Stifel Financial Corp: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of the Company should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Certain statements in this report may be considered forward-looking. Statements that are not historical or current facts, including statements about beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements cover, among other things, statements made about general economic and market conditions, the investment banking industry, objectives and results, and also may include our belief regarding the effect of various legal proceedings, management expectations, our liquidity and funding sources, counterparty credit risk, or other similar matters.

Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated, including those factors discussed under “Economic and Market Conditions” in Part II, Item 1A in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the factors identified under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as updated in our subsequent reports filed with the SEC. These reports are available at the Company’s web site at www.stifel.com (http://www.stifel.com) and at the SEC web site at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

Because of these and other uncertainties, the Company’s actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. In addition, the Company’s past results of operations do not necessarily indicate its future results. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update them in light of new information or future events, unless it is obligated to do so under federal securities laws.

Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “we,” “us,” “our” or “our company” in this report refer to Stifel Financial Corp. and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

Executive Summary

We operate as a financial services and bank holding company. We have built a diversified business serving private clients, institutional investors, and investment banking clients located across the U.S., Europe, and Canada. Our principal activities are: (i) private client services, including securities transaction and financial planning services; (ii) institutional equity and fixed income sales, trading and research, and municipal finance; (iii) investment banking services, including mergers and acquisitions, public offerings, and private placements; and (iv) retail and commercial banking, including personal and commercial lending programs.

Our core philosophy is based upon a tradition of trust, understanding, and studied advice. We attract and retain experienced professionals by fostering a culture of entrepreneurial, long-term thinking. We provide our private, institutional and corporate clients quality, personalized service, with the theory that if we place clients’ needs first, both our clients and our company will prosper. Our unwavering client and associate focus have earned us a reputation as one of the nation’s leading wealth management and investment banking firms. We have grown our business both organically and through opportunistic acquisitions.

We plan to maintain our focus on revenue growth with a continued appreciation for the development of quality client relationships. Within our private client business, our efforts will be focused on recruiting experienced financial advisors with established client relationships. Within our capital markets business, our focus continues to be on providing quality client management and product diversification. In executing our growth strategy, we will continue to seek out opportunities that allow us to take advantage of the consolidation among middle-market firms, whereby allowing us to increase market share in our private client and institutional group businesses.

Stifel Financial Corp., through its wholly owned subsidiaries, is principally engaged in retail brokerage; securities trading; investment banking; investment advisory; retail, consumer, and commercial banking; and related financial services. Our major geographic area of concentration is throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and Canada. Our principal customers are individual investors, corporations, municipalities, and institutions.

Our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and productive associates is critical to the success of our business. Accordingly, compensation and benefits comprise the largest component of our expenses, and our performance is dependent upon our ability to attract, develop, and retain highly skilled associates who are motivated and committed to providing the highest quality of service and guidance to our clients.

On April 7, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of a portion of B. Riley Financial, Inc.’s traditional wealth management business, a deal that added 36 advisors with approximately $4 billion in assets under management.

On June 2, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of Bryan, Garnier & Co. (“Bryan Garnier”), an independent full-service investment bank focused on European technology and healthcare companies. Bryan Garnier’s product suite includes mergers & acquisitions advisory, private and public growth financing solutions, and institutional sales and execution. Bryan Garnier is headquartered in Europe with offices in Paris, London, Amsterdam, Munich, Oslo, Stockholm, and New York.

On July 4, 2025, the United States enacted into law new tax legislation, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The OBBBA includes provisions modifying the corporate income tax code, including the immediate expensing of domestic research and development expenditures for tax purposes, 100% bonus depreciation for qualified assets, and reinstating favorable treatment for certain business tax items. The legislation is retroactive and effective for the 2025 tax year. The Company is still assessing the impact of the OBBBA on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

On October 27, 2025, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement with an affiliate of Equitable, a financial services organization and principal franchise of Equitable Holdings, Inc., to sell Stifel Independent Advisors, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary with total assets of approximately $13.4 million at September 30, 2025. The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2026, subject to regulatory approvals.

Results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, net revenues increased 16.7% to $1.4 billion from $1.2 billion during the comparable period in 2024. Net income available to common shareholders increased 35.4% to $202.1 million, or $1.84 per diluted common share for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $149.2 million, or $1.34 per diluted common share during the comparable period in 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net revenues increased 10.1% to $4.0 billion compared to $3.6 billion during the comparable period in 2024. Net income available to common shareholders decreased 14.8% to $391.5 million, or $3.56 per diluted common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $459.4 million, or $4.16 per diluted common share during the comparable period in 2024.

Our revenue growth was primarily attributable to higher investment banking revenues, transactional revenues, asset management revenues, and net interest income.

Economic and Market Conditions

We currently operate in a challenging and uncertain economic environment. Results in the businesses in which we operate are highly correlated to general economic conditions and, more specifically, to the direction of the U.S. equity and fixed income markets. Market volatility, overall market conditions, interest rates, economic, political, and regulatory trends, and industry competition are among the factors which could affect us and which are unpredictable and beyond our control. These factors affect the financial decisions made by market participants who include investors and competitors, impacting their level of participation in the financial markets. In addition, in periods of reduced financial market activity, profitability is likely to be adversely affected because certain expenses remain relatively fixed, including salaries and related costs, as well as portions of communications costs and occupancy expenses. Accordingly, earnings for any period should not be considered representative of earnings to be expected for any other period.

For more information on economic and market conditions, and the potential effects of geopolitical events on our future results, refer to “Risk Factors” in the 2024 Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Environment

During the third quarter of 2025, the Federal Reserve announced a 25 basis point reduction in the federal funds rate target range to 4.00% to 4.25%, as the labor market shows signs of softening while acknowledging inflation and economic outlook uncertainty remain somewhat elevated. In October 2025, the Federal Reserve announced an additional 25 basis point reduction, setting the federal funds rate target range to 3.75% to 4.00%. In addition, the Federal Reserve announced that it will end the balance sheet reduction program, which began in 2022, effective December 1, 2025. The Federal Reserve noted that it will continue to monitor economic data and adjust its stance on monetary policy if risks emerge that could negatively impact the attainment of its goal of maximum employment and inflation at 2% over the long term.

Potential decreases to the federal funds rate may impact our interest-based revenues. While decreases in interest rates will lower fees the Company earns from FDIC-insured deposits of clients through a program offered by the Company, such decreases may be offset to a degree if the cash sweep balances increase as clients find fewer higher-yielding alternatives to deploy these balances. Future rate decreases will also reduce the rates the Company charges on customer margin loans, which will have a negative impact on our earnings.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents consolidated financial information for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents consolidated financial information for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

NET REVENUES

The following table presents consolidated net revenues for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

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Commissions – Commission revenues are primarily generated from agency transactions in OTC and listed equity securities, insurance products and options. In addition, commission revenues also include distribution fees for promoting and distributing mutual funds.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, commission revenues increased 12.3% to $206.1 million from $183.4 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commission revenues increased 8.7% to $600.4 million from $552.2 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher volumes due to increased market volatility over the comparable periods in 2024.

Principal transactions – Principal transaction revenues are gains and losses on secondary trading, principally fixed income transactional revenues.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, principal transactions revenues increased 29.8% to $177.9 million from $137.1 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, principal transactions revenues increased 14.5% to $492.1 million from $429.7 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher realized trading gains and increased client activity over the comparable periods in 2024.

Investment banking – Investment banking revenues include: (i) capital-raising revenues representing fees earned from the underwriting of debt and equity securities, and (ii) advisory fees related to corporate debt and equity offerings, municipal debt offerings, merger and acquisitions, private placements and other investment banking advisory fees.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, investment banking revenues increased 33.0% to $323.5 million from $243.2 million in the comparable period in 2024.

Capital-raising revenues increased 35.6% to $144.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $106.3 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, equity capital-raising revenues increased 49.7% to $81.8 million from $54.6 million in the comparable period in 2024 driven by higher volumes during the quarter. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, fixed income capital-raising revenues increased 20.8% to $62.4 million from $51.7 million in the comparable period in 2024 driven by higher bond issuances during the quarter.

Advisory revenues increased 31.0% to $179.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $136.9 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher levels of completed advisory transactions during the quarter.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, investment banking revenues increased 15.1% to $794.9 million from $690.4 million in the comparable period in 2024.

Capital-raising revenues increased 15.8% to $350.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $302.9 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, equity capital-raising revenues increased 23.0% to $182.2 million from $148.2 million in the comparable period in 2024 driven by higher volumes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, fixed income capital-raising revenues increased 9.0% to $168.6 million from $154.7 million in the comparable period in 2024 driven by higher bond issuances.

Advisory revenues increased 14.6% to $444.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $387.5 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher levels of completed advisory transactions.

Asset management – Asset management revenues are primarily generated by the investment advisory fees related to asset management services provided for individual and institutional investment portfolios, along with mutual funds. Investment advisory fees are earned on assets held in managed or non-discretionary asset-based programs. Fees from private client investment portfolios and institutional fees are typically based on asset values at the end of the prior period. Asset balances are impacted by both the performance of the market and levels of net new client assets. Rising markets have historically had a positive impact on investment advisory fee revenues as existing accounts increase in value, and individuals and institutions may commit incremental funds in rising markets.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, asset management revenues increased 12.7% to $431.4 million from $382.6 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, asset management revenues increased 10.1% to $1.2 billion from $1.1 billion in the comparable period in 2024. Please refer to “Asset management” in the Global Wealth Management segment discussion for information on the changes in asset management revenues.

Other income – Other income primarily includes investment gains and losses, rental income, and loan originations fees. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, other income decreased 23.9% to $14.2 million from $18.7 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to reduced rental income generated from our aircraft engine leasing business due to the sale of engines and lower loan origination fees, partially offset by increases in investment gains from the comparable period in 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other income decreased 28.5% to $28.5 million from $39.8 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to reduced rental income generated from our aircraft engine leasing business due to the sale of engines, lower investment gains, and a decrease in loan origination fees from the comparable period in 2024.

NET INTEREST INCOME

The following tables present average balance data and operating interest revenue and expense data, as well as related interest yields for the periods indicated (in thousands, except rates):

Please refer to the Net Interest Income table included in “Results of Operations – Global Wealth Management” for additional information on Stifel Bancorp’s average balances and interest income and expense.

Net interest income – Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on funding sources. Net interest income is affected by changes in the volume and mix of these assets and liabilities, as well as by fluctuations in interest rates and portfolio management strategies. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, net interest income increased 6.4% to $276.3 million from $259.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net interest income increased 6.0% to $808.7 million from $762.6 million during the comparable period in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest revenue decreased 5.7% to $481.5 million from $510.8 million in the comparable period in 2024, principally as a result of a decrease in interest rates, partially offset by higher interest-earning assets. The average interest-earning assets of Stifel Bancorp increased to $31.0 billion during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $30.0 billion during the comparable period in 2024 at average interest rates of 5.72% and 6.26%, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest revenue decreased 5.4% to $1.4 billion from $1.5 billion in the comparable period in 2024, principally as a result of a decrease in interest rates, partially offset by higher interest-earning assets. The average interest-earning assets of Stifel Bancorp increased to $31.1 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $29.8 billion during the comparable period in 2024 at average interest rates of 5.65% and 6.22%, respectively.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense decreased 18.3% to $205.2 million from $251.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interest rates, partially offset by higher interest-bearing liabilities. The average interest-bearing liabilities of Stifel Bancorp increased to $28.6 billion during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $27.6 billion during the comparable period in 2024 at average interest rates of 2.66% and 3.35%, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense decreased 16.9% to $625.5 million from $753.2 million in the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interest rates, partially offset by higher interest-bearing liabilities. The average interest-bearing liabilities of Stifel Bancorp increased to $28.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $27.4 billion during the comparable period in 2024 at average interest rates of 2.67% and 3.33%, respectively.

NON-INTEREST EXPENSES

The following table presents consolidated non-interest expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

Compensation and benefits – Compensation and benefits expenses, which are the largest component of our expenses, include salaries, bonuses, transition pay, benefits, amortization of stock-based compensation, employment taxes and other employee-related costs. A significant portion of compensation expense is comprised of production-based variable compensation, including discretionary bonuses, which fluctuates in proportion to the level of business activity, increasing with higher revenues and operating profits. Other compensation costs, including base salaries, stock-based compensation amortization, and benefits, are more fixed in nature.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, compensation and benefits expense increased 17.0% to $839.8 million from $718.1 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compensation and benefits expense increased 10.7% to $2.3 billion from $2.1 billion during the comparable period in 2024. The increase in compensation and benefits expenses is primarily attributable to higher compensable revenues over the comparable periods in 2024.

Compensation and benefits expense as a percentage of net revenues was 58.8% and 59.1% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 58.6% and 58.8% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Occupancy and equipment rental – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment rental expense increased 6.7% to $95.6 million from $89.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment rental expense increased 5.2% to $282.0 million from $268.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher data processing and occupancy costs associated with an increase in business activity over the comparable periods in 2024.

Communications and office supplies – Communications expense includes costs for telecommunication and data communication, primarily for obtaining third-party market data information. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, communications and office supplies expense of $48.9 million remained consistent with the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, communications and office supplies expense increased 1.3% to $146.3 million from $144.4 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher communication and quote equipment expenses and postage and shipping expenses associated with the continued growth of our business, partially offset by lower internet costs.

Commissions and floor brokerage – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, commissions and floor brokerage expense decreased 2.7% to $15.8 million from $16.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower transaction fees, trading and clearing costs, and electronic communication network (“ECN”) trading costs, partially offset by higher processing expenses. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commissions and floor brokerage expense increased 7.3% to $49.8 million from $46.4 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher ECN trading costs, processing expenses, and trading and clearing costs.

Provision for credit losses – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, provision for credit losses increased 57.3% to $8.3 million from $5.3 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, provision for credit losses increased 112.2% to $28.7 million from $13.5 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to overall loan growth in the retained portfolio and specific reserves on individual credits.

Other operating expenses – Other operating expenses primarily include license and registration fees, litigation-related expenses, which consist of amounts we accrue and/or pay out related to legal and regulatory matters, travel and entertainment, promotional expenses and expenses for professional services.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, other operating expenses increased 3.8% to $134.9 million from $129.9 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher investment banking expenses, professional fees, advertising, travel-related expenses, insurance expenses, bank service charges, subscriptions, and licensing fees, partially offset by lower legal-related expenses.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other operating expenses increased 57.6% to $552.2 million from $350.4 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher legal-related expenses, professional fees, advertising, investment banking expenses, travel and conference-related expenses, insurance expenses, subscriptions, and licensing fees. During the first quarter of 2025, we recorded $180.0 million related to provisions for legal-related matters.

Provision for income taxes – For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, our provision for income taxes was $74.7 million and $143.8 million, representing an effective tax rate of 26.1% and 25.5%, respectively, compared to $58.2 million and $174.9 million for the comparable periods in 2024, representing an effective tax rate of 26.8% and 26.4%, respectively.

SEGMENT ANALYSIS

Our reportable segments include Global Wealth Management, Institutional Group, and Other.

Our Global Wealth Management segment consists of two businesses, the Private Client Group and Stifel Bancorp. The Private Client Group includes branch offices and independent contractor offices of our broker-dealer subsidiaries located throughout the United States. These branches provide securities brokerage services, including the sale of equities, mutual funds, fixed income products, and insurance, as well as offering banking products to their private clients through Stifel Bancorp, which provide residential, consumer, and commercial lending, as well as FDIC-insured deposit accounts to customers of our broker-dealer subsidiaries and to the general public.

The success of our Global Wealth Management segment is dependent upon the quality of our products, services, financial advisors, and support personnel, including our ability to attract, retain, and motivate a sufficient number of these associates. We face competition for qualified associates from major financial services companies, including other brokerage firms, insurance companies, banking institutions, and discount brokerage firms. Segment revenue growth, operating income, and segment pre-tax operating margin are used to evaluate and measure segment performance by our management team in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

The Institutional Group segment includes institutional sales and trading. It provides securities brokerage, trading, and research services to institutions with an emphasis on the sale of equity and fixed income products. This segment also includes the management of and participation in underwritings for both corporate and public finance (exclusive of sales credits generated through the Private Client Group, which are included in the Global Wealth Management segment), merger and acquisition, and financial advisory services.

The success of our Institutional Group segment is dependent upon the quality of our personnel, the quality and selection of our investment products and services, pricing (such as execution pricing and fee levels), and reputation. Segment operating income and segment pre-tax operating margin are used to evaluate and measure segment performance by our management team in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

The Other segment includes interest income from stock borrow activities, unallocated interest expense, interest income and gains and losses from investments held, amortization of stock-based awards, and all unallocated overhead cost associated with the execution of orders; processing of securities transactions; custody of client securities; receipt, identification, and delivery of funds and securities; compliance with regulatory and legal requirements; internal financial accounting and controls; and general administration and acquisition charges.

We evaluate the performance of our segments and allocate resources to them based on various factors, including prospects for growth, return on investment, and return on revenues.

Results of Operations – Global Wealth Management

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents consolidated financial information for the Global Wealth Management segment for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents consolidated financial information for the Global Wealth Management segment for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

NET REVENUES

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, Global Wealth Management net revenues increased 9.7% to a record $907.4 million from $827.1 million for the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Global Wealth Management net revenues increased 7.6% to a record $2.6 billion from $2.4 billion for the comparable period in 2024. The increase in net revenues over the comparable periods in 2024 is primarily attributable to higher asset management revenues, net interest income, commission revenues, and investment banking revenues, partially offset by lower principal transactions revenues.

Commissions – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, commission revenues increased 9.8% to $141.9 million from $129.2 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commission revenues increased 6.4% to $395.9 million from $371.9 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher volumes due to increased market volatility over the comparable periods in 2024.

Principal transactions – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, principal transactions revenues decreased 3.6% to $61.2 million from $63.5 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, principal transactions revenues decreased 2.0% to $176.2 million from $179.9 million in the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower realized trading gains and decreased client activity over the comparable periods in 2024.

Asset management – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, asset management revenues increased 12.8% to $431.4 million from $382.3 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, asset management revenues increased 10.1% to $1.2 billion from $1.1 billion in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher asset values and net new assets. Fee-based account revenues are primarily billed based on asset values at the end the prior quarter.

Client asset metrics as of the periods indicated (in thousands, except number of accounts and percentages):

The increase in the value of our client assets and fee-based assets was primarily attributable to improved market conditions and asset growth resulting from our recruiting efforts.

Investment banking – Investment banking, which represents sales credits for investment banking underwritings, increased 5.0% to $6.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $6.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, investment banking revenues increased 14.6% to $18.7 million from $16.3 million during the comparable period in 2024. Please refer to “Investment banking” in the Institutional Group segment discussion for information on the changes in net revenues.

Interest revenue – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest revenue decreased 5.0% to $460.1 million from $484.2 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest revenue decreased 4.7% to $1.37 billion from $1.43 billion during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interest rates, partially offset by higher interest-earning assets. A significant amount of interest revenue is generated by the interest-earning assets held at Stifel Bancorp. Please refer to “Net Interest Income” below for a further discussion of the changes in net interest income.

Other income – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, other income increased 81.5% to $9.1 million from $5.0 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other income increased 67.0% to $11.4 million from $6.8 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher investment gains, partially offset by a decrease in loan origination fees during the comparable periods in 2024.

Interest expense – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense decreased 16.7% to $202.7 million from $243.3 in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense decreased 15.3% to $611.0 million from $721.5 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interest rates, partially offset by higher interest-bearing liabilities. A significant amount of interest expense is generated by the interest-bearing liabilities held at Stifel Bancorp. Please refer to “Net Interest Income” below for a further discussion of the changes in net interest income.

NET INTEREST INCOME

The following tables present average balance data and operating interest revenue and expense data for Stifel Bancorp, as well as related interest yields for the periods indicated (in thousands, except rates):

(1) Due to immaterial amount of income recognized on tax-exempt securities, yields were not calculated on a tax-equivalent basis.

(2) Loans on nonaccrual status are included in average balances.

(3) Please refer to the Net Interest Income table included in “Results of Operations” for additional information on our company’s average balances and operating interest and expenses.

The following tables present average balance data and operating interest revenue and expense data for Stifel Bancorp, as well as related interest yields for the periods indicated (in thousands, except rates):

(1) Due to immaterial amount of income recognized on tax-exempt securities, yields were not calculated on a tax-equivalent basis.

(2) Loans on nonaccrual status are included in average balances.

(3) Please refer to the Net Interest Income table included in “Results of Operations” for additional information on our company’s average balances and operating interest and expenses.

The following table sets forth an analysis of the effect on net interest income of volume and rate changes for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands):

Increases and decreases in interest revenue and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning bank assets and liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in volume by the previous year’s average yield/cost. Similarly, the effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average yield/cost by the previous year’s volume. Changes applicable to both volume and rate have been allocated proportionately.

Net interest income – Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on funding sources. Net interest income is affected by changes in the volume and mix of these assets and liabilities, as well as by fluctuations in interest rates and portfolio management strategies.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest revenue of $443.5 million was generated from average interest-earning assets of $31.0 billion at an average interest rate of 5.72%. Interest revenue of $469.1 million for the comparable period in 2024 was generated from average interest-earning assets of $30.0 billion at an average interest rate of 6.26%.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest revenue of $1.3 billion was generated from average interest-earning assets of $31.1 billion at an average interest rate of 5.65%. Interest revenue of $1.4 billion for the comparable period in 2024 was generated from average interest-earning assets of $29.8 billion at an average interest rate of 6.22%.

Interest expense represents interest on customer money market accounts, interest on time deposits, Federal Home Loan Bank advances, and other interest expense. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense of $189.9 million was incurred from average interest-bearing liabilities of $28.6 billion at an average interest rate of 2.66%. Interest expense of $231.4 million for the comparable period in 2024 was incurred from average interest-bearing liabilities of $27.6 billion at an average interest rate of 3.35%.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense of $573.8 million was incurred from average interest-bearing liabilities of $28.6 billion at an average interest rate of 2.67%. Interest expense of $684.4 million for the comparable period in 2024 was incurred from average interest-bearing liabilities of $27.4 billion at an average interest rate of 3.33%.

Please refer to “Net Interest Income” above for more information regarding average balances, interest income and expense, and average interest rate yields.

NON-INTEREST EXPENSES

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, Global Wealth Management non-interest expenses increased 7.5% to $564.8 million from $525.4 million for the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Global Wealth Management non-interest expenses increased 19.7% to $1.8 billion from $1.5 billion for the comparable period in 2024.

Compensation and benefits – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, compensation and benefits expense increased 9.5% to $441.6 million from $403.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compensation and benefits expense increased 8.3% to $1.3 billion from $1.2 billion during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to increased variable compensation over the comparable periods in 2024.

Compensation and benefits expense as a percentage of net revenues was 48.7% and 49.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 48.7% and 49.0% for the comparable periods in 2024.

Occupancy and equipment rental – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment rental expense increased 7.1% to $46.2 million from $43.1 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment rental expense increased 4.8% to $136.8 million from $130.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher data processing expense, occupancy costs, and furniture and equipment expenses over the comparable periods in 2024 associated with an increase in business activity.

Communications and office supplies – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, communications and office supplies expense decreased 1.2% to $16.2 million from $16.4 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, communications and office supplies expense decreased 1.2% to $48.5 million from $49.1 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower telecommunication expenses, partially offset by higher postage and shipping and communication and quote expenses.

Commissions and floor brokerage – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, commissions and floor brokerage expense increased 1.9% to $7.1 million from $7.0 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commissions and floor brokerage expense increased 8.5% to $21.6 million from $19.9 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher clearing expenses and processing fees.

Provision for credit losses – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, provision for credit losses increased 57.3% to $8.3 million from $5.3 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, provision for credit losses increased 117.0% to $28.7 million from $13.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to overall loan growth in the retained portfolio and specific reserves on individual credits.

Other operating expenses – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, other operating expenses decreased 10.1% to $45.3 million from $50.4 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower legal-related expenses and professional fees, partially offset by increases in bank service charges, insurance expense, subscription costs, and travel and conference-related expenses.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other operating expenses increased 140.1% to $308.7 million from $128.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to increases in legal-related expenses, subscription costs, insurance expenses, and travel and conference-related expenses. During the first quarter of 2025, we recorded $180.0 million related to provisions for legal-related matters.

INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, income before income taxes increased 13.6% to $342.7 million from $301.7 million during the comparable period in 2024. Profit margins (income before income taxes as a percent of net revenues) increased to 37.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, from 36.5% during the comparable period in 2024. The profit margin for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was positively impacted by revenue growth.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, income before income taxes decreased 13.1% to $775.1 million from $891.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. Profit margins (income before income taxes as a percent of net revenues) decreased to 29.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from 36.9% during the comparable period in 2024. The profit margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was negatively impacted by elevated reserves for legal matters and higher provisions for credit losses.

Results of Operations – Institutional Group

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents consolidated financial information for the Institutional Group segment for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

67

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents consolidated financial information for the Institutional Group segment for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

NET REVENUES

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, Institutional Group net revenues increased 34.4% to $500.4 million from $372.4 million for the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Institutional Group net revenues increased 17.1% to $1.3 billion from $1.1 billion during the comparable period in 2024. The increase in net revenues is primarily attributable to higher transactional revenues, advisory revenues, and capital-raising revenues over the comparable periods in 2024.

Transactional revenues – Transactional revenues include: (i) commission revenues that are primarily generated from agency transactions in OTC and listed equity securities, insurance products and options. In addition, commission revenues also include distribution fees for promoting and distributing mutual funds, and (ii) principal transaction revenues representing gains and losses on secondary trading, principally fixed income transactional revenues.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, transactional revenues increased 41.5% to $180.9 million from $127.8 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, transactional revenues increased 21.0% to $520.4 million from $430.1 million in the comparable period in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, fixed income transactional revenues increased 55.2% to $122.6 million from $79.0 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, fixed income transactional revenues increased 24.3% to $341.0 million from $274.3 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase in fixed income institutional transactional revenues is primarily attributable to higher realized trading gains and increased client activity over the comparable periods in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, equity transactional revenues increased 19.4% to $58.3 million from $48.8 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, equity transactional revenues increased 15.1% to $179.4 million from $155.8 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase in equity institutional transactional revenues is primarily attributable to higher volumes due to increased market volatility over the comparable periods in 2024.

Investment banking – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, investment banking revenues increased 33.8% to $317.0 million from $237.0 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, investment banking revenues increased 15.1% to $776.2 million from $674.1 million during the comparable period in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, capital-raising revenues increased 37.5% to $137.7 million from $100.1 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, capital-raising revenues increased 15.9% to $332.2 million from $286.6 million in the comparable period in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, equity capital-raising revenues increased 55.2% to $78.8 million from $50.7 million during the comparable period in 2024 driven by higher volumes during the quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, equity capital-raising revenues increased 25.2% to $174.0 million from $139.0 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher volumes over the comparable period in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, fixed income capital-raising revenues increased 19.4% to $58.9 million from $49.4 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, fixed income capital-raising revenues increased 7.2% to $158.2 million from $147.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher bond issuances over the comparable periods in 2024.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, advisory revenues increased 31.0% to $179.3 million from $136.9 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher levels of completed advisory transactions during the quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, advisory revenues increased 14.6% to $444.0 million from $387.5 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher levels of completed advisory transactions over the comparable period in 2024.

Interest – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest increased 8.3% to $10.8 million from $10.0 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest increased 21.2% to $30.9 million from $25.5 million in the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in inventory levels.

Other income – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, other income decreased 71.4% to $3.7 million from $12.9 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other income decreased 41.7% to $15.6 million from $26.7 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to reduced rental income generated from our aircraft engine leasing business due to the sale of engines.

Interest expense – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense decreased 22.1% to $11.9 million from $15.3 million in the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest expense decreased 9.5% to $38.0 million from $42.0 million in the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower interest rates over the comparable periods in 2024.

NON-INTEREST EXPENSES

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, Institutional Group non-interest expenses increased 24.4% to $411.1 million from $330.6 million for the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Institutional Group non-interest expenses increased 14.2% to $1.1 billion from $986.8 million during the comparable period in 2024.

Compensation and benefits – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, compensation and benefits expense increased 32.3% to $297.1 million from $224.6 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compensation and benefits expense increased 18.8% to $807.4 million from $679.3 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is driven by higher variable compensation expense as a result of an improving operating environment.

Compensation and benefits expense as a percentage of net revenues was 59.4% and 61.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to 60.3% and 61.0% for the comparable periods in 2024. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is primarily attributable to higher fixed compensation expenses in our international operations, partially offset by higher revenues.

Occupancy and equipment rental – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment rental expense increased 4.8% to $22.5 million from $21.5 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher occupancy and furniture and equipment costs, partially offset by lower data processing expenses. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, occupancy and equipment rental expense decreased 1.3% to $65.0 million from $65.9 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower furniture and equipment costs and data processing expenses, partially offset by higher occupancy costs.

Communications and office supplies – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, communications and office supplies expense of $26.8 million remained consistent with the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, communications and office supplies expense increased 2.1% to $79.7 million from $78.1 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher communication and quote expenses, partially offset by lower telecommunication expenses.

Commissions and floor brokerage – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, commissions and floor brokerage expense decreased 6.1% to $8.7 million from $9.2 million during the comparable period in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower trading and clearing expenses and transaction fees during the quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, commissions and floor brokerage expense increased 6.3% to $28.1 million from $26.5 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher ECN trading costs and transaction fees, partially offset by lower clearing expenses over the comparable period in 2024.

Other operating expenses – For the three months ended September 30, 2025, other operating expenses increased 15.4% to $56.0 million from $48.5 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher investment banking expenses, travel-related expenses, professional fees, and subscription costs, partially offset by lower conference-related expenses.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, other operating expenses increased 7.4% to $147.1 million from $136.9 million during the comparable period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributable to higher investment banking expenses, professional fees, travel and conference-related expenses, and licensing costs.

INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, income before income taxes for the Institutional Group segment increased 113.6% to $89.3 million from $41.8 million during the comparable period in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, income before income taxes for the Institutional Group segment increased 39.2% to $177.8 million from $127.7 million during the comparable period in 2024.

Profit margins (income before income taxes as a percentage of net revenues) have increased to 17.8% and 13.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, from 11.2% and 11.5% during the comparable periods in 2024. Profit margins were positively impacted by revenue growth.

Results of Operations – Other Segment

Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared with Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

The Other segment includes costs associated with investments made in the Company’s core business and expenses related to the Company’s acquisition strategy. The following table presents financial information for our Other segment for the periods presented broken out between infrastructure growth-related expenses and acquisition-related expenses (in thousands, except percentages):

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, non-interest expenses increased 10.1% and 4.8%, to $167.4 million and $450.0 million, respectively. The increases are primarily attributable to increased provisions for legal and regulatory matters, an increase in variable compensation, and the recording of severance costs associated with workforce reductions in certain of our foreign subsidiaries.

The expenses relating to the Company’s acquisition strategy are primarily attributable to integration-related activities, signing bonuses, amortization of restricted stock awards, debentures, and promissory notes issued as retention, additional earn-out expense, and amortization of intangible assets acquired. These costs were directly related to acquisitions of certain businesses and are not representative of the costs of running the Company’s ongoing business.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, non-interest expenses related to our acquisition strategy, included in the numbers presented in the table above, decreased 9.7% to $16.7 million from $18.5 million in 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, non-interest expenses related to our acquisition strategy, included in the numbers presented in the table above, increased 40.9% to $76.7 million from $54.5 million in 2024.

Analysis of Financial Condition

Our company’s consolidated statements of financial condition consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, financial instruments owned, bank loans, investments, goodwill, loans and advances to financial advisors, bank deposits, and payables. Total assets of $41.7 billion, were up 4.5% from December 31, 2024. Our broker-dealer subsidiary’s gross assets and liabilities, including financial instruments owned, stock loan/borrow, receivables and payables from/to brokers, dealers, and clearing organizations and clients, fluctuate with our business levels and overall market conditions.

As of September 30, 2025, our liabilities were comprised primarily of deposits of $30.1 billion at Stifel Bancorp, payables to customers of $666.4 million at our broker-dealer subsidiaries, accounts payable and accrued expenses of $764.4 million, senior notes, net of debt issuance costs, of $617.2 million, and accrued employee compensation of $743.7 million. To meet our obligations to clients and operating needs, we had $14.2 billion of cash or assets readily convertible into cash at September 30, 2025.

Cash Flow

Cash and cash equivalents increased $536.6 million to $3.2 billion at September 30, 2025, from $2.6 billion at December 31, 2024. Operating activities provided cash of $734.6 million. Investing activities used cash of $941.0 million primarily due to investment securities purchases, growth in our loan portfolio, and fixed asset purchases, partially offset by proceeds from principal paydowns of investment securities. Financing activities provided cash of $736.9 million primarily due to an increase in bank deposits, securities sold under agreement to repurchase, and securities loaned, partially offset by repurchases of our common stock, tax payments related to shares withheld for stock-based compensation, and dividends paid on our common and preferred stock.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity and capital are essential to our business. The primary goal of our liquidity management activities is to ensure adequate funding and liquidity to conduct our business over a range of economic and market environments, including times of broader industry or market liquidity stress events. In times of market stress or uncertainty, we generally maintain higher levels of capital and liquidity, including increased cash levels at our bank subsidiaries, to ensure we have adequate funding to support our business and meet our clients’ needs. We seek to manage capital levels to support execution of our business strategy, provide financial strength to our subsidiaries, and maintain sustained access to the capital markets, while at the same time meeting our regulatory capital requirements, and conservative internal management targets.

Liquidity and capital resources are provided primarily through our business operations and financing activities. Financing activities could include bank borrowings, collateralized financing arrangements, new or enhanced deposit product offerings such as the SmartRate Program, or additional capital-raising activities under our “universal” shelf registration statement. We believe our existing assets, most of which are liquid in nature, together with funds generated from operations and available from committed and uncommitted financing facilities, provide adequate funds for continuing operations at current levels of activity in the short-term. We also believe that we will be able to continue to meet our long-term cash requirements due to our strong financial position and ability to access capital from financial markets.

The Company’s senior management establishes the liquidity and capital policies of our company. The Company’s senior management reviews business performance relative to these policies, monitors the availability of alternative sources of financing, and oversees the liquidity and interest rate sensitivity of our company’s asset and liability position.

Our assets, consisting mainly of cash or assets readily convertible into cash, are our principal source of liquidity. The liquid nature of these assets provides for flexibility in managing and financing the projected operating needs of the business. These assets are financed primarily by our equity capital, corporate debt, debentures to trusts, client credit balances, short-term bank loans, and proceeds from securities lending, repurchase agreements, and other payables. We currently finance our client accounts and firm trading positions through ordinary course borrowings at floating interest rates from various banks on a demand basis, securities lending, and repurchase agreements, with company-owned and client securities pledged as collateral. Changes in securities market volumes, related client borrowing demands, underwriting activity, and levels of securities inventory affect the amount of our financing requirements. Interest rate increases may harm the value of our investment portfolio, if interest rates rise, our unrealized gains on fixed income securities may decrease and our unrealized losses may increase. We would recognize the accumulated change in estimated fair value of these fixed income securities in net income when we realize a gain or loss upon the sale of the security.

Our bank assets consist principally of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities, retained loans, and cash and cash equivalents. Stifel Bancorp’s current liquidity needs are generally met through deposits from brokerage clients and equity capital. We monitor the liquidity of our bank subsidiaries daily to ensure their ability to meet customer deposit withdrawals, maintain reserve requirements, and support asset growth.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $41.7 billion in assets, $14.2 billion of which consisted of cash or assets readily convertible into cash as follows (in thousands):

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of collateral by asset class is as follows (in thousands):

Liquidity Available From Subsidiaries

Liquidity is principally available to our company from Stifel and Stifel Bancorp.

Stifel is required to maintain net capital equal to the greater of $1 million or two percent of aggregate debit items arising from client transactions. Covenants in the Company’s committed financing facilities require the excess net capital of Stifel, our principal broker-dealer subsidiary, to be above a defined amount. At September 30, 2025, Stifel’s excess net capital exceeded the minimum requirement, as defined. There are also limitations on the amount of dividends that may be declared by a broker-dealer without FINRA approval. See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the capital restrictions placed on our broker-dealer subsidiaries.

Stifel Bancorp may pay dividends to the parent company without prior approval by its regulator as long as the dividend does not exceed the sum of Stifel Bancorp’s current calendar year and the previous two calendar years’ retained net income and Stifel Bancorp maintains its targeted capital to risk-weighted assets ratios.

Although we have liquidity available to us from our other subsidiaries, the available amounts are not as significant as the amounts described above and, in certain instances, may be subject to regulatory requirements.

Capital Management

We have an ongoing authorization from the Board of Directors to repurchase our common stock in the open market or in negotiated transactions. At September 30, 2025, the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under this plan was 7.9 million. We utilize the share repurchase program to manage our equity capital relative to the growth of our business and help to meet obligations under our employee benefit plans.

Liquidity Risk Management

Our businesses are diverse, and our liquidity needs are determined by many factors, including market movements, collateral requirements, and client commitments, all of which can change dramatically in a difficult funding environment. During a liquidity crisis, credit-sensitive funding, including unsecured debt and some types of secured financing agreements, may be unavailable, and the terms (e.g., interest rates, collateral provisions, and tenor) or availability of other types of secured financing may change. We manage liquidity risk by diversifying our funding sources across products and among individual counterparties within those products.

As a holding company, whereby all of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries, our cash flow and our ability to service our debt, including the notes, depend upon the earnings of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities. Our subsidiaries have no obligation to pay any amounts due on the notes or to provide us with funds to pay our obligations, whether by dividends, distributions, loans, or other payments.

Our liquidity requirements may change in the event we need to raise more funds than anticipated to increase inventory positions, support more rapid expansion, develop new or enhanced services and products, acquire technologies, respond to acquisition opportunities, expand our recruiting efforts, or respond to other unanticipated liquidity requirements. We primarily rely on financing activities and distributions from our subsidiaries for funds to implement our business and growth strategies and repurchase our shares. Net capital rules, restrictions under our borrowing arrangements of our subsidiaries, as well as the earnings, financial condition, and cash requirements of our subsidiaries, may each limit distributions to us from our subsidiaries.

The availability of outside financing, including access to the capital markets and bank lending, depends on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the volume of trading activities, the overall availability of credit to the financial services sector, and our credit rating. Our cost and availability of funding may be adversely affected by illiquid credit markets and wider credit spreads. As a result of any future concerns about the stability of the markets generally and the strength of counterparties specifically, lenders may from time to time curtail, or even cease to provide, funding to borrowers.

Our liquidity management policies are designed to mitigate the potential risk that we may be unable to access adequate financing to service our financial obligations without material business impact. The principal elements of our liquidity management framework are: (a) daily monitoring of our liquidity needs at the holding company and significant subsidiary level, (b) stress testing the liquidity positions of Stifel and our bank subsidiaries, and (c) diversification of our funding sources.

Monitoring of liquidity – Senior management establishes our liquidity and capital policies. These policies include senior management’s review of short- and long-term cash flow forecasts, review of monthly capital expenditures, the monitoring of the availability of alternative sources of financing, and the daily monitoring of liquidity in our significant subsidiaries. Our decisions on the allocation of capital to our business units consider, among other factors, projected profitability and cash flow, risk, and impact on future liquidity needs. Our treasury department assists in evaluating, monitoring, and controlling the impact that our business activities have on our financial condition, liquidity, and capital structure as well as maintains our relationships with various lenders. The objectives of these policies are to support the successful execution of our business strategies while ensuring ongoing and sufficient liquidity.

**Liquidity stress testing (Firmwide) –**A liquidity stress test model is maintained by the Company that measures liquidity outflows across multiple scenarios at the major operating subsidiaries and details the corresponding impact to our holding company and the overall consolidated firm. Liquidity stress tests are utilized to ensure that current exposures are consistent with the Company’s established liquidity risk tolerance and, more specifically, to identify and quantify sources of potential liquidity strain. Further, the stress tests are utilized to analyze possible impacts on the Company’s cash flows, and liquidity position. The outflows are modeled over a 30-day liquidity stress timeframe and include the impact of idiosyncratic and macro-economic stress events.

The assumptions utilized in the Company’s liquidity stress tests include, but are not limited to, the following:

• No government support
• No access to equity and unsecured debt markets within the stress time horizon
• Higher haircuts and significantly lower availability of secured funding
• Additional collateral that would be required by trading counter-parties, certain exchanges, and clearing organizations related to credit rating downgrades
• Client cash withdrawals and inability to accept new deposits
• Increased demand from customers on the funding of loans and lines of credit

At September 30, 2025, the Company maintained sufficient liquidity to meet current and contingent funding obligations as modeled in its liquidity stress test model.

Liquidity stress testing (Stifel Bancorp) – Our bank subsidiaries perform three primary stress tests on their liquidity position. These stress tests are based on the following company-specific stresses: (1) the amount of deposit run-off that they could withstand over a one-month period of time based on their on-balance sheet liquidity and available credit, (2) the ability to fund operations if all available credit were to be drawn immediately, with no additional available credit, and (3) the ability to fund operations under a regulatory prompt corrective action. The goal of these stress tests is to determine their ability to fund continuing operations under significant pressures on both assets and liabilities.

Under all stress tests, our bank subsidiaries consider cash and highly liquid investments as available to meet liquidity needs. In their analysis, our bank subsidiaries consider agency mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, and commercial mortgage-backed securities as highly liquid. In addition to being able to be readily financed at modest haircut levels, our bank subsidiaries estimate that each of the individual securities within each of the asset classes described above could be sold into the market and converted into cash within three business days under normal market conditions, assuming that the entire portfolio of a given asset class was not simultaneously liquidated. At September 30, 2025, available cash and highly liquid investments comprised approximately 15% of Stifel Bancorp’s assets, which was well in excess of its internal target.

In addition to these stress tests, management performs a daily liquidity review. The daily analysis provides management with all major fluctuations in liquidity. The analysis also tracks the proportion of deposits that Stifel Bancorp is sweeping from its affiliated broker-dealer, Stifel. On a monthly basis, liquidity key performance indicators and compliance with liquidity policy limits are reported to the Board of Directors. Our bank subsidiaries have not violated any internal liquidity policy limits.

Funding Sources

The Company pursues a strategy of diversification of secured and unsecured funding sources (by product and by investor) and attempts to ensure that the tenor of the Company’s liabilities equals or exceeds the expected holding period of the assets being financed. The Company funds its balance sheet through diverse sources. These sources may include the Company’s equity capital, long-term debt, repurchase agreements, securities lending, deposits, committed and uncommitted credit facilities, Federal Home Loan Bank advances, and federal funds agreements.

On September 14, 2023, we filed a “universal” shelf registration statement with the SEC pursuant to which we can issue debt, equity and other capital instruments if and when necessary or perceived by us to be opportune. Subject to certain conditions, this registration statement will be effective through September 14, 2026.

Cash and Cash Equivalents – We held $3.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2025, compared to $2.6 billion at December 31, 2024. Cash and cash equivalents provide immediate sources of funds to meet our liquidity needs.

Available-for-Sale Securities – We held $1.7 billion in available-for-sale investment securities at September 30, 2025, compared to $1.6 billion at December 31, 2024. These investment securities provide increased liquidity and flexibility to support our company’s funding requirements.

We monitor the available-for-sale investment portfolio for other-than-temporary impairment based on a number of criteria, including the size of the unrealized loss position, the duration for which the security has been in a loss position, credit rating, the nature of the investments, and current market conditions. For debt securities, we also consider any intent to sell the security and the likelihood we will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. We continually monitor the ratings of our security holdings and conduct regular reviews of our credit-sensitive assets.

Deposits – Deposits have become our largest funding source. Deposits provide a stable, low-cost source of funds that we utilize to fund asset growth and to diversify funding sources. We have continued to expand our deposit-gathering efforts through our existing private client network and through expansion. These channels offer a broad set of deposit products that include demand deposits, money market deposits, and certificates of deposit (“CDs”). As of September 30, 2025, we had $30.1 billion in deposits compared to $29.1 billion at December 31, 2024. Our core deposits are primarily comprised of money market deposit accounts, non-interest-bearing deposits, and CDs. Total estimated uninsured deposits were $5.6 billion and $5.4 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Deposits are sourced by our multi-bank sweep program in which clients’ cash deposits in their brokerage accounts are swept into FDIC-insured interest-bearing accounts at our bank subsidiaries and various third-party banks. In addition to our historical sweep program, we offer the Stifel Smart Rate Program (“Smart Rate”), a high yield savings account that keeps our brokerage clients’ cash balances at Stifel affiliated banks through their securities accounts. Brokerage client deposits totaled $25.4 billion and $27.1 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which includes $14.9 billion and $17.1 billion, respectively, of client cash in our Smart Rate program. The decrease in money market deposits was primarily driven by typical seasonality related to income tax payments. Please refer to the Net Interest Income table included in “Results of Operations – Global Wealth Management” for additional information on Stifel Bancorp’s average balances and interest income and expense.

Short-term borrowings – Our short-term financing is generally obtained through short-term bank line financing on an uncommitted, secured basis, securities lending arrangements, repurchase agreements, advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank, term loans, and committed bank line financing on an unsecured basis. We borrow from various banks on a demand basis with company-owned securities pledged as collateral. We also have an unsecured, committed bank line available.

Our uncommitted secured lines of credit at September 30, 2025, totaled $880.0 million with four banks and are dependent on having appropriate collateral, as determined by the bank agreements, to secure an advance under the line. The availability of our uncommitted lines is subject to approval by the individual banks each time an advance is requested and may be denied. Our peak daily borrowing on our uncommitted secured lines was $125.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. There are no compensating balance requirements under these arrangements. Any borrowings on secured lines of credit are generally utilized to finance certain fixed income securities. At September 30, 2025, we had no outstanding balances on our uncommitted secured lines of credit.

Federal Home Loan advances are floating-rate advances. The weighted average interest rate on these advances during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 4.59%. The advances are secured by Stifel Bancorp’s residential mortgage loan portfolio and investment portfolio. The interest rates reset on a daily basis. Stifel Bancorp has the option to prepay these advances without penalty on the interest reset date. At September 30, 2025, there were no Federal Home Loan advances.

Unsecured borrowings – On September 27, 2023, the Company and Stifel (the “Borrowers”) entered into an unsecured credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders led by Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Credit Agreement”). Concurrently with, and conditional upon, the effectiveness of the Credit Agreement, all of the commitments under the Borrowers’ existing $500.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility agreement were terminated.

The Credit Agreement has a maturity date of September 27, 2028, and provides for a committed unsecured borrowing facility for maximum aggregate borrowings of up to $750.0 million, depending on the amount of outstanding borrowings of the Borrowers from time to time during the duration of the Credit Agreement. The interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreement are variable and based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate.

The Borrowers can draw upon this line as long as certain restrictive covenants are maintained. Under the Credit Agreement, the Borrowers are required to maintain compliance with a minimum consolidated tangible net worth covenant, as defined, and a maximum consolidated total capitalization ratio covenant, as defined. In addition, Stifel is required to maintain compliance with a minimum regulatory excess net capital percentage covenant, as defined, and our bank subsidiaries are required to maintain their status as well-capitalized, as defined.

Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an event of default, the Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement may be accelerated and the lending commitments thereunder terminated. The Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, including, without limitation, payment defaults, breaches of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to similar obligations, certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency, change of control, and judgment defaults. At September 30, 2025, we had no advances on the Credit Facility and were in compliance with all covenants and currently do not expect any covenant violations.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and other secured financing – Stifel Bancorp has borrowing capacity with the Federal Home Loan Bank of $6.2 billion at September 30, 2025 and $64.5 million in federal funds agreements for the purpose of purchasing short-term funds should additional liquidity be needed. At September 30, 2025, there were no outstanding Federal Home Loan Bank advances. Stifel Bancorp is eligible to participate in the Fed’s discount window program; however, Stifel Bancorp does not view borrowings from the Fed as a primary means of funding. The credit available in this program is subject to periodic review, may be terminated or reduced at the discretion of the Fed, and is secured by securities. Stifel Bancorp has borrowing capacity of $5.8 billion with the Fed’s discount window at September 30, 2025. Stifel Bancorp receives overnight funds from excess cash held in Stifel brokerage accounts, which are deposited into a money market account. These balances totaled $25.4 billion at September 30, 2025. At September 30, 2025, there was $26.4 billion in client money market and FDIC-insured product balances.

Public Offering of Senior Notes – On October 4, 2017, we completed the pricing of a registered underwritten public offering of $200.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.20% senior notes due October 2047. Interest on the senior notes is payable quarterly in arrears in January, April, July, and October. We may redeem some or all of the senior notes at any time at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus accrued interest thereon to the redemption date. On October 27, 2017, we completed the sale of an additional $25.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes pursuant to the over-allotment option. In October 2017, we received a BBB- rating on the notes.

On May 20, 2020, we sold in a registered underwritten public offering, $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due May 2030. Interest on these senior notes is payable semi-annually in arrears in May and November. We may redeem the notes in whole or in part, at our option, at a redemption price equal to the greater of a) 100% of their principal amount or b) discounted present value at Treasury rate plus 50 basis points prior to February 15, 2030, and on or after February 15, 2030, at 100% of their principal amount, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption. In May 2020, we received a BBB- rating on the notes.

Public Offering of Preferred Stock – In July 2016, the Company completed an underwritten registered public offering of $150.0 million 6.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A. On August 20, 2021, the Company redeemed all of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock.

In February 2019, the Company completed an underwritten registered public offering of $150.0 million 6.25% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B. In March 2019, we completed a public offering of an additional $10.0 million of Series B Preferred, pursuant to the over-allotment option.

In May 2020, the Company completed an underwritten registered public offering of $225.0 million 6.125% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, which included the sale of $25.0 million of Series C Preferred pursuant to an over-allotment option.

On July 22, 2021, the Company completed an underwritten registered public offering of $300.0 million of 4.50% Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D. When, as, and if declared by the board of directors of the Company, dividends will be payable at an annual rate of 4.50%, payable quarterly, in arrears. The Company may redeem the Series D preferred stock at its option, subject to regulatory approval, on or after August 15, 2026.

Credit Rating

We believe our current rating depends upon a number of factors, including industry dynamics, operating and economic environment, operating results, operating margins, earnings trends and volatility, balance sheet composition, liquidity and liquidity management, our capital structure, our overall risk management, business diversification, and our market share and competitive position in the markets in which we operate. Deteriorations in any of these factors could impact our credit rating. A reduction in our credit rating could adversely affect our liquidity and competitive position, increase our incremental borrowing costs, limit our access to the capital markets, or trigger our obligations under certain financial agreements. As such, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional outside financing to fund our operations on favorable terms, or at all.

We believe our existing assets, a significant portion of which are liquid in nature, together with the funds from operations, available informal short-term credit arrangements, and our ability to raise additional capital will provide sufficient resources to meet our present and anticipated financing needs.

Use of Capital Resources

We have paid $173.7 million in the form of upfront notes to financial advisors for transition pay during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. As we continue to take advantage of the opportunities created by market displacement and as competition for skilled professionals in the industry increases, we may decide to devote more significant resources to attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

We utilize transition pay, principally in the form of upfront demand notes, to aid financial advisors, who have elected to join our firm, to supplement their lost compensation while transitioning their customers’ accounts to the Stifel platform. The initial value of the notes is determined primarily by the financial advisors’ trailing production and assets under management. These notes are generally forgiven over a five- to ten-year period based on production. The future estimated amortization expense of the upfront notes, assuming current-year production levels and static growth for the remaining three months in 2025, and the years ended December 31, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, and thereafter are $55.0 million, $145.3 million, $125.2 million, $111.2 million, $83.6 million, and $230.5 million, respectively. These estimates could change if we continue to grow our business through expansion or experience increased production levels.

We provide compensation to existing employees in the form of cash awards which are subject to ratable vesting terms with service requirements. We amortize these awards to compensation expense over the relevant service period of five years. At September 30, 2025, there was $48.6 million of cash awards, net, which is included in loans and advances to financial advisors and other employees, net in the consolidated statement of financial condition, which is expected to be amortized over a weighted-average period of 3.8 years.

We maintain an incentive stock plan and a wealth accumulation plan that provides for the granting of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance awards, stock units, and debentures (collectively, “deferred awards”) to our associates. Historically, we have granted stock units to our associates as part of our retention program. A restricted stock unit or restricted stock award represents the right to receive a share of the Company’s common stock at a designated time in the future without cash payment by the associate and is issued in lieu of cash incentive, principally for deferred compensation and employee retention plans. The restricted stock units or restricted stock awards generally vest over the next one to ten years after issuance and are distributed at predetermined future payable dates once vesting occurs. Restricted stock awards are restricted as to sale or disposition. These restrictions lapse over the next one to two years. In addition, we sponsor non-share-based compensation plans, which includes restricted cash awards that are subject to ratable vesting terms with service requirements. These awards are amortized as compensation expense over the relevant service period.

At September 30, 2025, the total number of restricted stock units, PRSUs, and restricted stock awards outstanding was 12.4 million, of which 11.4 million were unvested. At September 30, 2025, there was unrecognized compensation cost for deferred awards of approximately $783.7 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.

The future estimated compensation expense of the deferred awards, assuming current year forfeiture levels and static growth for the remaining three months in 2025, and the years ended December 31, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, and thereafter are $70.5 million, $235.5 million, $176.9 million, $126.7 million, $88.1 million, and $86.0 million, respectively. These estimates could change if our forfeitures change from historical levels.

On August 6, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend on shares of the Company’s common stock of $0.46 per share, payable September 16, 2025, to shareholders of record at the close of business on September 2, 2025.

On August 6, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend on the outstanding shares of the Company’s preferred stock payable on September 16, 2025 to shareholders of record on September 2, 2025.

On April 7, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of a portion of B. Riley Financial, Inc.’s traditional wealth management business, a deal that added 36 advisors with approximately $4 billion in assets under management. Consideration for this transaction consisted of cash from operations.

On June 2, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of Bryan, Garnier & Co. (“Bryan Garnier”), an independent full-service investment bank focused on European technology and healthcare companies. Bryan Garnier’s product suite includes mergers & acquisitions advisory, private and public growth financing solutions, and institutional sales and execution. Bryan Garnier is headquartered in Europe with offices in Paris, London, Amsterdam, Munich, Oslo, Stockholm, and New York. Consideration for this transaction consisted of cash from operations.

Net Capital Requirements – We operate in a highly regulated environment and are subject to capital requirements, which may limit distributions to our company from our subsidiaries. Distributions from our broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to net capital rules. These subsidiaries have historically operated in excess of minimum net capital requirements. However, if distributions were to be limited in the future due to the failure of our subsidiaries to comply with the net capital rules or a change in the net capital rules, it could have a material and adverse effect to our company by limiting our operations that require intensive use of capital, such as underwriting or trading activities, or limit our ability to implement our business and growth strategies, pay interest on and repay the principal of our debt, and/or repurchase our common stock. Our non-broker-dealer subsidiaries, Stifel Bank & Trust, Stifel Bank, Stifel Trust Company, N.A., and Stifel Trust Company Delaware, N.A., are also subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Our broker-dealer subsidiaries and our bank subsidiaries have consistently operated in excess of their capital adequacy requirements. Our Canadian subsidiary, SNC, is subject to the regulatory supervision and requirements of CIRO.

At September 30, 2025, Stifel had net capital of $515.8 million, which was 33.6% of aggregate debit items and $485.1 million in excess of its minimum required net capital. At September 30, 2025, all of our other broker-dealer subsidiaries’ net capital exceeded the minimum net capital required under the SEC rule. At September 30, 2025, SNEL’s capital and reserves were in excess of the financial resources requirement under the rules of the FCA. At September 30, 2025, our banking subsidiaries were considered well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. At September 30, 2025, SNC’s net capital and reserves were in excess of the financial resources requirement under the rules of the CIRO. See Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of our regulatory capital requirements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In preparing our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, we make assumptions, judgments, and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our assumptions, judgments, and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a regular basis, we evaluate our assumptions, judgments, and estimates. We also discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

We believe that the assumptions, judgments, and estimates involved in the significant accounting policies identified below have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. These areas are key components of our results of operations and are based on complex rules that require us to make assumptions, judgments, and estimates, so we consider these to be our critical accounting policies. Historically, our assumptions, judgments, and estimates relative to our critical accounting policies and estimates have not differed materially from actual results. There have not been any material updates to our critical accounting policies and estimates.

The following are our critical accounting policies and estimates:

• Valuation of Financial Instruments
• Contingencies
• Allowance for Credit Losses
• Income Taxes
• Goodwill and Intangible Assets

See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 240): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires additional disclosure and disaggregated information in the Income Tax Rate reconciliation using both percentages and reporting currency amounts, with additional qualitative explanations of individually significant reconciling items. The updated guidance also requires disclosure of the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdictional categories (federal, state, and foreign). The accounting update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 (January 1, 2025 for our company), with early adoption permitted. The adoption of the accounting update will only impact income tax disclosures with no impact to our consolidated financial statements.

Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The guidance primarily will require enhanced disclosures about certain types of expenses. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 (January 1, 2027 for our company), and interim periods within those fiscal years, and may be applied either on a prospective or retrospective basis. We are evaluating the impact of the accounting update on our disclosures.

Internal-Use Software

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06 (“ASU 2025-06”), Intangibles—Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. The guidance primarily removes references to software development project stages to better align with current software development methods. Under ASU 2025-06, an entity will begin capitalizing software costs when management authorizes and commits to funding the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used for its intended purpose. The accounting update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027 (January 1, 2028 for our company), including interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The accounting update can be adopted either prospectively, retrospectively, or utilizing a modified transition approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of the accounting update on our consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Information concerning our off-balance sheet arrangements is included in Note 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Such information is hereby incorporated by reference.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations have not materially changed from those reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Risk Management

Risks are an inherent part of our business and activities. Management of these risks is critical to our soundness and profitability. Risk management at our company is a multi-faceted process that requires communication, judgment, and knowledge of financial products and markets. Our senior management group takes an active role in the risk management process and requires specific administrative and business functions to assist in the identification, assessment, monitoring, and control of various risks. The principal risks involved in our business activities are: market (interest rates and equity prices), credit, capital and liquidity, operational, and regulatory and legal.

We have adopted policies and procedures concerning Enterprise Risk Management. The Risk Management Committee of the Board of Directors, in exercising its oversight of management’s activities, conducts periodic reviews and discussions with management regarding the guidelines and policies governing the processes by which risk assessment and risk management are handled.

Market Risk

The potential for changes in the value of financial instruments owned by our company resulting from changes in interest rates and equity prices is referred to as “market risk.” Market risk is inherent to financial instruments, and accordingly, the scope of our market risk management procedures includes all market risk-sensitive financial instruments.

We trade tax-exempt and taxable debt obligations, including U.S. treasury bills, notes, and bonds; U.S. government agency and municipal notes and bonds; bank certificates of deposit; mortgage-backed securities; and corporate obligations. We are also an active market-maker in over-the-counter equity securities. In connection with these activities, we may maintain inventories in order to ensure availability and to facilitate customer transactions.

Changes in value of our financial instruments may result from fluctuations in interest rates, credit ratings, equity prices, and the correlation among these factors, along with the level of volatility.

We manage our trading businesses by product and have established trading departments that have responsibility for each product. The trading inventories are managed with a view toward facilitating client transactions, considering the risk and profitability of each inventory position. Position limits in trading inventory accounts are established by our Enterprise Risk Management department and monitored on a daily basis within the business units. We monitor inventory levels and results of the trading departments, as well as inventory aging, pricing, concentration, securities ratings, and risk sensitivities.

We are also exposed to market risk based on our other investing activities. These investments consist of investments in private equity partnerships, start-up companies, venture capital investments, and zero coupon U.S. government securities and are included under the caption “Investments” on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk as a result of maintaining inventories of interest rate-sensitive financial instruments and from changes in the interest rates on our interest-earning assets (including client loans, stock borrow activities, investments, inventories, and resale agreements) and our funding sources (including client cash balances, Federal Home Loan Bank advances, stock lending activities, bank borrowings, and repurchase agreements), which finance these assets. The collateral underlying financial instruments at the broker-dealer is repriced daily, thus requiring collateral to be delivered as necessary. Interest rates on client balances and stock borrow and lending produce a positive spread to our company, with the rates generally fluctuating in parallel.

We manage our inventory exposure to interest rate risk by setting and monitoring limits and, where feasible, hedging with offsetting positions in securities with similar interest rate risk characteristics. While a significant portion of our securities inventories have contractual maturities in excess of five years, these inventories, on average, turn over several times per year.

Value-at-Risk (“VaR”) is a statistical technique used to estimate the probability of portfolio losses based on the statistical analysis of historical price trends and volatility. It provides a common risk measure across financial instruments, markets and asset classes. We estimate VaR using a model that assumes historical changes in market conditions are representative of future changes, and trading losses on any given day could exceed the reported VaR by significant amounts in unusually volatile markets. Further, the model involves a number of assumptions and inputs. While we believe that the assumptions and inputs we use in our risk model are reasonable, different assumptions and inputs could produce materially different VaR estimates. We monitor, on a daily basis, the VaR in our trading portfolios using a ten-day horizon and a five year look-back period measured at a 99% confidence level.

The following table sets forth the high, low, and daily average VaR for our trading portfolios during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and the daily VaR at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Stifel Bancorp’s interest rate risk is principally associated with changes in market interest rates related to residential, consumer, and commercial lending activities, as well as FDIC-insured deposit accounts to customers of our broker-dealer subsidiaries and to the general public.

Our primary emphasis in interest rate risk management for Stifel Bancorp is the matching of assets and liabilities of similar cash flow and repricing time frames. This matching of assets and liabilities reduces exposure to interest rate movements and aids in stabilizing positive interest spreads. Stifel Bancorp has established limits for acceptable interest rate risk and acceptable portfolio value risk. To ensure that Stifel Bancorp is within the limits established for net interest income, an analysis of net interest income based on various shifts in interest rates is prepared each quarter and presented to Stifel Bancorp’s Board of Directors. Stifel Bancorp utilizes a third-party model to analyze the available data.

The following table illustrates the estimated change in net interest income at September 30, 2025, based on shifts in interest rates of up to positive 200 basis points and negative 200 basis points:

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The following GAP Analysis table indicates Stifel Bancorp’s interest rate sensitivity position at September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Equity Price Risk

We are exposed to equity price risk as a consequence of making markets in equity securities. We attempt to reduce the risk of loss inherent in our inventory of equity securities by monitoring those security positions constantly throughout each day.

Our equity securities inventories are repriced on a regular basis, and there are no unrecorded gains or losses. Our activities as a dealer are client-driven, with the objective of meeting clients’ needs while earning a positive spread.

Credit Risk

We are engaged in various trading and brokerage activities, with the counterparties primarily being broker-dealers. In the event counterparties do not fulfill their obligations, we may be exposed to risk. The risk of default depends on the creditworthiness of the counterparty or issuer of the instrument. We manage this risk by imposing and monitoring position limits for each counterparty, monitoring trading counterparties, conducting regular credit reviews of financial counterparties, reviewing security concentrations, holding and marking to market collateral on certain transactions, and conducting business through clearing organizations, which guarantee performance.

Our client activities involve the execution, settlement, and financing of various transactions on behalf of our clients. Client activities are transacted on either a cash or margin basis. Credit exposure associated with our private client business consists primarily of customer margin accounts, which are monitored daily and are collateralized. We monitor exposure to industry sectors and individual securities and perform analyses on a regular basis in connection with our margin lending activities. We adjust our margin requirements if we believe our risk exposure is not appropriate based on market conditions.

We have accepted collateral in connection with resale agreements, securities borrowed transactions, and customer margin loans. Under many agreements, we are permitted to sell or repledge these securities held as collateral and use these securities to enter into securities lending arrangements or to deliver to counterparties to cover short positions. At September 30, 2025, the fair value of securities accepted as collateral where we are permitted to sell or repledge the securities was $2.2 billion, and the fair value of the collateral that had been sold or repledged was $747.3 million.

By using derivative instruments, we are exposed to credit and market risk on those derivative positions. Credit risk is equal to the fair value gain in a derivative, if the counterparty fails to perform. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counterparty owes our company and, therefore, creates a repayment risk for our company. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, we owe the counterparty and, therefore, have no repayment risk. We minimize the credit (or repayment) risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties that are reviewed periodically by senior management.

Stifel Bancorp extends credit to individual and commercial borrowers through a variety of loan products, including residential and commercial mortgage loans, home equity loans, construction loans, and non-real-estate commercial and consumer loans. Bank loans are generally collateralized by real estate, real property, or other assets of the borrower. Stifel Bancorp’s loan policy includes criteria to adequately underwrite, document, monitor, and manage credit risk. Underwriting requires reviewing and documenting the fundamental characteristics of credit, including character, capacity to service the debt, capital, conditions, and collateral. Benchmark capital and coverage ratios are utilized, which include liquidity, debt service coverage, credit, working capital, and capital to asset ratios. Lending limits are established to include individual, collective, committee, and board authority. Monitoring credit risk is accomplished through defined loan review procedures, including frequency and scope.

We are subject to concentration risk if we hold large positions, extend large loans to, or have large commitments with a single counterparty, borrower, or group of similar counterparties or borrowers (i.e., in the same industry). Securities purchased under agreements to resell consist of securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. Receivables from and payables to clients and stock borrow and lending activities, both with a large number of clients and counterparties, and any potential concentration are carefully monitored. Stock borrow and lending activities are executed under master netting agreements, which gives our company right of offset in the event of counterparty default. Inventory and investment positions taken and commitments made, including underwritings, may involve exposure to individual issuers and businesses. We seek to limit this risk through careful review of counterparties and borrowers and the use of limits established by our senior management group, taking into consideration factors including the financial strength of the counterparty, the size of the position or commitment, the expected duration of the position or commitment, and other positions or commitments outstanding.

Operational Risk

Operational risk generally refers to the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including, but not limited to, business disruptions, improper or unauthorized execution and processing of transactions, deficiencies in our technology or financial operating systems, and inadequacies or breaches in our control processes including cyber security incidents. We operate different businesses in diverse markets and are reliant on the ability of our associates and systems to process a large number of transactions. These risks are less direct than credit and market risk, but managing them is critical, particularly in a rapidly changing environment with increasing transaction volumes. In the event of a breakdown or improper operation of systems or improper action by associates, we could suffer financial loss, regulatory sanctions, and damage to our reputation. In order to mitigate and control operational risk, we have developed and continue to enhance specific policies and procedures that are designed to identify and manage operational risk at appropriate levels throughout the organization and within such departments as Accounting, Operations, Information Technology, Legal, Compliance, and Internal Audit. These control mechanisms attempt to ensure that operational policies and procedures are being followed and that our various businesses are operating within established corporate policies and limits. Business continuity plans exist for critical systems, and redundancies are built into the systems as deemed appropriate.

Regulatory and Legal Risk

Legal risk includes the risk of private client group customer claims for sales practice violations. While these claims may not be the result of any wrongdoing, we do, at a minimum, incur costs associated with investigating and defending against such claims. See “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Item 2, Part I and “Legal Proceedings” in Item 1, Part II of this report for further discussion of our legal proceedings. In addition, we are subject to potentially sizable adverse legal judgments or arbitration awards, and fines, penalties, and other sanctions for non-compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements. We are generally subject to extensive regulation by the SEC, FINRA, and state securities regulators in the different jurisdictions in which we conduct business. As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Our bank subsidiaries are subject to regulation by the FDIC. As a result, we are subject to a risk of loss resulting from failure to comply with banking laws. Our international subsidiary, SNEL, is subject to the regulatory supervision and requirements of the FCA in the United Kingdom. Our Canadian subsidiary, SNC, is subject to the regulatory supervision and requirements of the CIRO. We have comprehensive procedures addressing issues such as regulatory capital requirements, sales and trading practices, use of and safekeeping of customer funds, the extension of credit, including margin loans, collection activities, money laundering, and record keeping. We act as an underwriter or selling group member in both equity and fixed income product offerings. When acting as lead or co-lead manager, we have potential legal exposure to claims relating to these securities offerings. To manage this exposure, a committee of senior executives review proposed underwriting commitments to assess the quality of the offering and the adequacy of due diligence investigation.

Our company, as a bank and financial holding company, is subject to regulation, including capital requirements, by the Federal Reserve. Stifel Bancorp is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FDIC and state banking authorities. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our company's and Stifel Bancorp's financial statements.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to, among other things, provide reasonable assurance that material information, both financial and non-financial, and other information required under the securities laws to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, on a timely basis. Under the direction of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management has evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025 and has concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were adequate and effective as of such date.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the three months ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

The discussion of our business and operations should be read together with the information contained in our other reports and periodic filings that we make with the SEC, including, without limitation, the information contained under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Those risk factors could materially affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The risks that we describe in our public filings are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or that we presently deem to be immaterial, also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors” to our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.