DUKE Robotics Corp.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Corporate Overview

We are a robotics company developing advanced robotics and drone-based systems. Our advanced robotic system enables remote, real-time, pinpoint accurate firing of small arms and light weapons that can achieve pinpoint accuracy regardless of the movement of the weapons platform or the target. We also introduced an insulator cleaning drone, which is a drone technology for conducting routine maintenance of critical infrastructure for cleaning electric utility cable insulators.

We were founded in 2014 as Unlimited Aerial Systems, LLP (“UAS LLP”), and until the consummation of the Share Exchange Agreement (as hereinafter defined), we were a developer and manufacturer of commercial unmanned aerial systems, or drones, intending to provide a superior Quadrotor aerial platform at an affordable price point in the law enforcement and first responder markets.

On March 9, 2020, we closed on the Share Exchange Agreement (the “Share Exchange Agreement”), under which Duke Robotics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Duke Inc.”) became our majority-owned subsidiary (the “Share Exchange”). Such closing date is referred to as the “Effective Time.” As a result of the Share Exchange, the Company adopted the business plan of Duke Inc.

On April 29, 2020, we, Duke Inc., and UAS Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiary (“UAS Sub”), executed an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), under which UAS Sub was to merge, upon the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, with and into Duke Inc., with Duke Inc. surviving as our wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Short-Form Merger”). Under the Merger Agreement, we intended to acquire the remaining outstanding shares of Duke Inc. held by those certain Duke Inc. shareholders who did not participate in the Share Exchange. On June 25, 2020, Duke Inc. filed a Certificate of Merger with the State of Delaware, and consequently, Duke Inc. became our wholly-owned subsidiary and the Short-Form Merger was consummated.

On January 29, 2021, we, through Duke Airborne Systems Ltd. (“Duke Israel”), and Elbit Systems Land Ltd., an Israeli corporation (“Elbit”), entered into a collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) for the global marketing and sales, and the production and further development of our developed advanced robotic system mounted on a UAS, armed with lightweight firearms, which we market under the commercial name “TIKAD.”

On August 15, 2022, Duke Israel introduced the Insulator Cleaning (“IC”) Drone, a drone technology for conducting routine maintenance of critical infrastructure, and has signed an agreement with Israel Electric Corporation (the “IEC”) to provide drone-enabled systems for cleaning electric utility cable insulators. During October 2023, we completed our obligations under the agreement with the IEC. This was followed in August 2024, by a new agreement with the IEC to utilize our innovative IC Drone system for cleaning electric utility cable insulators.

Duke Inc. has a wholly-owned subsidiary, Duke Israel, which was formed under the laws of the State of Israel in March 2014 and became the sole subsidiary of Duke Inc. after its incorporation. Our mailing address is 10 HaRimon Street, Mevo Carmel Science and Industrial Park, Israel 2069203, and our telephone number is 011-972-4-8124101. Our website address is https://dukeroboticsys.com/.

Effective as of October 22, 2020, our Common Stock began to be quoted on the OTCQB tier Venture Market, under the symbol “USDR”.

On October 28, 2024, we filed a certificate of amendment (the “Certificate of Amendment”) to our Articles of Incorporation with the Nevada Secretary of State to change the Company’s corporate name from UAS Drone Corp. to DUKE Robotics Corp. effective as of November 4, 2024.

In connection with the Certificate of Amendment, we also filed an issuer notification form with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) reflecting our name change and requesting a change in our trading symbol from “USDR” to “DUKR”. Effective as of market open on Monday, November 4, 2024, the name changed to DUKE Robotics Corp. and the transition of our OTCQB ticker symbol from “USDR” to “DUKR” took effect.

On February 18, 2025, we announced that we established Duke Robotics Hellas M I.K.E (“Duke Greece”), a wholly owned subsidiary, formed under the laws of Greece.

Company Overview

Until the consummation of the Share Exchange, we were a developer and manufacturer of commercial unmanned aerial systems, or drones, with the goal of providing a superior Quadrotor aerial platform at an affordable price point in the law enforcement and first responder markets. Following the Share Exchange, we adopted the business plan of Duke. Duke is a robotics company dedicated to the development of an advanced robotics stabilization system that enables remote, real-time, pinpoint accurate firing of small arms and light weapons as well as other civilian applications with an emphasis on the field of infrastructure maintenance.

Although the first product has been designed to be used by an Unmanned Aerial System (a “UAS”), the robotic solutions are also adaptable to other military vehicles, boats and stationary environments, as well as civilian purposes, such as our IC Drone solution. We believe that the system is to small arms and light weapons (e.g., weapons weighing less than 9 kilograms, or kg, or approximately 19.9 pounds) as drones are to air-to-ground missiles.

Prior to marketing our systems to potential defense and military customers, for security reasons, we are required to obtain various governmental approvals for each sale.

On January 29, 2021, we, through Duke Israel, and Elbit, entered into the Collaboration Agreement for the global marketing and sales, and the production and further development of our developed advanced robotic system mounted on an UAS, armed with lightweight firearms, which we market under the commercial name “TIKAD.” Following the Collaboration Agreement, we have expanded our technology beyond military applications and continue to explore additional uses for our technology and know-how.

Our commercialization efforts in the civilian market are primarily focused in Europe, with secondary efforts focused on other global markets, including the United States.

On May 11, 2021, we entered into securities purchase agreements with eight non-U.S. investors (the “Investors”) in a private placement offering in which we agreed to issue and sell an aggregate of: (i) 12,500,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $0.40 per share; and (ii) warrants to purchase 12,500,000 Common Stock. The warrants were exercisable immediately and for a term of 18 months and had an exercise price of $0.40 per share. The aggregate gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $5,000,000 and the offering closed on May 11, 2021. On April 5, 2022, we entered into an agreement with the Investors pursuant to which we extended the term of the warrants, to expire on November 11, 2023. On November 1, 2023, we and the Investors executed a second extension agreement, such that the term of the warrants was to expire on November 11, 2024.

On June 20, 2024, we entered into a Warrant Amendment Agreement (the “Warrant Amendment Agreement”) with the Investors to amend the terms of the warrants issued in connection with the May 11, 2021 securities purchase agreements. Under the Warrant Amendment Agreement, we and the Investors agreed to: (i) extend the warrant exercise term to May 11, 2026; (ii) amend the warrant exercise price, increasing it from $0.40 per share to $0.65 per share; and (iii) include a beneficial ownership blocker that limits the exercise of such warrants if the exercise would result in the holder beneficially owning more than 19.99% of our Common Stock immediately following the exercise.

On May 27, 2021, our board of directors approved the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) pursuant to which the Company may issue awards, from time to time, consisting of non-qualified stock options, restricted stock grants and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). In addition, stock option awards that qualify under Section 102 of the Israeli Tax Ordinance (New Version) 1961 (the “ITO”), and/or under Section 3(i) of the ITO, may be granted. On March 18, 2025, our board of directors approved an increase in the amount of shares of Common Stock available under the 2021 Plan from 4,800,000 to 9,000,000.

On June 15, 2021, we announced that Duke Israel received a notice of allowance from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for a patent titled “Stabilization System” regarding its stabilization technology incorporated in its advanced robotic system.

On August 15, 2022, we announced that Duke Israel, introduced the IC Drone, a drone technology for conducting routine maintenance of critical infrastructure, and has signed a collaboration and development agreement with the IEC, a 99% government-owned company, to provide drone-enabled systems for cleaning electric utility cable insulators. In October 2023, we successfully fulfilled our obligations under this agreement, demonstrating the efficiency and safety of its IC Drone in real-world conditions.

On July 8, 2024, we announced that we are advancing our commercial activity, following the successful completion of the pilot program for our IC Drone with the IEC, and that we are working to expand our services globally and plan to offer insulation maintenance and washing services to electrical companies worldwide, either independently or in collaboration with strategic partners.

On November 11, 2024, following our commercial agreement with IEC from August 2024, we announced the commercial launch of our innovative IC Drone, a first-of-its-kind system for washing high-voltage electric insulators and the transition to active service of our IC Drone technology. . The IC Drone’s advanced technology provides utility companies with a safer, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable solution for maintaining high-voltage electric infrastructure than the currently available methods. This drone-enabled system replaces traditional methods that rely on large, resource-intensive tanker trucks or helicopters, achieving significant water savings and operational cost reductions per insulator or electric pole.

Key Features and Benefits of the IC Drone:

• Enhanced Safety and Precision: Enables high-voltage insulator cleaning with minimal personnel risk and greater precision compared to traditional methods.
• Environmental Sustainability: Reduces water usage significantly, supporting sustainability initiatives within utility maintenance.
• Cost-Effective Operations: Cuts operational costs by tens of percent per insulator and simplifies access to remote or difficult-to-reach infrastructure.

On November 25, 2024, we announced initial revenue generation from our August 2024 agreement with the IEC for high-voltage insulator washing services using our innovative IC Drone. The August 2024 agreement with IEC represents a significant milestone, transitioning us from the development stage to active service and revenue generation within the civilian sector. The agreement establishes us as a provider of advanced aerial cleaning solutions designed to enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of utility maintenance operations. The IEC has committed to a minimum utilization of services, with a guaranteed payment in the low seven figures (in NIS) within the first year of the agreement. With the IC Drone now fully operational, we aim to expand our offering to other utility providers globally, leveraging the proven success of the IC Drone with IEC.

On February 18, 2025, we announced that we established Duke Greece, our wholly owned subsidiary, to support the ongoing global commercialization efforts of our IC Drone. This initiative follows our initial revenue generation from the IC Drone technology through a service agreement with the IEC. Duke Greece will serve as a platform for promoting and deploying our innovative IC Drone technology, as well as other potential applications of the Company’s technologies and capabilities, in the Greek market, which provides utility companies with a safer, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable solution for maintaining high-voltage electric infrastructure as well as potential other applications of our technologies and capabilities.

Market Opportunity

Civilian sector

Insulator Cleaning Drone

Insulators are key components of every high voltage electrical infrastructure around the world while routine cleaning and maintenance of insulators is crucial in order to optimize system efficiency, prevent power outages, reducing risks of flashovers and corrosion. Cleaning of high voltage infrastructure leads to better system performance and efficiency, improves safety by reducing the risk of electricity failure and accidents especially in urban areas, and extends the life of the insulators.

Currently, the global standard for routine cleaning of insulators involves the use of helicopter fleets and crane trucks. The cleaning routine requires getting near to active high voltage lines and using high-pressure washers carried by the helicopters or crane trucks. Such process is considered extremely dangerous and bears significant risks of electricity shock or an impact of the helicopter blades with the electricity grid resulting in damages to the grid line and possible harm to human life.

IC Drone offers a revolutionary, safer and cost-efficient method for maintenance of high voltage electrical infrastructure. The worldwide electricity transmission market is huge and estimated in millions of insulators. The current cost per insulator cleaning is high and electricity operators around the world fail to meet cleaning plans.

Defense and military market

The United States and other countries around the world have significantly increased their use of UASs for intelligence gathering, surveillance and tactical applications, such as delivery of heavy ordnance bombs and missiles. The use of UASs to fire small arms and light weapons from the air are becoming a viable option as demonstrated by recent conflicts in the Ukraine and the near Middle East. Our technology thus addresses a crucial need of modern warfare to bring a wide range of weapons other than bombs and missiles to bear on remote hostile targets without risk to the military personnel deploying the weapons, while at the same time minimizing collateral damage. In addition, the rapid evolution of small, unmanned air systems (“sUAS”) technologies, along with their size and low cost, enables novel concepts of employment that present challenges to current defense systems, creating new asymmetric threats for warfighters. Our system also addresses the crucial need for counter sUAS solutions and offers a kinetic interception, or “drone kill drone,” capability for defeating enemy sUAS.

Our system was designed with input from veterans of Israel’s elite special mission units. It is operated intuitively via a touch-based tablet, which serves as its control unit. Minimal prior training is required in order to operate the robot. In June 2016, our robot mounted on our UAS Octocopter platform was awarded the top prize at the Combating Terrorism Technology Conference sponsored by the United States Defense Department’s Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office, Israel’s Ministry of Defense Directorate of Defense Research and Development and the MIT Enterprise Forum of Israel.

Products

IC Drone

Our IC Drone is a first-of-its-kind robotic, drone-enabled system for cleaning electric utility insulators. The IC Drone unique system, based on Duke’s advanced intellectual property and know-how that integrates algorithms, autonomous systems, and robotic technologies used in mission-critical applications.

Our IC Drone offers a revolutionary, safer and cost-efficient, method for maintenance of high voltage electrical infrastructure. which require routine cleaning of insulators in order to optimize system efficiency and prevent power outages. Currently, the global standard for routine cleaning of insulators involves the use of helicopter fleets and crane trucks.

Our aim is to expand our IC Drone service offerings to additional utility providers worldwide while continuing to develop new solutions to address evolving industry needs.

UAS Octocopter Integrated with Six Degrees of Freedom (“6 DOF”) Robotic Gimbal

Our special purpose UAS Octocopter (DK-HIPPOGRIFF) integrates for operational usage with our 6 DOF robot and is intended primarily for Military and homeland security purposes. Our lightweight robot allows accurate firing from various configurations consisting of UAS-mounted, land-mounted on light all-terrain vehicles and sea-mounted on boats. The robot is mounted on our UAS Octocopter platform, a combined system which we market under the commercial name “TIKAD.”

In addition to the various configurations and mounting options, the robots also permit the utilization of a wide range of small arms, light weapons and shotguns, with lethal and less lethal ammunition, with a maximum weight of nine (9) kilograms (approximately twenty (20) pounds). The combination of our robot, along with our stabilization platform and software, provides a unique firing platform that permits precision firing regardless of weather conditions or other variables.

Additionally, our robot may also be utilized as a ground sniper platform. Since the robot is a standalone unit, it can be mounted on a patrol or attack vehicle or be positioned at a strategic location. The capability of remote operation without the need to expose the operator to tactical danger can replace troops in different settings. This capability may reduce the number of casualties due to “friendly fire” incidents and may also significantly reduce exposure and risk to combat troops. Our robot is controlled by a remote-control device that permits the user to exert full control over its functions, including arming the robot as well as control the firing mechanism.

Our lightweight robot can also be used for civilian purposes and bring solutions that do not yet exist for different tasks that require high-end stabilization, such as: vertical takeoff and landing (“VTOL”) robotic landing gear for drones, VTOL aircrafts and medical aid robotic uses and for maintenance and monitoring of different essential infrastructures, such as cleaning electric utility cable insulators. We expect our sales of the robot to increase as additional product options expand. We will also address, as needed, evolving regulation of civilian UASs.

Assembly and Testing

While we maintain the ability to assemble our robots, IC Drone system for cleaning electric utility insulators and UAS Octocopter at our facility in Israel, we currently outsource the assembly and production to third-party manufacturers, from which we also purchase supplies and custom-made machined parts required for the production of our IC Drone system for cleaning electric utility insulators. We currently source our parts and materials from approximately twenty (20) suppliers located primarily in the United States, Europe, Israel and China. We are not, however, dependent on any single manufacturer. In addition, while the components we purchase are built according to our specific designs and requests, we believe the components and materials we purchase are common in nature and can easily be obtained from alternative suppliers, if necessary. Components are tested and approved against the expected points of failure during extended and aggressive operations. For example, we test items such as the load carrying capacity of our products as well as various software components and compliance with live power line rigid standards. After the lab testing phase, the IC Drone system for cleaning electric utility insulators and UASs undergoes a series of field tests which examine the operation of each function. The IC Drone system for cleaning electric utility insulators is mounted on and integrated with third parties commercially available suitable drones. Results are combined with multi-phased airborne testing.

In addition, we have not executed supply agreements with our third-party suppliers. More importantly, our proprietary and confidential complex kinematic algorithms and control software is our most valuable intellectual property. We have built an in-house laboratory to support the assembly and commercialization of our products. We believe that the current size and capacity of our in-house laboratory, located at our facilities in Israel, will be sufficient to support all of our commercialization activities in the near future.

Market Strategy

Civilian Market

We are currently focused on expending the commercialization of the IC Drone, a first-of-its-kind robotic, drone-enabled system for cleaning electric utility insulators, in the civilian market. The unique system, based on our advanced intellectual property and know-how, integrates algorithms, autonomous systems, and robotic technologies used in mission-critical applications.

On August 15, 2022, we signed an agreement with the IEC to provide drone-enabled systems for cleaning electric utility cable insulators. During October 2023, we successfully completed our obligations under our agreement with the IEC by proving the efficiency and safety that comes by using our IC Drone. Following that successful pilot, in August 2024, we, through Duke Israel, entered into another agreement with the IEC to provide high-voltage insulator washing services using IC Drone system.

On February 18, 2025, we announced that we established Duke Greece, which is focused on expanding our innovative IC Drone technology in Greece. Our IC Drone technology provides utility companies with a safer, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable solution for maintaining high-voltage electric infrastructure as well as potential other applications of our technologies and capabilities. The IC Drone’s proven success with the IEC demonstrates its significant market potential for broader deployment across additional regions and sectors.

We are currently in the initial phases of our global expansion strategy and remain focused on leveraging our proprietary technologies to unlock new growth opportunities in the civilian sector. We aim to expand our IC Drone service offerings to additional utility providers worldwide while continuing to develop new solutions to address evolving industry needs.

Defense and Military Market

We expect that our growth in the defense and military market, through our Collaboration Agreement with Elbit, will initially derive from sales of robotic technology mounted on UAS Octocopter platform, and later from sales of our robot mounted on other platforms, such as light all-terrain vehicles and sea-mounted on boats.

• Focus on sales in the United States. We believe that the United States military will be a lead and reference customer. The United States alone presents a significant and diverse market opportunity - special operation forces units, various counter-terrorism (federal, state and city) units, regular local police forces (the use of less-lethal weapons), U.S. Army, National Guard, U.S. Navy, Coast Guard and the Border Police.
• Sales to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Countries. We believe adoption of such products in the United States will open the markets in countries that are U.S. allies such as the NATO countries.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property, and to operate without infringing or violating the proprietary rights of others. We rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets, know-how, and other contractual rights (including confidentiality and invention assignment agreements) to protect our intellectual property rights. We also restrict access to our sensitive intellectual property information to our most senior management.

To protect certain key technologies, we have submitted a U.S. patent Application for stabilization system patents, which is pending. We do not know whether any of our current or future patent applications will result in the issuance of any patents.

Sales and Marketing

Civilian Sector

Marketing and sales efforts are currently concentrated on the IC Drone as well as other potential applications of the Company’s technologies and capabilities, using company employees, service providers, agent and related electric infrastructure companies. The current marketing efforts increased significantly following the official launch of the latest version of the IC Drone in November 2024 and the establishment of our wholly owned subsidiary Duke Greece in February 2025.

Defense and Military Market

On January 29, 2021, we, through Duke Israel, and Elbit entered in the Collaboration Agreement. Pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, Duke Israel has granted Elbit a worldwide exclusive license for the use of Duke Israel’s know-how and intellectual property and the marketing, sales, production, and further development of the TIKAD for military, defense, homeland security, and para-military uses. As consideration for granting the worldwide exclusive license, Elbit will pay Duke Israel royalties from revenues received from worldwide sales of TIKAD, with royalty rates ranging from low to mid-double-figure percentages, depending on the tiers of the selling price of TIKAD, for a period starting from the date of the Collaboration Agreement until 15 years following receipt of $50 million in cumulative revenues from sales of TIKAD units. In addition, Duke Israel agreed to pay Elbit similar rates of royalties for revenues received by Duke from sales of its advanced robotic system for civil use, if such systems will include new know-how developed by Elbit.

On June 15, 2021, we announced that our wholly owned Israeli subsidiary, Duke Airborne Systems Ltd., received a notice of allowance from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for a patent titled “Stabilization System” regarding its stabilization technology incorporated in its advanced robotic system.

Marketing and sales efforts related to TIKAD were originally anticipated to be led by Elbit due to our Collaboration Agreement with Elbit, and we are aware that Elbit is marketing drone-mounted remote weapon systems, including a system in the name of “Bird of Prey”. We requested reports from Elbit regarding sales and royalties related to drone-mounted remote weapon systems, as outlined in the Collaboration Agreement and it is in discussion with Elbit.

Competition

Civilian Sector

To our knowledge there is no equivalent cleaning system which is based on drones for cleaning insulators. Although drones are being used for cleaning solar panels as well as windows, using high pressure water, such systems cannot handle the challenges that come with cleaning of insulators due to the high voltage environment that effects the drones.

Competition is based on product and program performance, price, reputation, reliability, life cycle costs, overall value to the customer and responsiveness to customer requirements. This includes the ability to respond to rapid changes in technology. In addition, our competitive position sometimes may be affected by specific requirements in particular geographic and product markets.

We plan to continually adapt to market conditions by adjusting our business strategy to changing market conditions. In addition, we plan to seek to enter into strategic partnership and cooperation agreements that we believe can assist us in overcoming the challenges of competing in our industry.

Our competitors, either alone or through their strategic partners, might have substantially greater name recognition and financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and human resources than we do. These entities may also have significantly greater experience and infrastructure in commercializing civilian or defense products, obtaining regulatory approval for those products and commercializing those products around the world.

Defense and Military Market

While we believe that our products are novel, and that we have unique knowledge of military operational demands and challenges and years of developing complex military airborne systems and advanced robotics, the defense industry is a competitive environment.

Government Regulation

Government Contracting Regulations. We operate under laws, regulations and administrative rules governing defense and other government contracts, mainly in Israel and the United States. Some of these carry major penalty provisions for non-compliance, including disqualification from participating in future contracts. In addition, our participation in governmental procurement processes in Israel, the United States and other countries is subject to specific regulations governing the conduct of the process of procuring defense and homeland security contracts.

Israeli Export Regulations. Israel’s defense export policy regulates the sale of a number of our systems and products. Current Israeli policy encourages exports to approved customers of defense systems and products such as ours, as long as the export is consistent with Israeli government policy. Subject to certain exemptions, a license is required to initiate marketing activities. We also must receive a specific export license for defense related hardware, software and technology exported from Israel. Israeli law also regulates export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold in the commercial market but that also may be used in the defense market). We have filed marketing applications with the IMOD and have already received marketing approvals for about fifty (50) countries including the U.S. It is expected that in the mid-term more than seventy-five percent (75%) of our revenue will be derived from exports subject to Israeli export regulations.

Approval of Israeli Defense Acquisition. The Israeli Defense Entities Law (Protection of Defense Interests) establishes conditions for the approval of an acquisition or transfer of control of an entity that is determined to be an Israeli “defense entity” under the terms of the law. Designation as a “defense entity” is to occur through an order to be issued jointly by the Israeli Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Economy Minister. Although no such orders relating to us have been issued as of the date hereof, it is possible that our Israeli subsidiary may be designated as a “defense entity” under the law. An order (pursuant to the law) would establish conditions and restrictions regarding non-Israeli control of our Israeli subsidiary. For example, Israeli government approval might be required for acquisition of twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the voting securities or a smaller percentage of shares of common stock that grant “means of control” in the Company, if such were to directly affect the control of our Israeli subsidiary. Means of Control for the purposes of the law includes the right to control the vote at a shareholders’ meeting or to appoint a director.

Approval of U.S. and Other Defense Acquisitions. Many countries in addition to Israel also require governmental approval of acquisitions of local defense companies or assets by foreign entities. Mergers and acquisitions of certain types of defense related businesses in the U.S. are subject to the Foreign Investment and National Security Act (“FINSA”). Under FINSA, foreign acquisitions of certain types of defense related businesses in the U.S. require review, and in some cases approval, by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”). In that regard, if a foreign entity attempts to acquire us or all of our domestic assets, such transactions may be subject to FINSA, and in certain instances CFIUS has the authority to order divestment and cancellation of the transaction.

**“**Buy American” Laws. The U.S. “Buy American” laws impose price differentials or prohibitions on procurement of products purchased under U.S. government programs. The price differentials or prohibitions apply to products that are not made in the United States or that do not contain U.S. components making up at least fifty percent (50%) of the total cost of all components in the product. However, a Memorandum of Agreement between the United States and Israeli governments waives the “Buy American” laws for specified products, including most of the products we may sell in the United States.

Procurement Regulations. Solicitations for procurements by governmental purchasing agencies in Israel, the United States and other countries are governed by laws, regulations and procedures relating to procurement integrity, including avoiding conflicts of interest, corruption, human trafficking and conflict minerals in the procurement process. Such regulations also include provisions relating to information assurance and for the avoidance of counterfeit parts in the supply chain.

Anti-Bribery Regulations. We conduct operations in a number of markets that are considered high risk from an anti-bribery compliance perspective. Laws and regulations such as the Israel Penal Code, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and corresponding legislation in other countries, prohibit providing personal benefits or bribes to government officials in connection with the governmental procurement process. Israeli defense exporters, like ourselves, are required to maintain an anti-bribery compliance program, including specific procedures, record keeping and training.

Audit Regulations. The IMOD may audit our books and records relating to its contracts with us. Our books and records and other aspects of projects that will be related to the U.S. defense contracts will be subject to audit by U.S. government audit agencies. Such audits review compliance with government contracting cost accounting and other applicable standards. If discrepancies are found this could result in a downward adjustment of the applicable contract’s price. Some other customers have similar rights under specific contract provisions.

Civil Aviation Regulations. Several of our products for commercial aviation applications are subject to flight safety and airworthiness standards of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration and similar civil aviation authorities in Israel, Greece, the EU, and other countries.

Environmental, Health and Safety Regulations. We are subject to a variety of environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we have operations. This includes regulations relating to air, water and ground contamination, hazardous waste disposal and other areas with a potential environmental or safety impact.

Employees

We currently have one full-time employee, our Chief Executive Officer. Additionally, we engage two (2) executive officers: our Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”) and our Chief Financial Officer. We engage freelance contractors and consultants in order to limit our operating expenses and therefore allowing us to scale as necessary. We maintain long-term relationships with these freelance contractors and consultants.

Some of our consulting agreements include undertakings with respect to non-competition and assignment to us of intellectual property rights developed in the course of employment and confidentiality. The enforceability of such provisions is limited for some employees by Israeli law.

We are also currently a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that we are not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent company that is not a smaller reporting company and have a public float of less than $75 million and annual revenues of less than $50 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. As a “smaller reporting company” we are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports.

The following risk factors, among others, could affect our actual results of operations and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements made by us. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and except as required by law we assume no obligation to update this information. You should carefully consider the risks described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report before making an investment decision. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. Our common stock is considered speculative and the trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The following risk factors are not the only risk factors facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business.

Risks Related to our Business and Industry

We have a limited operating history and have generated limited revenues to date.

Our limited operating history makes evaluating the business and future prospects difficult and may increase the risk of your investment. Our operating subsidiary in Israel was formed in March 2014. To date, we have generated limited revenues and have not yet begun meaningful commercialization efforts with respect to our products. We intend in the long-term to derive substantial revenues from the sales of the IC Drone, as well as future models of other robots and our UAS platforms for both military and civilian use, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so.

In addition, our relatively new IC Drone product offering to the civilian market may pose risks due to the evolving nature of our business model, which requires expertise that is still being developed internally and could introduce operational challenges. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement and manage this new business model. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to successfully integrate the shift in our business model into our existing operations and any inability to do so may also hinder our ability to grow, divert the attention of management and our key personnel, disrupt our business and impair our financial results.

We may not be able to obtain adequate financing to continue our operations.

We expect that we will need to raise additional funds to continue the design, manufacture, sale and servicing of the IC Drone and our stabilized robotic technology as well as develop future robot products and other platforms for the implementation of our robot. We believe that we will need to raise additional capital in the future to fund our research and development and commercialization efforts. If we seek to raise additional capital, we may do so through the issuance of equity, equity-related, or debt securities or through obtaining credit from government or financial institutions or other persons. This capital will be necessary to fund ongoing operations, continue research, development and design efforts, establish a sales infrastructure and make the investments in tooling and equipment required to develop and manufacture our products. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of holders of our securities and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common shares to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

We have inadequate capital and need for additional financing to accomplish our business and strategic plans. Terms of subsequent financing, if any, may adversely impact your investment.

We have limited funds, and such funds are not fully adequate to fully support our future development and business plans. Our ultimate success may depend on our ability to raise additional capital. In the absence of additional financing or significant revenues and profits, the Company will have to approach its business plan from a much different and much more restricted direction, attempting to secure additional funding sources to fund its growth, borrowing money from lenders or elsewhere or to take other actions to attempt to provide funding.

We may have to engage in common equity, debt, or preferred stock financings in the future. Your rights and the value of your investment in the common stock could be reduced by the dilution caused by future equity issuances. Interest on debt securities could increase costs and negatively impact operating results. In the event we are permitted to issue preferred stock pursuant to the terms of our articles of incorporation, preferred stock could be issued in series from time to time with such designation, rights, preferences, and limitations as needed to raise capital. The terms of preferred stock would be more advantageous to those investors than to the holders of common stock. In addition, if we need to raise more equity capital from the sale of common stock, institutional or other investors may negotiate terms possibly less favorable to us, and thereby adversely impact your investment. Shares of common stock which we sell from time to time could be sold into any market that develops, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our revenues will depend heavily on government contracts

We expect to derive most of our immediate future revenues from the civilian sector directly or indirectly from governmental and quasi-governmental customers in the energy utility sector. Technology products from foreign countries have an inherent disadvantage against domestic offerings. The funding of government programs could be reduced or eliminated due to numerous factors, including geo-political events and macro-economic conditions that are beyond our control. Reduction or elimination of government spending under our contracts would imperil the sales of our products and may cause a negative effect on our revenues, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.

We face other risks in our expected international sales.

We expect to derive a significant portion of our revenues ultimately from international sales. Changes in international, political, economic or geographic events could cause significant reductions in our revenues, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to the other risks from international operations set forth elsewhere in these Risk Factors, some of the risks of doing business internationally include imposition of tariffs and other trade barriers and restrictions, political and economic instability in the countries of our customers and suppliers, changes in diplomatic and trade relationships and increasing instances of terrorism worldwide. Due to our subsidiary being located in the State of Israel, some of these risks may be affected by Israel’s overall political situation. (See “Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our Operations in Israel” below.)

We may experience production delays if suppliers fail to make compliant or timely deliveries.

The manufacturing process for some of our products largely consists of the assembly, integration and testing of purchased components. If a supplier stops delivery of such components, finding another source could result in added cost and manufacturing delays. Moreover, if our subcontractors fail to meet their design, delivery schedule or other obligations we could be held liable by our customers, and we may be unable to obtain full or partial recovery from our subcontractors for those liabilities. The foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

If we fail to manage growth or to prepare for product scalability effectively, it could have an adverse effect on our employee efficiency, product quality, working capital levels and results of operations.

Any significant growth in the market for our products or our entry into new markets may require an expansion of our employee base for managerial, operational, financial, and other purposes. As of March 20, 2025, we had one full-time employee, our Chief Executive Officer, and engage two (2) executive officers, our CTO and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). During any period of growth, we may face problems related to our operational and financial systems and controls, including quality control and delivery and service capacities. We would also need to continue to expand, train and manage our employee base. Continued future growth will impose significant added responsibilities upon the members of management to identify, recruit, maintain, integrate, and motivate new employees.

Aside from increased difficulties in the management of human resources, we may also encounter working capital issues, as we will need increased liquidity to finance the development of new products, and the hiring of additional employees. For effective growth management, we will be required to continue improving our operations, management, and financial systems and controls. Our failure to manage growth effectively may lead to operational and financial inefficiencies that will have a negative effect on our profitability. We cannot assure investors that we will be able to timely and effectively meet that demand and maintain the quality standards required by our existing and potential customers.

We were granted a patent for certain of our key technologies and may apply for additional patents in the future. Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology is uncertain and may be inadequate, which may have a material and adverse effect on us.

Our success depends significantly on our ability to protect our proprietary rights to the technologies used in our products. We were granted a patent with the United States Office Patent and Trademark Office to protect certain of our key technologies, however, we cannot assure you that we will be able to control all of the rights for all of our intellectual property. We do not know whether any of our future patent applications, if any, will result in the issuance of any patents. Even issued patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Patents may not provide a competitive advantage or afford protection against competitors with similar technology. Competitors or potential competitors may have filed applications for, or may have received patents and may obtain additional and proprietary rights to compounds or processes used by or competitive with ours. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time-consuming and expensive. Competitors may be able to design around our patents or develop products which provide outcomes which are comparable or may even be superior to ours.

In the event a competitor infringes upon our intellectual property rights, enforcing those rights may be costly, uncertain, difficult and time consuming. Even if successful, litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend our patents against challenge could be expensive and time consuming and could divert our management’s attention. We may not have sufficient resources to enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend our patents rights against a challenge. The failure to obtain patents and/or protect our intellectual property rights could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, we have taken steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, including entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with all of our executive officers, employees, consultants and advisors, however, such agreements may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements. Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. However, we have not executed confidentiality agreement or non-compete agreements with our third-party suppliers and there is no restriction on their working with our competitors or selling our component designs to other parties. In that regard, we deem our complex kinematic algorithms and control software to be our most valuable intellectual property and is done in-house only with no sub-contractor involved.

We may become subject to claims of infringement or misappropriation of the intellectual property rights of others, which could prohibit us from developing our products, require us to obtain licenses from third parties or to develop non-infringing alternatives and subject us to substantial monetary damages.

Third parties could, in the future, assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to products we develop. Whether a product infringes a patent or misappropriates other intellectual property involves complex legal and factual issues, the determination of which is often uncertain. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we have not infringed the intellectual property rights of others. Our potential competitors may assert that some aspect of our product infringes their patents. Because patent applications may take years to issue, there also may be applications now pending of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents upon which our products could infringe. There also may be existing patents or pending patent applications of which we are unaware upon which our products may inadvertently infringe.

Any infringement or misappropriation claim could cause us to incur significant costs, place significant strain on our financial resources, divert management’s attention from our business and harm our reputation. If the relevant patents in such claim were upheld as valid and enforceable and we were found to infringe them, we could be prohibited from selling any product that is found to infringe unless we could obtain licenses to use the technology covered by the patent or are able to design around the patent. We may be unable to obtain such a license on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and we may not be able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. A court could also order us to pay compensatory damages for such infringement, plus prejudgment interest and could, in addition, treble the compensatory damages and award attorney fees. These damages could be substantial and could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results. A court also could enter orders that temporarily, preliminarily or permanently enjoin us and our customers from making, using, or selling products, and could enter an order mandating that we undertake certain remedial activities. Depending on the nature of the relief ordered by the court, we could become liable for additional damages to third parties.

The sale of our products is subject to various regulatory requirements of the Israeli Ministry of Defense and will also be subject to regulatory requirements in countries in which we seek to sell our products.

Due to the fact that we sell products used that may be purchased in the defense and/ or military industry, and otherwise conduct business with the IMOD, we may be required to obtain approval from the IMOD with respect to each agreement for the sale of our products. In that regard, we are required to secure the approval of the IMOD prior to offering the sale of our products to any third party. In addition, we are required to obtain approvals from the IMOD prior to the execution and performance of any such agreement. If we fail to obtain approvals in the future, if approvals previously obtained are revoked or expire and are not renewed or if government policies change, our ability to sell our products and services to customers would be impacted, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, revenues, assets, liabilities and results of operations.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Our executive officer, directors and certain stockholders who are beneficial owners of more than 5% of our outstanding common shares possess the majority of our voting power, and through this ownership, have the ability to control our Company and our corporate actions.

Following the Share Exchange, our current executive officer and directors hold approximately 22.20% of the issued and outstanding voting power of the Company’s outstanding shares. These persons have a controlling influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors, and other significant corporate actions. As such, our directors and executive officer may have the power, acting alone or together, to prevent or cause a change in control; therefore, without their consent we could be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us. The interests of our executive officer may give rise to a conflict of interest with the Company and the Company’s shareholders.

In addition, we have a number of stockholders who are beneficial owners of more than 5% of our outstanding common shares, as of the Effective Time, including one such shareholder who beneficially owns approximately 34.37% of our issued and outstanding shares, and as such, also may have the ability to prevent us from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us and/or other shareholders. In addition, we have one additional non-affiliated stockholder who beneficially owns more than 5% of our outstanding common shares. Although none of these non-affiliated stockholders currently have a controlling influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors, and other significant corporate actions, obtaining their vote on certain matters may be necessary to effect certain actions that our management and directors otherwise deem to be in the best interests of the Company.

There is a substantial lack of liquidity of our common stock and volatility risks.

Our common stock is traded on the over-the-counter market with quotations published on the OTC Markets Group, Inc.’s OTCQB® tier Venture Market, under the symbol “DUKR.” The trading volume of our common stock historically has been limited and sporadic, and the stock prices have been volatile. As a result of the limited and sporadic trading activity, the quoted price for our common stock on the over-the-counter market is not necessarily a reliable indicator of its fair market value. The price at which our common stock will trade in the future may be highly volatile and may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including, without limitation, any potential business combination that we announce, as well as the number of shares available for sale in the market.

The trading volume of our common stock may be limited and sporadic. This situation is attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company which is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned and viable. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. We cannot give you any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained, or that current trading levels will be sustained. As a result of such trading activity, the quoted price for our common stock on the OTCQB may not necessarily be a reliable indicator of our fair market value. In addition, if our shares of common stock cease to be quoted, holders would find it more difficult to dispose of or to obtain accurate quotation as to the market value of, our common stock and as a result, the market value of our common stock likely would decline.

Other factors that could have a similar impact include, but are not limited to:

• the increased concentration of the ownership of our shares by a limited number of affiliated stockholders following the Share Exchange may limit interest in our securities;
• limited “public float” in the hands of a small number of persons whose sales or lack of sales could result in positive or negative pricing pressure on the market price for our common stock;
• variations in quarterly operating results from the expectations;
• revisions in securities analysts’ estimates or reductions;
• our ability to obtain working capital financing;
• announcements of new products or services by us or our competitors and changes in our industry;
• reductions in the market share of our products;
• announcements by us or our competitors of significant strategic acquisitions;
• loss of any strategic relationship;
• regulatory developments;
• general technological, market or economic trends;
• investor perception of our industry or prospects;
• insider selling or buying;
• investors entering into short sale contracts;
• regulatory developments affecting our industry; and
• additions or departures of key personnel.

Many of these factors are beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common stock will be at any time, including as to whether our common stock will sustain current market prices, or as to what effect that the sale of shares or the availability of common stock for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

Because we became public by means of a “reverse merger,” we may not be able to attract the attention of major brokerage firms.

There may be risks associated with us becoming public through a “reverse merger.” Securities analysts of major brokerage firms and securities institutions may not provide coverage of us because there were no broker-dealers who sold our stock in a public offering that would be incentivized to follow or recommend the purchase of our common stock. The absence of such research coverage could limit investor interest in our common stock, resulting in decreased liquidity. No assurance can be given that established brokerage firms will, in the future, want to cover our securities or conduct any secondary offerings or other financings on our behalf.

Our common stock may never be listed on a major stock exchange.

While we may seek the listing of our common stock on a national or other securities exchange at some time in the future, we currently do not satisfy the initial listing standards and cannot ensure that we will be able to satisfy such listing standards or that our common stock will be accepted for listing on any such exchange. Should we fail to satisfy the initial listing standards of such exchanges, or our common stock is otherwise rejected for listing, the trading price of our common stock could suffer, the trading market for our common stock may be less liquid, and our common stock price may be subject to increased volatility.

Our common stock is subject to price volatility unrelated to us or our operations.

The market price of our common stock could fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including quarterly operating results of other companies in the same industry, changes in general conditions in the economy and the financial markets, or other developments affecting the Company’s competitors. In addition, the OTCQB is subject to extreme price and volume fluctuations in general. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and could have the same effect on our common stock.

In addition, the securities markets have from time-to-time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Sales of our currently issued and outstanding stock may become freely tradable pursuant to Rule 144 and may dilute the market for your shares and have a depressive effect on the price of the shares of our common stock.

A substantial portion of the outstanding shares of common stock are “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Rule 144” and the “Securities Act”, respectively). As restricted shares, these shares may be resold only pursuant to an effective registration statement or under the requirements of Rule 144 or other applicable exemptions from registration under the Securities Act and as required under applicable state securities laws. Rule 144 provides in essence that a non-affiliate who has held restricted securities for a period of at least six (6) months may sell their shares of common stock. Under Rule 144, affiliates who have held restricted securities for a period of at least six (6) months may, under certain conditions, sell every three months, in brokerage transactions, a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of a company’s outstanding shares of common stock or the average weekly trading volume during the four calendar weeks prior to the sale (the four calendar week rule does not apply to companies quoted on the OTCQB). A sale under Rule 144 or under any other exemption from the Securities Act, if available, or pursuant to subsequent registrations of our shares of common stock, may have a depressive effect upon the price of our shares of common stock in any active market that may develop.

The securities issued in connection with the Share Exchange are restricted securities and may not be transferred in the absence of registration or the availability of a resale exemption.

The shares of common stock issued in connection with the Share Exchange were issued in reliance on an exemption from the registration requirements under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Consequently, these securities are subject to restrictions on transfer under the Securities Act and may not be transferred in the absence of registration or the availability of a resale exemption. In particular, in the absence of registration, such securities cannot be resold to the public until certain requirements under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act have been satisfied, including certain holding period requirements. As a result, a purchaser who receives any such securities issued in connection with the Share Exchange may be unable to sell such securities at the time or at the price or upon such other terms and conditions as the purchaser desires, and the terms of such sale may be less favorable to the purchaser than might be obtainable in the absence of such limitations and restrictions.

We do not plan to declare or pay any dividends to our stockholders in the near future.

We have not declared any dividends in the past, and we do not intend to distribute dividends in the near future. The declaration, payment and amount of any future dividends will be made at the discretion of the board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, the results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, operating and capital requirements, and other factors as the board of directors considers relevant. There is no assurance that future dividends will be paid, and if dividends are paid, there is no assurance with respect to the amount of any such dividend.

“Penny Stock” rules may make buying or selling our common stock difficult.

Trading in our common stock is subject to the “penny stock” rules. The SEC has adopted regulations that generally define a penny stock to be any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. These rules require that any broker-dealer that recommends our common stock to persons other than prior customers and accredited investors, must, prior to the sale, make a special written suitability determination for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to execute the transaction. Unless an exception is available, the regulations require the delivery, prior to any transaction involving a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule explaining the penny stock market and the risks associated with trading in the penny stock market. In addition, broker-dealers must disclose commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities they offer. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by such requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our common stock, which could severely limit the market price and liquidity of our common stock.

The sales practice requirements of FINRA may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our stock.

In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted Rule 2111 that requires a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that an investment is suitable for a customer before recommending the investment. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. The FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy the Company’s common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell the Company’s stock and have an adverse effect on the market for our shares.

Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our Operations in Israel

Our principal executive offices and other significant operations are located in Israel, and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel, including the recent attacks by Hamas and other terrorist organizations and Israel’s war against them.

Our executive offices and corporate headquarters are located in Israel. In addition, our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military and security conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business. Any conflicts, political instability, terrorism, cyberattacks or any other hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners could adversely affect our operations. Ongoing and revived hostilities in the Middle East or other Israeli political or economic factors, could harm our operations.

In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Since the commencement of these events, there had been additional active hostilities against Israel, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis terrorist group which controls parts of Yemen, and Iran. In October 2024, Israel began ground operations against Hezbollah in Lebanon culminating in a 60-day cease fire agreed to between Israel and Lebanon on November 27, 2024. On January 27, 2025, the ceasefire between Israel and Lebanon was extended to February 18, 2025. On January 19, 2025, a temporary ceasefire between Israel and Hamas went into effect, the result of which is uncertain. While ceasefire agreements have been reached, there is no guarantee that the parties will continue to comply with the terms of the agreements and, accordingly, it is possible that these hostilities will resume with little to no warning and that additional terrorist organizations and, possibly, countries will actively join the hostilities. Such clashes may escalate in the future into a greater regional conflict.

The economic implications of the political situation in Israel on the Company’s business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general are difficult to predict and may be intertwined with wider macroeconomic indications of a deterioration of Israel’s economic standing, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company and its ability to effectively conduct some of its operations. Additionally, any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations.

In connection with the Israeli security cabinet’s declaration of war against Hamas and possible hostilities with other organizations, several hundred thousand Israeli military reservists were drafted to perform immediate military service. As of March 20, 2025, none of our employees and regular consultants in Israel have been called from time to time for reserve service but may be called, for service in the current or future wars or other armed conflicts in connection with the multi-front war that Israel is facing, and such persons may be absent for an extended period of time. As a result, our operations in Israel may be disrupted by such absences, which disruption may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely impact our business. Moreover, we cannot predict how this war will ultimately affect Israel’s economy in general, which may involve additional downgrade in Israel’s credit rating by rating agencies (such as the recent downgrade by Moody’s of its credit rating of Israel from A2 to Baa1, maintaining its outlook rating “negative”). We may also be targeted by cyber terrorists specifically because we are an Israeli-related company. In addition, in January 2024 the International Court of Justice, or ICJ, issued an interim ruling in a case filed by South Africa against Israel in December 2023, making allegations of genocide amid and in connection with the war in Gaza, and ordered Israel, among other things, to take measures to prevent genocidal acts, prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and take steps to provide basic services and humanitarian aid to civilians in Gaza. There are concerns that companies and businesses will terminate, and may have already terminated, certain commercial relationships with Israeli companies following the ICJ decision. The foregoing efforts by countries, activists and organizations, particularly if they become more widespread, as well as the ICJ rulings and future rulings and orders of other tribunals against Israel (if handed), may materially and adversely impact our ability to sell our products outside of Israel.

Prior to the Hamas attack in October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system. In response to the foregoing developments, individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, have voiced concerns that the proposed changes may negatively impact the business environment in Israel including due to reluctance of foreign investors to invest or transact business in Israel as well as to increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating, increased interest rates, increased volatility in securities markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. The risk of such negative developments has increased in light of the recent Hamas attacks and the multi-front war Israel is facing, regardless of the proposed changes to the judicial system and the related debate. To the extent that any of these negative developments do occur, they may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors.

Our operations are subject to currency and interest rate fluctuations.

We incur expenses in U.S. dollars and NIS, but our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars. The U.S. dollar is our functional currency. However, as we also incur expenses in NIS, we are affected by foreign currency exchange fluctuations through both translation risk and transaction risk. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that the NIS may appreciate relative to the dollar, or, if the NIS instead devalues relative to the dollar, that the inflation rate in Israel may exceed such rate of devaluation of the NIS, or that the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in Israel. In any such event, the dollar cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our dollar-denominated results of operations would be adversely affected.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a United States court against us and our officers and directors to assert United States securities laws claims in Israel or to serve process on our officers and directors and these experts.

Our executive office, corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities are located in Israel. In addition, all of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. All of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located in Israel. Service of process upon us or our non-U.S. resident directors and officers and enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States against us or our non-U.S. our directors and executive officers may be difficult to obtain within the United States. We have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel that it may be difficult to assert claims under U.S. securities laws in original actions instituted in Israel, or obtain a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors because Israel may not be the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above. Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors.

Moreover, an Israeli court will not enforce a non-Israeli judgment if it was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases), if its enforcement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel, if it was obtained by fraud or in the absence of due process, if it is at variance with another valid judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties, or if a suit in the same matter between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel at the time the foreign action was brought.

Our operations may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of management or key personnel to perform military service.

Our employees and consultants in Israel, including members of our senior management, may be obligated to perform one month, and in some cases longer periods, of military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for citizens who hold certain positions in the Israeli armed forces reserves) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be similar large-scale military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our officers, directors, employees and consultants. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business and operations.

General Risk Factors

We operate in a competitive industry.

Our industry is characterized by rapid and innovative technological change. If we are unable to improve existing systems and products and develop new systems and technologies in order to meet evolving customer demands, our business could be adversely affected. In addition, our competitors could introduce new products with innovative capabilities, which could adversely affect our business. We compete with many large and mid-tier defense companies on the basis of system performance, cost, overall value, delivery and reputation. Many of these competitors are larger and have greater resources than us, and therefore may be better positioned to take advantage of economies of scale and develop new technologies.

Undetected problems in our products could impair our financial results and give rise to potential product liability claims.

If there are defects in the design, production or testing of our products and systems, we could face substantial repair, replacement or service costs, potential liability and damage to our reputation. Defects or malfunctioning of our products, if they were to occur, would likely result in significant damage and loss of life. We may not be able to obtain product liability or other insurance to fully cover such risks, and our efforts to implement appropriate design, testing and manufacturing processes for our products or systems may not be sufficient to prevent such occurrences, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business depends on proprietary technology that may be infringed.

Many of our systems and products depend on our proprietary technology for their success. Like other technology-oriented companies, we rely on a combination of trade secrets, copyrights and trademarks, together with non-disclosure agreements, confidentiality provisions in sales, procurement, employment and other agreements and technical measures to establish and protect proprietary rights in our products. While we are in the process of seeking patents for our technology, there is no guarantee that such patents will be granted. Our ability to successfully protect our technology may be limited because:

• intellectual property laws in certain jurisdictions may be relatively ineffective;
• detecting infringements and enforcing proprietary rights may divert management’s attention and company resources;
• contractual measures such as non-disclosure agreements and confidentiality provisions may afford only limited protection;
• any patents we may receive will expire, thus providing competitors access to the applicable technology;
• competitors may independently develop products that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products or circumvent our intellectual property rights; and
• competitors may register patents in technologies relevant to our business areas;

In addition, various parties may assert infringement claims against us. The cost of defending against infringement claims could be significant, regardless of whether the claims are valid. If we are not successful in defending such claims, we may be prevented from the use or sale of certain of our products, or liable for damages and required to obtain licenses, which may not be available on reasonable terms, any of which may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation or financial condition.

Potential product liability claims could adversely affect our future earnings and financial condition.

We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of our products results in adverse effects. We may not be able to maintain adequate levels of insurance for these liabilities at reasonable cost and/or reasonable terms. Excessive insurance costs or uninsured claims would add to our future operating expenses and adversely affect our financial condition.

We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to retain or motivate key personnel or hire additional qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.

Our performance is largely dependent on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to retain and motivate existing employees. Due to our reliance upon skilled laborers, the failure to attract, integrate, motivate, and retain current and/or additional key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. We do not maintain key person life insurance for any of our employees.

Our management team may not be able to successfully implement our business strategies.

If our management team is unable to execute on its business strategies, then our development, including the establishment of revenues and our sales and marketing activities would be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we may encounter difficulties in effectively managing the budgeting, forecasting and other process control issues presented by any future growth. We may seek to augment or replace members of our management team, or we may lose key members of our management team, and we may not be able to attract new management talent with sufficient skill and experience.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third-party providers. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyberattacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to interrupt our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. Our systems have been, and are expected to continue to be, the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, we cannot assure that these measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data. See Item 1C. “Cybersecurity” for more information.

A decline in the price of our common stock could affect our ability to raise working capital and adversely impact our ability to continue operations.

A prolonged decline in the price of our common stock could result in a reduction in the liquidity of our common stock and a reduction in our ability to raise capital. A decline in the price of our common stock could be especially detrimental to our liquidity and our operations. Such reductions may force us to reallocate funds from other planned uses and may have a significant negative effect on our business plan and operations, including our ability to develop new services and continue our current operations. If our common stock price declines, we can offer no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital or generate funds from operations sufficient to meet our obligations. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital in the future, we may not be able to have the resources to continue our normal operations.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and distract management.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). These requirements are extensive. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting.

We may incur significant costs associated with our public company reporting requirements and costs associated with applicable corporate governance requirements. We expect all of these applicable rules and regulations to significantly increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. This may divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We also expect that these applicable rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Future changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect reported results of operations.

A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct business.

Our Board and management recognize the critical importance of maintaining the trust and confidence of our customers, clients, business partners and employees.

In general, we seek to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive, cross-functional approach that is focused on preserving the confidentiality, security and availability of the information that we collect and store by identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur.

Our cybersecurity risk management efforts include:

• risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
• a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents; and
• a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our board of directors considers cybersecurity risks as part of its risk oversight function and oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management efforts.

Management updates our board of directors, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.

Our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and CFO are responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats, our overall cybersecurity risk management efforts, and supervise both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants.

Our CEO and CFO supervise efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which include ensuring routine briefings from internal security personnel, obtaining threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us, and providing Company personnel with alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

Our principal executive office is currently located at 10 HaRimon Street, Mevo Carmel Science and Industrial Park, Israel. In April 2022, Duke Israel entered into a lease agreement for an office space in Mevo Carmel Science and Industry Park, Israel for a term of 3 years, with an option to extend the term of the lease agreement for an additional 2 years. The April 2022 property became available for the Company’s use in February 2023. In addition, pursuant to an agreement entered into by Duke, we have the right to use office space and receive other administrative services at a location in the State of Florida, and pursuant to an agreement entered into by Duke Greece, it has the right to use office space and receive other administrative services at a location in Athens, Greece.

We are currently not a party to any pending legal proceeding, nor is our property the subject of a pending legal proceeding, that we believe is not ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business or otherwise material to the financial condition of our business.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited annual consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. All amounts are in U.S. dollars and rounded.

Company Overview

We are a robotics company developing an advanced robotics system that enables remote, real-time, pinpoint accurate firing of small arms and light weapons. Our advanced robotics system can achieve pinpoint accuracy regardless of the movement of the weapons platform or the target. We also introduced an insulator cleaning drone, which is a drone technology for conducting routine maintenance of critical infrastructure for cleaning electric utility cable insulators.

On March 9, 2020, Duke and certain shareholders of Duke entered into the Share Exchange with the Company, pursuant to which approximately 99% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Duke were purchased by the Company in exchange for shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in Duke becoming a subsidiary of the Company. Following the Share Exchange, the Company has adopted the business plan of Duke.

On April 29, 2020, the Company, Duke, and UAS Sub, entered into the Merger Agreement, pursuant to which UAS Sub was to merge, upon the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, with and into Duke. Upon closing of the Short-Form Merger, each outstanding share of UAS Sub’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, was to be converted into and become one share of common stock of Duke, with Duke surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company acquired the remaining outstanding shares of Duke held by certain stockholders of Duke that did not participate in the Share Exchange Agreement. At the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Company was to issue 63,856 shares to certain Duke stockholders, and Duke will become a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. On June 25, 2020, Duke filed a Certificate of Merger with the State of Delaware, and consequently, Duke became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and the Short-Form Merger was consummated.

On January 29, 2021, we, through Duke Israel, and Elbit, entered into the Collaboration Agreement for the global marketing and sales, and the production and further development of our developed advanced robotic system mounted on an UAS, armed with lightweight firearms, which we market under the commercial name “TIKAD.” While the agreement was intended to facilitate commercialization and we are aware that Elbit is marketing drone-mounted remote weapon systems, including a system in the name of “Bird of Prey”. We requested reports from Elbit regarding sales and royalties related to drone-mounted remote weapon systems, as outlined in the Collaboration Agreement and it is in discussion with Elbit.

On August 15, 2022, Duke Israel introduced the IC Drone, a drone technology for conducting routine maintenance of critical infrastructure and has signed an agreement with IEC to provide drone-enabled systems for cleaning electric utility cable insulators. During October 2023, we successfully completed our obligations under its agreement with the IEC. Following that successful pilot, in August 2024, we, through Duke Israel, entered into an agreement with the IEC to provide high-voltage insulator washing services using IC Drone system.

On October 28, 2024, a Certificate of Amendment to our Articles of Incorporation with the Nevada Secretary of State to change the Company’s corporate name from UAS Drone Corp. to DUKE Robotics Corp. effective as of November 4, 2024.

In connection with the Certificate of Amendment, we also filed an issuer notification form with FINRA reflecting our name change and requesting a change in its trading symbol from “USDR” to “DUKR”. Effective as of market open on Monday, November 4, 2024, the name changed to DUKE Robotics Corp. and the transition of its OTCQB ticker symbol from “USDR” to “DUKR” took effect.

On February 18, 2025, we announced that we established Duke Greece, a wholly owned subsidiary which is focused on expanding our innovative IC Drone technology in Greece. Our innovative IC Drone technology provides utility companies with a safer, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable solution for maintaining high-voltage electric infrastructure as well as potential other applications of our technologies and capabilities. The subsidiary is expected to facilitate market expansion, strategic partnerships, and additional revenue streams in Greece. While we anticipate initial setup and operational costs, we believe this investment will drive long-term growth.

Operating Results

The selected historical financial information presented below is derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and Duke’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes elsewhere in this annual report.

USD in thousands

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023

Revenues. We had $108,000 in revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had $300,000 in revenues. The revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were derived from our earlier August 2022 collaboration and development agreement with IEC to provide drone-enabled systems for high-voltage insulator washing, which we successfully completed during October 2023. The revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024, were derived from our August 2024 commercial agreement for high-voltage insulator washing services with the IEC. These services to IEC are seasonal in their nature (spring to fall seasons) and revenues derived from the 2024 agreement commenced during the mid-season, in August 2024.

Cost of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had $71,000 in cost of revenues expenses, compared to $273,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The cost of revenues in 2024 mainly consists of professional services associated with our agreements with the IEC as detailed above. The cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were derived from our earlier August 2022 collaboration and development agreement with IEC to provide drone-enabled systems for high-voltage insulator washing, which we successfully completed during October 2023. The cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024, were derived from our August 2024 commercial agreement for high-voltage insulator washing services with the IEC commenced during in August 2024.

Research and Development. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we had $157,000 in research and development expenses, compared to $3,000 in research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in our research and development are mainly due to professional services and other field tests associated with our continued development of additional capabilities of our IC Drone system.

General and Administrative Expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our general and administrative expenses amounted to $905,000, of which $685,000 were related to professional services, such as accounting, auditing, insurance costs, consulting and legal services, and $28,000 were related to stock-based compensation expenses, and were $826,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, of which $575,000 were related to professional services and $108,000 related to stock-based compensation expenses. This increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024, was mainly due to an increase in professional services partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expenses.

Financial Income, net. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our financial income amounted to $40,000 as compared to $76,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The reason for the decrease in financial income for the year ended December 31, 2024, was mainly due to the decrease in our available cash which resulted in a decrease in interest income on our bank deposits.

Net Loss. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded a net loss of $985,000 and $726,000, respectively, which represented an increase compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, of $259,000.

Critical Accounting Policies

This Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations discusses our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we were required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, management reviews the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with U.S. GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the notes to consolidated financial statement, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have devoted substantially all our efforts to research and development and have incurred accumulated losses of $11,162,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, our loss of $985,000 included non-cash stock-based compensation of $28,000. As of December 31, 2024, we had a working capital of $1,010,000 as compared to a working capital of $2,011,000 as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, we had a cash balance of $1,256,000 compared to a cash balance of $2,281,000 as of December 31, 2023. The reason for the decrease in our cash balance was mainly due to the operating expenses describe above.

Cash used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $918,000 as compared to cash used in operations of $548,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The reason for the increase in cash used in operations is mainly related to the increase in our operating expenses.

Since our inception we and Duke have funded our operations through equity and debt financing, bank loans, loans provided by shareholders and demonstration projects of its technology to potential customers.

Since Duke’s inception and until 2017, certain Duke affiliates provided loans to Duke from time to time, as needed. Before entering into the Share Exchange, Duke entered into debt cancellation letters (the “Debt Cancellation Letters”) with regard to the Stockholders Loans. Pursuant to the Debt Cancellation Letters the accumulated interest on the Stockholders’ Loans was waived and 842,135 shares of Duke’s common stock were issued in exchange for the cancellation of $623,180 in debt, leaving $280,000 of outstanding Stockholders Loans (the “Outstanding Stockholders’ Loans”). The Outstanding Stockholders’ Loans, including the accumulated interest amount, shall be repaid on the later of the following: (i) three years after the Effective Date (March 9, 2020); or (ii) Duke raised capital amounting to at least $15 million following the Effective Date and the Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization of Duke has reached an amount of $3 million.

As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the outstanding balances of such stockholders’ loans were $322,000 and $314,000, respectively.

On May 11, 2021, we entered into securities purchase agreements with eight (8) non-U.S. Investors, pursuant to which we, in a private placement offering, agreed to issue and sell to investors an aggregate of: (i) 12,500,000 shares of our Common Stock at a price of $0.40 per share; and (ii) warrants to purchase 12,500,000 of our Common Stock. The warrants were exercisable immediately and for a term of 18 months and have an exercise price of $0.40 per share. The aggregate gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $5,000,000 and the offering closed on May 11, 2021. On April 5, 2022, we entered into an agreement with the Investors pursuant to which we extended the term of the warrants, to expire on November 11, 2023. On November 1, 2023, we and the Investors executed a second extension agreement, such that the term of the warrants was extended to expire on November 11, 2024. On June 20, 2024, we entered into a Warrant Amendment Agreement with the Investors to amend the terms of the warrants issued in connection with the May 11, 2021 securities purchase agreements. Under the Warrant Amendment Agreement, we and the Investors agreed to: (i) extend the warrant exercise term to May 11, 2026; (ii) amend the warrant exercise price, increasing it from $0.40 per share to $0.65 per share; and (iii) include a beneficial ownership blocker that limits the exercise of such warrants if the exercise would result in the holder beneficially owning more than 19.99% of the Company’s common stock immediately following the exercise.

We believe that we have sufficient cash to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. Readers are advised that available resources may be consumed more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding sooner than expected. Should this occur, we will need to seek additional capital earlier than anticipated in order to fund (1) further development and, if needed (2) expenses which will be required in order to expand manufacturing of our products, (3) sales and marketing efforts and (4) general working capital. Such funding may be unavailable to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to obtain such funding when needed could create a negative impact on our stock price or could potentially lead to the failure of our company. This would particularly be the case if we are unable to commercially distribute our products and services in the jurisdictions and in the timeframes we expect.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the CEO and the CFO, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, as in place as of December 31, 2024, evaluated, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024, pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act. This evaluation included a review of the controls’ objectives and design, the operation of the controls, and the effect of the controls on the information presented in this Annual Report. Our management, including the CEO and CFO, do not expect that disclosure controls can or will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud, if any. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our CEO and CFO, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Also, the projection of any evaluation of the disclosure controls and procedures to future periods is subject to the risk that the disclosure controls and procedures may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on their review and evaluation, and subject to the inherent limitations described above, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were not effective as of December 31, 2024, at the above-described reasonable assurance level.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, management identified the following weaknesses, which were deemed to be material weaknesses in internal controls:

1. Due to the size of the Company and available resources, there is a lack of sufficient segregation of duties.

2. The Company does not have an Independent Audit Committee that can provide management oversight.

Remediation Measures

We plan to remediate these material weaknesses by enhancing our segregation of duties and internal control over financial reporting and by electing an additional independent director (as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rules) to the board of directors and establish an Audit Committee, which will assist our board of directors in overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes, the audits of our financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. The Audit Committee will also assist the board of directors in overseeing our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

We believe the actions described above, once put in place, will be sufficient to remediate the identified material weakness and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. However, the new and enhanced controls have not yet been put in place and therefore we cannot conclude that the material weakness will be remediated. We will continue to monitor the effectiveness of these controls and will make any further changes management determines appropriate.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even internal controls determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. The projection of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods is subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies may deteriorate. Because of these limitations, there can be no assurance that any system of internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Commission that exempt from this requirement issuers that are neither accelerated filers nor large accelerated filers.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO - 2013) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management, as in place as of December 31, 2024, determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, was not effective due to the material weakness previously identified as stated above.