ICF International, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

COMPANY OVERVIEW

ICF International, Inc. was formed in 1999 as a Delaware limited liability company under the name ICF Consulting Group Holdings, LLC. It was formed to purchase our principal operating subsidiary, which was founded in 1969, from a larger services organization. We converted to a Delaware corporation in 2003 and changed our name to ICF International, Inc. in 2006. We completed our initial public offering in September 2006.

We provide professional services and technology-based solutions, including management, technology, and policy consulting and implementation services, to government and commercial clients. Our government clients include U.S. federal agencies, state and local governments, as well as international governments. Our commercial clients include those that are inside and outside of the U.S.

We help our clients conceive, develop, implement, and improve solutions that address complex business, natural resource, social, technological, and public safety issues. Our services primarily support clients that operate in these key markets:

• Energy, Environment, Infrastructure, and Disaster Recovery;
• Health and Social Programs; and
• Security and Other Civilian & Commercial.

We provide services to our diverse client base that deliver value throughout the entire life cycle of a policy, program, project, or initiative. We empower organizations to thrive in a rapidly changing world through five integrated service areas: Advisory Services, Program Implementation, Analytics Services, Digital Services, and Engagement Services. Our Advisory Services deliver strategic insights that help leaders anticipate trends and make confident decisions. Through Program Implementation, we turn strategy into action with tailored policies, programs, and tools that drive efficiency and impact. Our Analytics Services transform data into intelligence, leveraging advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (“AI”) to uncover opportunities and more informed decisions. With Digital Services, we design and secure innovative technology solutions that optimize performance, modernize information technology (“IT”) systems, and protect against evolving threats. Finally, our Engagement Services connect organizations with their audiences through compelling communications, branding, and digital experiences that inspire trust and action. Together, we provide end-to-end solutions that accelerate growth, strengthen resilience, and deliver measurable results.

We report operating results and financial data in one operating and reportable segment. We generated revenue of $1,872.9 million, $2,019.8 million, and $1,963.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Our total backlog was $3,405.0 million, $3,786.3 million, and $3,777.8 million at December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 8,400 full-time and part-time employees around the globe, including many recognized as thought leaders in their respective fields. We serve clients globally from our headquarters in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, our 49 regional offices throughout the U.S., and 14 offices outside the U.S., including offices in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”), Belgium, Spain, India, and Canada.

OUR COMPANY INFORMATION

Our principal executive office is located at 1902 Reston Metro Plaza, Reston, Virginia 20190, and our telephone number is (703) 934-3000. We maintain an internet website at www.icf.com (http://www.icf.com). We make available our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), Code of Business and Ethics, and other information related to us, free of charge, on this site as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file those documents with, or otherwise furnish them to, the SEC. Our internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

MARKET OPPORTUNITY, SERVICES, AND SOLUTIONS

Complex, long-term market factors, which include geopolitical, technological, environmental, and demographic trends, are accelerating change and reshaping priorities for government and industry. These dynamics, combined with increasing demands for efficiency, transparency, and accountability, are driving growth in advisory and technology-enabled services.

We see significant opportunities in areas such as analytics, digital services, and strategic communications, as clients seek solutions that integrate domain expertise with innovative technologies such as AI, cloud-native platforms, and low-code/no-code tools. Additionally, energy independence and prevention of fraud, waste, and abuse in our healthcare delivery systems, disaster recovery, and homeland security will continue to create demand for our services.

Our proven experience in disaster relief and infrastructure recovery positions us well to support federal, state, and local agencies in addressing critical societal challenges. As the federal government prioritizes efficiency and modernization, our agile, scalable, and cost-effective technology solutions deliver measurable outcomes aligned with commercial best practices.

Future success will depend on further strengthening client relationships, pursuing larger engagements across full program lifecycles, and executing strategic acquisitions to expand capabilities and geographic reach. While challenges such as political complexities and possible audit risks, particularly in disaster recovery, persist, we remain confident in our ability to deliver value and impact across all markets.

Energy, Environment, Infrastructure, and Disaster Recovery

We provide advisory, technology, and program delivery services to utilities, government agencies, and commercial clients across energy, disaster recovery, environmental, and transportation sectors. Our integrated solutions address reliability concerns, rising electricity demand, regulatory changes, and resilience needs driven by climate and infrastructure challenges.

Energy and Utility Services

We view the energy industry as a particularly attractive growth sector over the next decade. Increasing energy demand from data centers, cryptocurrency operations, and electrification of buildings and vehicles, combined with reliability concerns and evolving state and federal regulations, is driving significant investment in diverse and cleaner energy sources and related infrastructure.

We expect continued demand for our energy advisory and consulting services from utilities, developers, and commercial clients. We also anticipate growth in our utility program design and delivery business, including energy efficiency programs, electrification and decarbonization initiatives, resiliency planning, environmental management, and IT integration.

Environmental, Transportation, and Infrastructure

We have decades of experience designing, evaluating, and implementing environmental policies and compliance programs for energy, transportation (including aviation), and infrastructure projects. Demand for these services is driven by:

• Unprecedented demand for energy generation and transmission as well as broadband Internet access;
• Changing precipitation patterns affecting water availability and flood risk;
• Aging water, energy, and transportation infrastructure;
• Greater exposure of infrastructure to severe weather events;
• Federal investment initiatives; and
• Evolving economic development patterns requiring adaptive transportation and energy systems.

Our multi‑disciplinary capabilities in finance and economics, earth and life sciences, IT, and program management enable us to deliver services such as environmental impact assessments, environmental management information systems, air quality assessments, program evaluation, transportation and aviation planning and operational improvement, strategic communications, and regulatory modernization.

Disaster Recovery and Mitigation

We support federal, state, and local governments in planning, designing, and executing large‑scale disaster recovery and mitigation programs across the U.S. and its territories. As extreme weather events become more frequent and severe, we expect increasing demand for these services. Our work spans multiple years and includes recovery and housing assistance, environmental and infrastructure solutions, and mitigation planning.

With over 25 years of experience, we have provided on-the-ground support following major disasters, including Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Harvey, Irma, Maria, Helene, and Milton, as well as Superstorm Sandy. Our expertise enables us to address hazards such as hurricanes, flooding, tornadoes, and wildfires, and to help communities secure recovery and mitigation funding, build resilience, and restore stability.

Health and Social Programs

We leverage our full suite of services to address critical challenges in health and social programs. A convergence of factors is driving unprecedented demand for innovation and accountability in these areas, including:

• Expanded healthcare services and rising expenditures requiring rigorous evaluation of program effectiveness;
• Substance abuse crises, including the widespread impact of the opioid epidemic;
• The urgent need to digitally transform government operations through advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning;
• Increasing requirements for transparency and accountability in public sector programs;
• Growing demand for social support systems, fueled by an aging population and interconnected issues across health, housing, transportation, energy, and employment; and
• A rapidly evolving regulatory environment.

We are well positioned to help clients design, implement, and manage effective programs at international, national, regional, and local levels. Our expertise spans:

• Public health, biomedical research, healthcare quality, mental health, and health development;
• Health communications and interactive technologies; and
• Education, child and family welfare, housing and community development, and substance abuse prevention.

Combining deep domain knowledge with advanced IT capabilities, we deliver powerful informatics and analytics solutions that are critical for managing and leveraging data to improve outcomes. We also partner with government and commercial clients to expand knowledge, develop programs, enhance operations, evaluate results, and drive measurable impact.

We support key U.S. government agencies by providing:

• Primary data collection and analysis;
• Program design, delivery, and evaluation;
• Technical assistance centers and instructional systems;
• IT application development and information clearinghouse management; and
• Multichannel communications for public health initiatives.

Additionally, we deliver training and technical assistance for early care and education programs, conduct health and demographic surveys, and provide similar services internationally to various international governments and the European Commission (the “E.C.”).

Security and Other Civilian & Commercial

We serve essential government missions and commercial markets where security and resilience are top priorities. Security programs remain a critical focus for governments worldwide and the private sector. Demand is driven by:

• Rising cyber and terrorist threats to critical infrastructure;
• Heightened reputational risks following cyberattacks;
• Expanding homeland security concerns across health, energy, food, water, telecommunications, and transportation;
• Increased urgency for disaster preparedness and rapid recovery; and
• Growing challenges from global migration and demographic shifts.

These trends create sustained demand for solutions that identify, prevent, and mitigate cybersecurity and societal risks. Our deep expertise in cybersecurity, resilience planning, and technology modernization positions us at the center of high-growth, mission-critical markets. As governments and enterprises face escalating security challenges, we are well equipped to deliver solutions that protect infrastructure, safeguard communities, and enable rapid recovery.

COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS

We possess the following key business strengths:

We have a highly educated professional staff with deep subject matter knowledge

We possess strong intellectual capital that provides us with a deep understanding of policies, processes, and programs across our clients’ markets. Our thought leadership is based on years of training, experience, and education. We are able to apply our in-depth knowledge of our subject matter experts, and our experience developed over 45 years of providing advisory services to address the problems and issues our clients are facing. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 42% of our benefits-eligible staff held post-graduate degrees in diverse fields such as the social sciences, business and management, physical sciences, public policy, human capital, IT, mathematics, engineering, planning, economics, life sciences, and law. These qualifications, and the complementary nature of our markets, enable us to deploy multi-disciplinary teams to identify, develop, and implement solutions that are creative, pragmatic, and tailored to our clients’ specific needs.

We believe our diverse range of client markets, services, and projects provides a stimulating work environment for our employees that enhances their professional development. The use of multi-disciplinary teams provides our staff with the opportunity to develop and refine common skills required in many types of engagements. Our approach to managing people fosters collaboration and significant cross-utilization of the skills and experience of both industry experts and other personnel who can develop creative solutions by drawing on their different experiences. The types of services we provide, and the manner in which we do so, enable us to attract and retain talented professionals from a variety of backgrounds while maintaining a culture that fosters teamwork and excellence.

We have strong, long-standing relationships with clients across a diverse set of markets

The long-term relationships we maintain with many of our clients reflect our successful track record of fulfilling our clients’ needs. We have numerous contacts at various levels within our clients’ organizations, ranging from key decision-makers to functional managers. The long-standing nature and breadth of our client relationships adds greatly to our institutional knowledge, which, in turn, helps us carry out our client engagements more effectively and maintain and expand such relationships. Our extensive experience working alongside our clients and client contacts, together with our prime contractor position on a substantial majority of our contracts, gives us clearer visibility into future opportunities and emerging requirements. We believe our balance between government agencies, our commercial presence, and the diversity of markets in which our clients operate help mitigate the impact of policy or political shifts, as well as annual shifts in our clients’ budgets and priorities.

Our advisory services position us to capture a full range of engagements

We believe our advisory approach, which is based on our subject matter expertise combined with an understanding of our clients’ requirements and objectives, is a significant competitive differentiator that helps us gain access to key client decision-makers during the initial phases of a policy, program, project, or initiative. We use our expertise and understanding to formulate customized recommendations for our clients. We believe this domain expertise and program knowledge, developed from our advisory engagements, further positions us to provide a full suite of services across the entire life cycle of a particular policy, program, project, or initiative. As a result, we are able to understand our clients’ requirements and objectives as they evolve over time. We then use this knowledge to provide continuous improvement across our entire range of services, which maintains the relevance of our recommendations.

Our technology-enabled solutions are driven by our subject matter expertise and creativity

Government and commercial decision-makers have become increasingly aware that, to be effective, technology-based solutions need to be seamlessly integrated with people and processes. We possess a strong knowledge and experience base in IT and a thorough understanding of organizational behavior and human decision processes. We have strong partnerships and experience in cloud-based technology platforms and open-source ecosystems that are central to our federal government clients’ technology modernization agendas. We also have growing experience in establishing and deploying innovative AI solutions to support our clients’ missions. This combination of skills, along with our domain knowledge, allows us to deliver technology-enabled solutions tailored to our clients’ business and organizational needs with less start-up time required to understand client issues. In addition, many of our clients seek to deploy cutting-edge solutions to communicate and transact with citizens, stakeholders, and customers in a multichannel environment, and doing so takes both our constantly refreshed technical know-how and world-class creativity.

Our proprietary tools, analytics, and methods allow us to deliver superior solutions to our clients

We believe our innovative, and often proprietary, analytics and methods are key competitive differentiators because they enhance our ability to deliver customized solutions to our clients and enable us to deliver services in a more cost-effective manner than our competitors. For example, we have developed industry-standard energy and environmental models that are used by governments and commercial entities around the world for energy planning and air quality analyses and we have also developed a suite of proprietary planning and analysis tools to help the private sector more quickly and economically develop new electricity generation and transmission assets. In addition, we also have proprietary program management methodologies and services that we believe can help clients improve performance measurement, support chief information officer and science and engineering program activities, and reduce security risks.

We are led by an experienced management team

Our management team, consisting of 279 senior leaders with the title of vice president or higher, possesses extensive industry experience and had an average tenure of approximately 18 years with us as of December 31, 2025 (including prior service with companies we have acquired). This tenure allows us to retain institutional knowledge. Our managers are experienced both in marketing efforts and in successfully managing and executing our key services. Our management team also has experience in acquiring other businesses and integrating those operations with our own. Dozens of our managers are industry-recognized thought leaders. We believe that our management’s successful past performance and deep understanding of our clients’ needs have been and will continue to be differentiating factors in competitive situations.

We have a broad global presence

We serve our clients with a global network of 49 regional offices throughout the U.S., and 14 offices in key markets outside the U.S., including offices in the U.K., Belgium, Spain, India, and Canada. Our global presence also gives us access to many of the leading subject matter experts from around the world, allowing us to expand our knowledge base and areas of functional expertise. Over the years, we have worked in dozens of countries, helping government and commercial clients with energy, environment, infrastructure, healthcare, interactive technology/e-commerce, and air transport matters. Although international operations present challenges in the form of inconsistent legal systems, differing levels of intellectual property protection, and trade regulation issues, we believe our international operations will continue to play a significant role in our clients’ operations and in our platform.

STRATEGY

Our strategy to increase our revenue and shareholder value involves the following key elements:

Expand our commercial businesses

We plan to continue to pursue profitable commercial projects, and we believe we have strong, global client relationships in both the commercial energy and air transport markets. We continue to see growth opportunities in our current commercial energy business as well as continued focus on other commercial business such as aviation and tourism.

We view the energy industry as a particularly attractive sector for us over the next decade due to concerns over controlling energy costs and limiting climate and environmental impacts, increasing energy demands related to electrification projects and the expansion of data centers due to AI, changing state and federal regulation, the need for cleaner and more diverse sources of energy, and the concomitant need for infrastructure to transport/transmit, store, and/or convert those new energy sources. Although we believe the utility industry will continue to be a strong market for advisory services, particularly in light of the changing focus on regulatory actions and alternative energy sources, we intend to leverage our existing relationships and institutional expertise to pursue and capture additional, and typically higher-margin, opportunities. For example, we believe we can continue to expand our program-based and technology-enabled services in areas such as assisting with the implementation of energy efficiency programs, electrification and decarbonization initiatives, IT applications, and environmental management services for larger utilities. The growth of interest in sustainability and energy efficiency issues has created opportunities to offer these types of services to new clients beyond our traditional sectors. We believe these factors, coupled with our expansive national footprint and our international market presence, will result in a greater number of engagements that will also be larger in size and scope. To this end, on December 31, 2024, we acquired Applied Energy Group (“AEG”), a leading energy technology and advisory services company with over 100 utility management and demand side energy experts. AEG provides a suite of integrated technology and advisory solutions to electric and gas utilities, state and local governments, and state energy offices nationwide and has enhanced our market presence and client footprint.

We expect that interest in energy advisory services will continue to expand as clients in a number of industries, including information service providers, seek to better understand their energy consumption options and the positive benefits of demonstrating energy efficiency and environmental stewardship. Our broad range of services to the aviation industry makes us well positioned to capitalize on significant industry changes; substantial airline equipment upgrades to newer, more efficient aircraft models in a cost-constrained environment; testing and adoption of sustainable aviation fuels; and changes to airport business models and strategy as they place increasing importance on passenger experience.

Replicate our business model across government and industry in selected geographies

We believe the services we provide to our energy, environment, and infrastructure market have strong growth potential in selected geographies. Our domain expertise is well suited in Europe to meet the need for cutting-edge climate change, energy, and environmental solutions, particularly with our offerings to the U.K. government and the E.C.

Strengthen our technology-based offerings

Since 2020, we have executed a series of strategic acquisitions to strengthen our leadership in IT modernization and cloud-based solutions. These investments, combined with the introduction of our proprietary ICF Fathom AI platform in 2025, position us to deliver advanced offerings in cloud, AI, business process automation, data management, and analytics that help clients better connect with citizens, consumers, and stakeholders.

Leverage advisory work into full life-cycle solutions

We plan to continue to leverage our advisory services and strong client relationships to increase our revenue by winning longer-term engagements. These engagements could include: information services and technology-based solutions; project and program management; business process solutions; and technical assistance and training. Our advisory services provide us with insight and understanding of our clients’ missions and goals. We believe the domain expertise and program knowledge we develop from these advisory assignments position us to capture a greater portion of the resulting larger engagements; however, we will need to undertake such expansion carefully to avoid actual, potential, and perceived conflicts of interest.

Enhance and deepen our presence in core government markets

The current political and policy environment have created challenging market conditions for all competitors in the government services sector; however, we believe that changes driven by the Administration will provide opportunities to accelerate digital transformation of the U.S. federal government activities and to provide advisory and analytic support to changing policy priorities. We will focus not only on enhancing our current market footprint and continue expanding across key growth markets, such as U.S. federal government energy and resilience-related programs, reengineering of U.S. public health and research efforts, and cybersecurity initiatives, digital services, and disaster recovery work for state and local governments. We will continue to provide innovative solutions that help our public sector clients do more with less. We will specifically target deeper penetration of those agencies that currently procure services only from one or two of our service areas, and our skills and market presence in technology modernization provides us with capabilities in this effort. We believe we can leverage many of our long-term client relationships by introducing these existing clients, where appropriate, to our other services in order to better meet their needs. For example, we introduce many of our advisory clients to our capabilities to provide associated IT, cybersecurity, large-scale program management, and strategic communications and digital services. We can also offer clients our extensive performance measurement, program evaluation, and performance management services. Finally, our network of offices across the U.S. allows us to focus our business development efforts on addressing the needs of U.S. federal and state and local government agencies with operations outside the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.

Pursue larger prime contract opportunities

We believe that continuing to expand our client engagements into services we offer as part of our end-to-end client solutions enables us to pursue larger prime contract opportunities, which should provide a greater return on our business development efforts and allow for increased employee utilization. We plan to continue to target larger and longer-term opportunities through greater emphasis on early identification of opportunities, strategic capture and positioning, and enhanced brand recognition. We believe that the resulting increase in the scale, scope, and duration of our contracts will help us continue to grow our business.

Pursue strategic acquisitions

We plan to augment our organic growth with selective, strategic acquisitions when the target company will enable us to obtain new clients, increase our presence in attractive markets, obtain capabilities that complement our existing portfolio of services, and/or gain access to customers and contracts; provided that the target company has cultural compatibility and we expect that the acquisition will have a positive financial impact.

These elements of our strategy permeate throughout the Company and influence our day-to-day decisions. We believe that, collectively, they support the overall long-term growth of the organization.

CLIENT AND CONTRACT MIX

Our clients span a broad range of civilian and defense agencies and commercial enterprises. Government clients include organizations such as the World Bank and the United Nations, while commercial clients include non-profit organizations and universities. In general, a client is considered to be a government client if its primary funding is from a government agency or institution. If we are a subcontractor, we classify the revenue based on the nature of the ultimate client receiving the services.

In fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, our revenue by client type and contract type are as follows:

In fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023, our largest client was the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) with 22%, 25%, and 26% of total revenue, respectively. There was no other client with revenue greater than 5%.

Our revenue is primarily from prime contracts under which we work directly for the end customer. These accounted for approximately 86%, 87%, and 89% of our revenue for the 2025, 2024, and 2023 fiscal years, respectively.

Our contract periods typically extend from one month to five years, including option periods. Many of our government contracts provide for option periods that may be exercised by the client. In 2025, 2024, and 2023, no single contract accounted for more than 2% of our revenue for those fiscal years, respectively. Our 10 largest contracts by revenue collectively accounted for approximately 14%, 12%, and 14% of our revenue in the 2025, 2024, and 2023 fiscal years, respectively.

CONTRACT BACKLOG

We define backlog as the future revenue we expect to receive from our contracts and other engagements. We generally include in our backlog the estimated revenue represented by contract options that have been priced, but not exercised. We do not include any estimate of revenue relating to potential future delivery orders that might be awarded under our GSA Schedule contracts, other IDIQ contracts, Master Service Agreements (“MSAs”), or other contract vehicles that are also held by a large number of firms and under which potential future delivery orders or task orders might be issued by any of a large number of different agencies, and are likely to be subject to a competitive bidding process. We do, however, include potential future work expected to be awarded under IDIQ contracts that are available to be utilized by a limited number of potential clients and are held either by us alone or by a limited number of firms, and we have a history of working with these clients on predecessor IDIQ contracts or other contract vehicles.

We include expected revenue in funded backlog when we have been authorized by the client to proceed under a contract up to the dollar amount specified by our client, and this amount will be owed to us under the contract after we provide the services pursuant to the authorization. If we do not provide services authorized by a client prior to the expiration of the authorization, we remove amounts corresponding to the expired authorization from funded backlog. We include expected revenue under an engagement in funded backlog when we do not have a signed contract, but only in situations when we have received client authorization to begin or continue work and we expect to sign a contract for the engagement. In this case, the amount of funded backlog is limited to the amount authorized. Our funded backlog does not represent the full revenue potential of our contracts because many government clients, and sometimes other clients, authorize and fund work under a particular contract on a yearly or more frequent basis, even though the contract may extend over several years. Most of the services we provide to commercial clients are provided under fully funded contracts and task orders under MSAs. As a consequence, our backlog attributable to these clients is typically reflected in funded backlog and not in unfunded backlog.

Our estimate of unfunded backlog for a particular contract is based, to a large extent, on the customer, the terms of the agreement, and our history with that particular customer. In addition, the amount of revenue we have recently recognized on the particular contract under the assumption that future utilization will be similar, our past experience in utilizing contract capacity on similar types of contracts, and our professional judgment. Accordingly, if contract utilization is different from our expectations, the revenue eventually earned on a contract may be lower or higher than that implied by our estimate at a point in time or during the life of a contract, of total backlog, including unfunded backlog. Although we expect our total backlog to result in revenue, the timing of revenue associated with both funded and unfunded backlog will vary based on a number of factors, and we may not recognize revenue associated with a particular component of backlog when anticipated, or at all. Our government clients generally have the right to cancel any contract, or ongoing or planned work under any contract, at any time. In addition, there can be no assurance that revenue from funded or unfunded backlog will have similar profitability to previous work or will be profitable at all. Generally speaking, we believe the risk that a particular component of backlog will not result in future revenue is higher for unfunded backlog than for funded backlog.

Our funded and estimates of unfunded and total backlog were as follows at December 31:

(in millions)

There were no awards included in our 2025, 2024, or 2023 backlog amounts that were under protest.

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Our business development efforts are critical to our organic growth. Our business development processes and systems are designed to enable agility and speed-to-market over the business development life cycle, especially given the distinctions between commercial and government clients. Business development efforts in priority market areas, which include some of our largest federal agency accounts (HHS, the U.S. Department of Defense (“DoD”), the U.S. Department of Energy (“DoE”), and the U.S. Department of Transportation (“DoT”)), are executed through account teams. Each team participates in regular executive reviews of marketing plans and proposal development processes. Our non-federal government clients are served by account leaders from operating units and coordinated by senior leaders with industry experience where such coordination is deemed appropriate to enhance our business development success. This account-based approach allows deep insight into the needs of current and future clients. It also helps us anticipate our clients’ evolving requirements over the coming 12 to 18 months and position ourselves to meet those requirements. Each administrative group is responsible for maximizing sales in our existing accounts and finding opportunities in closely related accounts.

The corporate business development function also includes a market research and competitive intelligence group, and a proposal group. The marketing function engages in brand marketing and strategic marketing program development and execution to raise awareness of our services and solutions across our markets, and to generate leads for further pursuit by sales personnel. The marketing function also executes corporate communications campaigns to support specific lines of business. Our contracts and administration function supports bid price development in partnership with the business development account teams.

COMPETITION

We operate in a highly competitive and fragmented marketplace and compete against a number of firms in each of our clients’ key markets. Some of our principal competitors include: Abt Global; Accenture; AECOM Technology Corporation; Booz Allen Hamilton Holding Corporation; CACI International Inc.; CLEAResult; Deloitte LLP; General Dynamics, Inc.; Guidehouse; Leidos Holdings, Inc.; PA Consulting Group; Science Applications International Corporation; Research Triangle Institute, International; Tetra Tech Inc.; and Westat, Inc. In addition, we have numerous smaller competitors, many of which have narrower service offerings and serve niche markets. Some of our competitors are significantly larger than we are and have greater access to resources and stronger brand recognition than we do.

We consider our principal competitive advantages to be long-standing client relationships, the good reputation and past performance of the firm, client references, the technical knowledge and industry expertise of our employees, the quality of our services and solutions, and the scope and scale of our service offerings.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We own a number of trademarks, copyrights, and internally developed software that helps maintain our business and competitive position. Sales and licenses of our intellectual property do not currently comprise a substantial portion of our revenue or profit. We rely on the technology and models, proprietary processes, and other intellectual property we own or have the right to use in our analyses and other work we perform for our clients. We use these innovative, and often proprietary, software, analytical models, and tools throughout our service offerings. Our staff regularly maintains, updates, and improves these software, models, and tools based on our corporate experience. In addition, we sometimes retain limited rights in software applications we develop for clients. We use a variety of means to protect our intellectual property.

HUMAN CAPITAL

Human Capital Management

Our human capital strategy is fundamental to our success as a global solutions and technology provider. To that end, we put immense effort into attracting, developing, and retaining highly qualified individuals who deliver innovation, efficiency, and impact to the clients and communities we serve. We have designed our human resources programs to enable our workforce of experts to reach their full potential. We develop our employees so they can build our capability for the future; reward and support employees through competitive pay and benefit programs; and evolve and invest in technology, tools, and resources that maximize our impact.

As of December 31, 2025, we employed approximately 8,400 employees, 83% of whom were employed full-time. The results of our continuous employee listening surveys consistently reflect a strong level of engagement that empowers our employees to thrive in their work, in our culture, and in their lives. A vast majority of our employees find their work meaningful, feel valued, and are proud to work at ICF. Additionally, they report that their values align with the work we do and intend to stay at ICF.

Culture and Values

We have built a culture rooted in expertise, innovation, and purpose, enabling us to build a more prosperous and resilient world for all. We are a vibrant community of experts, united by our drive to increase the value we provide and make a positive impact. Grounded in data-driven insights and our shared purpose, we foster a high-performance environment that values creativity, agility, critical thinking, mutual respect and support, and a multidisciplinary approach. Since our founding in 1969, we have been a mission-driven company delivering high-impact results that help our clients move forward with confidence.

We believe our culture and values help us attract a wide pool of talent, perspectives, and experiences so we can select the most capable people to support a workplace culture that best serves our clients. From day one, we strive to help our employees reach their fullest potential by empowering them to put ICF’s values into action as they work, connect, and support each other across teams, client partnerships, and time zones.

Talent Acquisition, Development, and Retention

Successful talent attraction and retention depends on a strong employer brand that reflects both a compelling employee value proposition and a healthy work-life balanced environment and unique culture. We continue to invest in the team, technology, and storytelling that bring this culture to life and differentiate us in the market. Our digital and social media presence, built with an employee first lens, highlights the experiences and impact of our people and strengthens our visibility as an employer of choice.

In 2025, our talent acquisition efforts reached 1.5 million unique prospects; investments like this help us maintain a targeted pipeline of skills-based talent. Fifteen percent of career site visitors who engaged with our blog content applied for a role, and one in five hires came through engagement features built into our career site technology. Our programmatic hiring strategy, supported by technology driven efficiencies, continues to shorten time-to-find for new hires.

Once a new hire joins us, we engage with the employee to enable them for long-term success with a robust onboarding program, including sessions focused on our purpose and values, well-being and benefits offerings, and growth opportunities. Regardless of their role, team, or location, all employees have opportunities to make connections and build community, including informal networking, and formal mentoring and peer connection programs.

When our employees grow, our solutions thrive. We have tailored learning and development offerings for every stage of career, and every type of learner, ranging from experiential learning to informal learning and formal courses. In 2025, we delivered digital and instructor-led programs to build skills in various areas, including leadership, people management, project management, consulting, business development, finance, technology, collaboration, and innovation skills. To increase enterprise-wide access to industry-leading content, we also partnered with best-in-class providers like LinkedIn Learning, Pluralsight, Workday Learning, and Microsoft to provide our employees with self-paced digital learning programs. Alongside bringing our AI expertise and services to clients and partners, we invest in AI training programs that empower employees to take innovative approaches to client work and day-to-day operations. Integrating responsible AI practices, policies, and tools has delivered productivity gains, greater insights, and stronger collaboration by improving efficiency, creating a more agile work environment, and freeing up time for higher-value activities and strategic initiatives.

For managers and leaders, we offer programs that support their development and ensure they have the tools and resources they need to be effective, whether they are at an emerging, experienced, or senior level leaders. In 2025, we introduced a new enterprise-wide approach to continue building our pipeline of tomorrow’s leaders. This program provides a robust, shared framework for developing leaders in their current roles and preparing highly effective leaders for future roles, in line with our business objectives.

All employees participate in our Impact Conversations program which includes an annual performance appraisal with their manager, alongside regular feedback and coaching, and career growth planning. In addition, our anytime feedback process and recognition program empower employees to give and receive feedback from their peers, managers, and leaders at any point during the year.

Year on year, we experience voluntary employee turnover that is consistently below industry benchmarks. In 2025, our overall company turnover was 12.9% and when excluding our on-call team members, it was 9.4%.

Our approach has earned independent recognition. Over the past year, ICF was named to the Fortune list of America’s Most Innovative Companies; recognized by Forbes as one of America’s Best Employers for Company Culture; and included among the Best Companies to Work For by U.S. News & World Report. We were also recognized as a Best Place to Work by PRWeek and as an employer of choice across multiple categories by Newsweek.

Employee Well Being

Our well-being and total rewards team benchmarks externally and evaluates evolving workforce needs, incorporating insights from voluntary employee surveys. This process helps ensure that our offerings align with what employees value most. When surveyed, employees reported that the top three reasons they continue to work at ICF are the ability to work remotely, flexible work schedules, and strong relationships with co‑workers and managers.

We also conducted a survey to develop our 2026 benefits strategy. Based on this input, we expanded mental health resources, introduced a new medical coverage carrier to improve access and manage costs, enhanced reproductive and family health support, and hosted more than 30 educational webinars.

Of those surveyed, 95% reported that ICF’s mental health offerings improved their well-being. Our commitment to supporting employees holistically, regardless of location, reinforces our focus on fostering a resilient, engaged workforce that drives long-term success. Recognizing this approach, FlexJobs named ICF among its Top 100 Companies to Watch.

REGULATION

We provide our services to U.S. federal and state and local governments, as well as international government clients, and we are therefore subject to a variety of laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with the complex laws, rules, and regulations applicable to us could cause us to lose business and subject us to a variety of penalties and sanctions. Additionally, we are subject to various routine and non-routine governmental and other reviews, audits, and investigations, the results of which could affect our operating results and also subject us to penalties and sanctions. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Compliance Risks” for a more detailed description of the regulatory and compliance risks we face.

The following discussion sets forth the material risk factors facing the Company that make an investment in us speculative or risky. This information should be read in conjunction with the description of our business, Management’s Discussion and Analysis, and the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Because of the following factors affecting our business, operations, financial position or future financial performance, reputation, and/or value of our stock, past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

GOVERNMENT BUDGETING AND SPENDING PRIORITIES RISKS

The failure of Congress to approve appropriations bills in a timely manner for the federal government agencies and departments we support, or the failure of the Administration and Congress to reach an agreement on fiscal issues, could delay and reduce spending, cause us to lose revenue and profit, and affect our cash flow.

On an annual basis, Congress is required to approve appropriations bills that govern spending by each of the federal government agencies and departments we support. When Congress is, or Congress and the Administration are, unable to agree on budget priorities or specifics, and thus unable to pass annual appropriations bills on a timely basis, Congress typically enacts a continuing resolution. Continuing resolutions generally allow federal government agencies and departments to operate at spending levels based on the previous fiscal year. When agencies and departments operate on the basis of a continuing resolution, funding we expect to receive from clients for work we are already performing and for new initiatives may be delayed or canceled. Congress and the Administration have from time to time failed to agree on a continuing resolution, resulting in temporary shutdowns of non-essential federal government functions and our work on such functions. Failures by Congress and the Administration to enact appropriations bills in a timely manner can force federal government agencies and departments to shut down or to cancel, change, or delay the implementation of existing or new initiatives, which may result in the loss of revenue and profit, or the deferral of revenue and profit to later periods. There is also the possibility that Congress will fail to raise the U.S. debt ceiling when necessary which, in addition to resulting in federal government shutdowns, could significantly impact the U.S. and global economy, affecting the discretionary spending decisions of our non-governmental clients and affecting the capital markets and our access to sources of liquidity on terms that are acceptable to us. We have experienced delayed funding or shutdown of many parts of the federal government, including agencies, departments, programs, and projects we support, and such events in the future could have a substantial negative effect on our revenue, profit, and cash flows.

Budget compromises that may be needed for future fiscal years may continue to be extraordinarily difficult given the complicated political environment, a closely divided Congress, an increasing federal deficit, and debt load.

The budgets of many of our state and local government clients are also subject to similar divisions, risks, and uncertainties as are inherent in the federal budget process.

Government spending priorities may change in a manner adverse to our business.

We derived approximately 43%, 54%, and 55% of our revenue in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, from contracts with federal government clients, and approximately 24%, 21%, and 21% of our revenue from contracts with state and local governments and international governments in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Expenditures by our federal government clients may be restricted or reduced by Administration or Congressional actions, by action of the Office of Management and Budget, or by action of individual agencies or departments. This may include impact to our revenue, profit, and cash flows as a result of changes by or changes in the priorities of the Administration. In addition, many state and local governments are not permitted to operate with budget deficits, and nearly all state and local governments face considerable challenges in balancing their budgets. Pursuant to the executive orders issued by the Administration and actions by the Department of Government Efficiency (“DOGE”), we received contract terminations and temporary stop-work orders primarily in the first and second quarters of 2025. We expect that, due to changing government budgeting and spending priorities, including necessary balancing of defense spending with civilian agency spending, and related disputes among Congress and the Administration, some of our government clients in the future may elect to terminate or issue stop-work orders with respect to our contracts or programs for which we perform services, delay payments due to us, eventually fail to pay what they owe us, and/or delay certain programs and projects. For some government clients, we may face a difficult choice: turn down (or stop) work due to budget uncertainty with the risk of damaging a valuable client relationship or perform work with the risk of not being paid in a timely fashion or perhaps at all. Federal, state and local government, and/or international government elections could also affect spending priorities and budgets at all levels of government. In addition, increased government deficits and debt, both domestic and international, may lead to reduced spending by agencies and departments on projects or programs we support.

Risks Related to THE Changing Business ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH WE OPERATE

As we develop new services, clients, and practices, enter new lines of business, and focus more of our business on providing a full range of client solutions, the additional demands that such growth places on our management and staff, information and operational systems, and cash flow may adversely affect the quality of our work, our operating margins, and our operating results.

As part of our corporate strategy, we are attempting to leverage our advisory services to sell our full suite of services across the life cycle of a policy, program, project, or initiative and we are regularly searching for ways to provide new services to clients. In addition, we seek to extend our services to new clients, lines of business, and select geographic locations, including outside the U.S., and capitalize on new cross-border opportunities. As we focus more on our delivery of a full range of consulting services from advisory through implementation and attempt to develop new services, clients, practice areas, and lines of business, these efforts could be unsuccessful and adversely affect our results of operations.

Such growth efforts place substantial additional demands on our management and staff, as well as on our information, financial, cash flow, and administrative and operational systems. We may not be able to manage these demands successfully. Growth may require increased recruiting efforts, business development, selling, marketing and other actions that are expensive and increase risk. We may need to invest more in our people and systems, controls, compliance efforts, policies, and procedures than we anticipate. Further, we may need to enhance or modify our systems or processes, or transition to more efficient or effective ones, and these changes and how we handle them may impact the business. Therefore, even if we do grow, the demands on our people and systems, controls, compliance efforts, policies, and procedures may adversely affect the quality of our work, our operating margins, and our operating results, at least in the short-term, and perhaps in the long-term.

Efforts involving a different focus, new services, new clients, new practice areas, new lines of business, and increasing internationalization include risks associated with our inexperience and competition from mature participants in those areas. Our expansion of services may result in decisions that could harm our profit and operating results. In particular, implementation and improvement services often relate to the development, implementation, and improvement of critical infrastructure or operating systems that our clients may view as “mission critical”. If we fail to satisfy the needs of our clients in providing these services, we could incur reputational damage, and clients could claim significant costs and losses for which they could seek compensation from us.

In addition, as we deploy AI-enabled solutions (including our proprietary ICF Fathom AI platform) and other technology-based offerings, we may face heightened risks related to performance errors, data rights, evolving regulatory requirements, and increased client scrutiny, any of which could increase costs, delay delivery, result in disputes or liability, and harm our reputation.

RISKS RELATED TO THE GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS BUSINESS

Maintaining our client relationships and professional reputation is critical to our ability to successfully win new contracts and renew expired contracts, and failure to do so may inhibit our ability to secure future contracts, leading to decreased revenue and other adverse effects.

Our client relationships and professional reputation are key factors in maintaining and growing our business, revenue, and profit levels under contracts with our clients. We continually bid for and execute new contracts, and our existing contracts regularly become subject to re-competition and expiration. If we are not able to replace the revenue from these contracts, either through follow-on contracts or new contracts for those requirements or for other requirements, our revenue and operating results may be adversely affected. On the expiration of a contract, we typically seek a new contract or subcontractor role relating to that client to replace the revenue generated by the expired contract. We face several risks related to these expiring contracts. The expiring contracts we service may not continue after their expiration, the client may not re-procure those requirements, re-procurement may be restricted in a way that would eliminate us from the competition (e.g., set asides for small businesses), or we may not be successful in any such re-procurements or in obtaining subcontractor roles. Any factor that diminishes client relationships and/or professional reputation with federal, state and local, and international government clients, as well as commercial clients, could make it substantially more difficult for us to compete successfully for new engagements and qualified employees. To the extent our client relationships and/or professional reputation deteriorate, our revenue and operating results could be adversely affected.

The diversity of the services we provide, and the clients we serve, may create actual, potential, and perceived conflicts of interest and business conflicts that limit our growth and could lead to potential liabilities for us.

Because we provide services to a wide array of both government and commercial clients, occasions arise where, due to actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest or business conflicts, we cannot perform work for which we are qualified. A number of our contracts contain limitations on the work we can perform for others, for example, when we are assisting a government agency or department in developing regulations or enforcement strategies. Actual, potential, and perceived conflicts limit the work we can do and, consequently, can limit our opportunity for growth and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if we fail to address actual or potential conflicts properly, or even if we simply fail to recognize a perceived conflict, we may be in violation of our existing contracts, may otherwise incur liability, may lose future business for not preventing the conflict from arising, and our reputation may suffer. Particularly as we continue to grow our commercial business, we anticipate that conflicts of interest and business conflicts will pose a greater risk.

We derive significant revenue and profit from contracts awarded through a competitive bidding process, which can impose substantial costs on us, and we will lose revenue and profit if we fail to compete effectively.

We derive significant revenue and profit from contracts that are awarded through competitive bidding processes. Competitive bidding imposes substantial costs and presents a number of risks, including the:

• Substantial cost and managerial time and effort that we spend to prepare bids and proposals;
• Need to estimate accurately the resources and costs that will be required to service any contracts we are awarded, sometimes in advance of the final determination of their full scope;
• Expense and delay that may arise if our competitors protest or challenge awards made to us pursuant to competitive bidding, as discussed elsewhere; and
• Opportunity cost of not bidding on and winning other contracts we may have otherwise pursued.

To the extent we engage in competitive bidding and are unable to win particular contracts, we not only incur substantial costs in the bidding process that negatively affect our operating results, but we may lose the opportunity to operate in the market for the services provided under those contracts for a number of years. Even if we win a particular contract through competitive bidding, our profit margins may be depressed, or we may even suffer losses as a result of the costs incurred through the bidding process and the need to lower our prices to overcome competition.

Our reliance on GSA Schedule and other IDIQ contracts creates the risk of volatility in our revenue and profit levels.

We believe that one of the elements of our success is our position as a prime contractor under GSA Schedule contracts and other IDIQ contracts, and we believe this position is important to our ability to sell our services to federal government clients. However, these contract vehicles require us to compete for each delivery order and task order, rather than having a more predictable stream of activity during the term of a multi-year contract. In addition, we may spend considerable cost and managerial time and effort preparing bids and proposals for contracts, delivery orders or task orders that we may not win. We may be unable to continue to obtain revenue from such contracts at current levels, or in any amount, in the future. To the extent that federal government agencies and departments choose to employ GSA Schedule contracts and other IDIQ contracts encompassing activities for which we are not able to compete or provide services, we could lose business, which would negatively affect our revenue and profitability. There may also be changes in the manner in which the GSA approaches procurement under the various GSA Schedule contract vehicles and other IDIQ contracts that may impact our ability to pursue and obtain awards of new or recompete opportunities. Further, efforts to streamline procurement or reduce spending may cause agencies to delay, reduce, or cancel planned task orders (or shift work to other contract vehicles), increase the use of more price-competitive procurement approaches at the task-order level, or increase compliance and reporting requirements, which could reduce our revenue, compress margins, and increase our costs.

We may not receive revenue corresponding to the full amount of our backlog, or may receive it later than we expect, which could adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

The calculation of backlog is conditioned on numerous uncertainties and estimates, and we may, in fact, fail to receive the amounts we have included in our backlog. Our assessment of a contract’s potential value is based on factors such as the amount of revenue we have recently recognized on that contract under the assumption that future utilization will be similar, historical trends and our experience in utilizing contract capacity on similar types of contracts, and our professional judgment. In the case of contracts that may be renewed at the option of the client, we generally calculate backlog by assuming that the client will exercise all of its renewal options; however, the client may elect not to do so. In addition, federal government contracts rely on Congressional appropriation of funding, which is typically provided on an incremental basis at any point during the term of federal government contracts, and all or some of the work to be performed under a contract may require future appropriations by Congress and the subsequent allocation of funding by the procuring agency or department to the contract.

Protests of contracts continue to be common in our industry. We do not include contract awards that are subject to a pending protest in our calculation of backlog. If a contract previously included in backlog becomes the subject of a protest, we would adjust backlog to remove that amount and reassess following resolution of the protest.

Our estimate of the portion of backlog that we expect to recognize as revenue in any future period may differ from actual results because the receipt and timing of this revenue often depends on subsequent appropriation and allocation of funding and is subject to various contingencies, such as timing of task orders and delivery orders, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, we may never receive revenue from some of the engagements that are included in our backlog, and this risk is greater with respect to unfunded backlog. We adjust our backlog to reflect modifications to or renewals of existing contracts, awards of new contracts, or approvals of expenditures; however, if we subsequently fail to realize revenue corresponding to our backlog, our revenue and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our contracts may contain provisions that are unfavorable to us and permit our clients to, among other things, terminate our contracts partially or completely at any time prior to completion.

Certain contracts contain provisions that allow our clients to terminate or modify these contracts at their convenience on short notice. When a client terminates one of our contracts for convenience, we will only bill the client for work completed prior to the termination, plus any commitments and settlement expenses that we may claim and the client agrees to pay, but not for any work not yet performed. In addition, many of our government contracts and task and delivery orders are incrementally funded as appropriated funds become available. The reduction or elimination of such funding can result in contract options not being exercised and further work on existing contracts and orders being curtailed. In any such event, we would have no right to seek lost fees or other damages. Certain contracts with international government clients may have more severe and/or different contract clauses than what we are accustomed to with federal and state and local government clients, such as penalties for any delay in performance. We have experienced clients terminating contracts on short notices, declining to exercise options under, and/or curtailing further performance under one or more of our major contracts, and additional actions could adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

Our relationships with other contractors are important to our business and, if disrupted, could cause us reputational damage or result in contract termination or other adverse effects on our business.

We derive a portion of our revenue from contracts under which we act as a subcontractor or from “teaming” arrangements in which we and other contractors jointly bid on particular contracts, projects, or programs. As a subcontractor or team member, we often lack control over fulfillment of a contract. Poor performance on the contract, whether resulting from our performance or the performance of another contractor, could tarnish our reputation, result in a reduction of the amount of our work under, or termination of, that contract or other contracts, and cause us to not obtain future work, even when we perform as required. Moreover, our revenue, profit, and operating results could be adversely affected if any prime contractor or teammate does not pay our invoices in a timely fashion, chooses to offer products or services of the type that we provide, teams with other companies to provide such products or services, or otherwise reduces its reliance upon us for such products or services.

PROFITABILITY RISKS

Our inability to accurately estimate or control our costs on our fixed price contracts may result in a decrease of our operating margins, and in some cases result in contract losses.

As described elsewhere in this Form 10-K, we have three principal types of contracts with our clients: fixed-price, time-and-materials, and cost-based. We derived 50%, 46%, and 45% of our total revenue from fixed-price contracts in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The percentage of work we perform on a fixed-price basis may increase in the future based on changes to the procurement approach of our clients. Under fixed-price contracts, we receive a fixed price irrespective of the actual costs we incur and, consequently, we realize a profit on fixed-price contracts only if we can control our costs and prevent cost overruns while meeting our contractual obligations.

Revenue recognition on fixed-price contracts requires us to make cost and scheduling estimates based on a number of assumptions, including assumptions about availability of labor, equipment, materials, change in contractual scope, and future economic conditions, among others. Estimates are inherently subjective and often change, and we may experience contract cost overruns as a result of ambiguities in contract specifications, our inability to meet service-level agreements, inflationary pressures, high demand for skilled labor, unanticipated technical problems, difficulties in obtaining permits or approvals, changes in local laws or labor conditions, weather delays, inability of our vendors or subcontractors to perform, or for other reasons. Contract cost overruns that are not reimbursed by our customers would result in a loss for that project and, if the project is significant or if multiple projects are impacted, such aggregate overruns may have a material adverse impact on our business and earnings.

Certain lines of business of our commercial work depend on certain sectors of the global economy that are highly cyclical, which can lead to substantial variations in our revenue and profit from period to period.

Our commercial clients, which include clients outside the U.S., generated approximately 33%, 25%, and 24% of our revenue in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. This reliance on commercial clients presents certain risks and challenges. For example, our commercial work is heavily concentrated in industries which can be cyclical, such as air transportation and environmental services. Demand for our services from our commercial clients has historically declined when their industries have experienced downturns, and we expect a decline in demand for our services when these industries or their customer bases experience downturns in the future.

Our efforts to become involved in engagements that are greater in terms of size, scope, and performance demands may result in increased performance and credit risk.

As we expand our national and global footprint, we may become involved in a greater number of engagements that will be larger in size, scope and complexity. The increase in the size, scope, and complexity of these engagements subjects us to the potential for a larger impact of performance risk associated with larger and more challenging engagements and the credit risk associated with certain larger customers, particularly among our commercial non-U.S. government and non-federal U.S. government clients. Our customers may face unexpected circumstances that adversely impact their ability to pay their trade payables to us and we may face unexpected borrowing needs or losses as a result. Such circumstances could lead to our commercial customers filing for bankruptcy. This can ultimately lead to variations in our profit from period to period.

Our business could be adversely affected by delays caused by our competitors protesting contract awards received by us, which could stop our work. Likewise, we may protest the contracts awarded to some of our competitors, a process that takes the time and energy of our management and may result in additional legal and consultant costs.

Due in part to the competitive bidding process under which government contracts are awarded, we are at risk of incurring expenses and delays if one or more of our competitors protest contracts awarded to us. Contract protests remain common in our industry and may result in a requirement to resubmit offers for the protested contract or in the termination, reduction, or modification of the awarded contract. It can take many months to resolve contract protests and, in the interim, the contracting government agency or department may suspend our performance under the contract pending the outcome of the protest. Even if we prevail in defending the contract award, the resulting delay in the startup and funding of the work under these contracts may adversely affect our operating results.

Moreover, in order to protect our competitive position, we may protest the contract awards of our competitors. This process takes the time and energy of our executives and employees, is likely to divert management’s attention from other important matters, and could cause us to incur additional legal and consultant costs.

COMPLIANCE RISKS

We are subject to various routine and non-routine governmental and other reviews, audits, and investigations and unfavorable results could force us to adjust previously reported operating results, affect future operating results, and subject us to a variety of penalties and sanctions.

Government departments and agencies we work for, including non-U.S., U.S. federal, and many state and local government clients, review, audit, and investigate our contract performance, pricing practices, cost structure, financial capability, and compliance with applicable laws, rules, and regulations. We have experienced growth in services related to disaster recovery in recent years, and those activities, by their nature, may become politicized and involve interaction with multiple tiers of national, state, territorial, and local governments, subcontractors, and citizens that increase the risk of claims, audits, investigations, reviews, monitoring, and litigation. Any of these reviews, audits and investigations could raise issues that have significant adverse effects, including, but not limited to, delayed payments, substantial adjustments to our previously reported operating results and substantial effects on future operating results. If a government review, audit, or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, repayment of amounts already received under contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines, and suspension or debarment from doing business with government agencies and departments, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, our revenue, our operating results, and/or the value of our stock. In addition, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation and our stock price could decline if allegations of impropriety are made against us, whether true or not.

Federal government audits have been completed on our incurred contract costs only through 2022 and 2023 for our NIH-cognizant indirect rates and through 2015 for our USAID-cognizant indirect rates, but audits for costs incurred on work performed since then have not yet been completed.

PRIVACY, CYBERSECURITY, TECHNOLOGY, AND DATA PROTECTION RISKS

Our operations face continuous and evolving cybersecurity risks, including disruptions in critical systems, security breaches, and the unauthorized access to our and our clients’ systems, any of which may harm our reputation, impose unexpected remediation costs, and expose us to potential liability.

The continued occurrence of high-profile data breaches of other companies provides evidence of an external environment hostile to information security. In particular, cybersecurity attacks are increasing in number and sophistication for the Company.

We face a constant risk of cybersecurity threats, whether from (i) deliberate attacks or unintentional events, including computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, malicious code, cyber and phishing attacks, (ii) other electronic security breaches such as unauthorized access to our and our clients’ systems, and (iii) emerging technologies, including AI, which pose increasingly harder-to-detect threats. Any of these could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized releases of confidential or otherwise protected information, and/or corruption of data. The so-called “insider threat,” the introduction of unauthorized data and changes into systems by employees and contractors, is an increasingly present risk to be managed.

As a federal government contractor, we face a heightened risk of a security breach or disruption with respect to personally identifiable, controlled unclassified information, classified information, or otherwise protected data resulting from an attack by computer hackers, foreign governments, and/or cyber terrorists. Improper disclosure of this information could harm our reputation and affect our relationships with business partners, lead to legal exposure, or subject us to liability under laws, rules, and regulations that protect personal or other confidential data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenue.

We have been the target of cyberattacks in the past and expect to continue to be a target in the future. As these security threats continue to evolve, including through the development and use of AI and other advanced machine learning, we may be required to devote additional resources to protect against, prevent, detect, and respond to cybersecurity attacks, system disruptions, and security breaches. Moreover, we also rely in part on third-party software and IT vendors to run our information systems. Any failure of these third-party systems, which are outside of our control but still impact us, could have similar adverse effects.

Impermissible use, misuse, or an improper disclosure of personal data or confidential information and breaches of, or disruptions to, our IT systems or those of our third-party providers, could adversely affect our business and could result in liability and harm to our reputation.

We and our vendors process increasingly large amounts of sensitive personal data (collectively, “Personal Data”) concerning our existing and potential employees, clients, client customers, vendors, or other third parties (collectively, “Data Subjects”), as well as handle confidential information on our clients’ behalf. Therefore, we must ensure that we, as well as our vendors, can comply and demonstrate compliance with the various countries’ and U.S. states’ privacy and data protection laws, rules, and regulations (collectively, “Privacy and Data Protection Laws”) in any location where we or our vendors process Data Subjects’ Personal Data. Privacy and Data Protection Laws often vary significantly, and the changes to existing laws and adoption of new, more rigorous laws occurs on an increasing basis. For example, the European Union’s (“E.U.”) General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) requires us to meet stringent requirements regarding (i) our access, use, disclosure, transfer, protection, or other processing of Personal Data; and (ii) the ability of Data Subjects to exercise their related various rights such as to access, correct, or delete their Personal Data. The 2018 California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which went into effect January 2020, imposes similar requirements. Over the last several years, many states have enacted new privacy laws, including Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Minnesota, California, Colorado, and Virginia. More are likely to follow. Several privacy bills have also been introduced in Congress. Key markets in the Asia-Pacific region have also recently adopted GDPR-like legislation, including China’s new Personal Information Protection Law. Failure to meet Privacy and Data Protection Law requirements could result in significant civil penalties (including fines up to 4% of annual worldwide revenue under the GDPR) as well as criminal penalties. Privacy and Data Protection Law requirements also confer a private right of action in some countries, including under the GDPR. We may incur substantial costs associated with protecting Personal Data and maintaining compliance with the various Privacy and Data Protection Laws, including restrictions on international data transfers, particularly in light of the increasing scrutiny by supervisory authorities. These costs could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, any inability, real or perceived, to adequately address privacy and data protection concerns, or to comply with applicable Privacy and Data Protection Laws, policies, industry standards, or contractual obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, negatively impact our ability to win new contracts or process Personal Data in certain geolocations, and otherwise adversely affect our business.

Systems and/or service failures could interrupt our operations, leading to reduced revenue and profit.

Any interruption in our operations or any systems failures, including, but not limited to: (i) the inability of our staff to perform their work in a timely fashion, whether caused by limited access to and/or closure of our and/or our clients’ offices or otherwise; (ii) the failure of network, software, and/or hardware systems; and (iii) other interruptions and failures, whether caused by us, a third-party service provider, unauthorized intruders/ hackers, computer viruses, the use of emerging technologies such as AI, natural disasters or extreme weather events, power shortages, terrorist attacks, or otherwise, could cause loss of data and interruptions or delays in our business or that of our clients, or both. In addition, the failure or disruption of mail, communications and/or utilities could cause an interruption or suspension of our operations or otherwise harm our reputation or business. Our property and business interruption insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur as a result of any system or operational failure or disruption and, as a result, revenue, profits, and operating results could be adversely affected.

We depend on our intellectual property and our failure to protect it could harm our competitive position.

Our success depends in part upon our internally developed technology and models, proprietary processes, and other intellectual property that we incorporate in our products and utilize to provide our services. If we fail to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could market services or products similar to our services and products, which could reduce demand for our offerings. Government clients typically retain a perpetual, worldwide, royalty-free right to use the intellectual property we develop for them in a manner defined within government regulations, including providing it to other government agencies or departments, as well as to our competitors in connection with their performance of government contracts. When necessary, we seek authorization to use intellectual property developed for the government or to secure export authorization. Government clients may grant us the right to commercialize software developed with government funding, but they are not required to do so. If we improperly use intellectual property that was even partially funded by government clients, these clients could seek damages and royalties from us, sanction us, and prevent us from working on future government contracts. Actions could also be taken against us if we improperly use intellectual property belonging to others besides our government clients. In addition, there can be substantial costs associated with protecting our intellectual property, which can also have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO ACQUISITIONS

When we undertake acquisitions, they may present integration challenges, fail to perform as expected, increase our liabilities, and/or reduce our earnings.

One of our growth strategies is to make strategic acquisitions. When we complete acquisitions, it may be challenging and costly to integrate the acquired businesses due to operating and integrating new accounting systems, differences in the locations of personnel and facilities, differences in corporate cultures, disparate business models, or other reasons. If we are unable to successfully integrate acquired companies, our revenue and operating results could suffer. In addition, we may not successfully achieve the anticipated cost efficiencies and synergies from these acquisitions. Also, our costs for managerial, operational, financial, and administrative systems may increase and be higher than anticipated. During and following the integration of an acquired business, we may experience attrition, including losing key employees and/or clients of the acquired business, which could adversely affect our future revenue and operating results and prevent us from achieving the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.

The businesses we acquire may have liabilities or adverse operating issues, or both, that we either fail to discover through due diligence or underestimate prior to the consummation of the acquisition. These liabilities and/or issues may include the acquired business’ failure to comply with, or other violations of, applicable laws, rules, or regulations or contractual or other obligations or liabilities. As the successor owner, we may be financially responsible for and may suffer harm to our reputation or otherwise be adversely affected by such liabilities and/or issues. An acquired business also may have problems with internal controls over financial reporting, which could in turn cause us to have material deficiencies or material weaknesses in our own internal controls over financial reporting. These and any other costs, liabilities, issues, and/or disruptions associated with any past or future acquisitions, and the related integration, could harm our operating results.

As a result of our acquisitions, we have substantial amounts of goodwill and intangible assets, and changes in business conditions could cause these assets to become impaired, requiring write-downs that would adversely affect our operating results.

All of our acquisitions have involved purchase prices in excess of tangible asset values net of liabilities assumed, resulting in the creation of an increased amount of goodwill and other intangible assets. As of December 31, 2025, goodwill and purchased intangibles accounted for approximately 61% and 4%, respectively, of our total assets. Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, we do not amortize goodwill acquired in a purchase business combination. We evaluate the recoverability of recorded goodwill annually, as well as when events or circumstances indicate there may be an impairment or if we have a material change in reporting units. We have to date determined that goodwill has not been impaired; however, future events or changes in circumstances that result in an impairment of goodwill or intangible assets would have a negative impact on our profitability and operating results.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR CORPORATE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE

Provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may prevent or deter potential acquisition bids to acquire us and other actions that stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our common stock may be lower as a result.

Our charter documents contain the following provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect:

• Our board of directors (the “Board”) is divided into three classes, making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of the Board;
• Directors may be removed only for cause;
• Our stockholders are not permitted to call a special meeting of the stockholders;
• All stockholder actions are required to be taken by a vote of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting or by a written consent signed by all of our stockholders;
• Our stockholders are required to comply with advance notice procedures to nominate candidates for election to our Board or to place stockholders’ proposals on the agenda for consideration at stockholder meetings; and
• The approval of the holders of capital stock representing at least two-thirds of our voting power is required to amend our indemnification obligations, director classifications, stockholder proposal requirements, and director candidate nomination requirements set forth in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws.

In addition, we are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which regulates corporate acquisitions. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition proposals; delay or prevent a change-in-control transaction; discourage others from making tender offers for our common stock; and/or prevent changes in our management.

Our outstanding and future indebtedness could reduce our profitability, limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities, and reduce the value of our stock.

At our discretion, we borrow funds from our credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) under a credit agreement with a group of lenders. As of December 31, 2025, we had an aggregate of $401.4 million of outstanding indebtedness (net of unamortized debt issuance costs) that will mature on May 6, 2027. Subject to the limits contained in the agreements governing our Credit Facility, we may incur additional debt in the future to fund our ongoing operations as well as acquisitions. Our ability to pay interest and repay the principal for our indebtedness from time to time, as well as meet our financial and operating covenant requirements, is dependent upon our ability to, among other things, manage our business operations, and generate sufficient cash flows to service such debt. If we are unable to comply with the terms of our financing agreements or obtain additional required financing, this could ultimately result in a material adverse effect on our financial results and the value of our stock. Among other things, our debt could:

• Make it difficult to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or other general corporate purposes;
• Result in a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations being dedicated to the payment of the principal and interest on our debt, as well as used to make debt service payments;
• Limit our flexibility in planning for, and reacting to, changes in our business and the marketplace;
• Place us at a competitive disadvantage relative to other less leveraged firms; and
• Increase our vulnerability to economic downturns and rises in interest rates.

Should any of these or other unforeseen consequences arise, they could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, future business opportunities and/or ability to satisfy our obligations under our debt.

We may not pay special or regular dividends on our stock in the future.

The Board has authorized, declared and paid regular dividends each quarter since 2018. The declaration of any future dividends and the establishment of the per share amount, record dates and payment dates for any such future dividends are subject to the discretion of the Board taking into account future earnings, cash flows, net income, dividend yield and other factors. Authorization of dividends by the Board is subject to adherence/compliance with our Credit Facility. The Board may, upon taking into consideration any of the foregoing or other relevant factors, decide to reduce the amount of, or not declare, dividends in the future. To the extent that expectations by market participants regarding the potential payment, or amount, of any special or regular dividend prove to be incorrect, the price of our common stock may be materially and negatively affected and investors that bought shares of our common stock based on those expectations may suffer a loss on their investment.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

Failure to identify, hire, train, and retain talented employees who are committed to our mission and vision could have a negative effect on our reputation and our business.

Our business, which entails the provision of professional services to government and commercial clients, largely depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified employees who are often in demand. Additionally, as our business continues to evolve, as we acquire new businesses, and as we provide a wider range of services, we become increasingly dependent on the capabilities of our employees in order to meet the needs of our diverse client base. If we are unable to recruit and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees that are committed to our mission and vision, we may incur higher costs related to an increase in subcontractors, hiring, training, and retention.

We also rely on key senior members of management. As a result, effective succession planning is important to our long-term success. Failure to ensure effective transfer of knowledge and smooth transitions involving these key employees could hinder our strategic planning and execution as well as impair our ability to effectively serve our clients and maintain and grow our business. Such developments could adversely affect our future revenue and operating results.

Changes to U.S. tax laws may adversely affect our financial condition or results of operation and create the risk that we may need to adjust our accounting for these changes.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, and any changes to income tax laws and rules and regulations could adversely affect our business and our results of operations.

Our failure to comply with complex laws, rules, and regulations could cause us to lose business and subject us to a variety of penalties and sanctions.

We must comply with laws, rules, and regulations that affect how we do business with our government clients and impose added costs on our business. Each government client has its own laws, rules, and regulations that affect its contracts. Some of the more significant laws and regulations affecting the formation, administration, and performance of U.S. government contracts include:

• U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulation, as well as Cost Accounting Standards, and agency and department regulations analogous or supplemental to federal regulation;
• U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;
• U.S. Truthful Cost or Pricing Data Act (formerly known as the Truth in Negotiations Act);
• U.S. Procurement Integrity Act;
• U.S. Civil False Claims Act and the False Statements Act; and
• U.S. laws, rules, and regulations restricting (i) the use and dissemination of information classified for national security purposes, (ii) the exportation of specified products, technologies, and technical data, and (iii) the use and dissemination of sensitive but unclassified data.

Any failure to comply with applicable federal, and/or state and local government laws, rules, and regulations could subject us to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, repayment of amounts already received under contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines, and suspension or debarment from doing business with federal and/or state and local government agencies and departments, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, our revenue, our operating results, and/or the value of our stock.

In addition, the federal government and other governments with which we do business may change their procurement practices or requirements, or adopt new contracting laws, rules, or regulations that could (i) be costly to satisfy, (ii) impair our ability to obtain new contracts and reduce our revenue and profit (such as by curtailing the use of services firms or increasing the use of firms with a “preferred status,” such as small businesses), or (iii) impose restrictions or prohibitions on us which may impact our business or our ability to return capital to our shareholders (such as through dividends, share repurchases, or other similar actions).

In addition to our U.S. operations, we also have a significant presence in key markets outside the U.S., including offices in the U.K., Belgium, Spain, India, and Canada. Failure to abide by laws, rules, and regulations applicable to us because of our work outside the U.S., such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and the GDPR, could have similar effects to those described above.

Our international operations pose additional risks to our profitability and operating results, including political instability across many of the jurisdictions in which we operate, restrictions on the repatriation of funds, expropriation or nationalization of our assets, and currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We have offices in the U.K., Belgium, Spain, India, and Canada, among others, and expect to continue to have international operations and offices, some of which are in economically developing countries that do not have a well-established business infrastructure. We also perform work in some countries where we do not have a physical office. Some of the countries in which we work have a history of political instability or may expose our employees and subcontractors to physical danger. Expansion into selective new geographic regions requires considerable management and financial resources, the expenditure of which may negatively impact our results, and we may never see any return on our investment.

Our international operations are subject to risks associated with operating in, and selling to and in, countries other than the U.S., that could, directly or indirectly, adversely affect our international and domestic operations and our overall revenue, profit, and operating results including, but not limited to:

• Compliance with the laws, rules, regulations, policies, legal standards, and enforcement mechanisms of the U.S. and the other countries in which we operate, including bribery and anti-corruption laws, economic sanctions, trade restrictions, local tax and income laws, and local labor and employment laws, which are sometimes inconsistent;
• Restrictions on the ability to repatriate profits to the U.S. or otherwise move funds;
• Potential personal injury to personnel who may be exposed to military conflicts and other hostile situations in foreign countries;
• Expropriation and nationalization of our assets or those of our subcontractors, and other inabilities to protect our property rights; and/or
• Difficulties in managing and staffing such operations, including obtaining work permits or visas, identifying qualified local employees, operating according to different local labor laws and regulations, dealing with different local business cultures and practices, and collecting contract receivables.

In addition, because of our work with international clients, certain of our revenues and costs are denominated in other currencies, then translated to U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Our revenues and profits may decrease as a result of currency fluctuations and devaluations and limitations on the conversion of foreign currencies into U.S. dollars and in the conversion between foreign currencies. We may, from time to time, have forward contract agreements (the “hedges”) related to our operations in the U.K. to hedge the remeasurement between the Euro and the pound sterling. We recognize the changes in the fair value of the economic hedges in our results of operations. These hedges may not be successful in reducing our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and, in fact, the hedges may adversely affect our operating results.

Our business operations are also subject to risks related to international trade. International trade disputes and general tensions arising from recent changes in international trade policies, including the United States’ actual and threatened imposition of new and increased tariffs against the U.K, the E.U., Canada, and other countries and such countries’ responses, have contributed to general economic uncertainty and disruptions to the U.S. and global economies. Tariffs and other trade restrictions could cause our clients to pause spending on discretionary projects, impact global supply chains, exacerbate inflationary pressures, or negatively affect credit markets. As a result, we may experience increased costs that we may be unable to pass onto our clients, a reduction in the demand for our services, and harm to our pricing leverage and ability to renegotiate long-term contracts, all or any of which may damage our reputation, reduce our profits, or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition.

Presently, there is active armed conflict across the territory of Ukraine as a result of a Russian invasion. The war has impacted member states of the E.U. in a variety of ways, including through their provision of weapons, humanitarian supplies, and substantial financial support to Ukraine, and their absorption of millions of Ukrainian refugees. While no E.U. member states have become active participants in the conflict, a number of them have greatly increased their defense preparations and investments, reflecting a wholesale shift in the security environment on the continent. It is not currently foreseen that an immediate diplomatic resolution to the conflict is likely. In such an environment, it is possible that E.U. spending priorities may shift suddenly, that our current programs could be disrupted, and that our future opportunities could be diminished.

Health epidemics, pandemics, and similar outbreaks may have material adverse effects on our business, financial position, results of operations, and/or cash flows.

We face various risks and uncertainties related to health epidemics, pandemics, and similar outbreaks. These risks relate to, among other things, the demand for our services, the availability of our staffing and business partners, a possible slowdown of client decision-making as to our services, a significant deterioration of global supply chains and other business conditions, and a possible reprioritization of spending by our clients.

As discussed in the “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Privacy, Cybersecurity, Technology, and Data Protection Risks,” we face certain ongoing risks from cybersecurity threats and recognize the critical importance of effective cybersecurity risk management in today’s interconnected digital landscape. As part of our commitment to safeguarding our operations, sensitive data, and stakeholder trust, we have implemented robust cybersecurity practices and governance.

Cybersecurity Risk Management Program

We regularly assess and identify potential cybersecurity risks that could impact our business, financial condition, or reputation. Our risk assessment process includes:

• Enterprise Risk Management: We maintain an enterprise risk management process that embeds cybersecurity within the risk assessment strategy.
• Threat Landscape Analysis: We monitor emerging threats, vulnerabilities, and attack vectors relevant to our industry and business operations.
• Risk Scenarios: We evaluate potential scenarios, with considerations to both internal and external threats, to understand their potential impact.
• Risk Quantification: We assess the likelihood and potential financial, operational, and reputational impact of identified risks.

Our risk mitigation strategy focuses on measures to prevent, detect, and respond to cybersecurity incidents. The primary components of our risk mitigation strategy include:

• Security Controls: We maintain a comprehensive set of controls aligned with industry standards such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) and the International Organization of Standards (“ISO”) 27001 to protect our systems, networks, and data.
• Incident Response Plan: We have a well-defined incident response plan that outlines roles, responsibilities, and procedures for handling cybersecurity incidents.
• Employee Training and Awareness: We have training programs to ensure that our employees understand their role in maintaining a secure environment and recognize potential threats.
• Third-Party Risk Assessment and Management: We assess and manage cybersecurity risks associated with our vendors, partners, and service providers.

Our approach to information security follows a defense-in-depth methodology in which security is embedded throughout the system architecture. Technical controls rely on proven technologies, such as network-based intrusion detection systems, next generation firewalls with advanced threat detection, secure server networks, demilitarized zones, and endpoint detection and response capabilities. Security techniques, such as encryption at rest and encryption in transit, are used to incorporate relevant practices. We undergo annual third-party security assessments such as security control compliance reviews, incident response exercises, penetration testing, and red team drills to maintain the effectiveness of the security program.

Our critical corporate information systems are maintained in a commercial grade data center with climate controls, fire suppression, redundant power, and several telecommunication options. The data center is designed to host mission-critical computer systems with fully redundant subsystems and compartmentalized security zones. Our primary data center also undergoes independent assessment on an annual basis. Our computing infrastructures are protected by multiple independent layers of security measures managed by the corporate information security department. Our approach to accessing protected networks is based on the principle of least privilege.

Notwithstanding the vigorous approach we take to cybersecurity, we may not always be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. To date, we have not identified cybersecurity risks, threats, or incidents that have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Cybersecurity Governance and Oversight

Our Board, directly or through its committees, is responsible for the oversight of the Company’s overall enterprise risk management program, which includes cybersecurity risks. Our Audit Committee regularly reviews and evaluates cybersecurity risks and the procedures and policies implemented by management to identify, manage, and mitigate such risks.

Management is responsible for day-to-day assessment and management of cybersecurity risks. Our Chief Information Officer (the “CIO”) and the Chief Information Security Officer (the “CISO”) have primary oversight of material risks from cybersecurity threats. The CIO has over 30 years of professional experience across various engineering, business, and management roles and experience leading implementation of various IT infrastructure and systems. Our CISO has over 20 years of specific cybersecurity experience and is responsible for maintaining compliance with applicable security requirements. They have a combined tenure of several decades with the Company in various progressive management roles in information systems and technology and information security. They conduct regular meetings with the Audit Committee and the Board to communicate updates on cybersecurity risks, incidents, and mitigation efforts. The CISO and our security staff provide ongoing support to internal operations and oversight to our systems that offer services to our clients within our enterprise network. Our security staff is also augmented through an industry-recognized security operations center where systems are continuously monitored.

We lease our offices and do not own any real estate. As of December 31, 2025, we leased approximately 208,274 square feet of office space at our corporate headquarters at 1902 Reston Metro Plaza, Reston, Virginia (in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area) through May 2039 (the “Reston Office”). The Reston Office houses a portion of our operations and almost all of our corporate functions, including most of our staff within executive management, treasury, accounting, legal, human resources, business and corporate development, facilities management, information services, and contracts.

As of December 31, 2025, we had leases in place for approximately 814,808 square feet of office space in more than 60 office locations throughout the U.S. and around the world, with various lease terms expiring over the next thirteen years. We continually review our need for office space, and we believe that our current office space, as well as other future office space we expect to be able to obtain in the lease marketplace, will be sufficient to meet our office space needs.

We are involved in various legal matters and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. While these matters and proceedings cause us to incur costs, including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees, we currently believe that any ultimate liability arising out of these matters and proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8.“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions. The cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read as applying to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to our actual results differing materially from those anticipated include those discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. Discussions of 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025, and is incorporated by reference into this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

OVERVIEW AND OUTLOOK

We provide professional services and technology-based solutions, including management, technology, and policy consulting and implementation services. We help our clients conceive, develop, implement, and improve solutions that address complex business, natural resource, social, technological, and public safety issues. Our services primarily support clients that operate in the following key markets:

• Energy, Environment, Infrastructure, and Disaster Recovery;
• Health and Social Programs; and
• Security and Other Civilian & Commercial.

We provide services to our diverse client base that deliver value throughout the entire life cycle of a policy, program, project, or initiative. Our primary services include:

• Advisory Services;
• Program Implementation Services;
• Analytics Services;
• Digital Services; and
• Engagement Services.

Our clients rely on us because we combine broad institutional knowledge with the deep subject‑matter expertise of our highly trained staff, working together in multidisciplinary teams. Many of our client relationships span decades, giving us a nuanced understanding of their objectives and needs.

We serve both government and commercial clients. Our government work includes projects for federal, state, local, and international agencies, as well as subcontracted engagements performed for commercial clients whose end customers are government entities.

Our largest clients are U.S. federal government departments and agencies. Our federal government clients include every cabinet-level department, most significantly HHS, DoD, DoE, and DoT. Federal government clients generated approximately 43%, 54%, and 55% of our revenue in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The decrease in U.S. federal government revenue was primarily as a result of terminated contracts in 2025 due to the Administration’s changing priorities and the actions recommended by DOGE, as well as the disruption in the typical U.S. federal government procurement cycle. State and local government clients generated approximately 17%, 16%, and 16% of our revenue in each of 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. International government clients generated approximately 7%, 5%, and 5% of our revenue in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

We also serve a variety of commercial clients worldwide, including: airlines, airports, electric and gas utilities, health care companies, banks and other financial services companies, transportation, non-profits/associations, manufacturing firms, retail chains, and distribution companies. Our commercial clients, which include clients outside the U.S., generated approximately 33%, 25%, and 24% of our revenue in 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The increase in commercial revenue was primarily due to higher commercial energy business in 2025.

We report operating results and financial data as a single segment based on the consolidated information used by our chief operating decision-maker in evaluating the financial performance of our business and allocating resources. Our single segment represents our core business: professional services to our broad array of clients. Although we describe our multiple service offerings to clients that operate in three markets to provide a better understanding of the scope and scale of our business, we do not manage our business or allocate our resources based on those service offerings or client markets. Rather, on a project-by-project basis, we assemble the best team from throughout the enterprise to deliver highly customized solutions that are tailored to meet the needs of each client.

We believe that, in the long-term, demand for our services will continue to grow as government, industry, and other stakeholders seek to address critical long-term societal and natural resource issues due to heightened concerns about the environment and use of clean energy and energy efficiency; health promotion, treatment, and cost control; the means by which healthcare can be delivered effectively on a cross-jurisdiction basis; natural disaster relief and rebuild efforts; and ongoing homeland security threats. In the wake of the major hurricanes that devastated communities in Texas, Florida, North Carolina, Louisiana, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico, and the impact of wildfires in Hawaii, Oregon, and southern California, the affected areas remain in various stages of evacuation, relief, and recovery efforts. We believe our prior and current experience with disaster relief and rebuild efforts, including after hurricanes Katrina and Rita and Superstorm Sandy, and the wildfires in Oregon, put us in a favorable position to continue to provide recovery and housing assistance, and environmental and infrastructure solutions, including disaster mitigation, on behalf of federal departments and agencies, state, territorial, and local jurisdictions, and regional agencies.

Our results of operations and cash flows may vary significantly from quarter to quarter depending on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

• Progress of contract performance;
• Extraordinary economic events and natural disasters;
• Number of billable days in a quarter;
• Timing of client orders;
• Timing of award fee notices;
• Changes in the scope of contracts;
• Variations in purchasing patterns under our contracts;
• Changes in priorities, especially with the federal government;
• Federal and state and local governments’ and other clients’ spending levels;
• Federal government shutdowns;
• Timing of billings to, and collection of payments from, clients;
• Timing of receipt of invoices from, and payments to, employees and vendors;
• Commencement, completion, and termination of contracts;
• Strategic decisions, such as acquisitions, consolidations, divestments, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments, and changes in business strategy;
• Timing of significant costs and investments (such as bid and proposal costs and the costs involved in planning or making acquisitions);
• Timing of events related to discrete tax items;
• Our contract mix and use of subcontractors or the timing of other direct costs for which we may earn lower contract margin;
• Changes in contract margin performance due to performance risks;
• Additions to, and departures of, staff;
• Changes in staff utilization;
• Paid time off taken by our employees;
• Level and cost of our debt;
• Changes in accounting principles and policies; and/or
• General market and economic conditions.

Because a significant portion of our expenses (such as personnel, facilities, and related costs) are fixed in the short-term, contract performance and variation in the volume of activity, as well as in the number and volume of contracts commenced or completed during any year, may cause significant variations in operating results from year to year. We generally have been able to price our contracts in a manner that accommodates the rates of inflation experienced in recent years, although we cannot ensure that we will be able to do so in the future.

BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

A key element of our growth strategy is to pursue acquisitions. During the previous three fiscal years, we completed the acquisitions summarized as follows:

CMY Solutions, LLC – In May 2023, we acquired CMY, an engineering and automation solutions provider to utilities and organizations.

Applied Energy Group – In December 2024, we acquired AEG, a leading energy technology and advisory services company.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND POLICIES

Our discussion of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make certain estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. If any of these estimates, assumptions or judgments prove to be incorrect, our reported results could be materially affected. Actual results may differ significantly from our estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe that the estimates, assumptions, and judgments involved in the accounting practices described below have the greatest potential impact on our financial statements and, therefore, consider them to be critical accounting policies. Significant accounting estimates are more fully described and discussed in “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue Recognition

We generate our revenue by primarily providing services and technology-based solutions for clients. We enter into agreements with clients that create enforceable rights and obligations and for which it is probable that we will collect the consideration to which we will be entitled as services and solutions are provided to the client.

Our contracts may be partially funded, often incrementally in annual amounts. We determine the transaction price based on the history of funding, the client’s need for the program, the length of time before funding is available, and the client’s intent and ability to fund and include the unfunded portion of the contract if it is probable that it will be funded based on these criteria.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations and for customized solutions in which the pricing is based on specific negotiations with each client, we use a cost-plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. We generally recognize revenue over time as services and performance obligations are transferred to the client, based on the extent of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation. The selection of the method used to measure progress requires judgment and, among other things, is dependent on the contract type selected by the client during contract negotiation and the nature of the services and solutions to be provided.

For cost-based contracts, we recognize revenue as a single performance obligation based on contract costs incurred, as we become contractually entitled to reimbursement of the contract costs, plus a most likely estimate of award or incentive fees earned on those costs even though final determination of fees earned occurs after the contractually stipulated performance assessment period ends. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, revenue from cost-based contracts totaled $138.2 million, $231.9 million, and $265.1 million, respectively.

For performance obligations requiring the delivery of a service or a product for a fixed price, we use the ratio of actual costs incurred to total estimated costs at completion (“EAC”) provided that costs incurred (an input method) represents a reasonable measure of progress towards the satisfaction of a performance obligation, in order to estimate the portion of total revenue earned. Contract costs that are not reflective of our progress toward satisfying a performance obligation are not included in the calculation of the measure of progress. We estimate the EAC by making certain assumptions and judgments such as the level of efforts from internal staff and/or subcontractors and cost of materials needed to complete the tasks. Our cost estimate is based on our prior experience and expertise in delivery of similar services, which allow us to make reasonable assumptions and estimates that are close to actual costs to complete the obligations; however, changes in the scope or complexity of work, availability of materials needed, or performance could cause a change in the EAC. We routinely review EACs for changes that could materially impact our measurement of progress toward completion of the performance obligations and adjust our revenue in the period that the changes occur. For product-delivery contracts in which their EACs exceed their contract value, we recognize the losses in the same period of determination. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, our revenue from contracts in which we use EACs totaled $453.8 million, $479.7 million, and $310.1 million, respectively.

Our contracts may include variable considerations such as award fees and incentives that may increase or decrease the transaction price. The actual amounts are typically determined and awarded at the end of a performance period and the final awarded amount is based on achieving certain performance metrics, program milestones, or cost targets at the customer’s discretion. We estimate variable consideration primarily by using the most likely amount method based on our prior history in providing the services to the customer or, if no history exists, we constrain the variable consideration until the initial determination by the customer.

Fair Value of Acquired Assets from Business Combinations

Our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 include $50.2 million and $88.2 million, respectively, of net intangible assets that were created through business acquisitions.

We allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to the tangible assets and separately identifiable intangible assets acquired, less liabilities assumed, based on their respective fair values (except for contract assets and contract liabilities after the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2021-08, Business Combinations: Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers). Such fair value assessment requires us to make assumptions, judgments, and estimates such as, but not limited to, future cash flows, revenue growth, customer retention rates, and discount rates based on information that exists at the date of the acquisition which may subsequently change. We recognize any adjustments to the preliminary amounts that are identified during the measurement period which is twelve months or less from the date of the acquisition.

Accounting for Income Taxes

Our provisions for federal, state, and foreign income taxes are calculated from consolidated income based on current tax laws and any changes in tax rates from the rates used previously in determining the deferred tax assets and liabilities from temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and amounts on our tax returns.

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We evaluate our ability to benefit from all deferred tax assets and establish valuation allowances for amounts we believe are not more likely than not to be realized.

We use a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold based on the technical merits of the income tax position taken to evaluate uncertain tax positions. Uncertain tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured in order to determine the tax benefit recognized in the financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

New accounting standards are discussed in “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”.

SELECTED KEY METRICS

In order to evaluate operations, we track revenue by key metrics that provide useful information about the nature of our operations. Client markets provide insight into the breadth of our expertise. Client type is an indicator of the diversity of our client base. Revenue by contract mix provides insight in terms of the degree of performance risk that we have assumed. Significant variances in the key metrics tables that are provided below are discussed under the revenue section of the results of operations.

Client markets

The following table shows revenue generated from client markets as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated. For each client, we have attributed all revenue from that client to the market we consider to be the client’s primary market, even if a portion of that revenue relates to a different market. Certain minor revenue amounts reported in the prior years have been reclassified within key market categories based on our current view of the client’s primary market in order to increase the comparability of the current year to prior years.

(dollars in thousands)

Our primary clients within the client markets are the agencies and departments of the federal government and commercial clients. Most of our revenue is from contracts on which we are the prime contractor, which we believe provides us with strong client relationships. In 2025, 2024, and 2023, approximately 86%, 87%, and 89% of our revenue, respectively, was from prime contracts.

Client type

The table below shows our revenue by type of client as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated. Certain immaterial revenue amounts in the prior years have been reclassified due to minor adjustments and reclassification within client type.

(dollars in thousands)

Contract mix

Contract mix, which provides insight into the performance risks that we have assumed and, therefore, the predictability of our contract revenues and margins, varies from year to year due to numerous factors, including our business strategies and the procurement activities of our clients. Unless the context requires otherwise, we use the term “contracts” to refer to contracts and any task orders or delivery orders issued under a contract. There are three main types of contracts: time-and-materials contracts, fixed-price contracts, and cost-based contracts.

The following table shows the approximate percentage of our revenue for each of these types of contracts for the periods indicated. Certain immaterial revenue amounts in the prior years have been reclassified due to minor adjustments and reclassification within contract mix.

(dollars in thousands)

Payments we received on cost-based contracts with the federal government are provisional payments subject to adjustment upon audit by the government. Contract revenue for subsequent periods has been recorded in amounts that are expected to be realized on final audit and settlement of costs.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth certain items from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and expresses these items as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated and the period-over-period rate of change in each of them. Our discussion of the items for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025.

Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

(dollars in thousands)

Year ended December 31, 2025 compared to year ended December 31, 2024

Revenue. The decrease in revenue was driven by a reduction of $279.5 million from our U.S. federal government clients, primarily as a result of terminated contracts in 2025 due to the Administration’s changing priorities and the actions recommended by DOGE, as well as the disruption in the typical U.S. federal government procurement cycle. This decline was offset by increases of $117.2 million, $8.5 million, and $6.9 million from our commercial, international government, and U.S. state and local government clients, respectively.

The following were changes in revenue from our various client markets:

• Energy, Environment, Infrastructure, and Disaster Recovery client market revenues increased $44.7 million, or 4.8%, driven by increases of $106.8 million, $5.6 million, and $5.0 million from our commercial, international government, and U.S. state and local government clients, respectively, offset by a decrease of $72.7 million from our U.S. federal government clients as described above.
• Health and Social Programs client market revenues decreased $144.4 million, or 18.9%, driven by a decrease of $156.6 million from our U.S. federal government clients as described above, offset by increases of $8.2 million, $3.2 million, and $0.8 million from our commercial, international government, and U.S. state and local government clients, respectively.
• Security and Other Civilian & Commercial client market revenues decreased by $47.3 million, or 14.8%, driven by decreases of $50.2 million and $0.4 million from our U.S. federal government, as described above, and international government clients, respectively, offset by increases of $2.2 million and $1.1 million from our commercial and U.S. state and local government clients, respectively.

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes subcontractor and other direct costs, which decreased $52.8 million, or 10.4%, and totaled $454.0 million and $506.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and the margin on such costs.

Direct costs. The decrease in direct costs was primarily a result of terminated U.S. federal government contracts during 2025. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, direct labor and related fringe benefit costs were 61.4% and 60.5% of total direct costs, respectively, and subcontractors and other direct costs were 38.6% and 39.5% of total direct costs, respectively. The total direct costs as a percentage of revenue was 62.8% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 63.5% for 2024.

Indirect and selling expenses. The decrease in indirect and selling expenses was due to a reduction of $21.8 million in general and administrative costs and $4.2 million in indirect labor and associated fringe benefit costs. The reduction in costs was a result of our cost-reduction and operational efficiency initiatives to align our cost structure with current business conditions. As a percentage of total indirect and selling expenses, indirect labor and associated fringe costs were 73.9% and 71.0%, respectively, and general and administrative costs were 26.1% and 29.0%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. As a percentage of revenue, indirect and selling expenses were 26.3% and 25.7% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization. The increase in amortization of intangible assets acquired in business combinations was primarily due to the amortization of intangible assets acquired in our acquisition of AEG in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Interest, net. The increase in interest, net was primarily due to our higher average debt balance of $513.3 million in 2025 compared to $474.0 million in 2024. The average interest rate was 5.6% in 2025 compared to 6.6% in 2024. Interest from our debt facilities was $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $31.8 million for 2024. We utilize floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements to hedge the variable interest portion of our debt, which decreased interest by $1.2 million and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Inclusive of the impact of the swap agreements, our interest rate was 5.4% and 5.3% for years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Other (expense) income. The change in other (expense) income was primarily due to $2.0 million of gains from divestiture of our commercial marketing business recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024, and the net impact of foreign currency losses of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $0.2 million net gains for the same period in 2024, resulting from depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and British pound, the principal currencies in which we transact.

Provision for income taxes. The effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was 18.2% and 20.2%, respectively. The decrease in provision for income taxes in 2025 was primarily due to tax benefits related to U.S. federal tax regulations promulgated under Section 987 of the Internal Revenue of 1986, as amended, which took effect in 2025 and which govern governing pre-transition period foreign exchange gains and losses derived from translation of operations, assets, and liabilities of non-U.S. qualified subsidiaries partially offset by valuations allowances established on certain equity-based compensation assets and excess foreign tax credits.

NON-GAAP MEASURES

The following tables provide reconciliations of financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“non-GAAP”) to their most comparable U.S. GAAP measures. While we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide additional information to investors and may be useful in evaluating our financial information, they should be considered supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Other companies may define similarly titled non-GAAP measures differently and, accordingly, care should be exercised in understanding how we define these measures as similarly named measures are unlikely to be comparable across different companies.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

Earnings before interest, tax, and depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) is a measure we use to evaluate operating performance. We believe EBITDA is useful in assessing ongoing trends and, as a result, may provide additional visibility in understanding our operations.

Adjusted EBITDA is EBITDA further adjusted to eliminate the impact of certain items that we do not consider to be indicative of the performance of our ongoing operations. We evaluate these adjustments on an individual basis based on both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the item, including their size and nature, as well as whether or not we expect them to occur as part of our normal business on a regular basis.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not intended to be measures of free cash flow as these measures do not include certain cash requirements such as interest payments, tax payments, capital expenditures, and debt service.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated.

(1) Represents impairment of operating lease right-of-use and leasehold improvement assets associated with exit from certain facilities, and an intangible asset associated with exit of a business.

(2) These are primarily third-party costs related to acquisitions and integration of acquisitions.

(3) These costs are due to involuntary employee termination benefits for (i) our officers and (ii) a group of employees who have been notified that they will be terminated as part of a business reorganization or exit. For 2025, severance expense includes employee termination benefits as a direct result of contracts terminated for convenience during the year pursuant to executive orders issued by the Administration or actions recommended by DOGE and for which the Company was not reimbursed, or will not be reimbursed, by our federal government customers for these amounts.

(4) These charges and adjustments are related to a previously exited leased facility which we will continue to pay until the contractual obligations are satisfied but with no economic benefit to us, and the closure of certain international offices.

(5) Pre-tax gain related to the 2023 divestiture of our U.S. commercial marketing business which includes contingent gains realized in the first and third quarters of 2024.

Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings per Share

Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share (“Non-GAAP Diluted EPS”) represents diluted U.S. GAAP earnings per share (“U.S. GAAP Diluted EPS”) excluding the impact of certain items noted above, and the impact of amortization of intangible assets and the related income tax effects. While these adjustments may be recurring and not infrequent or unusual, we do not consider these adjustments to be indicative of the performance of our ongoing operations. We believe that the supplemental adjustments provide additional information to investors.

The following table presents a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP Diluted EPS to Non-GAAP Diluted EPS for the periods indicated:

(1) These are office closure charges and adjustments previously included in Adjusted EBITDA and accelerated depreciation related to fixed assets for planned office closures.

(2) The amortization of intangible assets acquired from business combinations totaled $37.0 million, $33.0 million, and $35.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

(3) Income tax effects were calculated using the effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, of 22.2%, 20.2% and 22.8% for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity and Borrowing Capacity. Short-term liquidity requirements are created by our use of funds for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service, dividends, and share repurchases. We expect to meet these requirements through a combination of our cash and cash equivalents at hand, cash flow from operations, and borrowings. Our primary source of borrowings is from our Credit Facility, as described in “Note 8 - Debt” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of December 31, 2025, we had $550.0 million of unused borrowing capacity available under the Credit Facility to fund our ongoing operations, future acquisitions, dividend payments, and share repurchase program. Should the need arise, we intend to further increase our borrowing capacity in the future to provide us with adequate working capital to continue our ongoing operations.

We have entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements for a total notional value of $175.0 million to hedge a portion of our floating-rate Credit Facility. The interest rate swaps will expire in 2030, but we may consider entering into additional swap agreements prior to the expiration of these existing hedges. As of December 31, 2025, the percentage of our fixed-rate debt to total debt from our Credit Facility was 43%.

We provide support services to the U.S. federal government and a prolonged federal government shutdown of non-essential functions may affect our ability to generate cash from that business to certain degrees. There are other conditions, such as the ongoing wars in Ukraine, instabilities in the Middle East, and volatility in global trade (including the imposition of tariffs), that create uncertainty in the global economy, which in turn may impact, among other things, our ability to generate positive cash flows from operations and our ability to successfully execute and fund key initiatives. However, our current belief is that the combination of internally generated funds, available bank borrowing capacity, and cash and cash equivalents on hand will provide the required liquidity and capital resources necessary to fund ongoing operations, customary capital expenditures, quarterly cash dividends, share repurchases, and organic growth. Additionally, we continuously analyze our capital structure to ensure we have capital to fund future strategic acquisitions.

We continuously monitor the state of the financial markets to assess the availability of borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility and the cost of additional capital from both debt and equity markets. At present, we believe we will be able to continue to access these markets on commercially reasonable terms and conditions if we need additional capital in the near term.

Material Cash Requirements from Contractual Obligations. As of December 31, 2025, contractual obligations that require a material use of cash include payments of interest on our Credit Facility and operating lease obligations for facilities and equipment.

At December 31, 2025, our outstanding Credit Facility balance, net of unamortized debt issuance costs, was $401.4 million, which is expected to be refinanced prior to it becoming due upon maturity in 2027. We borrow funds under the Credit Facility at interest rates based on both the SOFR (i.e., 1, 3, or 6-month rates) and a fluctuating Base Rate (see “Note 8 - Debt” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Assuming that our interest rate on the Credit Facility is the same as on December 31, 2025, we anticipate our interest payments on the debt to be approximately $20.7 million annually in 2026 and for each year thereafter. The estimates do not consider future drawdowns and repayments on the debt or changes in the variable interest rate, and actual interest may be different.

As of December 31, 2025, we have operating leases for facilities and equipment with remaining terms ranging from 1 to 13 years. Our current and long-term operating lease liabilities of $158.7 million at December 31, 2025 represent the present value of the minimum payments required under the non-cancellable leases, and the actual cash payments total $191.5 million. The operating lease payment obligations by year are further discussed in “Note 7 - Leases” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2025, we also have finance leases for equipment and furniture with lease payment obligations through 2029 as discussed in “Note 7 - Leases” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The current and long-term finance lease liabilities at December 31, 2025 of $11.3 million represent the present value of the minimum payments totaling $12.0 million.

Inflation. Our business and results of operations have not been materially affected by inflation and changing prices during the period presented and we do not expect to be materially affected in the future due to the nature of our business as a provider of professional services with contracts that can be negotiated with new prices.

Dividends. Cash dividends declared in 2025 were as follows:

48

Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows from the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

(in thousands)

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $29.7 million compared to 2024 primarily due to profitability of our contracts, our ability to invoice our customers and subsequent collection of cash, and the timing of vendor payments.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was lower than 2024 by $53.3 million primarily due to our acquisition of AEG during the 2024 fiscal year.

The change in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to higher net borrowings from our debt facilities, in part to fund additional share repurchases during the 2025 fiscal year.

We are exposed to certain financial market risks, the most predominant being fluctuations in interest rates for borrowings under the Credit Facility and foreign exchange rate risk.

Borrowings under the Credit Facility accrue interest at variable rates. We monitor interest rate fluctuations and outlooks as an integral part of our overall risk management program, which recognizes the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to reduce potentially adverse effects of higher interest rates on our results of operations. As part of this strategy, we use interest rate swap arrangements to hedge a portion of our interest rate risk that effectively converts our variable rate debt to fixed rate debt. We do not use such instruments for speculative or trading purposes. Based on our borrowings under the Credit Facility, a 1% increase in interest rates would have increased interest expense by approximately $5.2 million and would have decreased our annual operating income and operating cash flows by a comparable amount. At December 31, 2025, we had six interest rate swap agreements with a total aggregate notional amount of $175.0 million to hedge against changes in interest rates and offset potential increases in interest expense. See “Note 10 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As a result of conducting business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, we are subject to market risk with respect to adverse fluctuations in currency exchange rates. In general, our currency risk is mitigated largely by matching costs with revenues in a given currency. However, our exposure to fluctuations in other currencies against the U.S. dollar increases as a greater portion of our revenue is generated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may have hedges in place to mitigate our foreign exchange risk related to our operations in Europe; however, given the amount of business conducted outside of the U.S., there is some risk that revenue and profits will be affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We use a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of movement in foreign currency exchange rates on revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 8% of our revenue was generated from our international operations based on the location to which a contract was awarded. As a result, a 10% increase or decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against all currencies would have an estimated impact on revenue of approximately 1%, or $15.9 million. Actual gains and losses in the future could differ materially from this analysis based on the timing and amount of both foreign currency exchange rate movements and our actual exposure.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Based on an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, were effective as of December 31, 2025 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined as of December 31, 2025 in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on the assessment, management has concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.

The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Grant Thornton LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which appears herein.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting, and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP; (iii) that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and (iv) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There were no material changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2025 which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.