. Mr. Davenport brings over 30 years of financing and M&A experience to our Board.

David Kline has served as a director since March 2021 and as Chairman of the Board since April 2025. He most recently served as Executive Vice President at Charter Communications, a communications and media company, and President of Spectrum Reach, the advertising sales division of Charter. Mr. Kline joined Charter in 2015 and provided strategic leadership to guide the company in both the traditional and advanced TV advertising space until his retirement in 2025. Mr. Kline joined Charter from Visible World (now FreeWheel), where he served as President and COO directing their household addressable sales and programmatic advertising efforts. Earlier in his career, he served as President and COO of Cablevision Media Sales (now Altice Media Solutions) for more than 17 years. Mr. Kline previously served on the board of directors for the Video Advertising Bureau and Canoe and as chairman of the board of directors for private company Blockgraph. He received a B.A. in a personalized study program focusing on marketing, finance, accounting and management from Ohio State University. Mr. Kline is a pioneering leader in the traditional and advanced TV advertising space and brings valuable relationships and perspective to our Board.

William (Bill) Livek has served as our Vice Chairman since January 2016. Mr. Livek was our Chief Executive Officer from November 2019 to July 2022 and our President from January 2016 to May 2018. He previously served as Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Rentrak Corporation, a media measurement and consumer targeting company, from 2009 until our merger with Rentrak in 2016. Prior to Rentrak, Mr. Livek was founder and Chief Executive Officer of Symmetrical Capital, an investment and consulting firm; Senior Vice President, Strategic Alliances and International Expansion, of Experian Information Solutions, Inc., a provider of information, analytical and marketing services; and co-President of Experian's subsidiary Experian Research Services. Mr. Livek has served on the board of directors of Red Violet, Inc. since January 2024 and the Advertising Research Foundation ("ARF") since July 2022, and prior to that was a member of the ARF board of trustees. He also serves on the board of directors of private companies Tenetic LLC, Adstra (formerly ALC) and CivicScience. Mr. Livek holds a B.S. degree in Communications Radio/Television from Southern Illinois University. Mr. Livek brings substantial industry experience, customer relationships and audience measurement expertise to our Board.

Matthew (Matt) McLaughlin has served as a director since June 2024. Mr. McLaughlin is a retired advertising technology executive and Naval officer. Most recently, he served as Chief Operating Officer of DoubleVerify Holdings, Inc., a software platform for digital media measurement and analytics, from 2011 to March 2022. As COO of DoubleVerify, Mr. McLaughlin directed its product, engineering and sales operations activity, including managing over half the company's employees. He served as a Senior Advisor at DoubleVerify from March 2022 to July 2022. Prior to joining DoubleVerify, Mr. McLaughlin served as President and Chief Operating Officer of CUNet, LLC, an online marketing agency and software subsidiary of Nelnet, Inc., from 2008 to 2011. Earlier in his career, he served as General Manager of Audience and Media at BDMetrics Inc., an information technology company; Vice President of Performance Media at VNC Communications, Inc (d/b/a Performics), a performance marketing subsidiary of DoubleClick Inc.; Senior Vice President of Operations at Heavy Hammer, Inc., a technology company; Director of Business Technology, Search Marketing and Email & Affinity Marketing at Advertising.com, Inc., an online advertising company that was acquired by AOL, Inc.; and an Applications Technology Sales Consultant for Oracle Corporation, a multinational computer technology company. Formerly, Mr. McLaughlin served as a U.S. Navy Submarine Officer from 1992 to 2000. Mr. McLaughlin received a M.A. (Cantab) in Natural Science from the University of Cambridge and B.S. in Computer Science from the United States Naval Academy.

Jeffrey (Jeff) Murphy has served as a director since April 2024. Mr. Murphy is Senior Vice President, Corporate Finance and Development at Charter Communications, Inc., a communications and media company, where he oversees debt and equity capital markets strategy and execution, treasury, risk management, mergers and acquisitions, and other corporate development. Prior to joining Charter in June 2021, Mr. Murphy spent more than two decades (from 1995 to 2020) with Credit Suisse Group (and predecessor entities), a financial services company, most recently as Vice Chairman of the Investment Banking and Capital Markets division and a Managing Director in the Global Technology, Media and Telecom (TMT) group. Prior to his investment banking career Mr. Murphy worked in consumer markets at MCI Communications. He holds an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and a B.S. in business administration from Georgetown University. Mr. Murphy brings to our Board substantial capital markets, M&A and corporate development experience.

Brian Wendling has served as a director since March 2021. Mr. Wendling is Chief Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer of Liberty Media Corporation, Liberty Broadband Corporation, GCI Liberty and Liberty Live Holdings, Inc. He previously served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. from January 2016 to April 2025 and served as Chief Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer of Qurate Retail, Inc. from January 2020 to March 2025 and Atlanta Braves Holdings, Inc. from December 2022 to August 2024. Mr. Wendling has held various positions with these companies and their predecessors since 1999. Prior to joining these companies, he worked in the assurance practice of the accounting firm KPMG. Mr.

Wendling has previously served on the boards of Fun Technologies Inc. and CommerceHub, Inc. as well as other private companies. He also currently serves on the Indiana University Accounting Advisory Board and has previously served on the Clothes to Kids of Colorado and Rocky Mountain PBS boards. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Indiana University. Mr. Wendling brings over 30 years of finance, accounting, M&A, public reporting and compliance experience to our Board.

Available Information

We make our periodic and current reports along with amendments to such reports available, free of charge, on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our website address is www.comscore.com (http://www.comscore.com), and such reports are made available free of charge under "SEC Filings" in the Investor Relations section of our website. Information contained on our website is not part of this 10-K and is not incorporated herein by reference.

You can read our SEC filings, including this 10-K as well as our other periodic and current reports, on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

An investment in our Common Stock involves a substantial risk of loss. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this 10-K, before you decide whether to invest in our stock. The risks identified below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In that case, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results, and may result in the loss of part or all of your investment.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to:

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Technologies

• Macroeconomic factors could continue to impact demand for our products and increase our costs.
• The market for our products is highly competitive, and our revenues could decline if we cannot compete effectively.
• If we are unable to provide complete analytics, our ability to maintain and grow our business will be harmed.
• We depend on third parties for data and hosting/delivery services that are critical to our business.
• If we fail to respond to technological developments or evolving industry standards, our products may become obsolete or less competitive.
• Our business may be harmed if we deliver inaccurate or untimely information products, change our methodologies or the scope of information we collect, or are unable to maintain sufficient panels.
• We derive a significant portion of our revenues from subscription-based products, and our customers could terminate, reduce or fail to renew their subscriptions.
• Our financial results may suffer if we are unable to retain or add large customers or if we cannot persuade customers to substitute our products for incumbent providers.
• Our strategic transactions with other companies may not be successful and may divert our management's attention.
• System failures, security breaches, delays in system operations, or failure to pass customer or partner security reviews may harm our business.
• Our restructuring activities and cost-reduction initiatives may not deliver the expected results and could disrupt our business operations.
• We may not be able to adequately retain and hire qualified personnel.

Risks Related to Our Results of Operations

• We may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.
• We may not generate sufficient cash to service our debt, lease facilities and trade payables.
• We may incur another impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets.
• We may continue to incur net losses and may not achieve profitability.
• Our net operating loss carryforwards may expire unutilized or underutilized.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance, Litigation and Tax Matters

• Concern over data privacy and security, AI and data governance could materially harm our business.
• Any loss or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data could expose us to liability and damage our brand and reputation.
• Domestic or foreign laws may further limit our ability to collect and incorporate media usage information in our products and impose costly requirements on our business.
• Pending or potential litigation could result in substantial costs and adverse outcomes.
• Third parties could assert that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, or we could be unable to protect and enforce our own intellectual property rights.
• Our use of open source software could limit our ability to sell our products or require us to reengineer our products.
• There could be adverse developments in tax laws or disagreements with our tax positions in the jurisdictions where we operate.

Risks Related to International Operations

• Our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations.
• Evolving sanctions and export control laws could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability.
• Changes in foreign currencies could have a significant effect on our operating results.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Financings

• The holders of our preferred stock have significant influence and rights that may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders.
• Our financing and debt obligations and covenants could restrict our operating flexibility.
• Any failure to meet our debt obligations could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
• We may need additional capital to support our business or meet our debt obligations, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

General Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

• Securities that we may become obligated to issue under existing or future agreements may cause immediate and substantial dilution to our current stockholders.
• Provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control or changes in our management.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Technologies

Macroeconomic factors could continue to adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our business depends on the health of the media and advertising industries in which we operate. The strength of the advertising market can fluctuate in response to the economic prospects of specific advertisers or industries, advertisers' spending priorities, and the economy in general. In recent years, macroeconomic factors including inflation, capital market disruptions, and recession concerns have caused some advertisers to reduce or delay advertising expenditures. Recent geopolitical conflicts and developments in U.S. trade policy have created additional uncertainty, contributing to further spending delays by advertisers. These delays and declines, which may continue in future periods, have had a direct impact on demand for our products, which measure advertising campaigns and audiences.

Further reductions in advertising spending could result in customers terminating their subscriptions for our products, delaying renewals, or renewing on terms less favorable to us. Furthermore, our custom solutions and newer products, for which we recognize revenue based on customer usage, are subject to higher fluctuations in revenue from changes in our customers' advertising budgets, platform strategies and spending. Macroeconomic factors could also increase our costs, reducing margins and preventing us from meeting our profitability goals. Finally, these factors make it more difficult for us to predict our future revenue and costs, which could result in misallocation of resources or operating inefficiencies that could harm our business. The extent of the impact of macroeconomic factors on our business is uncertain and may continue to adversely affect our operations and financial results.

The market for media measurement and analytics products is highly competitive, and if we cannot compete effectively, our revenues could decline and our business could be harmed.

The market for audience and advertising measurement products is highly competitive and continues to evolve rapidly. We compete primarily with providers of media intelligence and related analytical products and services. We also compete with providers of marketing services and solutions, with full-service survey providers, and with internal solutions developed by customers and potential customers. In recent years, competition has intensified as a result of the entrance of new competitors, the increasing variety and number of media channels and platforms requiring measurement, and the development of new technologies, products and services in our industry to address this media fragmentation. We expect these trends to continue. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources than we do. As a result, these competitors may be able to devote greater resources to development of systems and technologies, acquisition of data, recruitment and retention of personnel, marketing and promotional campaigns, panel retention and development, and other key areas. This may allow them to produce superior products to ours or introduce products to market faster than we can, which could impact our ability to compete effectively. In addition, some of our competitors have adopted and may continue to adopt aggressive pricing policies, including the provision of certain services at little or no cost, in order to retain or acquire customers. Furthermore, large software companies, internet platforms and database management companies may enter our market or enhance their current offerings, either by developing competing services or by acquiring our competitors, and could leverage their significant resources and pre-existing relationships with our current and potential customers. Finally, consolidation of our competitors could make it difficult for us to compete effectively. If we are unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, we may not be able to retain and acquire customers, and we may consequently experience a decline in revenues, reduced operating margins, loss of market share and diminished value from our products.

If we are unable to provide television, digital or cross-platform analytics, or if our analytics are incomplete, our ability to maintain and grow our business will be harmed.

As the media and advertising industries increasingly evaluate advertising campaigns across various forms of media, the ability to measure the combined size and composition of audiences across channels and platforms is increasingly important and in demand. If we are unable to gain or maintain access to information measuring a media component or type, or if we are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to meet our customers' demands and our business and financial performance may be harmed. Furthermore, even if we do have access to a particular form of data, if we have insufficient technology or encounter challenges in our methodological approaches, our products may be inferior to other offerings, and we may be unable to meet our customers' demands. In such event, our business and financial performance may be harmed.

Our competitors may have more leverage with data providers than we do, which may result in those providers being unwilling to provide us with access to quality data to support our products, on reasonable terms or at all. Likewise, our acquisition of data may be reliant on large digital publishers that may technologically or legally prevent access to their proprietary platforms for research or measurement purposes. Moreover, as mobile devices, technology and CTV viewing continue to proliferate, gaining and maintaining cost-effective access to mobile and CTV data has become increasingly critical, and we could face difficulty in accessing these forms of data on reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to acquire and integrate data effectively and efficiently, or if the cost of data acquisition or integration continues to increase, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed.

We depend on third parties for data and services that are critical to our business, and our business could suffer if we cannot continue to obtain reliable data from these suppliers or if third parties place additional restrictions on our use of such data.

We rely on third-party data sources for information usage across the media platforms that we measure, as well as demographics about the people that use such platforms. The availability and accuracy of this data is important to the continuation and development of our products and the performance of our obligations to customers. These data suppliers, some of whom compete with us or our significant stockholders, may increase restrictions on our use of such data, undertake audits (at either our or their expense) of our use of such data, require us to implement new processes with respect to such data, fail to adhere to our quality control, privacy or security standards or otherwise satisfactorily perform services, increase the price they charge us for the data or refuse to license the data to us. Additional restrictions on third-party data could limit our ability to include that data in our products, which could lead to decreased commercial opportunities for our products as well as loss of customers, sales credits, refunds or liability to our customers. To comply with any additional restrictions, we may be required to implement certain additional technological and manual controls that could put pressure on our cost structure and could affect our pricing. Supplier consolidation and increased pricing for additional use cases could also put pressure on our cost structure and our ability to meet obligations to our customers. We may be required to enter into vendor relationships, strategic alliances, or joint ventures with some third parties in order to obtain access to the data sources that we need. If our partners do not apply rigorous standards to their data collection methodology and actions, notwithstanding our best efforts, we may receive third-party data that is inaccurate, defective, or delayed. If third-party information is not available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or is found to be inaccurate, it could harm our products, our reputation, and our business and financial performance.

If we fail to respond to technological developments or evolving industry standards, our products may become obsolete or less competitive.

We operate in industries that require sophisticated data collection and processing technologies. Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to timely develop new and modify or enhance our existing products and services, including without limitation, our data collection technologies and approaches, in order to meet customer needs, add functionality and address technological advancements and evolving industry standards.

For example, the development of opt-in permissions and enhanced focus on consent-based measurement provide the benefit of limiting the transfer of consumer personal information, but also mean changes to our data collection, storage and delivery processes. In particular, limitations on the use of cookies, pixels and similar technologies (which we collectively refer to as "cookies") may create significant challenges for our products that use these technologies for data collection and measurement. The most common Internet browsers allow users to delete and block cookies through changes to their settings, and some browsers and software providers block cookies by default. We also maintain mechanisms for users to opt out of the collection of their information via cookies and other technologies. Any substantial reduction in the availability, use or effectiveness of cookies - whether due to user opt-outs, browser changes, regulatory action or otherwise - could negatively affect our products that use these technologies.

As we innovate and adapt our methodologies to address limitations on cookies and other technological challenges, our products may be negatively impacted. For example, we may be unable to report the same types of data or level of granularity as previously available; we may see breaks in historical trends or comparability of data across periods; and we may experience delays or disruptions in service delivery to our customers. If we are unable to address these issues, our products may become less competitive or obsolete.

More generally, we will need to develop new products and methodologies to address evolving technologies and standards across the universe of media, including television, online and mobile usage. However, we may be unsuccessful in identifying new product opportunities, developing or marketing new products in a timely or cost-effective manner, or obtaining the necessary access to data or technologies needed to support new products, or we may be limited in our ability to operate due to intellectual property rights held by others. In addition, our product innovations may not achieve the market penetration or price levels necessary for profitability. If we are unable to develop and integrate timely enhancements to, and new features for, our existing methodologies or products or if we are unable to develop new products and technology that keep pace with rapid technological developments, changing industry standards or consumer preferences, our products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive, and our business will be harmed.

Furthermore, the market for our products is characterized by changes in protocols and evolving industry standards. For example, industry associations such as the Advertising Research Foundation, the Internet Advertising Bureau, the U.S. Joint Industry Committee and the Media Rating Council as well as foreign and international industry associations have undertaken efforts to review market research methodologies across the media that we measure and/or develop minimum standards, accreditations or certifications for such research. Failure to seek or achieve accreditation or certification, delays in accreditation or certification, or adverse audit findings may negatively impact the market acceptance of our products. Meanwhile, successful accreditation, certification or audits may lead to costly changes to our procedures and methodologies, may divert development resources from other priorities, and may not result in the anticipated commercial benefits.

Our business may be harmed if we deliver, or are perceived to deliver, inaccurate or untimely information products.

The metrics contained in our products may be viewed as an important measure of the success of certain businesses, especially those that utilize our metrics to evaluate priorities ranging from their internal operations to advertising initiatives. If the information that we provide to our customers, the media, or the public is inaccurate, or perceived to be inaccurate, whether due to inadequate methodological approaches, errors, biases towards certain available data sources or partners, disparate data sets across our products, defects or errors in data collection and processing (conducted by us or by third parties) or the systems used to collect, process or deliver data, our business may be harmed. Similarly, if the information that we provide to our customers is delayed or perceived to be untimely, our business may be harmed.

Any inaccuracy, perceived inaccuracy, inconsistency or delay in the data reported by us could lead to consequences that could adversely impact our operating results, including loss of customers; sales credits, refunds or liability to our customers; the incurrence of substantial costs to correct any material defect, error or inconsistency; increased insurance costs; potential litigation; interruptions in the availability of our products; diversion of development resources to improve our processes or delivery; lost or delayed market acceptance and sales of our products; and damage to our brand.

Our business may be harmed if we change our methodologies or the scope of information we collect.

We have in the past and may in the future change our methodologies, the methodologies of companies we acquire, or the scope of information we collect. Such changes may result from identified deficiencies in current methodologies, development of more advanced methodologies, changes in our business plans or in industry standards, changes in law or regulatory requirements, changes in technology used by websites, browsers, mobile applications, servers, or media we measure, integration of acquired companies or expressed or perceived needs of our customers, potential customers or partners. Any such changes or perceived changes, or our inability to accurately or adequately communicate to our customers and the media such changes and the potential implications of such changes on the data we have published or will publish in the future, may result in customer dissatisfaction, particularly if certain information is no longer collected or information collected in future periods is not comparable with information collected in prior periods. As a result of methodology changes, some of our customers that may also supply us with data may decide not to continue buying products or services from us or may decide to discontinue providing us with their data to support our products. Such customers may elect to publicly air their dissatisfaction with the methodological changes made by us, which may damage our brand and harm our reputation.

If we are not able to maintain panels of sufficient size and scope, or if the costs of establishing and maintaining our panels continue to increase, our business could be harmed.

We believe that the quality, size and scope of our research panels are important to our business. Over time, however, panel participation has declined, in part due to changes by software providers that have made it more difficult to obtain consent to participate in panels, steps taken by antivirus providers to remove third-party measurement software despite panelists' previous consent, and operating system updates (including iOS and Android) that limit the ability of third parties to measure device usage. At the same time, the difficulty and cost of recruiting new panelists have increased. Although we have taken (and continue to take) steps to mitigate the impact of these changes on our business, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain panels of sufficient size and scope to provide the quality of marketing intelligence that our customers demand from our products. We anticipate that the cost of traditional panel recruitment will continue to increase with the proliferation of proprietary and secure media content delivery platforms, evolving industry practices and regulatory developments, and that the difficulty in collecting these forms of data will continue to grow, which may require significant hardware and software investments, increases to our panel incentive and panel management costs, and evaluation of alternative panel resources. To the extent that any additional expenses are not accompanied by increased revenues, our operating margins may be reduced and our financial results could be adversely affected. If we are unable to maintain panels of sufficient size and scope, whether through traditional recruitment or alternative sources, we could face negative consequences, including degradation in the quality and competitiveness of our products, failure to receive accreditation or certification from industry associations, loss of customers and damage to our brand.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from sales of our subscription-based products. If our customers terminate, reduce or fail to renew their subscriptions, our business could suffer.

We currently derive a significant portion of our revenues from our syndicated products, which are typically one-year subscription-based products. Historically, these products provided us with recurring revenue due to high renewal rates among our enterprise customers. In recent years, however, we have seen declines in revenue from our syndicated audience offerings, primarily related to our national TV and syndicated digital products. If additional customers terminate their subscriptions for our products, do not renew their subscriptions, delay renewals of their subscriptions or renew on terms less favorable to us, our syndicated product revenues could continue to decline and our business could suffer.

Our customers have no obligation to renew after the expiration of their subscription periods, and we cannot be assured that current subscriptions will be renewed at the same or higher dollar amounts, if at all. Furthermore, our custom solutions and newer products, for which revenue is recognized based on customer usage, are subject to higher fluctuations in revenue. Our customer renewal and usage rates may decline or fluctuate due to a number of factors, including customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our products, the costs or functionality of our products, the prices or functionality of products offered by our competitors, the health of the advertising marketplace and the industries in which we operate, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base (including recent and pending consolidation in the media and entertainment industries), general economic conditions or reductions in our customers' spending levels.

Our growth depends upon our ability to retain existing large customers and add new large customers. To the extent we are not successful in doing so, our ability to grow revenue and attain profitability and positive cash flow may be impaired.

Our success depends in part on our ability to sell our products to large customers and on the renewal of subscriptions and contracts with these customers in subsequent years. For the years ended 2025, 2024 and 2023, we derived 34%, 34% and 37%, respectively, of our total revenues from our top 10 customers. Uncertain economic conditions, changes in the political or regulatory environment or other factors, such as internal reorganization or changes in customer buying processes or platform usage, or dissatisfaction with our products, may cause certain large customers to terminate or reduce their subscriptions and contracts with us or may increase our costs to retain those customers. The failure or consolidation of large customer companies, including recent and pending consolidation in the media and entertainment industries, could cause further reductions in the affected companies' contracts with us. The loss of any one or more of these customers could decrease our revenues and harm our current and future operating results. The addition of new large customers or increases in sales to existing large customers may require particularly long implementation periods and other significant upfront costs, which may adversely affect our profitability or divert resources from our other priorities. To compete effectively, we have in the past been, and may in the future be, forced to offer significant discounts to maintain existing customers or acquire other large customers. As a result, new large customers or increased usage of our products by large customers may cause our profit margins to decline.

If we are unable to effectively persuade customers to buy our products in substitution for those of an incumbent services provider, our revenue growth may suffer.

Some of our products require that we persuade prospective customers, or customers of our existing products, to buy our products in substitution for those of an incumbent service provider. In some instances, the customer may have built their systems and processes around the incumbent provider's products. Persuading such customers to switch service providers may be difficult and require longer sales cycles, affecting our ability to increase revenue in these areas. Moreover, the incumbent service provider may have the ability to significantly discount its services or enter into long-term agreements, which could further impede our ability to persuade customers to switch service providers, and accordingly, our ability to increase our revenues.

We may expand through investments in, acquisitions of, or the development of new products with assistance from, other companies or we may consider other strategic transactions, any of which may not be successful and may divert our management's attention.

In the past, we completed several strategic acquisitions, most recently our acquisition of Shareablee in 2021. We also may evaluate and enter into discussions regarding an array of potential strategic transactions, including acquiring complementary products, technologies or businesses or divesting portions of our business. An acquisition, divestiture or other strategic business relationship may involve significant operating challenges, expenditures and risks. In particular, we may encounter difficulties carving out existing operations for divestiture or integrating the operations of acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired company choose not to be employed by us, and we may have difficulty retaining customers and partners due to changes in strategy, management or ownership. Acquisitions and divestitures may also disrupt our ongoing business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our business. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, divestiture or other business relationship would be realized timely, if at all, or that we would not be exposed to unknown liabilities. In connection with any such transaction, we may:

• encounter difficulties retaining key employees of an acquired company or integrating diverse business cultures, particularly in countries where we have not previously had employees;
• incur large charges or substantial liabilities, including without limitation, liabilities associated with products or technologies accused or found to infringe on third-party intellectual property or contractual rights or violate existing or future privacy or security regulations;
• issue shares of our capital stock as part of the consideration, which has been and may be dilutive to existing stockholders;
• become subject to adverse tax consequences, legal disputes, substantial depreciation or deferred compensation charges;
• use cash that we may otherwise need for ongoing or future operation of our business;
• enter new geographic markets that subject us to different laws and regulations that may have an adverse impact on our business;
• experience difficulties effectively separating divested assets, utilizing acquired assets or obtaining required third-party consents;
• encounter difficulties integrating the information and financial reporting systems of acquired businesses, particularly those that operated under accounting principles other than those generally accepted in the U.S. prior to the acquisition by us; and
• incur debt, which may be on terms unfavorable to us or that we are unable to repay.

We also have entered into relationships with certain third-party providers to expand our product offerings, and we may enter into similar arrangements in the future. These relationships and transactions sometimes involve preferred or exclusive licenses, discount pricing, provision of our products and services without charge, or investments in other businesses to expand our product development and sales capabilities.

These strategic transactions may be material to our financial condition and results of operations, and though these transactions may provide additional benefits, they may not be successful or profitable immediately or in the long term. Negotiating any such transactions can be time-consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to close these transactions may be subject to regulatory or other approvals and other conditions that are beyond our control. We can make no assurances that any such transactions or relationships will be completed or successful. The impact of any one or more of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

System failures, security breaches or delays in the operation of our computer and communications systems may harm our business.

Our success depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer and communications systems and the third-party data centers, cloud providers and SAAS platforms we use. Our ability to collect and report accurate data may be interrupted by a number of factors, including the failure of our network or software systems, computer viruses, security breaches, or variability in the information we ingest.

We have experienced, and may in the future experience, system failures and cybersecurity incidents. While prior incidents have not materially affected our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition to date, and although our processes are designed to help prevent, detect and mitigate the impact of such incidents, we cannot guarantee that a future incident will not materially affect our strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Attempted cybersecurity breaches continue to evolve in sophistication and frequency and may be difficult to detect and remediate. A security incident or failure of our network or data gathering procedures, or those of our third-party data suppliers, could result in liability to the Company, impede the processing of data, cause the corruption or loss of data, prevent the timely delivery of our products, give rise to government inquiries or enforcement actions, or damage our customer relationships, brand and reputation.

In the future, we may need to expand our network and systems at a more rapid pace than we have in the past, particularly as we integrate AI tools and capabilities. Our network or systems may not be capable of meeting the demand for increased capacity, or we may incur additional expenses to accommodate these capacity demands. In addition, we may lose valuable data or be unable to obtain or provide data on a timely basis or our network may temporarily shut down if we fail to adequately expand or maintain our network capabilities to meet future requirements. Any lapse in our ability to collect or transmit data may decrease the value of our products and prevent us from providing the data requested by our customers and partners. Any disruption in our data processing or any loss, exposure or misuse of data may damage our reputation and result in the loss of customers, partners and vendors and the imposition of penalties or other legal or regulatory action, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to customer and partner security reviews, and failure to pass these reviews could have an adverse impact on our operations.

Many of our customer and partner contracts require that we maintain certain physical and/or information security standards. Any failure to meet such standards could have an adverse impact on our business. In certain cases, we permit a customer or partner to audit our compliance with contractual standards. Negative findings in an audit and/or the failure to adequately remediate in a timely fashion such negative findings could cause customers or partners to terminate their contracts or otherwise have an adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations and financial condition. Further, customers or partners from time to time may require new or stricter physical or information security than they negotiated in their contracts and may condition continued volumes and business on the satisfaction of such additional requirements. Some of these requirements may be expensive to implement or maintain and may not be factored into our contract pricing. Failure to meet these requirements could have an adverse effect on our business.

We rely on a small number of third-party service providers to host and deliver our products, and any interruptions or delays in services from these third parties could impair the delivery of our products and harm our business.

We host some of our products and serve our customers from data center facilities located throughout the U.S. While we operate our equipment inside these facilities, we do not control the operation of these facilities, and, depending on service level requirements and costs, we may not continue to operate or maintain redundant data center facilities for all of our products or for all of our data, which could increase our vulnerability. These facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures and similar events. They are also subject to break-ins, computer viruses, security breaches, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. A natural disaster or an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in availability of our products. We may also encounter capacity limitations and cost increases at our third-party data centers. Additionally, our data center facility agreements are of limited durations, and our data center facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. We select our third-party data center providers through a rigorous process based on redundant capability and compliance with industry standards and audits. We believe that we will be able to renew or find alternative providers on commercially reasonable terms, although there can be no guarantee of this. If we are unable to renew our agreements with the owners of the facilities on commercially reasonable terms, or if we migrate to a new provider, we may experience significant cost increases or delays in delivering our products until an agreement with another provider can be arranged or the migration to a new facility is completed.

If we or the third-party data centers that we use were to experience a major power outage, we would have to rely on back-up generators, which may not function properly, and their supply may be inadequate. Such a power outage could result in the disruption of our business. Additionally, if our current facilities fail to have sufficient cooling capacity or availability of electrical power, we would need to find alternative facilities and could experience delays in delivering our products.

In recent years, we have begun migrating certain data collection, processing and delivery systems from traditional data centers to cloud-based platforms. The migration of these processes has required, and will continue to require, significant time and resources from our management, technology and operations personnel and has introduced new requirements for security, financial and software development controls. These efforts have diverted and may continue to divert resources from other priorities, which could have a negative impact on our revenue and growth opportunities. If the migration of these or other processes is not successful, or if ongoing or future migrations take longer or require more resources than we anticipate, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We depend on access to the internet through third-party bandwidth providers to operate our business. If we lose the services of one or more of our bandwidth providers for any reason, we could experience disruption in the delivery of our products or be required to retain the services of a replacement bandwidth provider. It may be difficult for us to replace any lost bandwidth on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, due to the large amount of bandwidth our operations require.

Any errors, defects, breaches, disruptions or other performance problems related to our products or the delivery of our services caused by third parties could reduce our revenues, harm our reputation, result in the loss of customers, partners and vendors and the imposition of penalties or other legal or regulatory actions and otherwise damage our business. Interruptions in the availability of our products and the delivery of our services may reduce our revenues due to increased turnaround time to complete projects, cause us to issue credits or refunds to customers, cause customers to terminate their agreements or adversely affect our renewal rates. Our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected if there were errors or delays in delivering our products or services, including for reasons beyond our control, and our reputation would be harmed if our customers or potential customers believe our products and services are unreliable.

Our restructuring activities and cost-reduction initiatives may not deliver the expected results and could disrupt our business operations.

Achieving our long-term revenue and profitability goals depends significantly on our ability to allocate resources in line with our strategic objectives and control our operating costs. In recent years, we have undertaken various actions to improve cost efficiency and better align our operating structure and resources with strategic priorities. In addition to employee terminations, these activities have included the reallocation of commercial and product development resources, reinvestment in and modernization of key technology platforms, consolidation of data storage and processing activities to reduce our data center footprint, and reduction of other operating expenses.

If these activities do not generate the expected cost savings, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. Moreover, some of the organizational and operational changes we have made and continue to make require careful management to avoid disrupting customer, partner and employee relationships. If we do not successfully manage these activities, the expected benefits may not be realized, and our operations and business could be disrupted.

We rely heavily on our management team and other personnel to operate and grow our business. The loss of one or more key employees, the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel, or the failure to integrate new personnel could harm our business.

Our success and future growth depend to a significant degree on the skills and continued services of our management team. Our future success also depends on our ability to retain, attract and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel.

The market for these personnel is extremely competitive, and our restructuring and cost-reduction activities have put additional pressure on our ability to retain, attract and motivate key personnel. If we cannot retain highly skilled workers and key leaders, our ability to develop and deliver our products and increase our revenues may be materially and adversely affected. If we must increase employee compensation and benefits in order to remain competitive for these personnel, our operating costs and financial condition may be adversely affected. Recruiting and training costs may also place significant demands on our resources. We may experience a loss of productivity due to the departure of key personnel and the associated loss of institutional knowledge, or while new personnel integrate into our business and transition into their respective roles. Failure to ensure effective transitions and knowledge transfers may adversely affect our operations and our ability to execute on our strategic plans and growth initiatives.

The availability and effectiveness of equity awards as a means to recruit and retain key personnel have diminished, and we may need to request additional shares for our equity plan or grant equity awards outside of our existing plan.

Historically, we have relied on equity awards as one means of recruiting and retaining key personnel, including our senior management. Due to declines in our stock price in recent years, the effectiveness of equity awards as a means to attract and retain key personnel has diminished, and we have had to shift a larger portion of employee compensation to cash. Moreover, the quantity of equity awards we are able to grant under our 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan ("2018 Plan") is limited. These limits have further impacted our ability to offer awards to current and prospective employees, which in turn has contributed to employee retention and hiring challenges. In order to address our compensation needs, we may seek an amendment to our 2018 Plan to increase the number of shares available for future equity awards. We also may consider granting equity awards outside of our 2018 Plan, as we did with a 2021 executive hire. Either of these options would result in additional dilution to our existing stockholders. Alternatively, we may need to shift an even larger portion of employee compensation to cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Results of Operations

Our revenues and results of operations may fluctuate in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our results of operations may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our revenues or results of operations do not meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the price of our Common Stock could decline substantially. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our revenues or results of operations include:

• changes in our customers' buying behaviors, including platform changes or disintermediation of traditional channels;
• variability of demand for custom projects and usage-based products;
• changes to contract renewal rates caused by our customers' budgetary constraints, competition, or customer corporate restructuring or consolidation;
• the timing and success of new product introductions or changes in methodology, particularly in light of consumer opt-in and consent requirements, cookie deprecation and other changes in our industry;
• the impact of our decision to discontinue certain products, divest businesses or exit geographic regions;
• our failure to accurately estimate or control costs, including those incurred as a result of technology upgrades, AI integrations, product development initiatives, panel changes and restructuring activities;
• the cost and availability of data from third-party sources and the cost to integrate such data into our systems and products and implement new use cases;
• adverse judgments or settlements, or increased legal fees, in legal disputes or government proceedings;
• costs incurred in connection with strategic or financing transactions, including financial advisory, legal, accounting, consulting, tax and other advisory fees and expenses and diversion of management time and resources;
• service of our existing debt and incurrence of additional debt;
• the amount and timing of capital expenditures and operating costs related to the maintenance, migration and expansion of our operations and infrastructure;
• service outages, other technical difficulties or security breaches;
• maintaining appropriate staffing levels and capabilities, particularly during organizational restructuring;
• the cost and timing of organizational restructuring;
• the timing of any changes to our deferred tax valuation allowance;
• the impact of foreign currency exchange rates; and
• general economic, political, regulatory, industry and market conditions and those conditions specific to media and advertising businesses.

We believe that our revenues and results of operations on a year-over-year and sequential quarter-over-quarter basis may vary significantly in the future and that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Investors are cautioned not to rely on the results of prior periods as an indication of future performance.

We may not be able to generate or obtain sufficient cash to service our debt, lease facilities and trade payables.

We currently have indebtedness and lease facilities, as well as trade payables, including expenses incurred in prior periods. In addition, we may incur additional debt for operations. These obligations could require us to use a large portion of our cash flow from operations to service our debt and lease facilities and pay accrued expenses. They could also limit our flexibility to invest in our business and adjust to market conditions, which could impact our customer relationships and place us at a competitive disadvantage.

We expect to obtain the funds to pay our expenses and meet our financial obligations from cash flow from our operations, existing debt facilities and, potentially, from other debt or equity offerings and transactions. Accordingly, our ability to meet our obligations depends on our future performance and corporate activities, which will be affected by financial, business, contractual, economic and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Failure to meet our payment obligations could disrupt our supply of goods and services and impact our reputation, creditworthiness and relations with customers, partners and creditors. It could also lead to costly litigation.

If our cash flow and capital resources prove inadequate to allow us to satisfy our trade payables, pay the interest and principal on our debt when due, invest in our business and meet our other financial obligations, we could face substantial liquidity challenges and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations, obtain alternative financing (which we may be unable to do on acceptable terms) or forego attractive business opportunities. In addition, the terms of our existing or future financing agreements may restrict us from pursuing these alternatives. Failure to meet our financial obligations could have significant consequences including, potentially, forcing us into bankruptcy or liquidation.

Our financial condition and results of operations could suffer and be adversely affected if we incur another impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets.

We are required to test goodwill and intangible assets, annually and on an interim basis if an event occurs or there is a change in circumstance that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below its carrying value or indicate that the carrying value of such intangibles is not recoverable. When the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a charge to operations, up to the total amount of goodwill, is recorded. If the carrying amount of an intangible asset is not recoverable, a charge to operations is recognized. Either event would result in incremental expense for that period, which would reduce any earnings or increase any loss for the period in which the impairment was determined to have occurred. We recorded impairment charges totaling $64.4 million and $78.2 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Our impairment analysis is sensitive to changes in key assumptions used in our analysis, such as expected future cash flows, the degree of volatility in equity and debt markets and our stock price. Additionally, changes in our strategy or significant technical developments could significantly impact the recoverability of our intangible assets. If the assumptions used in our analysis are not realized, it is possible that additional impairment charges may need to be recorded in the future.

We have a history of significant net losses, may incur significant net losses in the future and may not achieve profitability.

We incurred net losses of $10.0 million, $60.2 million and $79.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We cannot make assurances that we will be able to achieve profitability in the future. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.4 billion. Because a large portion of our costs are fixed, we may not be able to adequately reduce our expenses in response to any decrease in our revenues, which would adversely affect our operating results. In addition, our operating expenses may increase as we implement certain growth initiatives and restructuring activities, which include, among other things, the development of new products; enhancement of our data assets, technology and infrastructure; and payment of severance and other costs in connection with organizational restructuring. If our revenues do not increase to offset these increases in costs and operating expenses, our operating results would be adversely affected.

Our net operating loss carryforwards may expire unutilized or underutilized, which could prevent us from offsetting future taxable income.

Under the provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 382, certain substantial changes in the Company's ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and taxes payable. We completed a Section 382 study in 2023 and concluded that an ownership change occurred in May 2021 as a result of the Series B Preferred Stock transactions; therefore, all of our U.S. net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to the ownership change are subject to annual limitations under Section 382.

As of December 31, 2025, we estimate our U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes to be $572.6 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, subject to limitation as described above. We estimate that $469.8 million of our U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards and $1.3 billion of our state net operating loss carryforwards are utilizable given the annual limitations under Section 382. Our net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2026 for federal and state income tax reporting purposes. The federal and certain state net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period as a result of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA"). As of December 31, 2025, we estimate our aggregate net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes related to our foreign subsidiaries to be $5.6 million, which begin to expire in 2028.

We apply a valuation allowance to our deferred tax assets when management does not believe that it is more likely than not that they will be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all sources of taxable income, including potential opportunities for loss carrybacks, the reversal of existing temporary differences associated with our deferred tax assets and liabilities, tax planning strategies and future taxable income. We also consider other evidence such as historical pre-tax book income in making the determination. As of December 31, 2025, we continue to have a valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax assets of our U.S. entities and certain foreign subsidiaries, including net operating loss carryforwards.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance, Litigation and Tax Matters

Concern over data privacy and security, AI and data governance could lead to regulatory scrutiny, public relations problems, contractual disputes and lawsuits, which could harm our business.

We are subject to numerous U.S. and foreign laws and regulations and contractual obligations covering a wide variety of data privacy, security and governance topics, and our introduction and maintenance of products, methodologies and technologies will continue to be impacted by regulatory developments and concern in these areas.

In recent years, governments around the world and in numerous U.S. states have adopted new laws and regulations focused on data privacy and protection. These laws and regulations apply to the collection, transmission, storage and use of personal information, among other things. The regulatory environment surrounding information security, data privacy and the use of AI in data collection and processing varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and is constantly evolving and increasingly demanding. The restrictions imposed by such laws continue to develop and may require us to incur substantial costs and fines or adopt additional disclosure or compliance measures, such as notification requirements and corrective actions, in addition to the measures we have already adopted. They also have required, and may continue to require, us to change our business practices and modify the products that we offer, which may increase our costs and decrease the quality and functionality of our products. Third-party products purporting to address privacy concerns may also negatively affect the functionality of, and demand for, our products and services. Any of these changes could result in the loss of customers, partners and vendors and harm to our business.

In addition to our own data privacy, security and governance policies, we also rely on security questionnaires and contractual representations made to us by customers, partners, vendors and other third-party data providers that their own use of our services and the information they provide to us do not violate any applicable privacy laws, rules and regulations or their own privacy or security policies. As a component of our client contracts, we generally obligate customers to provide their consumers the opportunity to obtain the appropriate level of consent (including opt outs) for the information collection associated with our services, as applicable, or provide another appropriate legal basis for collection. If these questionnaires or representations are false, inaccurate or incomplete, or if our customers, partners, vendors and other third-party data providers do not otherwise comply with applicable privacy laws or security practices, we could face adverse publicity and possible legal or regulatory action.

Any perception of our practices, products or services as a violation of individual privacy rights may subject us to public criticism, loss of customers, partners or vendors, litigation (including class action lawsuits), reputational harm, or investigations or claims by regulators, industry groups, activist groups or other third parties, all of which could significantly disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability. As an example, in February 2026 a purported class action complaint was filed against us in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California alleging violations of various state and federal laws, as well as certain common-law claims, in connection with our alleged collection of internet data from California residents. Refer to Footnote 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this 10-K for additional information. Although we are disputing the claims and believe we have meritorious defenses, this type of proceeding can be disruptive, costly and damaging to our business and brand, even if we are ultimately successful in our defense.

Any loss or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data could expose us to liability and damage our brand and reputation.

Outside parties, including foreign actors, may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or users of our solutions to disclose sensitive information via illegal electronic spamming, phishing, threats or other tactics. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain physical access to our information systems. Any breach of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about us, our employees or our customers, partners or vendors, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us, our employees, our customers or the individuals affected to risks of loss or misuse of this information. Any actual or potential breach of our security measures may result in litigation and potential liability or fines, governmental inquiry or oversight or a loss of customer confidence, any of which could harm our business and damage our brand and reputation, possibly impeding our present and future success in retaining and attracting customers and requiring time and resources to repair our brand.

Domestic or foreign laws, regulations or enforcement actions may further limit our ability to collect and incorporate media usage information in our products, which may decrease their value and cause an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

Our business could be adversely impacted by existing or future laws, regulations or actions by domestic or foreign regulatory agencies, or by our customers' or partners' efforts to comply with these laws. For example, privacy, data protection and personal information, intellectual property, advertising, data security, data retention and deletion, protection of minors, consumer protection, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions concerns have and could continue to lead to legislative, judicial and regulatory limitations on our and our partners' ability to collect, maintain and use information about consumers' behavior and media consumption in the U.S. and abroad, impacting the amount and quality of data in our products and increasing our costs.

State and federal laws within the U.S. and foreign laws and regulations are varied, overlapping and at times conflicting, resulting in higher risk related to compliance. A number of laws have come into effect over the past decade, and there are proposals pending before federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies that have affected and are likely to continue to affect our business. For example, the European Union's ("EU") General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, has imposed more stringent EU data protection requirements with greater penalties for noncompliance. In addition, regulators in the EU, the U.S. and elsewhere have increasingly focused on transparency, consent, consumer choice and the collection of data using tracking technologies. In the EU, cross-border data transfers are increasingly scrutinized to ensure compliance, and there have been expanded enforcement efforts in this area. Many U.S. states have also adopted comprehensive privacy laws governing the collection and use of personal information, with more expected in 2026 and beyond. These laws have expanded consumer rights to include individual rights of access, deletion, portability, correction and appeal and the right to "opt in" to collection and use of certain types of personal information deemed sensitive under the laws. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and impose new and complex requirements on our business.

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is also the subject of evolving review by various governments and regulatory agencies around the world. New and changing laws and regulations covering the development, use and provision of AI technologies and other digital products and services could impact our ability to use certain methodologies, impose new disclosure or consent requirements, or limit our ability to pursue alternative strategies to build our products. We may also be required to expend resources to adjust and analyze certain product offerings and methodologies as the regulatory environment evolves.

We have implemented policies and procedures to comply with the GDPR, state privacy laws, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and other existing laws and regulations, and we continue to evaluate and implement processes and technical enhancements and monitor changes in laws and regulations. However, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the rapidly evolving industries in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country, state to state, and customer to customer, and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. Additionally, the costs of compliance with, and the other burdens imposed by, these and other laws, regulatory actions and customer or partner policies may prevent us from selling our products, may require us to alter our products in ways that make them less competitive or compelling to customers, may divert development resources from other priorities, may continue to increase the costs associated with selling our products, and may affect our ability to invest in or jointly develop products in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, failure to comply with these and other laws and regulations may result in, among other things, government enforcement actions and substantial fines, individual and class action lawsuits, contractual breaches, significant legal fees, and civil and criminal liability. Any regulatory or civil action that is brought against us, even if unsuccessful, may distract our management's attention, divert our resources, negatively affect our public image or reputation among our panelists, customers, partners and vendors, and harm our business.

Our involvement in pending and future litigation could result in substantial costs and adverse outcomes.

We are currently involved in, and may in the future become involved in, litigation, claims, investigations and disputes arising in the ordinary course of our business. Litigation and regulatory matters are inherently uncertain and can result in substantial costs, including legal fees, settlement payments, judgments, fines, penalties and increased insurance premiums. Adverse outcomes in these proceedings could damage our brand and require us to pay significant damages or alter our business practices, which could negatively affect our business and customer relationships. In addition, the defense of legal proceedings can be time-consuming and distracting, diverting our management team from our normal operations and strategic priorities. Even if we ultimately prevail in these matters, the cost and disruption associated with litigation may be material and could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

An assertion from a third party that we are infringing its intellectual property rights, whether such assertion is valid or not, could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses.

The media measurement, software and technology industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we grow, evolve our products and methodologies, and gain traction in competitive markets, the probability that one or more third parties will make intellectual property rights claims against us increases. Disputes such as these have the potential to harm our relationships with customers, deter future customers from buying our products, or expose us to litigation, which could be expensive and divert our management team's attention from the normal operation of our business.

In addition to direct claims against us, certain agreements may require us to indemnify our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase our costs if we must defend such claims. Even if we are not a party to any litigation between a customer and a third party, an adverse outcome in any such litigation could make it more difficult for us to defend against intellectual property claims by the third party in any subsequent litigation in which we are a named party. Any of these results could adversely affect our brand, business and results of operations.

With respect to any intellectual property rights claim against us or our customers, we could be required to pay damages or stop using technology or methodologies found to be in violation of a third party's rights. Alternatively, we may need to seek a license for certain rights, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, may significantly increase our operating expenses or may significantly restrict our business activities in one or more respects. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or methodologies, which could require significant effort and expense. Any of these outcomes could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Even if we are successful in defending ourselves against such claims, we may incur substantial expenses, and the defense of such claims may divert considerable time and resources from our business and strategic priorities.

The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights.

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, service mark, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights, all of which provide only limited protection. We endeavor to enter into agreements with our employees and contractors and with parties with whom we do business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or the reverse engineering of our technology. Moreover, we may not have adequate resources to devote to obtaining new intellectual property protection for our technology and products, defending our existing rights, or maintaining the security of our know-how and data. We cannot make assurances that any additional patents will be issued with respect to any of our pending or future patent applications, nor can we assure that any patent issued to us will provide adequate protection, or that any patents issued to us will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or held to be unenforceable in actions against alleged infringers. Also, we cannot make assurances that any future trademark or service mark registrations will be issued with respect to pending or future applications or that any of our registered trademarks and service marks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, or if we must engage in costly and time-consuming litigation to enforce our rights, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our use of open source software could limit our ability to sell our products, subject our code to public disclosure or require us to reengineer our products.

We use open source software in certain of our products, and it is also contained in some third-party software that we license. There are many types of open source licenses, some of which have not been interpreted or adjudicated by U.S. or other courts. Our use of open source licenses could limit our ability to sell our products or subject our proprietary code to public disclosure if not properly managed. Remediation of such issues may involve licensing software on costly or unfavorable terms or reengineering our products, either of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to taxation in multiple jurisdictions. Any adverse development in the tax laws of any of these jurisdictions or any disagreement with our tax positions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are subject to taxation in, and to the tax laws and regulations of, multiple jurisdictions as a result of the international scope of our operations and our corporate entity structure. We are also subject to transfer pricing laws with respect to our intercompany transactions, including those relating to the flow of funds among our companies. Adverse developments in these laws or regulations, or any change in position regarding the application, administration or interpretation thereof, in any applicable jurisdiction, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the tax authorities in any applicable jurisdiction, including the U.S., may disagree with the positions we have taken or intend to take regarding the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions. If any applicable tax authorities, including U.S. tax authorities, were to successfully challenge the tax treatment or characterization of any of our transactions, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we should have collected or in the future should collect sales and use, value added or similar taxes, and we could be subject to liability with respect to past or future sales.

In certain cases, we have concluded that we do not need to collect sales and use, value added and similar taxes in jurisdictions in which we have sales or operations. Certain jurisdictions in which we do not collect such taxes have asserted, and may in the future assert, that such taxes are applicable, which could result in tax assessments, penalties and interest, and we may be required to collect such taxes in the future. Such tax assessments, penalties and interest or future requirements may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As an example, in 2025, we received an audit assessment from the State of Washington related to potential sales tax liabilities in that state. Refer to Footnote 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this 10-K for more information. Although we are disputing the assessment and believe we have a strong position that our activities are not taxable under applicable law, we may not be successful in having the assessment reversed, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

Risks Related to International Operations

Our business is susceptible to risks associated with international operations.

Conducting international operations subjects us to risks that we generally do not face in the U.S. These risks include:

• recruitment and maintenance of a sufficiently large and representative panel both globally and in certain countries;
• difficulties and expenses associated with tailoring our products to local and international markets as may be required by local customers and joint industry committees or similar industry organizations;
• difficulties in expanding the adoption of our server- or census-based web beacon data collection in certain countries or obtaining access to other necessary data sources;
• the complexities and expense of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, including the GDPR, other privacy, AI and data protection laws and regulations, and foreign anti-corruption laws, as well as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and U.S. sanctions regime;
• difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, including complex and costly hiring, disciplinary, and termination requirements as well as third-party contracting arrangements;
• the complexities of foreign value-added taxes and the repatriation of earnings;
• reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
• political, social and economic instability abroad, terrorist attacks, wars and other security concerns;
• fluctuations in currency exchange rates that have affected and could continue to affect our results of operations; and
• increased accounting and reporting burdens and complexities.

Additionally, operating in international markets requires significant additional management attention and financial resources. We cannot be certain that the investments and additional resources required to maintain operations in other countries will hold their value or produce desired levels of revenues or profitability. We cannot be certain that we will be able to comply with laws, rules, regulations or local guidelines to maintain or increase the size of the user panels that we currently have in various countries, that we will be able to recruit a representative sample for our audience measurement products or that we will be able to enter into arrangements with a sufficient number of website and mobile app content providers and/or television operators to allow us to collect information for inclusion in our products. In addition, governmental authorities in various countries have different views regarding regulatory oversight of the internet, data protection, AI and consumer privacy. The impact of these risks could negatively affect our international business and, consequently, our financial condition and results of operations.

Export controls and economic and trade sanctions laws could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we are not in full compliance with applicable laws.

Our business activities include the sale of services and collection of data from panelists around the world, and such activities may be subject to various restrictions under U.S. export controls and economic and trade sanctions laws. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties and reputational harm.

Although we take precautions to prevent the collection of data from panelists in embargoed countries and regions that may be subject to export controls and economic and trade sanctions under these laws and regulations, we have collected such data in the past, and there is a risk that we could collect such data in the future despite our precautions. We have implemented a number of screening and other measures designed to prevent transactions with embargoed countries and other U.S. sanctions targets. Changes in the list of embargoed countries and regions or prohibited persons may require us to modify these procedures in order to comply with governmental regulations. Our failure to screen potential panelists, customers, vendors or other third parties properly could result in negative consequences to us, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in foreign currencies could have a significant effect on our operating results.

We operate in numerous countries in Latin America, Europe and Asia. A portion of our revenues and expenses from business operations in foreign countries are derived from transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our operations in those countries. As such, we have exposure to changes in exchange rates associated with revenues and operating expenses of our foreign operations, and these changes have impacted our results in prior periods. We do not currently enter into any hedging instruments that hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk. If we grow our international operations, if we acquire companies with established business in international regions, or if exchange rates become more variable, our exposure to foreign currency risk could become more significant.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Financings

The holders of our preferred stock have significant influence over the Company, may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions, and may have interests that conflict with those of our other stockholders.

In 2021, we entered into separate Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreements (collectively, the "Securities Purchase Agreements") with each of Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC ("Charter"), Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate") and Pine Investor, LLC ("Pine"). In 2023, Qurate sold its shares of Series B Preferred Stock to Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty") in a private transaction. We collectively refer to Charter, Pine and Qurate/Liberty (as applicable) as the "Investors" in this 10-K.

The issuance of securities pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreements and related matters were approved by our stockholders and completed in 2021. In connection with these transactions, we also entered into a long-term data license with Charter, which was intended to enhance our ability to execute on our strategic plans and growth initiatives.

In 2025, we entered into Stock Exchange Agreements with the Investors, pursuant to which each Investor exchanged all of its outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock for shares of Series C Preferred Stock, Common Stock, and a fixed cash payment in June 2028 (the "Recapitalization"). The Recapitalization and related matters were approved by our stockholders and completed in 2025.

As of December 31, 2025, the Investors were the largest stockholders of the Company, with each Investor's holdings representing more than 27% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock on an as-converted basis. This concentration of ownership, together with the voting rights, director designation rights and consent rights described below, may be perceived negatively by other investors and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

The holders of Series C Preferred Stock have one vote per share (subject to adjustment in accordance with the Certificate of Designations governing the Series C Preferred Stock) and are entitled to vote as a single class with the holders of Common Stock on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of Common Stock. However, to the extent that the Series C Preferred Stock and any shares of Common Stock held by an Investor as of December 29, 2025 (the closing date of the Recapitalization) would represent voting rights with respect to more than 16.66% of the Common Stock (including the Series C Preferred Stock on an as-converted basis), such Investor will not be permitted to exercise the voting rights with respect to any shares of Series C Preferred Stock held by it in excess of the 16.66% voting threshold, and the Company will exercise the voting rights with respect to such shares in a neutral manner. There are additional voting restrictions set forth in our Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement with the Investors (the "Stockholders Agreement"). Even taking these restrictions into account, however, the Investors are expected to have significant influence over any matter submitted to a vote of our stockholders in the near term.

Under the Stockholders Agreement, each Investor currently has the right to designate one director to serve on our Board of Directors, and the Investors together have the right to nominate a fourth director who will act as the Board Chair. In addition, each Investor has consent rights over certain matters pursuant to the Stockholders Agreement. As a result, each Investor is able to influence corporate matters and transactions in a different way than other stockholders.

The interests of the Investors may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of our other stockholders, and the rights described above may delay, deter or prevent acts that would be favored by our other stockholders. Also, the Investors may seek to cause us to take courses of action that, in their judgment, could enhance their investment in us, but which might involve risks to our other stockholders or adversely affect us or our other stockholders.

Our credit facility may impact our ability to operate our business and secure additional financing in the future, and any failure to meet our debt obligations could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We have a senior secured financing agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with a borrowing capacity of $60.0 million. As of December 31, 2025, we had outstanding borrowings totaling $44.6 million under the Credit Agreement. Amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement are made at the Adjusted Term SOFR rate or the Reference Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement) and bear interest at a rate per annum equal to (i) the Adjusted Term SOFR rate, subject to a 3.0% floor, plus an applicable margin of 7.0%, or (ii) the Reference Rate, subject to a 4.0% floor, plus an applicable margin of 6.0%. As of December 31, 2025, the applicable interest rate was 10.93%. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides for an unused commitment fee equal to 1.0% per annum of the unused revolving commitments. The Credit Agreement matures in December 2028.

Amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement must be prepaid from time to time with the net cash proceeds of certain debt incurrences, equity issuances, asset sales and other dispositions, insurance and condemnation proceeds, tax refunds and other extraordinary receipts. Additionally, we may be required to prepay the loans annually with Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement) at specified percentages, or we may voluntarily prepay a portion of the loans in order to maintain compliance with our financial covenants, as we anticipate doing in the first quarter of 2026. Certain payments may be subject to prepayment premiums.

Servicing and repaying our indebtedness under the Credit Agreement could divert resources from other priorities, including investment in our products and operations and satisfaction of other financial obligations. If our cash flow from operations is inadequate to allow us to pay the interest and principal on our debt when due and meet our other financial obligations, we could face substantial liquidity challenges.

Under the Credit Agreement, we are subject to restrictive covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness and liens, make investments and loans, enter into mergers and acquisitions, make or declare dividends and other payments, enter into certain contracts, sell assets, and engage in transactions with affiliates. These covenants could limit our operating flexibility and cause us to forego attractive business opportunities, which could hurt our customer relationships and put us at a competitive disadvantage. The covenants also could prevent us from securing additional financing in the future, including to fund our operations or satisfy liabilities.

In addition, we are subject to financial covenants under the Credit Agreement, including a requirement to maintain a maximum Senior Leverage Ratio and minimum Liquidity (each as defined in the Credit Agreement) during the term of the facility.

If we fail to meet or obtain relief from our obligations under the Credit Agreement, the lender(s) may accelerate any amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement and may terminate their commitments to extend further credit. This could have important consequences for our company, including requiring us to restructure or refinance our debt (which we may be unable to do on acceptable terms or at all), dispose of assets or, potentially, enter into liquidation or bankruptcy.

We may require additional capital to support our business, and this capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to meet our outstanding financial obligations, develop new products or enhance our existing products, enhance our operating infrastructure, retain and hire key personnel, and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Common Stock. Any financing secured by us in the future could include restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We also may be required to repay amounts outstanding under our existing Credit Agreement, together with applicable prepayment premiums, with the proceeds of future financings. Repaying our existing debt obligations and servicing future debt obligations could limit our flexibility to invest in the business and adjust to market conditions, which could impact our customer relationships and place us at a competitive disadvantage.

Capital and credit market conditions, adverse events affecting our business or industry, the tightening of lending standards, rising interest rates, negative actions by regulatory authorities or rating agencies, or other factors also could negatively impact our ability to obtain future financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to support our business growth, meet our payment obligations, and respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. In addition, the terms of any additional equity or debt issuances may adversely affect the value and price of our Common Stock, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

General Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our outstanding securities, the stock or securities that we may issue under existing or future agreements, and certain provisions of those securities, may cause immediate and substantial dilution to our existing stockholders.

Our existing stockholders have experienced and may continue to experience substantial dilution as a result of our obligations to issue shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2025, our Series C Preferred Stock was convertible into an aggregate of 12,670,863 shares of Common Stock at the election of the holders.

As of December 31, 2025, 98,726 shares of Common Stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock options under our equity incentive plans (including stock option awards we assumed in the Shareablee acquisition), 388,196 shares of Common Stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to outstanding restricted stock unit and deferred stock unit awards under our equity incentive plans and arrangements (including Shareablee plan awards and an employment inducement award we granted in 2021), and 2,572,844 shares of Common Stock were available for future equity awards under our 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan.

The issuance of shares of Common Stock (i) upon the conversion of our Series C Preferred Stock, (ii) pursuant to outstanding and future equity awards, or (iii) upon the conversion of other convertible securities we may issue in the future, may result in substantial dilution to each of our stockholders by reducing that stockholder's percentage ownership of our outstanding Common Stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and under Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our Common Stock.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our Common Stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our company may deem advantageous. These provisions:

• provide for a classified Board of Directors so that not all members of our Board are elected at one time;
• authorize "blank check" preferred stock that our Board could issue to increase the number of outstanding shares to discourage a takeover attempt;
• prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which means that all stockholder actions must be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
• prohibit stockholders from calling a special meeting of our stockholders;
• provide that our Board is expressly authorized to make, alter or repeal our bylaws; and
• provide for advance notice requirements for nominations for elections to our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any "interested" stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an "interested" stockholder and which may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company.

We maintain a comprehensive cybersecurity program and process for identifying, assessing and managing risks from cybersecurity threats as part of our broader enterprise risk management system. Our cybersecurity program is run by a dedicated team of cybersecurity professionals with deep expertise in security best practices, security and system engineering, and incident response. Our Vice President, Information Security is a Certified Information Systems Security (CISSP) and Certified Information Security Management (CISM) professional with a degree in computer science and more than 30 years of relevant IT experience, including more than 10 years at the Company. The Information Security function reports to our Chief Operating Officer, who is a seasoned executive with a degree in industrial systems and decades of product and technology experience, including more than 20 years with the Company. The Information Security team is responsible for identifying, assessing and mitigating cybersecurity threats, risks, and vulnerabilities; evaluating and deploying appropriate security tools; and operating a 24x7 security operations center to promptly detect, contain, remediate and prevent security incidents. Security incidents are reported to a cross-functional working group that includes our Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and other stakeholders as merited.

We have aligned our information security management system to the International Organization for Standardization ("ISO") 27001 standard and our privacy management system to the ISO 27701 standard. An outside auditor tests the effectiveness of our security and privacy controls against the ISO 27001 and 27701 standards on an annual basis. We regularly update our program and processes to incorporate recommendations from auditors and outside security experts. We also maintain a third-party risk management process that includes the screening and evaluation of service providers against our security, privacy, and compliance standards.

Our Board of Directors has an active role, as a whole and at the committee level, in overseeing management of our material risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board's Audit Committee oversees management of financial, regulatory, compliance and security risks and receives reports at least quarterly from our Chief Operating Officer regarding our cybersecurity programs, vulnerabilities, threats and risks. The full Board is regularly informed about such risks through committee reports, attendance at committee meetings and other communications.

Our executive leadership team is responsible for designing and implementing our enterprise risk management program, with input from our Chief Product Officer, Chief Operating Officer, General Counsel and other security and privacy personnel regarding material risks from cybersecurity threats. The executive leadership team regularly discusses security threat trends, incident trends, risk mitigation, and overall security strategy as part of our enterprise security governance process. We consult with outside counsel as appropriate, including on materiality analyses and disclosure matters, and our senior management makes the final materiality determinations and disclosure and other compliance decisions. Our management team informs our independent public accounting firm of any relevant developments.

We have experienced, and may in the future experience, cybersecurity incidents. While prior incidents have not materially affected our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition to date, and although our processes are designed to help prevent, detect, mitigate, and minimize the impact of such incidents, we cannot guarantee that a future security incident would not materially affect our strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For more information on our cybersecurity-related risks, see Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of this 10-K.

Our corporate headquarters are located in leased office space in Reston, Virginia. Our other principal locations include leased office space in New York, New York and Portland, Oregon. We also lease space in various locations throughout North America, South

America, Europe, and Asia Pacific for sales and other personnel. If we require additional space, we believe that we would be able to obtain such space on commercially reasonable terms.

As of December 31, 2025, we leased facilities in 13 locations worldwide, and had three subleases in place for a portion of our leased space. Currently, however, most of our employees are operating under remote or hybrid working arrangements.

For additional information regarding our obligations under operating and finance leases, refer to Footnote 8, Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Refer to Footnote 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events in future periods may differ materially from those anticipated or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under Item 1A, "Risk Factors," and elsewhere in this 10-K. See also "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this 10-K.

Overview

We are a global information and analytics company that measures advertising, content, and the consumer audiences of each, across media platforms. We create our products using a global data platform that combines information on digital platforms (connected televisions, mobile devices, tablets and computers), televisions, direct to consumer applications and movie screens with demographics and other descriptive information. We have developed proprietary data science that enables measurement of person-level and household-level audiences, removing duplicated viewing across devices and over time. This combination of data and methods enables a common standard for buyers and sellers to transact on advertising. This helps companies across the media ecosystem better understand and monetize their audiences and develop marketing plans and products to more efficiently and effectively reach those audiences. Our ability to unify behavioral and other descriptive data enables us to provide audience ratings, advertising verification, and granular consumer segments that describe hundreds of millions of consumers. Our customers include digital publishers, television networks, movie studios, content owners, brand advertisers, agencies and technology providers.

The platforms we measure include televisions, mobile devices, computers, tablets, CTV devices and movie theaters. The information we analyze crosses geographies, types of content and activities, including websites, mobile and over-the-top applications, video games, television and movie programming, e-commerce and advertising.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss data as a percentage of revenues for each of the periods indicated. Percentages may not add due to rounding.

(In thousands)

29

Revenues

Our products and services are organized around two solution groups:

• Content & Ad Measurement represents the measurement portion of our business - measuring audiences across content and advertisements for linear TV, CTV, desktops, laptops, tablets and mobile devices. Product offerings reported in this solution group include our legacy subscription-based syndicated offerings that measure audiences for linear TV (national and local), digital and streaming, as well as theatrical box office receipts. Also included in this solution group are our transaction-based cross-platform products: Proximic by Comscore ("Proximic"), our Activation solution suite, and Cross-Platform Campaign Results ("CCR"), along with our subscription-based cross-platform product, Comscore Content Measurement ("CCM"). These syndicated and cross-platform products are used as currency to plan and execute ad campaigns, measure the outcome of ad campaigns, optimize ad campaigns that are in-flight, activate programmatic campaigns, and make content easier for programmatic advertisers to reach.
• Research & Insight Solutions represents the custom solutions we provide that are tailored to our clients' specific needs. These offerings include custom TV, digital and cross-platform data feeds, as well as other data integrations. They also include our survey business, our Consumer Brand Health business, and other bespoke research, data and insight deliverables that help our clients better understand their business, competitive landscape, clients and market.

We categorize our revenue along these two solution groups; however, our cost structure is tracked at the corporate level and not by our solution groups. These shared costs include employee costs, purchased data, operational overhead, data storage and technology that support both solution groups.

Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Total revenues increased by $1.4 million, or 0.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024.

Content & Ad Measurement revenue increased due to growth in our Cross-Platform revenue, primarily driven by increased usage of our Proximic and CCR products and adoption of our CCM offering, along with double-digit growth in local TV from new business and higher renewals. This growth was partially offset by a decrease in revenue from our Syndicated Audience offerings, primarily related to lower renewals of our national TV and syndicated digital products.

Research & Insight Solutions revenue decreased primarily due to lower deliveries of certain custom digital products, partially offset by new business from our Consumer Brand Health products.

Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Total revenues decreased by $15.3 million, or 4.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023.

Content & Ad Measurement revenue decreased due to lower revenue from our Syndicated Audience offerings, primarily related to lower renewals of our national TV and syndicated digital products, as well as lower variable cloud computing and processing reimbursements for certain custom TV data set deliveries. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in Cross-Platform revenue driven by increased usage of our Proximic products.

Research & Insight Solutions revenue decreased primarily due to lower deliveries of certain custom digital products.

Revenues by Geographic Location

Revenue from outside of the United States was $42.1 million, $37.7 million and $35.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Non-U.S. revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in revenue from our Syndicated Audience offerings.

We generate the majority of our revenues from the sale and delivery of our products within the United States. For information with respect to sales by geographic markets, refer to Footnote 3, Revenue Recognition, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Our chief operating decision maker (our CEO) does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography.

We anticipate that revenues from our U.S. sales will continue to constitute a substantial portion of our revenues in future periods.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of expenses related to producing our products, operating our network infrastructure, and the recruitment, maintenance and support of our consumer panels. These expenses include employee costs for salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related personnel costs of network operations, survey operations, custom analytics and technical support, all of which are expensed as they are incurred. Cost of revenues also includes costs to obtain multichannel video programming distributor ("MVPD") data sets and panel, census-based and other data sets used in our products as well as operational costs associated with our data centers, including depreciation expense associated with computer equipment and internally developed software that supports our panels and systems. Additionally, cost of revenues includes allocated overhead, lease expense and other facilities-related costs and depreciation expense generated by general purpose equipment and software.

Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Cost of revenues increased by $4.1 million, or 1.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024. Employee costs increased primarily due to a shift in headcount toward supporting our products and an increase in employee bonuses. Royalties and resellers costs increased primarily due to increased sales of products for which we pay royalties. Lease expense and depreciation increased primarily due to an increase in capitalized internal-use software. Panel costs increased primarily due to higher recruitment and support costs. Other expenses increased primarily due to higher contract fulfillment costs associated with the delivery of our Syndicated Audience products. Systems and bandwidth costs increased primarily due to higher cloud computing and processing costs attributable to certain custom TV data set deliveries. Data costs decreased primarily due to the December 2024 amendment to our data license agreement with Charter Communications Operating, LLC ("Charter Operating"), for which fees are now paid based on household counts provided during the period.

Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Cost of revenues increased by $3.1 million, or 1.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023. Data costs increased primarily due to higher data licensing costs to expand our data footprint and data rights, as well as a credit of $2.5 million recognized in 2023 under the data licensing agreement with Charter Operating which did not recur in 2024. Lease expense and depreciation increased primarily due to higher depreciation driven by an increase in capitalized internal-use software and finance leases. Royalties and resellers costs increased primarily due to increased sales for products in which we pay royalties. Employee costs increased primarily due to a shift in headcount toward supporting our products. These increases were primarily offset by a decrease in systems and bandwidth costs primarily due to lower cloud computing and processing costs attributable to certain custom TV data set deliveries. Professional fees decreased primarily due to a change in cost allocation to better align costs with the services provided.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee costs, including salaries, benefits, commissions, stock-based compensation and other related costs for personnel associated with sales and marketing activities, as well as costs related to online and offline advertising, industry conferences, promotional materials, public relations, other sales and marketing programs and allocated overhead, lease expense and other facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense generated by general purpose equipment and software.

Selling and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Selling and marketing expenses increased by $2.3 million, or 4.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024. Employee costs increased primarily due to an increase in employee bonuses, along with severance expense for terminated employees.

Selling and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $5.7 million, or 9.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023. Employee costs decreased primarily due to a decrease in employee headcount related to our restructuring plan and a decrease in commissions.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include product development costs, consisting primarily of employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related costs for personnel associated with research and development activities, third-party expenses to develop new products, third-party data costs, allocated overhead, lease expense and other facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense related to general purpose equipment and software.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Research and development expenses decreased by $2.9 million, or 8.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024. Employee costs decreased primarily due to a shift in headcount toward supporting our products.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(In thousands)

Research and development expenses decreased by $0.6 million, or 1.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023. Employee costs decreased primarily due to a shift in headcount toward supporting our products. This decrease was offset by an increase in professional fees primarily due to a change in cost allocation to better align costs with the services provided.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related costs, and related expenses for executive management, finance, human capital, legal and other administrative functions, as well as professional fees, overhead, including allocated overhead, lease expense and other facilities-related costs, depreciation expense related to general purpose equipment and software, amortization of cloud-computing implementation costs, changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability, Board of Directors compensation and expenses incurred for other general corporate purposes.

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

(In thousands)

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.1 million, or 0.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to 2024. Other costs decreased primarily due to lower non-income taxes. Employee costs increased primarily due to an increase in employee bonuses and severance expense for terminated employees, partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expense.

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(In thousands)

General and administrative expenses decreased by $3.5 million, or 6.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023. Employee costs decreased primarily due to a decrease in employee headcount related to our restructuring plan and a decrease in employee bonus expense. Professional fees decreased primarily due to a decrease in corporate insurance costs.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization expense consists of charges related to the amortization of intangible assets associated with acquisitions, primarily our 2021 acquisition of Shareablee. Amortization of intangible assets decreased by $0.5 million, or 17.3%, for 2025 as compared to 2024 and by $2.2 million, or 41.4%, for 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease in amortization of intangible assets in 2024 was primarily due to amortization related to certain customer relationships, methodologies and technology intangibles related to our 2016 Rentrak merger reaching the end of their useful lives.

Impairment of Goodwill

We performed a quantitative impairment test on our annual testing date as of October 1, 2025. No impairment charge related to goodwill was incurred during the year ended December 31, 2025.

In the third quarter of 2024, we performed an interim impairment review of our goodwill in conjunction with our October 1, 2024 annual testing date. Our reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result we recorded a $63.0 million non-cash impairment charge in the quarter ended September 30, 2024.

We performed a quantitative impairment test on our annual testing date as of October 1, 2023. Our reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result we recorded a $34.1 million non-cash impairment charge in the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

In the second quarter of 2023, we performed an interim impairment review of our goodwill. Our reporting unit did not pass the goodwill impairment test, and as a result we recorded a $44.1 million non-cash impairment charge in the quarter ended June 30, 2023.

For further information refer to Footnote 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets and Item 7*, Critical Accounting Estimates.*

Impairment of Right-of-use and Long-lived Assets

In the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we recorded an impairment charge of $1.4 million related to certain office space lease right-of-use assets and associated leasehold improvements. The impairment charge was driven by the execution of a sublease for an office space for which expected cash receipts were less than the cash disbursements for the primary lease.

In the quarter ended September 30, 2023, we recorded an impairment charge of $1.5 million related to certain office space lease right-of-use assets and related long-lived assets. The impairment charge was driven by our abandonment of certain leased office spaces prior to the end of the lease terms.

No impairment charge related to right-of-use and long-lived assets was incurred during the year ended December 31, 2025. For further information refer to Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Organizational Restructuring

We incurred restructuring expenses of $1.0 million and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to the implementation of a restructuring plan that included a workforce reduction communicated in 2022. The 2022 restructuring plan was substantially completed in 2024. For further information refer to Footnote 15, Organizational Restructuring.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net consists of interest income and interest expense. Interest income primarily consists of interest earned from our cash and cash equivalent balances. Interest expense primarily relates to interest and amortization of debt issuance costs under our Credit Agreement, a prior credit agreement and our finance leases.

Interest expense, net, increased $4.8 million in 2025 to $6.7 million as compared to $1.9 million in 2024. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the increase in debt balance related to the Credit Agreement we executed on December 31, 2024, as described in Footnote 5, Debt.

Interest expense, net, increased $0.4 million in 2024 to $1.9 million as compared to $1.4 million in 2023. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to a higher interest rate on debt under our prior credit agreement, as described in Footnote 5, Debt.

(Loss) Gain From Foreign Currency Transactions

Our foreign currency transactions are recorded as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rate between the transactional currency and the functional currency of foreign subsidiary transactions, primarily resulting in non-cash unrealized gains and losses. Our foreign currency exposures that relate to the translation to and from U.S. Dollars are in a net liability position.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the loss from foreign currency transactions was $5.9 million. The loss was primarily driven by fluctuations in the U.S. Dollar against the Chilean Peso, Euro and Canadian Dollar.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the gain from foreign currency transactions was $1.4 million. The gain was primarily driven by fluctuations in the U.S. Dollar against the Chilean Peso, Euro and Canadian Dollar and the Chilean Peso against the Euro.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the loss from foreign currency transactions was $2.8 million. The loss was primarily driven by fluctuations in the Chilean Peso against the U.S. Dollar and Euro and the U.S. Dollar against the Euro and Argentine Peso.

Income Tax Provision

A valuation allowance has been established against our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets and certain foreign deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards. As a result, our income tax position is primarily related to foreign tax activity and U.S. deferred taxes for tax deductible goodwill and other indefinite-lived liabilities.

During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we recorded an income tax provision of $1.9 million, $0.9 million, and $1.5 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 23.9%, 1.6%, and 2.0%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effects of certain permanent items, foreign tax rate differences, changes in the valuation allowance against our domestic deferred tax assets and income tax benefit related to the impairment of goodwill.

Included within tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 is an income tax benefit of $8.0 million for a decrease in the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets to offset the tax expense of our operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. Income tax expense of $2.4 million has also been included for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, local statutory to U.S. GAAP adjustments, and other nondeductible expenses. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.

Included within tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 is an income tax adjustment of $17.2 million related to the impairment of goodwill. Also included in the total tax expense is an income tax benefit of $2.5 million for a decrease in the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets to offset the tax expense of our operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. Income tax expense of $0.9 million has also been included for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, local statutory to U.S. GAAP adjustments, and other nondeductible expenses. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.

Included within tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 is an income tax adjustment of $20.9 million related to the impairment of goodwill. Also included in the total tax expense is an income tax expense of $15.1 million for an increase in the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets to offset the tax benefit of our operating losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. Income tax expense of $0.7 million has also been included for permanent differences in the book and tax treatment of certain stock-based compensation, executive compensation, and other nondeductible expenses. These tax adjustments, along with state and local taxes, are the primary drivers of the annual effective income tax rate.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods identified:

(In thousands)

Overview

Our principal uses of cash consist of cash paid for data, payroll and other operating expenses; payments related to investments in equipment, primarily to support our consumer panels and technical infrastructure required to deliver our products and services and support our customers; and service of our debt and lease facilities.

As of December 31, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaling $26.8 million, including $3.2 million in restricted cash (primarily related to letters of credit); cash flows from our operations; and amounts available to us under our Credit Agreement, as described below. We had outstanding letters of credit of $2.8 million as of December 31, 2025.

On December 29, 2025, each of the Investors exchanged 31,928,301 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for (i) 4,223,621 shares of Series C Preferred Stock and (ii) 3,286,825 shares of Common Stock (the "Recapitalization"). Pursuant to the Recapitalization, we retired the shares of Series B Preferred Stock and eliminated from our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation all matters set forth in the Certificate of Designations of the Series B Preferred Stock, including the annual dividend rights provided therein. We also eliminated a special cash dividend right set forth in our previous stockholders agreement with the Investors. Additionally, as part of the Recapitalization, we agreed to a fixed cash payment of $2.0 million to each of the Investors on June 30, 2028, regardless of whether the Investors continue to own any of our securities on the payment date. For further information, refer to Footnote 1, Organization and Footnote 4, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

In connection with the Recapitalization, we entered into an amendment to our Credit Agreement to permit the exchange and the issuance of Series C Preferred Stock. For additional information on the Credit Agreement, refer to Footnote 5, Debt.

On June 24, 2025, prior to the Recapitalization, each Investor waived its right to receive on June 30, 2025 the annual dividends otherwise payable by us on that date. Under the waivers and the prior Certificate of Designations, the deferred dividends accrued and accumulated at a rate of 9.5% per year from June 30, 2025 until they were extinguished as part of the Recapitalization. No shares of Series B Preferred Stock or related dividend obligations were outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

On December 31, 2024, we entered into the Credit Agreement with Blue Torch Finance LLC. The Credit Agreement has a term of four years and matures in December 2028. The Credit Agreement provides a borrowing capacity of $60.0 million consisting of a $45.0 million term loan that was fully funded at closing (the "Term Loan") and a $15.0 million revolving credit facility that was unfunded at closing (the "Revolving Facility"). Initial proceeds from the Term Loan were used to resolve our aged accounts payable, cash collateralize our outstanding letters of credit, pay transaction fees and expenses, and strengthen our cash position. As of December 31, 2025, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Facility, with remaining borrowing capacity of $15.0 million.

Macroeconomic Factors

In recent years, macroeconomic challenges such as inflation, capital market disruptions and recession concerns have caused some advertisers to reduce or delay advertising expenditures. Recent geopolitical conflicts and developments in U.S. trade policy have created additional uncertainty, contributing to further spending delays by advertisers. These delays and declines have had a direct impact on demand for our products, particularly those that are tied to advertising spend. We expect that softness in the advertising market will continue to affect our business in 2026. Although we cannot quantify the impact of macroeconomic factors on our future results, any worsening of ad market conditions could negatively impact our financial position and liquidity.

Preferred Stock

On March 10, 2021, we issued 82,527,609 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in exchange for gross cash proceeds of $204.0 million. Net proceeds from the issuance totaled $187.9 million after deducting issuance costs. Shares of Series B Preferred Stock were convertible into Common Stock as described in Footnote 4, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

The holders of Series B Preferred Stock were entitled to participate in all dividends declared on the Common Stock on an as-converted basis and were also entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 7.5% per annum, payable annually in arrears and subject to increase under certain specified circumstances (including in connection with the dividend waivers described below). In addition, such holders were entitled to request, and we would have had to take all actions reasonably necessary to pay, a one-time special dividend on the Series B Preferred Stock equal to the highest dividend that our Board of Directors determined could be paid at the applicable time (or a lesser amount agreed by the holders).

At an annual meeting held on June 15, 2023, our stockholders approved proposals permitting the payment of annual dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock in the form of cash, shares of Common Stock, additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock, or a combination thereof, subject to conditions set forth in the Certificate of Designations governing the Series B Preferred Stock. On the same date, each holder of Series B Preferred Stock waived its right to receive on June 30, 2023 the annual dividends otherwise payable by us on that date. Upon receipt of the waivers, our Board elected to defer the June 2023 payment. Under the waivers and the Certificate of Designations of Series B Preferred Stock, the deferred dividends would accrue and accumulate at a rate of 9.5% per year from June 30, 2023 until declared and paid, with payment to occur on or before December 31, 2023.

On December 26, 2023, each holder of our Series B Preferred Stock waived its right to receive the deferred dividends on or before December 31, 2023. Under these waivers and the Certificate of Designations of Series B Preferred Stock, the deferred dividends would continue to accrue at a rate of 9.5% per year until declared and paid, with payment to occur on or before June 30, 2024.

On June 27, 2024, each holder of Series B Preferred Stock further waived its right to receive the deferred dividends on or before June 30, 2024. In addition, each holder waived its right to receive on June 30, 2024 the annual dividends otherwise payable on that date for the dividend period ending June 29, 2024. Under these waivers and the Certificate of Designations of Series B Preferred Stock, the deferred dividends for both periods (2023 and 2024) would continue to accrue and accumulate at a rate of 9.5% per year until declared and paid, with payment to occur on or before July 31, 2024.

On July 24, 2024, we issued 13,257,294 additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock to the Investors in exchange for cancellation of our obligation to pay the deferred dividends described above, which totaled $32.8 million on the issuance date. On the date of issuance, the additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock were convertible into 662,862 shares of our Common Stock, representing an effective conversion price of $49.438 per share for the canceled dividend obligation. The additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock had the same terms and conditions as the Series B Preferred Stock previously issued, including that holders were entitled to cumulative dividends at a rate of 7.5% per annum, payable annually in arrears and subject to increase under certain circumstances.

In connection with the issuance, we also entered into an amendment to the prior stockholders agreement with the Investors. Among other things, the amendment reduced the $100.0 million special dividend threshold set forth in the prior stockholders agreement by an amount equal to the liquidation preference of the additional Series B Preferred Stock ($32.8 million). After further reducing the threshold by annual dividends paid in prior years, the special dividend threshold was $47.0 million.

On June 24, 2025, each holder of our Series B Preferred Stock waived its right to receive on June 30, 2025 the annual dividends otherwise payable by us on that date. Under the waivers and the Certificate of Designations of Series B Preferred Stock, the deferred dividends accrued and accumulated at a rate of 9.5% per year from June 30, 2025 until they were extinguished as part of the Recapitalization.

On December 29, 2025, each Investor exchanged 31,928,301 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for (i) 4,223,621 shares of Series C Preferred Stock and (ii) 3,286,825 shares of Common Stock. Holders of Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to convert the Series C Preferred Stock into shares of Common Stock and to vote as a single class with the holders of Common Stock as set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Series C Preferred Stock. Additionally, as part of the Recapitalization, we agreed to a fixed cash payment of $2.0 million to each of the Investors on June 30, 2028, regardless of whether the Investors continue to own any of our securities on the payment date. The Recapitalization resulted in the retirement of all shares of Series B Preferred Stock and the elimination of related annual and special dividend rights. For further information, refer to Footnote 1, Organization and Footnote 4, Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit).

As of December 31, 2025, no shares of Series C Preferred Stock had been converted into Common Stock.

Secured Credit Agreement

On December 31, 2024, we entered into the Credit Agreement with Blue Torch Finance LLC. The Credit Agreement has a term of four years and matures in December 2028. The Credit Agreement provides a borrowing capacity of $60.0 million consisting of the $45.0 million Term Loan and the $15.0 million Revolving Facility. As of December 31, 2025, the interest rate for the Term Loan was 10.93% based on the Adjusted Term SOFR rate, as defined in the Credit Agreement. In addition, the Credit Agreement provides for an unused commitment fee equal to 1.0% per annum of the unused Revolving Facility.

Amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement must be prepaid from time to time with the net cash proceeds of certain debt incurrences, equity issuances, asset sales and other dispositions, insurance and condemnation proceeds, tax refunds and other extraordinary receipts. Additionally, we may be required to prepay the loans annually with Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement) at specified percentages, or we may voluntarily prepay a portion of the loans in order to maintain compliance with our financial covenants, as we anticipate doing in the first quarter of 2026. Certain payments may be subject to prepayment premiums.

The Credit Agreement contains financial covenants that require us to maintain a maximum Senior Leverage Ratio and minimum Liquidity (each term as defined in the Credit Agreement) during the term of the facility. Additionally, the Credit Agreement contains restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness and liens, make investments and loans, enter into mergers and acquisitions, make or declare dividends and other payments, enter into certain contracts, sell assets and engage in transactions with affiliates. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with our covenants under the Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2025, we had $44.6 million outstanding under the Term Loan and no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Facility, with a remaining borrowing capacity of $15.0 million.

For additional information on the Credit Agreement, refer to Footnote 5, Debt.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents collateralized letters of credit and security deposits for subleased office space. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $3.2 million and $3.5 million of restricted cash, respectively.

Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash provided by operating activities is revenues generated from sales of our products and services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include personnel costs and costs related to data and infrastructure used to develop and maintain our products and services.

Cash provided by operating activities is calculated by adjusting our net loss for changes in working capital, as well as by excluding non-cash items such as: depreciation, unrealized foreign currency loss (gain), non-cash operating lease expense, stock-based compensation, amortization expense of finance leases and intangible assets, impairment of right-of-use and long-lived assets and goodwill, and deferred tax provision (benefit).

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2025 was $22.7 million compared to $18.1 million in 2024. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was partially attributable to a net decrease in cash used by operating assets and liabilities, with $13.5 million of cash used for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to $23.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This was primarily due to higher vendor payments in 2024 (including aged accounts payable resolved at year-end with proceeds from the Term Loan) and higher cash receipts from customers in 2025. The decrease was offset by lower contract liabilities and customer advances in 2025, and higher interest payments due to the increase in debt balance related to the Credit Agreement executed on December 31, 2024.

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2024 was $18.1 million compared to $28.9 million in 2023. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was partially attributable to a net decrease in cash generated from operating assets and liabilities, with $23.8 million of cash used for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily due to lower revenue, higher vendor payments (including aged accounts payable resolved at year-end with proceeds from the Term Loan), and the timing of cash receipts from customers in 2024. Other contributors included lower adjustments for amortization of intangible assets and stock-based compensation expense in 2024 compared to 2023.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities primarily consists of payments related to capitalized internal-use software costs, purchases of computer and network equipment to support our technical infrastructure, and furniture and equipment. The extent of these investments will be affected by our ability to expand relationships with existing customers, grow our customer base and introduce new digital formats, as well as constraints on cash expenditures due to our financial position and the current economic environment.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2025 was $23.4 million compared to $24.1 million in 2024.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2024 was $24.1 million compared to $23.8 million in 2023.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities in 2025 was $7.0 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $17.6 million in 2024. The increase in net cash used in financing activities in 2025 was driven primarily by the payment of issuance costs related to the Recapitalization and higher finance lease principal payments. The cash provided by financing activities in 2024 was primarily due to net proceeds of $40.4 million from the Credit Agreement. This was offset by the repayment of $16.0 million under our prior credit agreement and the payment of the second installment of contingent consideration for our 2021 Shareablee acquisition.

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2024 was $17.6 million compared to net cash used in financing activities of $3.4 million in 2023. The increase in cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to net proceeds of $40.4 million from the Credit Agreement in 2024. This was offset by the repayment of $16.0 million under the prior credit agreement and the payment of the second installment of contingent consideration for our 2021 Shareablee acquisition.

Contractual Payment Obligations

We have certain long-term contractual arrangements that have fixed and determinable payment obligations including purchase obligations with MVPDs and connected TV data providers, operating and financing leases, and data storage and bandwidth arrangements.

We have data licensing agreements with a number of MVPDs and other providers for set-top box and connected TV data. These agreements have remaining terms of less than one year to six years. As of December 31, 2025, the total fixed payment obligations related to set-top box and connected TV data agreements are $98.5 million and $22.7 million, respectively. In addition, we expect to make variable payments related to a set-top box data agreement totaling an estimated $86.0 million over the next six years.

We have both operating and financing leases related to corporate office space and equipment. Our leases have remaining terms of less than one year to five years. As of December 31, 2025, the total fixed payment obligation related to these agreements is $22.3 million.

In 2025, we amended an agreement for cloud-based data storage and bandwidth services to help process and store our data, extending the term through 2028. The remaining term for this agreement is three years. As of December 31, 2025, the total fixed payment obligation related to this agreement is $56.1 million.

Future Capital Requirements

Our ability to generate cash is subject to our performance, general economic conditions, industry trends and other factors, including the timing of cash collections from our customers, data costs and other trade payables, service of our debt and lease facilities, and expenses from ongoing compliance efforts, legal matters, and strategic transactions. To the extent that our existing cash, cash equivalents and operating cash flow, together with savings from cost-reduction initiatives undertaken by our management and amounts available to us under the Revolving Facility, are insufficient to fund our future activities and requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. We may also be required to (or choose to) prepay or refinance our Credit Agreement, including to maintain compliance with our financial covenants. Our history of net losses, as well as disruption and volatility in global capital and credit markets, could impact our ability to access capital resources on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we issue additional equity securities in order to raise additional funds or for other purposes, further dilution to existing stockholders may occur.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial condition and results of operations because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties. Actual results in these areas could differ from management's estimates. Refer to Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further information on our most significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue under the core principle of depicting the transfer of promised goods and services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. Significant judgments used in the determination of the amount and timing of our revenue recognition include the identification of distinct performance obligations and the allocation of contract consideration among individual performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling price ("SSP").

Performance obligations are identified by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract. We have a limited number of monetary contracts with MVPDs that involve both the purchase and sale of services with a single counterparty. Each contract is assessed to determine if the goods and services exchanged between the two parties represent distinct performance obligations which can entail significant judgment. The conclusion regarding whether goods and services exchanged are distinct determines whether consideration received from the counterparty is recognized as revenues (up to the SSP of the distinct goods or services), or as a reduction to the purchase price of the goods or services recorded in our cost of revenues.

The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative SSP. In most sales contracts, we bundle multiple products and very few are sold on a standalone basis. As a result, our SSP is not directly observable and we have to develop internal estimates using information that is reasonably available to us. Our SSP is primarily developed using an adjusted market approach supported by rate cards and pricing calculators that are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect the best available information. Bundled arrangements may include a combination of distinct goods and services where some are satisfied over time and others are satisfied at a point in time. Changes to the SSP will impact the amount of consideration allocated to each performance obligation, which could have an impact on the timing and amount of revenues recognized in future periods as our performance obligations are satisfied. The determination of SSP also impacts the amount of revenues we can recognize in transactions where consideration is exchanged with counterparties as described above.

Goodwill

The valuation of goodwill involves the use of management's estimates and assumptions and can have a significant impact on future operating results. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill recorded by the reporting unit.

We have one reporting unit. As such, we perform the impairment assessment for goodwill at the enterprise level. Goodwill is reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below the carrying value. In assessing the possibility that our reporting unit's fair value has been reduced below its carrying value due to the occurrence of events or circumstances between annual impairment testing dates, we consider all available evidence including, but not limited to: (i) the results of our impairment testing from the most recent testing date (in particular, the magnitude of the excess of fair value over carrying value observed), (ii) downward revisions to internal forecasts, if any, (iii) declines in market capitalization below book value (and the magnitude and duration of those declines), if any, and (iv) changes in general industry, market and macroeconomic conditions.

We determine the fair value of our reporting unit using a combination of the income and market approaches. The results from each of these approaches are weighted appropriately taking into account the relevance and availability of data at the time we perform the valuation.

Under the income approach, the fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model based on projected financial performance and discount rates that take into account an appropriate risk-adjusted return. The discounted cash flow model requires the use of various assumptions in developing the present value of projected cash flows, the following of which are significant to our analysis:

Projected financial performance: expected future cash flows and growth rates are based upon assumptions of our future revenue growth and operating costs. Actual results of operations and cash flows will likely differ from those utilized in our discounted cash flow analysis, and it is possible that those differences could be material.

Long-term growth rate: the long-term growth rate represents the rate at which our single reporting unit's earnings are expected to grow or losses to decrease. Our assumed long-term growth rate was based on projected long-term inflation and gross domestic product growth estimates for the countries in which we operate and a long-term growth estimate for our business and the industry in which we operate. The long-term growth rate selected for the 2025, 2024 and 2023 annual impairment analyses was 3.0%.

Discount rate: our reporting unit's future cash flows are discounted at a rate that is consistent with our average weighted cost of capital that is likely to be utilized by market participants. The weighted-average cost of capital is our estimate of the overall returns required by both debt and equity investors, weighted by their respective contributions of capital. We use discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in our business and in our internally-developed forecasts. The discount rates selected for the 2025, 2024 and 2023 annual impairment analyses were 16.0%, 24.5% and 22.0%, respectively. Our selected discount rate was lower in 2025 in comparison to 2024 primarily due to the decrease in company-specific risk premium ("CSRP"). The decrease in CSRP was related to a decrease in operational risk in earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

Under the market approach, the fair value is determined using certain financial metrics of publicly traded companies or historically completed transactions of comparable businesses. The selection of comparable businesses requires judgment and is based on the markets in which we operate giving consideration to, amongst other things, risk profiles, size and geography. The market approach may also be limited in instances where there is a lack of recently executed transactions of comparable businesses. We determine fair value primarily based on selected market multiples based on current and projected revenues compared to business enterprise value, with an estimated control premium as applicable.

Goodwill allocated to our single reporting unit as of December 31, 2025 was $248.6 million. As of our most recent annual assessment, which was conducted as of October 1, 2025, the estimated fair value of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 16%. The projected long-term cash flows used in our fair value estimate are consistent with our most recent operating plan as of the evaluation date and are dependent on the successful execution of our business plan, overall industry growth rates and the competitive environment.

We monitor for events and circumstances that could negatively impact the key assumptions in determining the fair value of our goodwill, including long-term growth projections, profitability, discount rates, volatility in our market capitalization, and general industry, market and macroeconomic conditions. The judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods. If the reporting unit's future performance falls below our expectations, or if there are negative revisions to our fair value assumptions, including those that are significant and discussed above, we may need to record a material, non-cash goodwill impairment charge in a future period.

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. As of December 31, 2025, we have interest rate risk in connection with the Term Loan under the Credit Agreement and foreign currency exchange rate risk from our global operations.

Interest Rate Risk

Under the Credit Agreement, borrowings bear interest at rates determined based on either the Adjusted Term SOFR rate or the Reference Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement). As of December 31, 2025, our Term Loan bore interest at a variable rate based on the Adjusted Term SOFR rate. As a result, we are subject to interest rate risk based on the Adjusted Term SOFR rate, and our interest obligation on outstanding borrowings will fluctuate with movements in the Adjusted Term SOFR rate. As of December 31, 2025, the stated interest rate on the Term Loan was 10.93%, per annum.

Certain voluntary or mandatory prepayments of the Term Loan, as prescribed by the Credit Agreement, are subject to prepayment premiums as follows: (i) with respect to any such payment occurring on or before December 31, 2025, a 3.0% prepayment premium plus a make-whole amount based on U.S. Treasury notes yield, (ii) with respect to any such payment occurring after December 31, 2025 and on or before December 31, 2026, a 1.0% prepayment premium, and (iii) with respect to any such payment occurring after December 31, 2026, no prepayment premium.

As of December 31, 2025, our exposure to interest rate risk calculated using the Adjusted Term SOFR rate was not material. As of December 31, 2025, our exposure to interest rate risk related to prepayment breakage costs and prepayment premiums was not material.

Foreign Currency Risk

We operate globally, and we predominantly generate revenues and expenses in local currencies. We operate in several countries in Europe, as well as countries throughout South America and Asia Pacific. As such, we have exposure to adverse changes in exchange rates associated with revenues and operating expenses of our foreign operations. We have not engaged in any transactions that hedge foreign currency exchange rate risk.

There can be no guarantee that exchange rates will remain constant in future periods. In addition to the impact from the U.S. Dollar to Euro exchange rate movements, we are also impacted by the movements in the exchange rates between the U.S. Dollar and various South American, Asia Pacific and other European currencies. We performed a sensitivity analysis, assuming a 10% decrease or increase in the value of foreign currencies in which we operate. We determined that a 10% decrease in value would have resulted in a decrease to our net loss of approximately $9.3 million and a 10% increase in value would have resulted in an increase to our net loss of approximately $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025.

As of December 31, 2025, of our total $26.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, $11.9 million was held by foreign subsidiaries. Of this amount, we believe $3.0 million could be subject to income tax withholding of 5% to 15% if the funds were repatriated to the U.S.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2025. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that as of December 31, 2025, these disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As a result of this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting because we are a "non-accelerated filer," and may take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are accelerated filers, including, but not limited to, the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Deloitte & Touche LLP has audited, and issued an unqualified opinion with respect to, our Consolidated Financial Statements for 2025, which opinion is included in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," of this 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Under Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d), management is required to evaluate, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, any changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during each fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Controls

The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business, but we cannot assure that such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting in future periods.