Stablecoin Development Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2020

NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a medical device company predominantly focused on eye care. A majority of our revenue comes from Avenova®, an FDA cleared product sold in the United States that has proven in laboratory testing to have broad antimicrobial properties as it removes foreign material including microorganisms and debris from skin around the eye, including the eyelid. Avenova is formulated with our proprietary, stable and pure form of hypochlorous acid. Avenova is available directly to consumers through our on-line sales channel and is also often prescribed and dispensed by eyecare professionals for blepharitis and dry-eye disease.

We continue to promote Avenova through all four of our primary distribution channels: (1) our direct-to-consumer model, allowing customers to order online and forego time-consuming doctor visits and trips to the pharmacy; (2) retail pharmacies, selling to consumers through local pharmacies across 50 states; (3) our Partner Pharmacy Program, providing a consistent patient experience at contracted pricing; and (4) our physician dispensed channel, allowing patients to buy Avenova during office visits to their preferred eye care specialist. We achieved record overall Avenova unit sales in 2020 despite the global COVID-19 pandemic and general economic conditions that challenged many businesses throughout 2020.

Late in 2020, we also launched a rebranded CelleRx® into the beauty industry as CelleRx® Clinical Reset™. Prior to this rebranding, our marketing of CelleRx focused on medical professionals only.

Beyond Avenova and CelleRx, we have developed additional products containing our proprietary, stable and pure form of hypochlorous acid, including NeutroPhase® and PhaseOne® for the wound care market.

In addition to our proprietary products, we responded to the national need for protective personal equipment (PPE) in the first half of 2020 by tapping into our international supply network and launching the sale of KN95 Masks and other PPE. Although sales from the KN95 Masks were significant in the second quarter of 2020, we experienced a significant decrease in PPE sales in the third and fourth quarters as supply shortages narrowed, prices declined and distribution competition increased. As we have returned our focus to our core business in eyecare, we do not currently anticipate dedicating significant future Company resources toward the sale of PPE and we do not expect significant future revenue from PPE sales.

Avenova

Avenova is a proprietary solution of hypochlorous acid that acts as an antimicrobial preservative in solution and has been shown to neutralize bacterial toxins in laboratory tests. Because it is a gentle isotonic solution, it is well suited for daily use. Avenova offers distinct advantages when compared to alternative lid and lash regimens that contain soaps, bleach, and other impurities, as Avenova removes unwanted microorganisms from the skin without the use of those harmful ingredients. Avenova’s target market is the millions of Americans who suffer from minor irritation of the skin around the eye (commonly referred to as blepharitis) as well as anyone who suffers from dry eye (commonly described as a gritty sandy sensation while blinking). We began selling prescription Avenova in the United States in 2014.

In the second quarter of 2019, we began selling Avenova online as an over-the-counter product. By creating a product that does not require a doctor’s prescription, we made Avenova available to many more potential customers and broadened our addressable market. This direct-to-consumer version of Avenova also capitalizes on a trend to sell pharmaceutical products directly to consumers in response to increased cost shifting to consumers through high-deductible health plans and adds convenience by allowing customers to forego a time-consuming doctor visit and trip to the pharmacy.

The launch of over-the-counter Avenova proved to be especially fortuitous during the COVID-19 pandemic as it allowed consumers to order Avenova on-line without a prescription and without leaving their homes.

Over-the-counter Avenova is now our leading product by unit sales and net revenue despite having a lower average net selling price than prescription Avenova. This sales performance reflects our ongoing focus and increasing spend on digital marketing and public relations initiatives. Avenova is now available on Amazon.com, Walmart.com, and Avenova.com. Late in 2020, we also began working with CVS, one of the nation’s largest retail chains to make Avenova available at CVS store locations throughout the U.S. and on CVS.com beginning in the first quarter of 2021.

Despite the shift to a direct-to-consumer model, support from ophthalmologists and optometrists remains strong. The continual endorsement of medical professionals has created a “doctor recommended” halo effect around our brand. This is a key differentiating factor in a crowded consumer space and is a result of our high quality and reliable efficacy. Our physician dispensed channel is particularly important in this regard as patients are able to purchase Avenova conveniently and immediately upon recommendation in the doctor’s office. We believe this also creates repeat Avenova customers who subsequently purchase Avenova through other channels.

We also make prescription Avenova accessible nationwide in nearly all retail pharmacies across the United States through agreements with McKesson Corporation, Cardinal Health, and AmerisourceBergen Corporation. We also have agreements directly with some preferred pharmacy networks through our Partner Pharmacy Program. These agreements provide greater control over the patient experience at consistent contract pricing.

We continue to build our prescription business under a value pricing model. We maintain a rebate program for electronic payment transactions and in the form of instant rebate cards. The rebate cards are intended to be used by patients who either do not have insurance coverage or whose insurance coverage does not cover Avenova, thereby lowering the price for the patient at the pharmacy. Our partner pharmacies ensure that proper insurance reimbursement occurs, and that our patients are receiving the best possible price.

Competitors for Avenova

There are many companies that sell lid and lash scrubs, most of which, to the best of our knowledge, are surfactant (soap) based. Unlike these detergent based products, Avenova consists solely of saline and 0.01% pure hypochlorous acid, without the toxic impurities included in competitive offerings. While there are some hypochlorous acid based products on the market, they all include bleach or other dangerous impurities. Because Avenova lacks these impurities, we believe that physicians and their patients will continue to choose Avenova over other competitive products. While cheaper antibacterial soaps are commonly used to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination on the skin, we do not view them as true competitors of Avenova.

CelleRx Clinical Reset (Dermatology)

CelleRx Clinical Reset is a gentle and soothing facial spray that disrupts the layer of bacteria that settles and grows on the face. When this barrier is out of balance, acne, rosacea and infection can set in. As the brand name suggests, Clinical Reset gets the skin back to a healthy baseline to heal itself while also enabling absorption of other skincare products. It is formulated with our patented, pure, prescription-grade hypochlorous acid and can replace or augment a morning cleanse for dry sensitive skin, reduce bacteria after exercising, calm skin following microdermabrasion and other aesthetic facial procedures and combat environmental aggressors. Unlike many harsh products used for the same purpose, it is gentle and is not an antibiotic.

We are leveraging new consumer focused messaging and the product’s pharmaceutical pedigree in robust social media and print advertising campaigns marketing CelleRx Clinical Reset in the beauty industry.

NeutroPhase and PhaseOne (Wound Care)

Consisting of higher concentrations of hypochlorous acid, NeutroPhase and PhaseOne are used for the cleansing and irrigation of intraoperative pocket lavage, before subcutaneous closure, stage I to IV pressure injuries, stasis ulcers, leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, first-degree and second-degree burns, post-surgical wounds, grafted and donor sites, minor burns, superficial abrasions, wounds, and moistening absorbent wound dressings.

Both NeutroPhase and PhaseOne compete in a crowded wound cleanser market with many older and lower-priced products with similar uses, such as Vashe and Betadine Surgical Scrub. However, we believe our solution has distinct competitive advantages because it is made without the toxic bleach and other preservative chemicals found in other products, making it gentle, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing to skin and new tissue. PhaseOne is distributed through commercial partners in the United States and NeutroPhase is distributed in China by Pioneer Pharma.

Customers, Manufacturing and Suppliers

Avenova is available on Amazon.com, Walmart.com, and Avenova.com. Online sales accounted for 56% of all Avenova revenue and 57% of all Avenova units sold across all channels in 2020.

Historically, we have called on ophthalmologists, optometrists, and other eye care professionals who can prescribe Avenova. With thousands of doctors prescribing and selling the product, no individual doctor represented in excess of 10% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020.

CelleRx is distributed to customers primarily through online channels, while NeutroPhase and PhaseOne rely on distribution partners.

We currently outsource manufacturing of all our products to two contract manufacturers with facilities located in the United States. We believe our contract manufacturers have adequate manufacturing capacity to satisfy our demands and additional contract manufacturers are also available should they be required.

All raw materials and other supplies utilized in the manufacturing process of our contract manufacturers are available from various third-party suppliers in quantities adequate to meet our needs.

Intellectual Property

We believe patents and other proprietary rights are important to our business. We also rely on trade secrets and know-how to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our intellectual property rights by a variety of means, including obtaining patents, maintaining trade secrets and proprietary know-how and technological innovation to operate, without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing on our proprietary rights. In order to maintain our trade secrets, we have entered into confidentiality/invention rights agreements with all our employees and confidentiality agreements with our contract manufacturers.

Research and Development

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we incurred total research and development expenses of approximately $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Pursuant to our business strategy of focusing our resources on growing the commercial sales of Avenova, and increasingly on our recently rebranded CelleRx Clinical Reset, we are currently not conducting any substantive research and development. Any substantial research and development costs incurred in the future would likely be related to our urology program, which we do not expect to move forward in the near-term.

Government Regulation

We are subject to extensive government regulation, principally by the FDA and state and local authorities in the United States and by comparable agencies in foreign countries. Governmental authorities in the United States extensively regulate the pre-clinical and clinical testing, safety, efficacy, research, development, manufacturing, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, import, export, marketing and distribution, among other things, of pharmaceutical and medical device products under various federal laws including the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act and under comparable laws by the states in the United States and in most foreign countries. We also hold our CE Mark and ISO 13485 certifications. To maintain these certifications, we undergo significant quality control audits with the relevant European authorities every year.

FDA Approval/Clearance Requirements

Unless an exemption applies, each medical device that we wish to market in the U.S. must receive FDA 510(k) clearance. We believe we have obtained the required FDA clearance for all of our current products that require such clearance.

The FDA decides whether a device line must undergo either the 510(k) clearance or premarket approval (“PMA”). PMA is the FDA process of scientific and regulatory review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices. Class III medical devices are those that support or sustain human life, are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. The PMA process is based on statutory criteria. These criteria include the level of risk that the agency perceives is associated with the device and a determination of whether the product is a type of device that is similar to devices that are already legally marketed. Devices deemed to pose relatively less risk are placed in either Class I or II, which requires the manufacturer to submit a premarket notification ("PMN") requesting 510(k) clearance, unless an exemption applies. The PMN must demonstrate that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” in intended use and in safety and effectiveness to a legally marketed predicate device, which is a pre-existing medical device to which equivalence can be drawn, that is either in Class I, Class II, or is a Class III device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, for which the FDA has not yet called for submission of a PMA application.

Class I devices are those for which safety and effectiveness can be assured by adherence to the FDA's general regulatory controls for medical devices, or the “General Controls”, which include compliance with the applicable portions of the FDA's quality system regulations, facility registration and product listing, reporting of adverse medical events, and appropriate, truthful and non-misleading labeling, advertising, and promotional materials. Some Class I devices also require premarket clearance by the FDA through the 510(k) PMN process described below. Avenova is classified as a Class I medical device.

None of our products are Class II or Class III medical devices.

Pervasive and Continuing FDA Regulation

A host of regulatory requirements apply to our marketed devices, including the quality system regulation (which requires manufacturers to follow elaborate design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures), the Medical Reporting Regulations (which require that manufacturers report to the FDA specified types of adverse events involving their products), labeling regulations, and the FDA's general prohibition against promoting products for unapproved or "off-label" uses. Unanticipated changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new cGMP requirements could hurt our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Health Care Fraud and Abuse

In the United States, there are federal and state anti-kickback laws that generally prohibit the payment or receipt of kickbacks, bribes or other remuneration in exchange for the referral of patients or other health-related business. For example, the federal Anti-Kickback Law (42 U.S.C. §1320a-7b(b)) prohibits anyone from, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any bribe, kickback or other remuneration intended to induce the referral of patients for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, health care products and services reimbursed by a federal health care program (including Medicare and Medicaid). Recognizing that the federal Anti-Kickback Law is broad and potentially applicable to many commonplace arrangements, the Office of Inspector General within the Department of Health and Human Services, or OIG, has issued regulations, known as the safe harbors, which identify permissible practices. If all of the requirements of an applicable safe harbor are met, an arrangement will not be prosecuted under this law. Safe harbors exist for a number of arrangements relevant to our business, including, among other things, payments to bona fide employees, certain discount arrangements, and certain payment arrangements involving GPOs. The failure of an arrangement to fit precisely within one or more safe harbors does not necessarily mean that it is illegal. However, conduct that does not fully satisfy each requirement of an applicable safe harbor may result in increased scrutiny by government enforcement authorities, such as the OIG or the Department of Justice. Violations of this federal law can result in significant penalties, including imprisonment, monetary fines and assessments, and exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal health care programs. Exclusion of a manufacturer would preclude any federal health care program from paying for its products. In addition to the federal Anti-Kickback Law, many states have their own anti-kickback laws. Often, these state laws closely follow the language of the federal law. Some state anti-kickback laws apply regardless of whether a federal health care program payment is involved. Federal and state anti-kickback laws may affect our sales, marketing and promotional activities, and relationships with health care providers or pharmacies by limiting the kinds of arrangements we may have with them.

Federal and state false claims laws prohibit anyone from presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment to third-party payors that are false or fraudulent. For example, the federal False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. §3729 et seq.) imposes liability on any person or entity who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment by a federal health care program (including Medicaid and Medicare). Manufacturers, like us, can be held liable under false claims laws, even if they do not submit claims to the government, where they are found to have caused submission of false claims by, among other things, providing incorrect coding or billing advice about their products to customers that file claims, or by engaging in kickback arrangements with customers that file claims. A number of states also have false claims laws, and some of these laws may apply to claims for items or services reimbursed under Medicaid and/or commercial insurance. Sanctions under these federal and state laws may include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a manufacturer's products from reimbursement under government programs, and imprisonment.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), created certain criminal statutes relating to health care, including health care fraud and false statements related to healthcare matters. The health care fraud statute prohibits, among others, knowingly and willingly executing a scheme to defraud any health care benefit program, including private payors. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment or exclusion from government sponsored programs. The false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, health care benefits, items or services. A violation of this statute is a felony and may result in fines or imprisonment.

The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers to monitor and report certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, for disclosure to the public. Failure to submit required information may result in significant civil monetary penalties. In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to physicians for marketing, medical directorships, and other purposes. Some states mandate implementation of corporate compliance programs, along with the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians, and some states limit or prohibit such gifts.

Due to the breadth of some of these laws, it is possible that some of our current or future practices might be challenged under one or more of these laws. In addition, there can be no assurance that we would not be required to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws. Evolving interpretations of current laws or the adoption of new federal or state laws or regulations could adversely affect many of the arrangements we have with customers and physicians. Our risk of being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that some of these laws are open to a variety of interpretations. If our past or present operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties, which could hurt our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Foreign Regulation

Many foreign countries in which we market or may market our products have regulatory bodies and restrictions similar to those of the FDA. International sales are subject to foreign government regulation, the requirements of which vary substantially from country to country. The time required to obtain approval by a foreign country may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval and the requirements may differ.

Third-Party Reimbursement

Customers who are prescribed our product generally rely on third-party payors, such as indemnity insurers and managed care plans, to cover and reimburse all or part of the cost of our product. As a result, demand for our product is dependent in part on the coverage and reimbursement policies of these payors.

Private payors often follow the coverage and reimbursement policies of Medicare. We cannot assure you that private third-party payors will cover and reimburse our products in whole or in part in the future or that payment rates will be adequate. Notably, in 2019, we received notices from several national third-party payors that they would not cover Avenova. Currently, none of our products are reimbursed by federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and we do not anticipate they will be reimbursed by such programs in the future.

CMS, the federal agency responsible for administering the Medicare program, frequently changes product descriptors, coverage policies, product and service codes, payment methodologies and reimbursement values. Private payors often follow the coverage and reimbursement policies of Medicare. We cannot assure you that private third-party payors will cover and reimburse our products in whole or in part in the future or that payment rates will be adequate. Further, in the U.S., there have been, and we expect that there will continue to be, federal and state proposals to lower expenditures for medical products and services, which may adversely affect reimbursement for our products.

Other U.S. Regulation

We must also comply with numerous federal, state and local laws relating to matters such as environmental protection, safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, healthcare reform, patient privacy and information, fire hazard control and, among other things, the generation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous substances.

Employees

As of December 31, 2020, we had a total of 25 employees, 22 of whom were full-time employees and 3 were part-time employees. None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Facilities

Our principal executive office and administrative operations are located in Emeryville, California. On August 24, 2016, we entered into an Office Lease (the “Lease”), pursuant to which we leased approximately 7,799 rentable square feet of real property located on the eleventh floor (Suite 1150) at 2000 Powell Street, Emeryville, California 94608 from KBSIII Towers at Emeryville, LLC (the “Landlord”), for our principal executive offices. The expiration date of the Lease is February 28, 2022, unless earlier terminated pursuant to the provisions of the Lease. The Company has the option to extend the term of the Lease for one five (5)-year period upon written notice to the Landlord due no earlier than twelve (12) months and no later than nine (9) months prior to the expiration of the Lease. We believe that our office and administration facilities are suitable and adequate for our current operations, but we may require additional space and facilities as our business expands. The Company intends to renew the lease upon expiration.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on our corporate website, located at www.novabay.com (http://www.novabay.com), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our website is not part of this annual report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy, information statements and other information regarding issuers at http://www.sec.gov.

Our business is subject to a number of risks, the most important of which are discussed below. You should consider carefully the following risks in addition to the other information contained in this report and our other filings with the SEC before deciding to buy, sell or hold our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the value of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations.

Risks Relating to Our Liquidity

We have a history of losses and we may never achieve or maintain sustained profitability.

We have historically incurred net losses, and we may never achieve or maintain sustained profitability. In addition, at this time, we expect to incur substantial marketing and sales expenses as we continue efforts to increase sales of our Avenova and CelleRx products, and our results of operations may fluctuate significantly.

We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve and maintain profitability. Even with current Avenova sales, if we cannot successfully market and sell our Avenova or CelleRx products, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues to achieve or maintain profitability. Our failure to achieve and subsequently maintain profitability could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

Risks Relating to Owning Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially, which may result in losses to our stockholders.

The stock prices of many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry have generally experienced wide fluctuations, which are often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate in response to, among other things:

• the announcement of new products by us or our competitors;
• the announcement of partnering arrangements by us or our competitors;
• quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations;
• changes in our earnings estimates, investors’ perceptions, recommendations by securities analysts or our failure to achieve analysts' earnings estimates;
• developments in our industry;
• the sale of a substantial number of shares of common stock by our largest stockholder, Pioneer Pharma (Hong Kong) Company Ltd. (“Pioneer Hong Kong”), within a short period of time; and
• general, economic and market conditions, including volatility in the financial markets, a decrease in consumer confidence and other factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

We have not paid dividends or repurchased stock in the past and do not expect to pay dividends or repurchase stock in the future, and any return on investment may be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never paid cash dividends on, or repurchased shares of, our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends or repurchasing shares of our common stock in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on, or the repurchase of shares of, our common stock will depend on our earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our Board of Directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends or repurchase stock, you will experience a return on your investment in our shares only if our stock price appreciates. We cannot assure you that you will receive a return on your investment when you sell your shares or that you will not lose the entire amount of your investment.

China Pioneer Pharma Holdings Limited (“China Pioneer”) and/or China Kington Asset Management (“China Kington”) have influence over our corporate matters.

Pioneer Hong Kong, a subsidiary of China Pioneer, beneficially owns approximately 12.4% of our outstanding common stock. Our director Mr. Xinzhou “Paul” Li is the chairman of China Pioneer and our director Mr. Mijia “Bob” Wu is a Non-Executive Director of China Pioneer as well as the Managing Director of China Kington (an affiliated party of the Company due to various historical transactions as disclosed in reports filed with the SEC).

As a result, subject to the fiduciary duties Messrs. Li and Wu owe to the Company in their role as directors, China Pioneer and China Kington have input on all matters before our Board of Directors and may be able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring board and stockholder approval.

If our stockholders' equity does not meet the minimum standards of the NYSE American, we may be subject to delisting procedures.

Historically, the Company’s stockholders’ equity as been below the minimum requirements of Section 1003(a) of the NYSE American Company Guide (the “Company Guide”) though the Company has met all such minimum requirements since October 13, 2020. In accordance with Section 1009(h) of the Company Guide, if the Company is again determined to be below any of the continued listing standards prior to October 13, 2021, the NYSE American will examine the relationship between the two incidents of non-compliance and re-evaluate the Company’s method of financial recovery from the first incident. The NYSE American will take the appropriate action which, depending on the circumstances, may include initiating its compliance procedures or initiating delisting proceedings. If our common stock is delisted, this could, among other things, substantially impair our ability to raise additional funds; result in a loss of institutional investor interest and fewer financing opportunities for us; and/or result in potential breaches of representations or covenants of our warrants, subscription agreements or other agreements pursuant to which we made representations or covenants relating to our compliance with applicable listing requirements. Claims related to any such breaches, with or without merit, could result in costly litigation, significant liabilities and diversion of our management's time and attention and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, business and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our business may be adversely affected by the coronavirus outbreak.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. In January 2020, COVID-19 spread to other countries, including the United States, and efforts to contain the spread of this coronavirus intensified. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and the United States declared a national emergency with respect to COVID-19. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, “shelter in place” orders and other public health measures were implemented across much of the United States, including the San Francisco Bay area counties where the Company’s headquarters is located. Due to “shelter in place” orders and other public health guidance measures, the Company implemented a work-from-home policy for all staff members. As the shelter-in-place restrictions are lifted, the Company has opened its business in phases by staggering the timeline for returning employees to work. Our increased reliance on personnel working from home may negatively impact productivity, or disrupt, delay or otherwise adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operation, particularly in relation to our field sales representatives. In particular, in the second quarter of 2020, we experienced a slowdown in Avenova sales in our prescription and in-office direct channels, as patient visits to eyecare specialists decreased substantially due to the nationwide shelter-in-place mandates. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 has been minimal on the sales of Avenova as an increase in online sales has made up for the decrease in prescription revenue.

The COVID-19 global pandemic continues to evolve. The extent to which the outbreak may continue to affect our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time, such as the duration of the outbreak, evolution of COVID-19 into novel strands of the disease, travel restrictions and actions to contain the outbreak or treat its impact, such as social distancing, quarantines or lock-downs in the United States and elsewhere, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and elsewhere to contain and treat the disease through vaccination. Future developments in these and other areas present material uncertainty and risk with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our future success is largely dependent on the successful commercialization of our products, particularly Avenova.

If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into or maintain agreements with third parties to do so, we may be unable to successfully commercialize our products. While we believe we are creating an efficient commercial organization, we may not be able to judge correctly the size and experience of the sales and marketing force and the scale of distribution necessary to be successful. Establishing and maintaining sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities are expensive and time-consuming. Such expenses may be disproportionate compared to the revenues we may be able to generate on sales of Avenova and/or CelleRx, which could cause our commercialization efforts to be unprofitable or less profitable than expected.

Acceptance and use of Avenova and/or CelleRx by physicians and customers may depend on a number of factors including: (i) perceptions by members of the healthcare community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our products; (ii) published studies demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of our products relative to competing products; (iii) availability of reimbursement for our products from government or commercial payers as relates to Avenova; and (iv) effectiveness of marketing and distribution efforts by us and our licensees and distributors, if any. The failure of any of our products to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

Avenova faces substantial competition in the eye care markets in which we operate.

We face intense competition in the eye care market, which is focused on cost-effectiveness, price, service, product effectiveness and quality, patient convenience and technological innovation. Avenova faces substantial competition in the eye care market from companies of all sizes in the United States and abroad, including, among others, large companies such as Allergan plc and Shire plc, and against products such as Restasis, Xiidra, eye wipes, baby shampoo and soap. There are also over-the-counter products that contain hypochlorous acid that compete with Avenova. Competition may increase further as existing competitors enhance their offerings or additional companies enter our markets or modify their existing products to compete directly with our products, particularly as the market has a heightened focus on antimicrobial products in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of our competitors have substantially more resources and a greater marketing scale than we do. We may not be able to sustain growth as competitive pressures, including pricing pressure from competitors, increase. If our competitors respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, our products may be rendered obsolete or non-competitive. In addition, if our competitors develop more effective or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product commercialization than we do, our operating results will materially suffer.

Revenue generated from the KN95 Masks represents a temporary source of revenue for the Company.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, we tapped into our global healthcare supply network to secure KN95 Masks. While receiving a modest profit margin on the KN95 Masks in 2020, the Company does not believe that the revenue generated from the KN95 Masks will be a long-term source of revenue for the Company. Due to increased supply, the demand for the KN95 Masks has already declined, and the Company expects such demand to continue to decline. The Company does not expect this revenue source to extend past the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Our business may be adversely affected if there is a default on the Payment Protection Program (“PPP”) loan (the “PPP Loan”).

We entered into a PPP Loan with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in an aggregate principal amount of $900,505, which was established under the CARES Act. Under the terms of the CARES Act, recipients can apply for and receive forgiveness for all or a portion of loans granted under the PPP. Such forgiveness will be determined, subject to limitations, based on the use of loan proceeds for certain permissible purposes as set forth in the PPP, including, but not limited to, payroll costs (as defined under the PPP) and mortgage interest, rent or utility costs and the maintenance of employee and compensation levels. While we believe that we meet the qualifications for loan forgiveness, there is no assurance that the Company will obtain forgiveness of the PPP Loan, in whole or in part, and therefore, the Company may be liable for paying the PPP Loan back.

The PPP Loan contains customary events of default relating to, among other things, payment defaults or breach of representations and warranties. If the PPP Loan is not forgiven, the Company may default on the PPP Loan and trigger the immediate repayment of all amounts outstanding and/or the Lender filing suit and obtaining judgment against the Company. The Company submitted the PPP loan forgiveness application in March 2021.

Significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of information security could adversely affect our businesses.

We rely upon information technology systems to operate our businesses. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information (including, but not limited to, personal information and intellectual property), and we deploy and operate an array of technical and procedural controls to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We also have outsourced aspects of our operations to third parties, including significant elements of our information technology infrastructure and, as a result, we are managing independent vendor relationships with third parties who may or could have access to our confidential information. The size and complexity of our information technology and information security systems, and those of our third-party vendors with whom we contract, make such systems potentially vulnerable to service interruptions or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees or vendors, or from attacks by malicious third parties. Such attacks are of ever-increasing levels of sophistication and are made by groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise, including organized criminal groups, “hacktivists,” nation states and others. While we have invested in the protection of data and information technology, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent service interruptions or security breaches. Any such interruption or breach of our systems could adversely affect our business operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive confidential information or intellectual property, and could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm to us.

Risk Related to Government Regulation

We expect continuous revenue from sales of Avenova, which is classified as a cleared medical device by the FDA, but we cannot guarantee that the FDA will continue to allow us to market and sell Avenova as a cleared medical device, which would halt our sales and marketing of Avenova and cause us to lose revenue and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and the value of our business.

Although we had short-term revenue generation from the sale of KN95 Masks in 2020 and hope to receive revenue from CelleRx Clinical Reset as a lifestyle hygiene product, our ability to generate product sales will depend primarily on the commercial success of Avenova. Our ability to continue to commercialize Avenova and generate revenue depends upon, among other things:

• the FDA allowing us to continue marketing Avenova as an FDA cleared medical device;
• acceptance in the medical community;
• the safety of Avenova's predicate devices;
• the number of patients who use Avenova;
• coverage or reimbursement by third-party payors;
• our ability to successfully market Avenova;
• reopening and resurgence of patient visits to eyecare specialists after the nationwide shelter-in-place mandates cease; and
• the amount and nature of competition from competing companies with similar products.

The sale of Avenova will be subject to, among other things, regulatory and commercial and market uncertainties that may be outside of our control. The clearance that we have received from the FDA for our Avenova, NeutroPhase, PhaseOne and CelleRx products is subject to strict limitations on the indicated uses for which the products may be marketed. The labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and record keeping for our products are subject to extensive regulatory requirements.

In addition, there can be no assurance that government regulations applicable to our products will not change and thereby prevent the marketing of some or all of our products for a period of time or permanently. The FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could modify, prevent or delay regulatory approval of our products. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the U.S. or in other countries. We cannot guarantee that Avenova, our other cleared products, or products that may be approved or cleared for marketing in the future, will not be materially adversely impacted by a change in industry standards or regulations. If changes to industry standards, practices or regulations applicable to Avenova or our other cleared products that we may market and sell in the future cause a delay in continued commercialization or if we cannot make a change to satisfy the industry standards, practices or regulations, we may not be able to meet market demand which may have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Additionally, the FDA may request that we submit another 510(k) premarket submission that compares to another predicate device. If we are unable to find an adequate predicate device that is substantially equivalent to Avenova for the treatment claims that we use to sell and market Avenova, we may not be able to obtain the necessary FDA clearance to continue to market and sell Avenova without performing comprehensive clinical trials. In such event, we would need to seek premarket approval from the FDA for the applicable product before we could continue to sell and market Avenova in the United States, which would be significantly more time consuming, expensive, and uncertain.

Our commercialized products such as Avenova and CelleRx, like our other cleared products, are not approved by the FDA as a drug, and we rely solely on the 510(k) clearance of our products as a medical device.

Our business and future growth depend on the development, use and sale of products that are subject to FDA regulation, clearance and approval. Under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other laws, we are prohibited from promoting our products for off-label uses. This means that we may not make claims about the safety or effectiveness of our products and may not proactively discuss or provide information on the use of our products, except as allowed by the FDA. As a medical device, we may only make very limited claims that pertain to our products' cleared intended use. Without claims of efficacy, market acceptance of our products may be slow. The 510(k) status of Avenova also affects our ability to obtain formal insurance reimbursement by payors, and affects our ability to obtain Medicare coverage. If and to the extent that the relaunch of CelleRx as a lifestyle hygiene product is successful, we would have similar restrictions due to the status of CelleRx as a 510(k) cleared product.

There is significant risk that the FDA or other federal or state law enforcement authorities may determine that the nature and scope of our sales and marketing activities constitutes the promotion of our products for non-FDA-approved uses in violation of applicable law and as the sale of unapproved drugs, which is prohibited under applicable law. We face the risk that the FDA may take enforcement action against us for the way that we promote and sell our products. This risk may grow with the increased visibility of Avenova online, as well as the FDA’s increased focus on antimicrobial products in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also face the risk that the FDA or other regulatory authorities might pursue enforcement actions based on past activities that we have discontinued or changed, including sales activities, arrangements with institutions and doctors, educational and training programs and other activities.

Government investigations concerning the promotion of unapproved drug products, off-label uses and related issues are typically expensive, disruptive and burdensome and generate negative publicity. If our promotional activities are found to be in violation of applicable law or if we agree to a settlement in connection with an enforcement action, we would likely face significant fines and penalties and be required to substantially limit and change our sales and promotion activities.

Developments after a product reaches the market may adversely affect sales of our products.

Even after obtaining regulatory clearances, certain developments may decrease demand for our products, including the re-review of products that are already marketed; new scientific information and evolution of scientific theories; the recall or loss of regulatory clearance of products that are already marketed; changing government standards or public expectations regarding safety, efficacy or labeling changes; and greater scrutiny in advertising and promotion.

If previously unknown side effects are discovered or if there is an increase in negative publicity regarding known side effects of a product, it could significantly reduce demand for the product or require us to take actions that could negatively affect sales, including removing the product from the market, restricting its distribution or applying for labeling changes. In addition, some health authorities appear to have become more cautious when examining new products and are re-reviewing select products that are already marketed, adding further to the uncertainties in the regulatory processes. There is also greater regulatory scrutiny, especially in the United States, on advertising (in particular, direct to consumer advertising), promotion and pricing of pharmaceutical products. Certain regulatory changes or decisions could make it more difficult for us to sell our products. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory clearance, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions, injunctions, warning letters, criminal prosecution and other enforcement actions. Any of these events could prevent us from marketing our products and our business may not be able to continue past such concerns. If any of the above occurs to Avenova, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We do not have our own manufacturing capacity, and we rely on partnering arrangements or third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our products and potential products.

The FDA and other governmental authorities require that all of our products be manufactured in strict compliance with federal Quality Systems Regulations and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We do not currently operate manufacturing facilities for production of our products. As a result, we have partnered with third parties to manufacture our products or rely on contract manufacturers to supply, store and distribute our products and help us meet legal requirements. As we have limited control over our commercial partners, any performance failure on their part (including failure to deliver compliant, quality components or finished goods on a timely basis) could affect the commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and reducing or delaying product revenues. If any of our commercial partners or manufacturers have violated or is alleged to have violated any laws or regulations during the performance of their obligations to us, it is possible that we could suffer financial and reputational harm or other negative outcomes, including possible legal consequences.

Our products require precise, high-quality manufacturing. The failure to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards, could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously harm our business. Contract manufacturers and partners often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of qualified personnel. Accordingly, we and our third-party manufacturers are also subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA to determine compliance with the FDA's requirements, including primarily current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”), the Quality Systems Regulations (“QSR”), medical device reporting regulations, and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards, including ISO 13485.

The results of these inspections can include inspectional observations on FDA’s Form 483, untitled letters, warning letters, or other forms of enforcement. If the FDA were to conclude that we are not in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, or that any of our FDA-cleared products are ineffective, make additional therapeutic claims that are not commensurate to the accepted labeling claims, or pose an unreasonable health risk, the FDA could take a number of regulatory actions, including preventing us from manufacturing any or all of our devices or performing laboratory testing on human specimens, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Avenova's FDA-clearance and our other products that have been cleared by the FDA or products that we may obtain FDA-clearance in the future, if at all, are subject to limitations on the intended uses for which the product may be marketed, which can reduce our potential to successfully commercialize the product and generate revenue from the product. If the FDA determines that our promotional materials, labeling, training or other marketing or educational activities constitute promotion of an unapproved use, it could request that we cease or modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory enforcement actions. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider our training or other promotional materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities. In addition, we may be required to conduct costly post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or effectiveness of our products, and we must comply with medical device reporting requirements, including the reporting of adverse events and malfunctions related to our products. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including unanticipated adverse events or adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, manufacturing problems, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements such as QSR, may result in changes to labeling, restrictions on such products or manufacturing processes, withdrawal of the products from the market, voluntary or mandatory recalls, a requirement to repair, replace or refund the cost of any medical device we manufacture or distribute, fines, suspension of regulatory clearance to one or all of our products that may be cleared in the future, product seizures, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties which would adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

If we were to lose, or have restrictions imposed on, FDA clearances we may receive in the future, our business, operations, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely impacted.

Our products may in the future be subject to product recalls that could harm our reputation, business and financial results.

The FDA and similar foreign governmental authorities have the authority to require the recall of regulated products, such as Avenova, NeutroPhase, PhaseOne and CelleRx, in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. In the case of the FDA, the authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious injury or death. In addition, foreign governmental bodies have the authority to require the recall of our regulated products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us or one of our distributors could occur as a result of component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to the FDA within 10 working days after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary recalls involving our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, it could require us to report those actions as recalls. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers and negatively affect our sales. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for our failing to report the recalls when they were conducted.

If we experience unanticipated problems with the products, if or once approved or cleared for marketing, our products could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market which may have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The manufacturing processes, reporting requirements, post-approval clinical data and promotional activities for our cleared medical devices are subject to continued regulatory review, oversight and periodic inspections by the FDA and other domestic and foreign regulatory bodies. In particular, we and our current suppliers, and suppliers that we may have relationships with in the future, are required to comply with the FDA's Quality Systems Regulations (“QSR”) including for the manufacture, testing, control, quality assurance, labeling, shipping, storage, distribution and promotion of our products. The failure by us or one of our suppliers to comply with applicable statutes and regulations administered by the FDA and other regulatory bodies, or the failure to timely and adequately respond to any adverse inspectional observations or product safety issues, could result in any of the following enforcement actions against us: (1) untitled letters, Form 483 observation letters, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; (2) unanticipated expenditures to address or defend such actions; (3) customer notifications for repair, replacement and refunds; (4) recall, detention or seizure of our products; (5) operating restrictions or partial suspension or total shutdown of production; (6) refusing or delaying our requests for 510(k) clearance of new products or modified products; (7) operating restrictions; (8) withdrawing 510(k) clearances that have already been granted; (9) refusal to grant export clearance for our products; or (10) criminal prosecution.

If any of these actions were to occur, it could harm our reputation and cause our product sales and profitability to suffer and may prevent us from generating revenue. Furthermore, if any of our key component suppliers are not in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements, we may be unable to produce our products on a timely basis and in the required quantities, if at all.

Demands of third-party payors, cost reduction pressures among our customers, restrictive reimbursement practices, and cost-saving and other financial measures may adversely affect our business.

Currently, none of our products are reimbursed by federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and we do not anticipate that they will be reimbursed by such programs in the future. Our ability (or inability) to negotiate favorable contracts with non-governmental payors, including managed-care plans or group purchasing organizations (“GPOs”), even if facilitated by our distributors, may significantly affect revenue and operating results. Our customers continue to face cost reduction pressures that may cause them to curtail their use of, or reimbursement for some of our products, to negotiate reduced fees or other concessions or to delay payment. In addition, third-party payors may reduce or limit reimbursement for our products in the future, such as by withdrawing their coverage policies, canceling any future contracts with us, reviewing and adjusting the rate of reimbursement, or imposing limitations on coverage. Furthermore, the increasing leverage of organized buying groups among non-governmental payors may reduce market prices for our products and services, thereby reducing our profitability. Reductions in price increases or the amounts received from current customers, lower pricing for our products to new customers, or limitations or reductions in reimbursement could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows and results of operations.

Federal and state healthcare reform legislation, including the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or the “Affordable Care Act,” may also adversely affect our business. The Affordable Care Act contains provisions aimed at improving quality and decreasing costs in the Medicare program, such as value-based payment programs and reduced hospital payments for avoidable readmissions and hospital acquired conditions. While we cannot predict what additional healthcare programs and regulations will be implemented at the federal or state level, or the effect of any future legislation or regulation on our business, any changes that lower potential reimbursement for our products, impose additional costs, reduce the potential number of people eligible for reimbursement for the use of our products, or otherwise reduce demand for our products, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to comply with laws and regulations governing the sales and marketing of our products could materially impact our revenues.

We engage in various marketing, promotional and educational activities pertaining to, as well as the sale of, pharmaceutical products and/or medical devices in the United States and in certain other jurisdictions outside of the United States. The promotion, marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products and medical devices is highly regulated and the sales and marketing practices of market participants, such as us, have been subject to increasing supervision by governmental authorities, and we believe that this trend will continue.

In the United States, our sales and marketing activities are regulated by a number of regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies, including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the FDA, the Federal Trade Commission, the U.S. Department of Justice, the SEC, and state regulatory authorities. These authorities and agencies and their equivalents in countries outside the United States have broad authority to investigate market participants for potential violations of laws relating to the sale, marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products and medical devices, including the False Claims Act, the Anti-Kickback Statute, the UK Bribery Act of 2010 and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and their state equivalents, among others, for alleged improper conduct, including corrupt payments to government officials, improper payments, inducements, and financial relationships with and to medical professionals, patients, and sales personnel, off-label marketing of pharmaceutical products and medical devices, and the submission of false claims for reimbursement by the federal government. Any inquiries or investigations into our operations, or enforcement or other regulatory action against us by such authorities could result in significant defense costs, fines, penalties and injunctive or administrative remedies, distract management to the detriment of the business, result in the exclusion of certain products, or us, from government reimbursement programs or subject us to regulatory controls or government monitoring of our activities in the future.

Failure to obtain and/or maintain required licenses or registrations could reduce revenue.

Our business is subject to a variety of licensing or registration requirements by the FDA, certain states and foreign jurisdictions where our products are distributed. Failure to obtain or maintain required licenses could result in the termination of the sale of certain products in the applicable states or foreign jurisdictions, or the termination of such products. We may also be subject to fines and other penalties imposed by the relevant government authorities for non-compliance.

The process for obtaining licenses or registrations can be lengthy and expensive and the results sometimes are unpredictable. If we are unable to obtain licenses or registrations needed to produce, market and sell our products in a timely fashion, or at all, our revenues could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to U.S. healthcare fraud and abuse and health information privacy and security laws, and the failure to comply with such laws may adversely affect our business.

We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The U.S. laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to: (i) the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which applies to our marketing and research practices, educational programs, pricing policies, and relationships with healthcare providers or other persons and entities, by prohibiting, among other things, soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; (ii) federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent, and from offering or transferring remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary that the person knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary's selection of a particular provider, practitioner or supplier of any item or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by Medicare or a state healthcare program; (iii) HIPAA, which, among other things, created federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; (iv) HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information and places restrictions on the use of such information for marketing communications; (v) the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which among other things, requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under a federal healthcare program to report annually information related to “payments or other transfers of value” made to physicians and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by certain healthcare professionals and their immediate family members; (vi) the government pricing rules and price reporting laws applicable to the Medicaid, Medicare Part B, 340B Drug Pricing Program, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs program, and the TRICARE program; and (vii) state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above laws, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers, and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, and state and foreign price and payment reporting and disclosure laws, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by their federal counterparts, thus complicating compliance efforts. Violations of the health information privacy and fraud and abuse laws may result in severe penalties against us and/or our responsible employees, including jail sentences, large fines, and the exclusion of our products from reimbursement under federal and state programs. Defense of litigation claims and government investigations can be costly, time consuming, and distract management, and it is possible that we could incur judgments or enter into settlements that would require us to change the way we operate our business.

Any adverse outcome in these types of actions, or the imposition of penalties or sanctions for failing to comply with health information privacy or fraud and abuse laws, could adversely affect us and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Related to Potential Litigation

The pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by patent litigation, and any litigation or claim against us may impose substantial costs on us, place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our business and harm our reputation.

There has been substantial litigation in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries with respect to the manufacture, use and sale of new products that are the subject of conflicting patent rights. For the most part, these lawsuits relate to the validity, enforceability and infringement of patents. We rely upon patents, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovations and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position, and we may initiate claims to defend our intellectual property rights as a result. Other parties may have issued patents or be issued patents that may prevent the sale of our products or know-how or require us to license such patents and pay significant fees or royalties to produce our products. In addition, future patents may be issued to third parties which our technology may infringe. Because patent applications can take many years to issue and because patent applications are not published for a period of time, or in some cases at all, there may be applications now pending of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents that our products infringe.

Intellectual property litigation, regardless of outcome, is expensive and time-consuming, would divert management's attention from our business and could have a material negative effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. If a dispute involving our proprietary technology were resolved against us, it could mean the earlier entry of some or all third parties seeking to compete in the marketplace for a given product, and a consequent significant decrease in the price we could charge for our product. If such a dispute alleging that our technology or operations infringed third-party patent rights were to be resolved against us, we might be required to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorney's fees if we were found to have willfully infringed a third party's patent, to the party claiming infringement, to develop non-infringing technology, to stop selling any products we develop, to cease using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property or to enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable or commercially practical terms, if at all.

If our product or products cause an unexpected reaction to a patient or patients in certain ways that may have caused or contributed to serious injury, we may be subject to product liability claims, and if product liability lawsuits are brought against us, they could result in costly litigation and significant liabilities.

Despite all reasonable efforts to ensure safety, it is possible that we or our distributors will sell our products or products that we currently do not sell but may sell in the future, which are defective, to which patients/customers react in an unexpected manner, or which are alleged to have side effects or otherwise not work for the product’s intended purpose. The manufacture and sale of such products may expose us to potential liability, including regulatory enforcement actions, and the industries in which our products are likely to be sold have been subject to significant product liability litigation.

Any claims, with or without merit, could result in costly litigation, reduced sales, significant liabilities and diversion of our management's time and attention, and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition, business and results of operations. We cannot make assurances that any liability insurance coverage that we qualify for, if at all, will fully satisfy any liabilities brought for any event or injury that is attributed to our product or products.

If a product liability claim is brought against us, we may be required to pay legal and other expenses to defend the claim and, if the claim is successful, damage awards may not be covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance. We may not have sufficient capital resources to pay a judgment, in which case our creditors could levy against our assets. We may also be obligated to indemnify our collaborators and make payments to other parties with respect to product liability damages and claims. Defending any product liability claims, or indemnifying others against those claims, could require us to expend significant financial and managerial resources.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our competitors could develop and market products similar to ours that may reduce demand for our products.

Our success, competitive position and potential future revenues will depend in significant part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely on the patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws of the U.S. and other countries, as well as confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, to protect our intellectual property rights. We apply for patents covering our technologies as we deem appropriate.

There is no assurance that any patents issued to us, or in-licensed or assigned to us by third parties will not be challenged, invalidated, found unenforceable or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide competitive advantages to us. If we or our collaborators or licensors fail to file, prosecute, obtain or maintain certain patents, our competitors could market products that contain features and clinical benefits similar to those of any products we develop, and demand for our products could decline as a result. Further, although we have taken steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, third parties may be able to design around our patents or, if they do infringe upon our technology, we may not be successful or have sufficient resources in pursuing a claim of infringement against those third parties. Any pursuit of an infringement claim by us may involve substantial expense and diversion of management attention.

We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and collaborators. If these agreements are not enforceable, or are breached, we may not have adequate remedies for any breach, and our trade secrets and proprietary know-how may become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

We operate in the State of California. California law prevents us from imposing a delay before an employee, who may have access to trade secrets and proprietary know-how, can commence employment with a competing company. Although we may be able to pursue legal action against competitive companies improperly using our proprietary information, we may not be aware of any use of our trade secrets and proprietary know-how until after significant damage has been done to our Company.

Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. If our intellectual property does not provide significant protection against foreign or domestic competition, our competitors, including generic manufacturers, could compete more directly with us, which could result in a decrease in our market share. All of these factors may harm our competitive position.

Our principal executive offices and administrative operations are located at 2000 Powell Street, Suite 1150, Emeryville, California. In total, we lease approximately 7,799 square feet of office space in the facility pursuant to the Lease expiring on February 28, 2022.

From time to time, the Company may be involved in various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. On July 29, 2019, Mr. John McGovern, the Company’s former Interim President & Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, submitted a demand for arbitration seeking severance as well as additional damages in connection with his separation from service with the Company. The arbitration was settled on December 23, 2020. Mr. McGovern released the Company from all outstanding obligations upon settlement.

As of December 31, 2020, there were no other matters that, in the opinion of management, would ultimately result in liability that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as "expects," "anticipated," "will," "may," "goals," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "concludes," determines," variations of these words, and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. As a result of many factors, including those set forth under the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Item 1A. and elsewhere in this report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are only predictions based upon assumptions made that we believed to be reasonable at the time, and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a medical device company predominantly focused on eye care. A majority of our revenue comes from Avenova®, an FDA cleared product sold in the United States that has proven in laboratory testing to have broad antimicrobial properties as it removes foreign material including microorganisms and debris from skin around the eye, including the eyelid. Avenova is formulated with our proprietary, stable and pure form of hypochlorous acid. Avenova is available directly to consumers through our online sales channel and is also often prescribed and dispensed by eyecare professionals for blepharitis and dry-eye disease.

We continue to promote Avenova through all four of our primary distribution channels: (1) our direct-to-consumer model, allowing customers to order online and forego time-consuming doctor visits and trips to the pharmacy; (2) retail pharmacies, selling to consumers through local pharmacies across 50 states; (3) our Partner Pharmacy Program, providing a consistent patient experience at contracted pricing; and (4) our physician dispensed channel, allowing patients to buy Avenova during office visits to their preferred eye care specialist. We achieved record overall Avenova unit sales in 2020 despite the global COVID-19 pandemic and general economic conditions that challenged many businesses throughout 2020.

Avenova was launched as an over-the-counter product during the second quarter of 2019. By creating a product that does not require a doctor’s prescription, we made Avenova available to many more potential customers and broadened our addressable market. Over-the-counter Avenova also capitalizes on a trend to sell pharmaceutical products directly to consumers in response to increased cost shifting to consumers through high-deductible health plans and adds convenience by allowing customers to forego a time-consuming doctor visit and trip to the pharmacy.

The launch of over-the-counter Avenova online proved to be especially fortuitous during the COVID-19 pandemic as it allowed consumers to order Avenova on-line without a prescription and without leaving their homes.

Over-the-counter Avenova is now our leading product by unit sales and net revenue despite having a lower average net selling price than prescription Avenova. This sales performance reflects our ongoing focus and increasing spend on digital marketing and public relations initiatives to promote Avenova directly to the end consumer. Avenova is available on Amazon.com, Walmart.com, and Avenova.com. Late in 2020, we also began working with CVS, one of the nation’s largest retail chains to make Avenova available at CVS store locations throughout the U.S. and on CVS.com beginning in late February 2021.

Although we expect the online sales channel to continue to be our fastest-growing channel, support for Avenova from the medical community is important to maintaining its reputation as a preferred product. The “doctor recommended” halo effect around our brand remains strong due in part to our continued promotion of prescription Avenova.

Late in 2020, we also launched a rebranded CelleRx® into the beauty industry as CelleRx® Clinical Reset™. Prior to this rebranding, our marketing of CelleRx focused on medical professionals only. Clinical Reset is formulated with NovaBay’s patented, pure, prescription-grade hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the same molecule produced by the human body’s immune system to fight infection and heal wounds. It keeps the skin’s natural barrier intact, which when out of balance can allow acne, rosacea and infection to set in. Clinical Reset is complementary to a daily beauty regime for use on clean skin or over makeup. Prior to this relaunch, our marketing of CelleRx focused on medical professionals only. With the rebranding, we intend to leverage new consumer focused messaging and the product’s pharmaceutical pedigree in robust social media and print advertising campaigns marketing CelleRx Clinical Reset in the beauty industry.

Beyond Avenova and CelleRx, we have developed additional products containing our proprietary, stable and pure form of hypochlorous acid, including NeutroPhase® and PhaseOne® for the wound care market.

In addition to our proprietary products, we responded to the national need for protective personal equipment (PPE) in the first half of 2020 by tapping into our international supply network and launching the sale of KN95 Masks and other PPE. Although sales from the KN95 Masks were significant in the second quarter of 2020, we experienced a significant decrease in PPE sales in the third and fourth quarters as supply shortages narrowed, prices declined and distribution competition increased. As we have returned our focus to our core business in eyecare, we do not currently anticipate dedicating significant future Company resources toward the sale of PPE and we do not expect significant future revenue from PPE sales.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts, giving due consideration to materiality. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments related to revenue recognition, research and development costs, patent costs, stock-based compensation, income taxes and other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies), included in Part II, Item 8 of this report, we believe that the following accounting policies are most critical to fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company charges bad debt expense and records an allowance for doubtful accounts when management believes it to be unlikely that specific invoices will be collected. Management identifies amounts due that are in dispute and it believes are unlikely to be collected. Management recorded a nominal reserve for accounts receivable at December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2019, management reserved $51 thousand based on specific amounts that were in dispute or were over 120 days past due as of that date.

Inventory

Inventory is comprised of (1) raw materials and supplies, such as bottles, packaging materials, labels, boxes and pumps; (2) goods in progress, which are normally filled but unlabeled bottles; and (3) finished goods. We utilize contract manufacturers to produce our products and the price paid to these manufacturers is included in inventory. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value determined by the first-in, first-out method. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, management had recorded an allowance for excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or estimated net realizable value adjustments of $236 thousand and $247 thousand, respectively.

Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow, on a collateralized basis over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use assets may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received.

The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components as a single component for all leases in which it is a lessee or a lessor. The lease expense is recognized over the expected term on a straight-line basis. Operating leases are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities current and operating lease liabilities non-current. As a result, as of the effective date, the Company no longer recognizes deferred rent on the consolidated balance sheets.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue generated through the Company’s webstore for Avenova and KN95 Masks is recognized upon receipt by the customer through multiple third-party carriers. Shipping and handling costs are expensed as fulfillment costs are incurred and included in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We present revenue net of sales taxes and refunds.

Revenue generated through Amazon.com and Walmart.com for Avenova and other products is recognized upon fulfillment, which generally occurs upon delivery of the related products to a third-party carrier or, in the case of an Amazon/Walmart delivery, to the customer. We present revenue net of commissions and any related fulfillment and shipping fees charged by these partners. Fees paid to partners for promoting our product are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expenses within the operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company also generates Avenova product revenue through product sales to its major distribution partners. Product supply of Avenova is the only performance obligation contained in these arrangements, and the Company recognizes product revenue upon transfer of control to its major distribution partners at the amount of consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to, generally upon shipment to the distributor on a “sell-in” basis. Upon recognition of product sales, contract liabilities are recorded for invoiced amounts that are subject to significant reversal, including product revenue allowances for cash consideration paid to customers for services, discounts, rebate programs, and product returns. Because the Company did not have sufficient historical data to compute its own return rate, the return rate used to estimate the constraint on variable consideration for product returns was based on an average of peer and competitor company historical return rates through the end of the third quarter of 2020. The Company updated the return rate assumption quarterly. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company determined that it had adequate historical data to estimate future returns based on its own experience. The Company increased its return rate assumption based on historical data and recorded a $0.4 million increase in its accrual for future returns. The Company will continue to monitor and update its return rate assumption quarterly. Payment for product supply is typically due 30 days after control transfers to the distributor.

Revenue generated through the Company’s partner pharmacies is recognized when control of the product transfers to the end customer.

Bulk orders of KN95 Masks were shipped directly to the customer from a manufacturer in China. Revenue was recognized when control of the product passed to the customer, which was upon delivery of the KN95 Masks to the customer.

The following table summarizes the activity in the accounts related to product revenue allowances (in thousands):

18

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold includes third-party manufacturing costs, shipping and handling costs, and other costs associated with products sold. Cost of goods sold also includes any necessary allowance for excess and obsolete inventory along with lower of cost and estimated net realizable value.

Research and Development Costs

The Company charges research and development costs to expense as incurred. These costs include all costs associated with research, development and regulatory activities, including submissions to the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed in the period in which the costs are incurred. Advertising expenses were $1.7 million, $0.5 million, and $0, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s stock-based compensation includes grants of stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees, consultants and non-employee directors. The expense associated with these grants is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity based on their fair values as they are earned under the applicable vesting terms. For stock options granted, the fair value of the stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. See Note 13, “Equity-Based Compensation” for further information regarding stock-based compensation expense and the assumptions used in estimating that expense. The Company accounts for RSUs issued to employees and non-employees (consultants and advisory board members) based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock as of the date of issuance.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will not be recognized.

Common Stock Warrant Liabilities

The Company accounts for common stock purchase warrants issued in connection with its equity offerings in accordance with the provisions of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging.

The Company accounts for common stock purchase warrants issued in connection with share-based compensation arrangements in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, Stock Compensation, which encompasses the provisions of ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity.

The Company classifies as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) give the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies as assets or liabilities any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net-cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the control of the Company) or (ii) give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). Additionally, for common stock purchase warrants accounted for in accordance with ASC 718, Stock Compensation, the Company classifies as liabilities any contracts where it believes the warrants are deemed to be probable of issuance.

For warrants that are classified as liabilities, the Company records the fair value of the warrants at each balance sheet date and records changes in the estimated fair value as a non-cash gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair values of these warrants are determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Binomial Lattice (“Lattice”) valuation model, or the Monte Carlo simulation model where deemed appropriate. These values are subject to a significant degree of management’s judgment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for information on recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

(in thousands)

(in thousands)

Total Net Sales, Product Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Product revenue, net, increased by $3.4 million, or 51%, to $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The change in product revenue, net, is primarily the result of $3.1 million in product revenue, net, generated from the sale of KN95 Masks during the year ended December 31, 2020 with no comparable revenue during the year ended December 31, 2019. Further, Avenova revenue decreased $0.3 million in 2020 from $6.3 million in 2019 to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was the net result of an overall decrease in the average net selling price of Avenova products which was partially offset by an overall increase in Avenova units sold. The increase in units sold reflects a higher number of non-prescription Avenova and buy-and-sell units sold, partially offset by a decrease in the number of prescription units sold. The decrease in the overall net selling price was largely due to a lower net selling price associated with over-the-counter Avenova, which was launched in June 2019.

Other revenue, net, decreased by $25 thousand, or 58%, to $18 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $43 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in other revenue was due to the Company being relieved of contract liability as a result of changes in contract terms associated with the distribution agreement with China Pioneer in the first quarter of 2019 with no comparable revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Cost of goods sold increased by $2.2 million, or 128%, to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was the result of the cost of KN95 Masks sold during the year ended December 31, 2020 with no comparable sales during the year ended December 31, 2019, as well as an increase in the number of Avenova units sold during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019.

Gross profit increased by $1.1 million, or 23%, to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the KN95 Mask sales.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased by $0.1 million, or 55%, to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase is primarily the result of regulatory expenses incurred under the Microprofit Agreement as further described in Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $2.6 million, or 30%, to $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in sales representative headcount, and lower travel and related expenses due to the impact of COVID-19. This decrease was partly off-set by an increase in Avenova digital advertising and costs associated with the Company’s relaunch of CelleRx Clinical Reset.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.6 million, or 12%, to $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, from $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase is primarily a result of increased legal expenses incurred and the settlement amount paid in conjunction with a dispute with the Company’s former Interim President & Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer as further described in Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Non-cash (loss) gain on changes in fair value of warrant liability

The adjustments to the fair value of warrant liability resulted in a loss of $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a gain of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. For additional information regarding the warrants and their valuation, please see Note 11, “Warrant Liability”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Non-cash gain on changes in fair value of embedded derivative liability

The adjustments to the fair value of embedded derivative liability resulted in a gain of $3 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to a gain of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. For additional information, please see Note 10, “Convertible Note”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net, was a net income of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an expense of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded income of $0.9 million as the result of income recognized as qualifying expenses incurred under the PPP Loan. Please see Note 18, “Paycheck Protection Program”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. This income was partially offset by the interest due on the Promissory Note issued in February 2019 and the amortization of discount and issuance cost related to the Convertible Note issued in March 2019.

The expense of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 was due to interest of $0.2 million due on the Promissory Note issued in February 2019, the amortization of discount and issuance cost of $0.8 million related to the Convertible Note issued in March 2019, and the issuance cost of $0.4 million related to the issuance of warrants in August 2019. For additional information regarding the Promissory Note, please see Note 9, “Related Party Note Payable” to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. For additional information regarding the Convertible Note, please see Note 10, “Convertible Note” to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. For additional information regarding the issuance of common stock, Series A Preferred Stock and warrants in August 2019, please see Note 12, “Stockholders’ Equity”, to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part II, Item 8 of this report.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

For this discussion, see the “Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2020, our cash and cash equivalents were $12.0 million, compared to $6.9 million as of December 31, 2019. Based primarily on the funds available at December 31, 2020, management believes that the Company’s existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows generated from product sales will be sufficient to enable the Company to meet its planned operating expenses at least through March 25, 2022. However, changing circumstances may cause the Company to expend cash significantly faster than currently anticipated, and the Company may need to spend more cash than currently expected because of circumstances beyond its control. Additionally, our future results, cash expenditures and ability to obtain additional external financing could be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and general adverse economic conditions.

Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, which consisted primarily of a net loss of $11.0 million, adjusted by non-cash loss of $5.2 million on the change in fair value of warrant liability, stock-based compensation expenses of $0.5 million, issuance of RSUs for services of $0.2 million, non-cash interest expense related to amortization of debt issuance cost and debt discount of $0.2 million, and a net increase of $0.2 million in our net operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash used in operating activities was $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, which consisted primarily of a net loss of $9.7 million, adjusted by non-cash gain of $0.7 million on the change in fair value of warrant liability, non-cash interest expense related to amortization of debt issuance cost and debt discount of $0.7 million, non-cash gain of $0.4 million on the change in fair value of embedded derivative liability, stock compensation expenses of $0.5 million, issuance of RSUs related to employee separation agreement of $0.2 million, non-cash impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets of $0.1 million, depreciation and amortization expenses of $0.1 million and issuance of warrants for service of $0.1 million, and a net increase of $1.2 million in our net operating assets and liabilities.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, cash used in investing activities was $26 thousand and $19 thousand, respectively, for the purchase of property and equipment.

Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $9.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company received net proceeds of $5.2 million from the at-the-market offering and equity program (“ATM Program”), and an additional $7.1 million from the exercise of warrants. These amounts were offset by repayments of $1.5 million on the Convertible Note issued to Iliad Research and Trading L.P. and repayment of $1.0 million on the Promissory Note, both paid using proceeds raised through the ATM program pursuant to the ATM Agreement, dated April 27, 2020, with Ladenburg.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was attributable to net proceeds of $12.1 million from several financing activities during 2019, including the private placement with three accredited investors in June 2019, issuance of common stock to Triton Funds LP in the second quarter of 2019, issuance of the Promissory Note to Pioneer Hong Kong in February 2019, issuance of the Convertible Note to Iliad Research and Trading L.P. in March 2019, issuance of common stock in a direct registered offering and warrant in a simultaneous private placement in August 2019 and issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock and warrants in a private placement in August 2019. The aggregate proceeds of $12.1 million was offset by repayments of $0.7 million on the convertible note issued to Iliad Research and Trading L.P. during the year 2019. The Company received an additional $0.3 million from the exercise of warrants and stock options during 2019.

Quarterly Results of Operations (unaudited)

The following table presents unaudited quarterly results of operations for the eight most recent quarters ending with the quarter ended December 31, 2020. This information has been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements and has been prepared by us on a basis consistent with our audited annual consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which management considers necessary for a fair presentation of the information for the periods presented.

(in thousands, except per share data)

As of December 31, 2020, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes of $117.3 million and $96.2 million, respectively. The federal net operating loss carryforwards consist of $100.1 million generated before January 1, 2018, which will begin to expire in 2024 and $17.2 million that will carryforward indefinitely but are subject to an 80% limitation for years following December 31, 2020. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) changed net loss carryforward provisions, allowing a full utilization of NOL carryforwards through December 31, 2020. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2028. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2028. As of December 31, 2020, we also had tax credit carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of $1.3 million and $0.3 million for state tax purposes. If not utilized, the federal tax credits will begin expiring in 2026. The state tax credits have an indefinite carryover period.

Current federal and California tax laws include substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards in the event of an ownership change of a corporation. Accordingly, our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards may be limited as a result of such ownership changes. Such a limitation could result in the expiration of carryforwards before they are utilized.

Inflation

We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our business and operating results during the periods presented, and we do not expect it to have a material impact in the near future, although there can be no assurances that our business will not be affected by inflation in the future.

Off -Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.

Seasonality

Consistent with our peers in the United States pharmaceutical industry, our business experiences seasonality with the first quarter of each year typically being the lowest revenue quarter. This annual phenomenon is due to consumers facing the need to satisfy health insurance deductibles and changes to copays as each new insurance year begins. In 2020, the Company experienced unusually high revenue in the quarter ended June 30, 2020 due to sales of the KN95 Masks.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual cash commitments as of December 31, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):

Our commitments as of December 31, 2020 consisted primarily of a facility operating lease and an operating lease for two copiers.

The total commitment for the facility lease as of December 31, 2020 was $0.5 million due over the lease term, compared to $0.9 million as of December 31, 2019.

We had an operating lease for 2 copiers as of December 31, 2020. The total commitment for the lease as of December 31, 2020 was $29 thousand due over the lease terms, compared to $45 thousand as of December 31, 2019.

See Note 8, “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this report for further information regarding these leases.

Our market risk consists principally of interest rate risk on our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in interest rates, particularly because our current liquid assets at December 31, 2020 were held in cash and cash equivalents.

Our investment policy restricts our investments to high-quality investments and limits the amounts invested with any one issuer, industry, or geographic area. The goals of our investment policy are as follows: preservation of capital, assurance of liquidity needs, best available return on invested capital, and minimization of capital taxation. Some of the securities in which we invest may be subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of the investment to fluctuate. For example, if we hold a security that was issued with an interest rate fixed at the then-prevailing rate and the prevailing interest rate later rises, the principal amount of our investment will probably decline. To minimize this risk, in accordance with our investment policy, we maintain our cash and cash equivalents in short-term marketable securities, including money market mutual funds, Treasury bills, Treasury notes, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and corporate and municipal bonds. The risk associated with fluctuating interest rates is limited to our investment portfolio. Due to the short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we believe we have minimal interest rate risk arising from our investments. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, a 10% change in interest rates would have had an immaterial effect on the value of our investment portfolio. We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. We do not hold any instruments for trading purposes.

With most of our focus on Avenova in the domestic U.S. market, we have not had any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act).

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures necessarily involves the exercise of judgment by management. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Based upon that evaluation at December 31, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure, at the reasonable assurance level, that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Our management utilized the criteria set forth in "Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)" issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to conduct an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on these criteria.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting which has materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.