Reborn Coffee, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2024. As discussed in the section titled “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Business

Reborn Coffee, Inc. (“Reborn”) is focused on serving high quality, specialty-roasted coffee at retail locations, kiosks and cafes. We are an innovative company that strives for constant improvement in the coffee experience through exploration of new technology and premier service, guided by traditional brewing techniques. We believe Reborn differentiates itself from other coffee roasters through its innovative techniques, including sourcing, washing, roasting, and brewing our coffee beans with a balance of precision and craft.

Founded in 2015 by Jay Kim, our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Kim and his team launched Reborn with the vision of using the finest pure ingredients and pristine water. We currently serve customers through our retail store locations in California: Brea, La Crescenta, Corona Del Mar, Laguna Woods, Manhattan Beach, Huntington Beach, Riverside, San Francisco, Irvine, Diamond Bar, Anaheim and Pasadena. In addition to the locations in the United States, we have two international locations in South Korea and Malaysia.

Reborn continues to elevate the high-end coffee experience and we received first place traditional still in “America’s Best Cold Brew” competition by Coffee Fest in 2017 in Portland and 2018 in Los Angeles.

The Experience, Reborn

We believe that we are the leading pioneers of the emerging “Fourth Wave” movement and that our business is redefining specialty coffee as an experience that demands much more than premium quality. We consider ourselves leaders of the “fourth wave” coffee movement because we are constantly developing our bean processing methods, researching design concepts, and reinventing new ways of drinking coffee. For instance, the current transition from the K-Cup trend to the pour over drip concept allowed us to reinvent the way people consume coffee, by merging convenience and quality. We took the pour over drip concept and made it available and affordable to the public through our Reborn Coffee Pour Over packs. Our Pour Over Packs allow our consumers to consume our specialty coffee outdoors and on-the-go.

Our success in innovating within the “Fourth Wave” coffee movement is measured by our success in B2B sales with our introduction of Reborn Coffee Pour Over Packs to hotels. With the introduction of our Pour Over Packs to major hotels (including one hotel company with 7 locations), our B2B sales increased as these companies recognized the convenience and functionality our Pour Over Packs serve to their customers.

Our continuous Research and Development is essential to developing new parameters in the production of new blends. Our first place position in “America’s Best Cold Brew” competition by Coffee Fest in 2017 in Portland and 2018 in Los Angeles is a testament to the way we believe we lead the “Fourth Wave” movement by example.

Centered around our core values of service, trust, and well-being, we deliver an appreciation of coffee as both a science and an art. Developing innovative processes such as washing green coffee beans with magnetized water, we challenge traditional preparation methods by focusing on the relationship between water chemistry, health, and flavor profile. Leading research studies, testing brewing equipment, and refining roasting/brewing methods to a specific, we proactively distinguish exceptional quality from good quality by starting at the foundation and paying attention to the details. Our mission places an equal emphasis on humanizing the coffee experience, delivering a fresh take on “farm-to-table” by sourcing internationally. In this way, we create opportunities to develop transparency by paying homage to origin stories and spark new conversations by building cross-cultural communities united by a passion for the finest coffee.

Through a broad product offering, Reborn provides customers with a wide variety of beverages and coffee options. As a result, we believe we can capture share of any experience where customers seek to consume great beverages whether in our inviting store atmospheres which are designed for comfort, or on the go through our pour over packs, or at home with our whole bean ground coffee bags. We believe that the retail coffee market in the US is large and growing. According to IBIS, in 2025, the retail market for coffee in the United States is expected to be $74.3 billion. This is expected to grow due to a shift in consumer preferences to premium coffee, including specialized blends, espresso-based beverages, and cold brew options. Reborn aims to capture a growing portion of the market as we expand and increase consumer awareness of our brand.

Plan of Operation

We have a production and distribution center at our headquarters that we use to process and roast coffee for wholesale and retail distribution.

Currently, we have the following 12 retail coffee locations:

• La Floresta Shopping Village in Brea, California;
• La Crescenta, California;
• Corona Del Mar, California;
• Home Depot Center in Laguna Woods, California;
• Manhattan Village at Manhattan Beach, California.
• Huntington Beach, California;
• Galleria at Tyler in Riverside, California;
• Intersect in Irvine, California;
• Diamond Bar, California;
• Anaheim, California;
• Pasadena, California; and
• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Revenue

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company’s net revenue primarily consists of revenues from its retail locations and wholesale and online store. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue as follows:

• Retail Store Revenue

Retail store revenues are recognized when payment is tendered at the point of sale. Retail store revenues are reported net of sales, use or other transaction taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to taxing authorities. Sales taxes that are payable are recorded as accrued as other current liabilities. Retail store revenue makes up approximately 94.5% of the Company’s total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

• Wholesale and Online Revenue

Wholesale and online revenues are recognized when the products are delivered, and title passes to the customers or to the wholesale distributors. When customers pick up products at the Company’s warehouse, or distributed to the wholesale distributors, the title passes, and revenue is recognized. Wholesale revenues make up approximately 3.5% of the Company’s total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

• License Revenue

License revenue relates to the fees earned from granting licenses to third parties to operate the Company’s branded locations. License revenue is recognized in accordance with the terms of the respective licensing agreements. The Company recognized $100,000 of licensing revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. License revenue makes up approximately 2.0% of the Company’s total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Long-lived Assets

In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, the Company reviews for impairment of long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. The Company considers the carrying value of assets may not be recoverable based upon our review of the following events or changes in circumstances: the asset’s ability to continue to generate income from operations and positive cash flow in future periods; loss of legal ownership or title to the assets; significant changes in our strategic business objectives and utilization of the asset; or significant negative industry or economic trends. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset are less than its carrying amount. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2025, the Company was not aware of any events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that the long-lived assets are impaired.

Results of Operations

Three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2024

The following table presents selected comparative results of operations from our unaudited financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Our financial results for these periods are not necessarily indicative of the financial results that we will achieve in future periods. Certain totals for the table below may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

Revenues. Revenues were approximately $1.4 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $1.3 million for the comparable period in 2024, representing an increase of approximately $0.1 million, or 7.8%. The increase in sales for the period was primarily driven by the licensing revenue.

Product, food and drink costs – stores, wholesale and online. Product, food and drink costs were approximately $647 thousand for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to $447 thousand for the comparable period in the prior year, representing an increase of approximately $200 thousand, or 44.7%.

Gross margin. Gross margin was approximately $709 thousand for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $812 thousand for the comparable period in 2024, representing an decrease of approximately $103 thousand, or 12.7%. The decrease in gross margin for the period was primarily driven by increase of the product costs.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses were approximately $2.2 million for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.3 million for the comparable period in 2024, representing an increase of approximately $0.8 million, or 66.0%. This increase in general and administrative expenses compared to the comparable period in the prior year was primarily due to legal and professional fees.

Other Income (Expenses). Other expenses were approximately $402 thousand for the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to other income of approximately $6 thousand for the comparable period in 2024, representing an increase of expenses approximately $408 thousand, or 7,087.5%. This increase in other expenses compared to the comparable period in the prior year was primarily due to interest expense including amortization of debt discount.

Revenues. Revenues were approximately $4.9 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $4.1 million for the comparable period in 2024, representing an increase of approximately $735 thousand, or 17.7%. The increase in sales for the period was primarily driven by license income,

Product, food and drink costs. Product, food and drink costs were approximately $2.0 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.2 million for the comparable period in the prior year, representing an increase of approximately $0.8 million, or 61.7%.

Gross margin. Gross margin was approximately $2.9 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $2.9 million for the comparable period in 2024, representing an decrease of approximately $25 thousand, or 0.9%. The decrease in gross margin for the period was primarily driven by increase of the product costs.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses were approximately $6.5 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to $5.1 million for the comparable period in 2024, representing an increase of approximately $1.4 million, or 28.1%. This increase in general and administrative expenses compared to the comparable period in the prior year was primarily due to legal and professional fees.

Other Income (Expenses). Other expenses were approximately $1.8 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to $100,000 for the comparable period in 2024, representing an increase of approximately $1.7 million, or 1,720.5%. This increase in other expenses compared to the comparable period in the prior year was primarily due to legal and professional expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have a history of operating losses and negative cash flow in operating activities. We have incurred recurring net losses, including net losses from operations before income taxes of approximately $11.0 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We used approximately $4.8 million and $3.3 million of cash for operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Our cash needs will depend on numerous factors, including our revenues, completion of our product development activities, customer and market acceptance of our product, and our ability to reduce and control costs. We expect to devote substantial capital resources to, among other things, fund operations and continue development plans.

On February 6, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement between us and the purchasers named therein (the “Investors”) pursuant to which we issued a 10% original issue discount secured convertible debentures (“Debentures”) in a principal amount of up to $10,000,000, divided into up to four separate tranches that are each subject to certain closing conditions. The conversion price per share of each Debenture, subject to adjustment as provided therein, is equal to 92.5% of the lowest daily VWAP (as defined in the Debentures) of our common stock during the five trading day period ending on the trading day immediately prior to delivery or deemed delivery of the applicable Conversion Notice (as defined in the Debentures). The Debentures accrue interest at a rate of 10% per annum paid in kind, unless there is an event of default in which case the Debentures will accrue interest at a default rate. Each Debenture shall mature at eighteen (18) months from the date of the first closing. Upon the consummation of the closing of each tranche, we will issued common stock purchase warrants (“Warrants”) to each Investor who participated in such closing. The Warrants will: (i) provide for the purchase by the applicable Investor of a number of shares of common stock equal to 20% of the total principal amount of the related Debenture purchased by the Investor on the applicable closing date divided by 92.5% of the lowest daily VWAP of common stock for the five consecutive trading day period ended on the last trading day immediately preceding such closing date and (ii) be exercisable at an exercise price equal to 92.5% of the average of the lowest daily VWAP of the common stock over the consecutive trading days immediately preceding the delivery of the applicable Notice of Exercise (as defined in the Warrants). As of September 30, 2025, we conducted four closings under the securities purchase agreement, pursuant to which we sold Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $3,750,000 and 1,041,667 Warrants to the Investors.

In addition, in October 2025 we sold 1,100,000 shares of common stock at $1.818 per share and in November 2025, we sold 2,500,000 shares of common stock at $2.00 per share. Once fully paid, we will have received an aggregate of $7,000,000 in gross proceeds for such sales.

To support our existing and planned business model, we need to raise additional capital to fund our future operations. We have not experienced any difficulty in raising funds through loans, and have not experienced any liquidity problems in settling payables in the normal course of business and repaying loans when they fall due. Successful renewal of our loans, however, is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties. In addition, the increasingly competitive industry conditions under which we operate may negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows. Additional debt financing is anticipated to fund our operations in the near future. However, there are no current agreements or understandings with regard to the form, time or amount of such financing and there is no assurance that any of this financing can be obtained or that we can continue as a going concern.

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was approximately $4.8 million, which resulted from net loss of $11.0 million, non-cash charges of $4.0 million for stock compensation, and net cash outflows of approximately $4.8 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $189,501 and $641,059, respectively. These expenditures in each period are primarily related to purchases of property and equipment in connection with current and future location openings and maintaining our existing locations.

Cash Flows Provide by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $4.5 million, mostly derived from the proceeds from loan payables of $4.2 million, which was offset by the debt amortization of $2.9 million.

As of September 30, 2025, we had total assets of approximately $6.2 million. Our cash balance as of September 30, 2025 was $44,045.

Credit Facilities

Economic Injury Disaster Loan

On May 16, 2020, we executed the EIDL Loan from the SBA under its EIDL assistance program in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. As of September 30, 2025, the loan payable, EIDL Loan noted above is not in default.

Pursuant to the SBA Loan Agreement, we borrowed an aggregate principal amount of the EIDL Loan of $500,000, with proceeds to be used for working capital purposes. Interest accrues at the rate of 3.75% per annum and will accrue only on funds actually advanced from the date of each advance. Installment payments, including principal and interest, are due monthly beginning May 16, 2021 (twelve months from the date of the SBA Loan Agreement) in the amount of $731. The balance of principal and interest is payable thirty years from the date of the SBA Loan. In connection therewith, we also received a $10,000 grant, which does not have to be repaid. During the year ended December 31, 2020, $10,000 was recorded in Economy injury disaster loan (EIDL) grant income in the Statements of Operations. The schedule of payments on this loan was later deferred to commence 24 months from the date of loan and we has paid all payments owed since May 2022.

In connection therewith, we executed (i) a loan for the benefit of the SBA, which contains customary events of default and (ii) a Security Agreement, granting the SBA a security interest in all of our tangible and intangible personal property, which also contains customary events of default (the “SBA Security Agreement”).

Paycheck Protection Program Loan

In May 2020, we secured a loan under the PPP administered by the SBA in the amount of $115,000. In February 2021, we secured a second loan under this program in the amount of approximately $167,000. The interest rate of the loan is 1.00% per annum and accrues on the unpaid principal balance computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed in a year of 360 days. Commencing seven months after the effective date of each PPP Loan, we are required to pay the Lender equal monthly payments of principal and interest as required to fully amortize any unforgiven principal balance of the loan by the two-year anniversary of the effective date of the loan. The PPP Loan contains customary events of default relating to, among other things, payment defaults, making materially false or misleading representations to the SBA or the Lender, or breaching the terms of the PPP Loan. The occurrence of an event of default may result in the repayment of all amounts outstanding under the PPP Loan, collection of all amounts owing, or filing suit and obtaining judgment against us. Under the terms of the CARES Act, PPP loan recipients can apply for and be granted forgiveness for all or a portion of the loan granted under the PPP. Such forgiveness will be determined, subject to limitations, based on the use of loan proceeds for payment of payroll costs and any payments of mortgage interest, rent, and utilities. Recent modifications to the PPP by the U.S. Treasury and Congress have extended the time period for loan forgiveness beyond the original eight-week period, making it possible for the Company to apply for forgiveness of its PPP loan. We were granted forgiveness for the initial PPP Loan prior to December 31, 2021 and expects to be granted forgiveness on the remainder subsequently.

Leases

We currently lease all company-owned retail locations. Operating leases typically contain escalating rentals over the lease term, as well as optional renewal periods. Rent expense for operating leases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term and begins when Reborn has the right to use the property. The difference between rent expense and cash payment is recorded as deferred rent on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Pre-opening rent is included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Tenant incentives used to fund leasehold improvements are recorded in deferred rent and amortized as reductions to rent expense over the term of the lease.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that we are required to disclose pursuant to these regulations. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into operating lease commitments, purchase commitments and other contractual obligations. These transactions are recognized in our financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

The preparation of financial statements requires management to utilize estimates and make judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. These estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The estimates are evaluated by management on an ongoing basis, and the results of these evaluations form a basis for making decisions about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Although actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, management believes that the estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements are reasonable. The critical accounting policies affecting our financial reporting are summarized in Note 2 to the financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

We have determined that all other issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements are inapplicable or insignificant to us and once adopted are not expected to have a material impact on our financial position.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by 17 C.F.R. 229 (10)(f)(i) and are not required to provide information under this item.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of September 30, 2025. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of September 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act (a) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and forms and (b) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding any required disclosure.

Management has identified control deficiencies regarding inadequate accounting resources, the lack of segregation of duties and the need for a stronger internal control environment. Our management believes that these material weaknesses are due to the small size of our accounting staff. The small size of our accounting outsourced staff may prevent adequate controls in the future due to the cost/benefit of such remediation.

To mitigate the current limited resources and limited employees, we rely heavily on direct management oversight of transactions, along with the use of external legal and accounting professionals. As we grow, we expect to increase our number of employees, which will enable us to implement adequate segregation of duties within the internal control framework.

These control deficiencies could result in a misstatement of account balances that would result in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to our financial statements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In light of this material weakness, we performed additional analyses and procedures in order to conclude that our financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q were fairly stated in accordance with GAAP. Accordingly, management believes that despite our material weaknesses, our financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, are fairly stated, in all material respects, in accordance with GAAP.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

As a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide information required by this item.