Tidewater Inc: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2023

Unless otherwise required by the context, the terms “we”, “us”, “our” and “the company” as used herein refer to Tidewater Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries and predecessors.

About Tidewater

We were incorporated in 1956 and for over 65 years, we have provided marine and transportation services to the global offshore energy industry. Our mission includes providing services to our customers with the highest level of operational performance, while complying with all laws and regulations, respecting the environment and local communities in which we work and ensuring the safety of our people.

We offer a large, diversified fleet of offshore service vessels (OSV or vessels), with 217 vessels serving customers in over 30 countries as of December 31, 2023. We believe our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of our customers. We manage our operations through the following five geographically aligned reporting segments:

• Americas
• Asia Pacific
• Middle East
• Europe/Mediterranean
• West Africa

Each reporting segment is overseen by a managing director, who is a senior company executive reporting directly to our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker.

Our vessels routinely move between geographic regions as our customers complete projects and new projects arise. We conduct our business through domestic and international subsidiaries, as well as through joint ventures that we may or may not control (generally where required to satisfy local ownership or local content requirements).

Our vessels and associated services support all phases of offshore crude oil and natural gas (also referred to as oil and gas) exploration activities, field development, production and maintenance, as well as windfarm development and maintenance. Our services include towing of, and anchor handling for, mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover, production activities, field abandonment, dismantlement and restoration activities; offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and a variety of other specialized services such as pipe and cable laying.

Our principal customers include large, international integrated and independent oil and gas exploration, field development and production companies (IOCs); mid-sized and smaller independent exploration and production (E&P) companies; foreign government-owned or government-controlled organizations that explore for, develop and produce oil and gas (NOCs); offshore drilling contractors; and other companies that provide various services to the offshore energy industry, including, among other things, offshore construction companies, windfarm development companies, diving companies and well stimulation companies.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. Consistent with other vessel operators in our industry, our business activity is largely dependent on capital budgets and offshore exploration, field development, production and abandonment activity of our customers. Our customers’ offshore business activity, in turn, is largely dependent on current and expected oil and gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for oil and gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce oil and gas reserves both onshore and offshore.

Depending on vessel capabilities and availability, our vessels operate in the shallow, intermediate and deepwater offshore markets. Deepwater oil and gas development typically involves significant capital investment and multi-year development plans. Although deepwater projects are typically less susceptible to short-term fluctuations in commodity prices, they are generally more costly than onshore and other offshore exploration and development. We expect offshore windfarm developments to increase over the coming years and believe these developments may provide additional opportunities for a certain cross-section of our larger vessels. These projects generally require fewer but more highly specialized vessels.

Our revenues are derived primarily from vessel time charter or similar contracts ranging in duration from a few months to several years. To a lesser extent, we derive revenue from vessel time charter contracts on a “spot” basis, which are short-term agreements ranging from one day to several months where we provide offshore marine services to customers for specific short-term jobs. The base rate of hire for a term contract is generally a fixed rate, though some longer-term contracts have rate escalation clauses. In addition, many charter arrangements allow us to recover specific limited additional costs, such as fuel expenses, while on hire.

Acquisition of Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Limited (SPO Acquisition)

On April 22, 2022, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Limited (SPO), pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement (SPA Agreement) with Banyan Overseas Limited (Banyan) for a total consideration of $215.5 million, consisting of (i) $61.6 million in cash paid at closing less a subsequent receipt of an $8.8 million post-closing working capital refund; and (ii) 8,100,000 warrants, exercisable at $0.001 per share for one share of our common stock (SPO Acquisition Warrants). As of closing, SPO and its wholly owned subsidiaries owned 50 offshore support vessels operating primarily in West Africa, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

On June 24, 2022, we amended the SPA Agreement to allow Banyan to surrender the SPO Acquisition Warrants to satisfy indemnity liabilities. Under the indemnification provisions of the amended SPA Agreement, Banyan requested that we allow them to settle approximately $1.4 million in indemnified liabilities by surrendering the equivalent value in SPO Acquisition Warrants. We granted Banyan’s request, and during 2022, settled the agreed upon indemnification liabilities in exchange for the surrender of 64,086 SPO Acquisition Warrants that we subsequently cancelled.

During the second half of 2022, we completed two common stock public offerings to facilitate the SPO Acquisition Warrants redemption, including an offering for 4,048,000 shares at $17.85 per share completed on August 12, 2022, and an offering for 3,987,914 shares at $30.25 per share completed on November 10, 2022 (Offerings). The Offerings resulted in net proceeds (after expenses) of approximately $187.8 million that we used to redeem 8,035,914 SPO Acquisition Warrants, which we subsequently cancelled. As a result, no SPO Acquisition Warrants remained outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

Acquisition of Solstad Vessels (Solstad Acquisition)

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Vessels, Charter Parties and Other Assets, which was amended on June 30, 2023 (the Acquisition Agreement), with certain subsidiaries of Solstad Offshore ASA, a Norwegian public limited company (collectively, the Sellers), pursuant to which we agreed to acquire from the Sellers (the Solstad Acquisition): (i) 37 platform supply vessels owned by the Sellers (the Solstad Vessels); and (ii) the charter parties governing certain of the Solstad Vessels. On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million, consisting of the $577.0 million base purchase price plus an initial $3.0 million purchase price adjustment; $3.2 million for working capital items comprised of fuel and lubricants; and $11.0 million in estimated transaction costs, consisting primarily of advisory and legal fees. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028. Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the related debt agreements.

Warrant Exercises and Expiration

Prior to August 1, 2023, we had outstanding Series A Warrants, with an exercise price of $57.06 and Series B Warrants, with an exercise price of $62.28, both with an expiration date of July 31, 2023. During July 2023, an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were exercised and we issued 1.9 million shares of common stock in exchange for $111.5 million in cash proceeds. All remaining unexercised Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, approximately 3.1 million in the aggregate, expired according to their terms on July 31, 2023.

Share Repurchase Program

On November 5, 2023, our Board of Directors approved a $35.0 million share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2023, we had repurchased and retired 590,499 shares for approximately $35.0 million, excluding commissions and a 1% excise tax.

Vessel Classifications

Our primary vessel classifications include Anchor Handling Towing Supply Vessels (AHTS) and Platform Supply Vessels (PSVs). We also operate a small number of other specialty vessels. A description of the type of vessels categorized in each vessel class and the services typically performed follows.

Anchor Handling Towing Supply Vessels

The most versatile vessels in the Tidewater fleet are large, powerful AHTS vessels, capable of all types of towing, anchor handling activities, and varied subsea operations. Fitted with experienced crews and state of the art technology, AHTS vessels of various classes are capable of positioning and mooring drilling rigs in virtually any location, depth or sea condition and under a wide range of conditions. With a wide range of power, sizes and capacities, these vessels are also well-suited for general offshore support services, drilling rig support functions and cargo transport assignments.

As of December 31, 2023, we operated 54 AHTS vessels throughout our service regions.

• Small AHTS class. Generally, this vessel class includes AHTS vessels that have up to 8,000 brake horsepower (BHP). These vessels typically work in shallow waters along the coast or on the continental shelf. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 22 small AHTS vessels.
• Medium AHTS class. Generally, this vessel class includes AHTS vessels that have between 8,000 and 16,000 BHP. These vessels can work in shallow waters along the coast or on the continental shelf or in intermediate depths further offshore. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 21 medium AHTS vessels.
• Large AHTS class. Generally, this vessel class includes AHTS vessels with over 16,000 BHP. These vessels primarily work in deepwater. Large AHTS vessels are equipped to tow drilling rigs and other marine equipment, as well as to set anchors for the positioning and mooring of drilling rigs that generally do not have dynamic positioning capabilities. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 11 large AHTS vessels.

Platform Supply Vessels

PSVs generally have cargo carrying capacities, both below deck (liquid mud tanks and dry bulk tanks) and above deck. Most of our PSVs are outfitted with dynamic positioning capabilities, which allow the vessels to maintain an absolute or relative position when mooring to an offshore installation or rig or another vessel is deemed unsafe, impractical or undesirable. Many of our PSVs also have oil recovery, firefighting, standby rescue and/or other specialized equipment. The Solstad Acquisition added 37 PSVs to our fleet. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 141 PSVs throughout our service regions.

• Large PSVs. Generally, this vessel class includes PSVs that have greater than 900 square meters of deck space. The Solstad Acquisition added 28 Large PSVs to our fleet. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 69 Large PSVs.
• Medium PSVs. Generally, this vessel class includes PSVs that have between 500 and 900 square meters of deck space. The Solstad Acquisition added nine Medium PSVs to our fleet. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 72 Medium PSVs.

Other Vessels

Our other vessel classes include crew boats, utility vessels and offshore tugs. Crew boats and utility vessels are chartered to customers for use in transporting personnel and supplies from shore bases to offshore drilling rigs, platforms and other installations. These vessels may be equipped for oil field security missions in markets where piracy, kidnapping or other potential violence presents a concern. Offshore tugs are used to tow floating drilling rigs and barges; to assist in the docking of tankers; and to assist pipe laying, cable laying and construction barges. To support our West Africa segment, we contracted to build (i) two ocean-going tugs, which were completed and delivered in 2023; and (ii) eight Alucat crew boats, two of which were completed and delivered in 2023. We expect the remaining six Alucat crew boats to be completed in 2024 and early 2025. As of December 31, 2023, we operated 22 vessels classified as other.

Customers and Contracting

Demand for our services depends substantially on our customers’ strategies and allocation of capital spending related to offshore exploration, development and production of oil and gas reserves. These expenditures are generally dependent on our customers’ views of future demand for oil and gas and future oil and gas prices, as well as our customers’ ability to access capital. The activity levels of our customers also are influenced by the cost (and relative cost) of exploring for and producing oil and gas offshore, which can be affected by environmental regulations, technological advances that affect energy production and consumption, extreme weather conditions, and local and international economic and political environments, including government mandated moratoriums.

Although commodity prices have recovered from historic lows seen in 2020, our customers have generally lowered their capital expenditure programs considering market volatility and competing priorities, including returning capital to stockholders and investing in alternative energy sources. In addition, we derive a significant amount of revenue from a relatively small number of customers. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our five largest customers accounted for approximately 37.3%, while our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 51.0% of our total revenues.

The following table discloses our customers that accounted for 10% or more of total revenues:

* Less than 10% of total revenues.

While it is normal for our customer base to change over time as our vessel time charter contracts turn over, the unexpected loss of any significant customer could, at least in the short term, have a material adverse effect on our vessel utilization and our results of operations.

Competition

We have numerous competitors of all sizes. The principal competitive factors for the OSV service industry include (i) the quality, suitability and technical capabilities of vessels; (ii) the availability of vessels and related equipment; (iii) the price and quality of service; and (iv) the legal ability to provide the service in the applicable region. In addition, a strong record for safety and efficiency and the ability to attract and retain qualified and skilled personnel, are important competitive factors. We have numerous competitors in all areas in which we operate, and our ability to compete in the international markets may be adversely affected by regulations requiring, among other things, local construction, flagging, ownership or control of vessels, the awarding of contracts to local contractors, the employment of local citizens and/or the purchase of supplies from local vendors.

Our diverse, mobile asset base and the wide geographic distribution of our assets generally enable us to respond relatively quickly to changes in market conditions and to provide a broad range of vessel services to customers around the world. We believe that the size, age, diversity and geographic distribution of a vessel operator’s fleet, economies of scale and experience level in many areas of the world are competitive advantages in our industry. For example, in the Americas region, we benefit from the rules and restrictions promulgated thereunder by the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 and the Shipping Act, 1916, as amended (collectively, the Jones Act), which limits vessels that can operate in the United States (U.S.) Gulf Of Mexico (GOM) and other offshore regions within U.S. territorial waters to those owned by companies that qualify as U.S. citizens. At the same time, in certain foreign countries, we encounter preferences given to vessels owned by local companies that may be mandated by local law or by national oil companies, which we generally attempt to mitigate through affiliations with local companies or other legal alternatives.

Seasonality

Our global vessel fleet generally has its highest utilization rates in the warmer months when the weather is more favorable for offshore exploration, field development and construction work in the oil and gas industry. Hurricanes, cyclones, the monsoon season, and other severe weather can negatively or positively impact vessel operations. Our GOM operations can be impacted by the Atlantic hurricane season from the months of June through November, when offshore exploration, field development and construction work tend to slow or halt to mitigate potential losses and damage that may occur to the offshore oil and gas infrastructure should a hurricane enter the area. However, demand for offshore marine vessels typically increases in the GOM in connection with repair and remediation work that follows any hurricane damage to offshore oil and gas infrastructure. Additionally, our vessels that operate offshore in India, other areas in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific are impacted by the monsoon season, which occurs across the region from November to April. Vessels that operate in the North Sea can be impacted by a seasonal slowdown in the winter months, generally from November to March. Although hurricanes, cyclones, monsoons and other severe weather can have a seasonal impact on operations, our business volume is more dependent on oil and gas pricing, global supply of oil and gas, and demand for our offshore support vessels and other services than on any seasonal variation.

Regulatory and Compliance

International Labour Organization’s Maritime Labour Convention

The International Labour Organization's Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 (MLC) mandates globally, among other things, seafarer living and working conditions (accommodations, wages, conditions of employment, health and other benefits) aboard ships that are engaged in commercial activities. Since its initial entry into force on August 20, 2013, 90 countries have ratified the MLC.

We maintain certification of our vessels to MLC requirements, perform maintenance and repairs at shipyards, and make port calls during ocean voyages in accordance with the MLC based on the dates of enforcement by countries in which we operate. In addition, where possible, we continue to work with identified flag states to seek substantial equivalencies to comparable national and industry laws that meet the intent of the MLC and allow us to standardize operational protocols among our fleet.

Government Regulation

We are subject to various U.S. federal, state and local statutes and regulations governing the ownership, operation and maintenance of vessels. Our U.S. flagged vessels are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the U.S. Maritime Administration. We also are subject to international laws and conventions and the laws of international jurisdictions where we operate.

Under the citizenship provisions of the Jones Act, we would not be permitted to engage in the U.S. coastwise trade if more than 25% of our outstanding shares of common stock are owned by non-U.S. Citizens (as defined by the Jones Act). For a company engaged in the U.S. coastwise trade to be deemed a U.S. citizen: (i) it must be organized under the laws of the United States or of a state, territory or possession thereof; (ii) each of the chief executive officer and the chairman of the board of directors of such corporation must be a U.S. citizen; (iii) no more than a minority of the number of directors of such corporation necessary to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business can be non-U.S. Citizens; and (iv) at least 75% of the interest in such corporation must be owned by U.S. citizens. We have a dual stock certificate system to protect against non-U.S. Citizens owning more than 25% of our common stock. In addition, our certificate of incorporation (as amended) provides us with certain remedies with respect to any transfer or purported transfer of shares of our common stock that would result in the ownership by non-U.S. Citizens of more than 24% of our common stock. Based on the latest information available to us, we believe less than 24% of our outstanding common stock was owned by non-U.S. Citizens as of December 31, 2023.

Our vessel operations in the GOM are considered coastwise trade. U.S. law requires that vessels engaged in the U.S. coastwise trade must be built in the U.S. and registered under U.S. flag. In addition, once a U.S. built vessel is registered under a non-U.S. flag, it cannot thereafter engage in U.S. coastwise trade. Therefore, our non-U.S. flagged vessels must operate outside of the U.S. coastwise trade zone. Of the total 217 vessels that we owned at December 31, 2023, 208 vessels were registered under flags other than the U. S. and nine were registered under the U.S. flag.

All our offshore vessels are subject to either U.S. or international safety and classification standards or sometimes both. Our U.S. flagged AHTS vessels, PSVs and other vessels are required to undergo periodic inspections generally twice within every five-year period pursuant to USCG regulations. Vessels registered under other flag states are subject to similar regulations and are governed by the laws of the applicable international jurisdictions and the rules and requirements of various classification societies, such as the American Bureau of Shipping.

We comply with the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention (1974/1988), and further mandated in the Maritime Transportation and Security Act of 2002 to align United States regulations with those of the ISPS Code and SOLAS. Under the ISPS Code, we perform worldwide security assessments, risk analyses, and develop vessel and required port facility security plans to enhance safe and secure vessel and facility operations. Additionally, we have developed security annexes for those U.S. flag vessels that transit or work in waters designated as high risk by the USCG pursuant to the latest revision of Maritime Security Directive 104-6.

Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

In the U.S., we are subject to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and other similar laws and regulations, which establish workplace standards for the protection of the health and safety of employees, including the implementation of hazard communications programs designed to inform employees about hazardous substances in the workplace, potential harmful effects of these substances, and appropriate control measures.

As described above, certain of the international jurisdictions in which we operate have ratified the MLC, which establishes minimum requirements for working conditions of seafarers, including conditions of employment, hours of work and rest, grievance and complaints procedures, accommodations, recreational facilities, food and catering, health protection, medical care, welfare and social security protection. Although the U.S. is not a party to the MLC, U.S. flagged vessels operating internationally must comply with the MLC when calling on a port in a country that is a party to the MLC.

Environmental Regulations

During the ordinary course of business, our operations are subject to a wide variety of environmental laws and regulations, including without limitation, those that govern the discharge of oil, oil products and other pollutants into navigable waters. Violations of these laws may result in civil and criminal penalties, fines, injunctions and other sanctions. Compliance with the existing governmental regulations that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment has not had, nor is expected to have, a material effect on us. Environmental laws and regulations are subject to change, however, and may impose increasingly strict requirements, and, as such, we cannot estimate the ultimate cost of complying with such potential changes to environmental laws and regulations. In addition, a wide range of governmental regulatory agencies, including the USCG, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Office of Pipeline Safety, the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement and certain individual states, regulate vessels and other structures in accordance with the requirements of federal and state law.

At this time, little uniformity exists among the regulations issued by these agencies, which increases our compliance costs and risk of non-compliance. Existing U.S. environmental laws and regulations to which we are subject include, but are not limited to:

• the Clean Air Act, which restricts the emission of air pollutants from many sources and imposes various preconstruction, operational, monitoring and reporting requirements, and that the EPA has relied upon as the authority for adopting climate change regulatory initiatives relating to greenhouse gas emissions;
• the Clean Water Act, which regulates discharges of pollutants from facilities to state and federal waters and establishes the extent to which waterways are subject to federal jurisdiction and rulemaking as protected waters of the U.S.;
• the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which subjects owners and operators of vessels, onshore facilities, and pipelines, as well as lessees or permittees of areas in which offshore facilities are located, to liability for removal costs and damages arising from an oil spill in waters of the United States;
• the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, which imposes liability on generators, transporters, and arrangers of hazardous substances at sites where hazardous substance releases have occurred or are threatening to occur; and
• U.S. Department of the Interior regulations, which govern oil and gas operations on federal lands and waters and impose obligations for establishing financial assurances for decommissioning activities, liabilities for pollution cleanup costs resulting from operations, and potential liabilities for pollution damages.

In the U.S. and abroad, we are subject to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), an international convention that imposes environmental standards on the shipping industry relating to oil spills, management of garbage, the handling of certain substances, sewage and air emissions. Annex VI of MARPOL addresses air emissions, including emissions of sulfur and nitrous oxide, and requires the use of low sulfur fuels worldwide in both auxiliary and main propulsion diesel engines on vessels. The IMO Organization designates the waters off North America as an Emission Control Area, meaning that vessels operating in the U.S. must use fuel with a sulfur content no greater than 0.1%. Directives have been issued designed to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. These can impact both the fuel and the engines that may be used onboard vessels. For further discussion of regulatory risks related to climate change see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (Form 10K).

In 2023, the IMO adopted its 2023 Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships (IMO Strategy) that would require international shipping to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions on a well-to-wake basis to net zero by or around 2050. In addition, the framework introduces checkpoints in 2030 and 2040 that seek reductions in the absolute greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping by at least 20% and 70%, respectively, compared to 2008. The IMO Strategy includes a range of measures planned for implementation in 2027, including fuel standards and market-based measures that could result in changes to itineraries or increased compliance related costs for which the impact is uncertain and may individually and collectively have a material impact on our profitability.

Additionally, various legislation, regulations and international accords pertaining to climate change have been implemented or are being considered for implementation, particularly as they relate to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, such as the EU's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and similar regulations under consideration by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Although final applicable regulatory and disclosure requirements are yet to be published, we expect these laws will directly impact us. As a result, we are in the process of determining the extent of any potential disclosures or other reporting requirements and will continue to monitor the development and implementation of these regulations.

From time to time, we are also involved in various legal proceedings that relate to other environmental matters. The amount of ultimate liability, if any, with respect to these proceedings is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. We are proactive in establishing policies and operating procedures for safeguarding the environment against any hazardous materials aboard our vessels and at shore-based locations. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 also requires owners and operators of vessels over 300 gross tons to provide the USCG with evidence of financial responsibility to cover the cost of cleaning up oil spills from those vessels. Several foreign jurisdictions also require us to present satisfactory evidence of financial responsibility. We generally satisfy these requirements through appropriate insurance coverage, as discussed below in “Risk Management.”

Moreover, environmental laws and regulations can affect the resale value or significantly reduce the useful lives of our vessels, require a reduction in carrying capacity, ship modifications or operational changes or restrictions (and related increased operating costs) or retirement of service, lead to decreased availability or higher cost of insurance coverage for environmental matters or result in the denial of access to, or detention in, certain jurisdictional waters or ports. Whenever possible, hazardous materials are maintained or transferred in confined areas to ensure containment if accidents were to occur. In addition, we have established operating policies intended to increase awareness of actions that may harm the environment, including being committed to responsible ship recycling in accordance with the 2009 Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and the EU Ship Recycling Regulation.

In addition to governmental regulation, many offshore oil and gas producers have developed strict due diligence processes for selecting their suppliers out of concerns for the environmental impact of their operations. Our failure to maintain any of our vessels to the standards required by the industry could put us in breach of the applicable charter agreement and lead to termination of such agreement. Should we not be able to successfully clear such risk assessment processes initially or on an ongoing basis, the future and ongoing employment of our vessels could be adversely affected.

Risk Management

The operation of any marine vessel involves an inherent risk of marine losses (including physical damage to the vessel) attributable to adverse sea and weather conditions, mechanical failure and collisions. In addition, the nature of our operations exposes us to the potential risks of damage to and loss of drilling rigs and production facilities, hostile activities attributable to war, sabotage, piracy and terrorism, as well as business interruption due to political action or inaction, including nationalization of assets by foreign governments. Any such event may lead to a reduction in revenues, increased costs or reputational harm. Our vessels are generally insured for their estimated market value against damage or loss, including war, acts of terrorism and pollution risks, but we do not directly or fully insure for business interruption. We also carry workers’ compensation, maritime employer’s liability, director and officer liability, general liability (including third party pollution) and other insurance customary in the industry.

The continued threat of terrorist activity and other acts of war or hostility have significantly increased the risk of political, economic and social instability in some of the geographic areas in which we operate. Further acts of terrorism may be directed against the U.S. or U.S. citizens domestically or abroad, and such acts of terrorism could be directed against properties and personnel of U.S. headquartered companies such as ours. The resulting economic, political and social uncertainties, including the potential for future terrorist acts and war, could cause the premiums charged for our insurance coverage to increase. We currently maintain war risk coverage on our entire fleet.

We seek to secure appropriate insurance coverage at competitive rates. We carefully monitor claims and actively participate in claims estimates and adjustments. We believe that our insurance coverage is adequate. To date, we have not experienced an insured loss in excess of our policy limits; however, we cannot provide any assurance that our liability coverage will be adequate to cover claims that may arise. While we believe we should be able to maintain adequate insurance at rates considered commercially acceptable, we cannot guarantee that such insurance will continue to be available at commercially acceptable rates given the markets in which we operate. For further discussion of our risks see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

Environmental, Social and Governance

We believe sustainability in the energy industry requires a balanced and diversified approach in both traditional energy sources and lower-emission solutions throughout the energy transition. We also believe our oil and gas customers are dedicated to strengthening energy security and the supply of reliable energy while also decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. These beliefs drive our sustainability strategy and commitment to being a sustainable, resilient and responsible company with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles as a cornerstone of our corporate mission.

In March 2023, we published our latest sustainability report (Sustainability Report) for the year ended December 31, 2022, which can be found on our website at www.tdw.com (http://www.tdw.com) and includes disclosures in accordance with the Taskforce on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), the 2021 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting standards, and the 2018 Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) for Marine Transportation. Information contained on or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this Form 10-K or any other filing we make with the SEC.

Environment

Climate change concerns have precipitated a call from governments and other entities to transition away from fossil fuels for energy production and power transportation. The primary driver of climate change is considered to be carbon emissions. Advocates of the energy transition, including nations aligned with the Paris Agreement, support targets to reduce world-wide carbon emissions to “net zero” by the year 2050, or in other words, a state in which the greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere are balanced by removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

We are dedicated to proactively disclosing our progress toward reducing our carbon emissions, including our initiatives to support more environmentally friendly energy sources, on an annual basis in our Sustainability Report. We believe that throughout the energy transition and for years beyond, oil and gas will continue to be an important source of energy, and our long-term success depends on our ability to effectively navigate and participate in the energy transition while also supporting the oil and gas industry.

Social and Human Capital Management

Employees and Labor Relations

As of December 31, 2023, we had a global workforce of approximately 7,300 individuals worldwide with over 90% of our workforce operating internationally in more than 30 countries. We are not a party to any union contract in the U.S. but through several subsidiaries, we are subject to union agreements covering local nationals in several countries other than the U.S., most heavily in the North Sea with United Kingdom (U.K.) and Norwegian mariners.

Culture and Engagement

Our employees and our culture are critical to our long-term success. Our senior leadership team believes in and promotes Tidewater’s culture through our “7 Cs”:

• Capability
• Collaboration
• Commitment
• Communication
• Compassion
• Compliance
• Courage

We strive to create an environment where our colleagues feel respected, valued, and can contribute to their fullest potential. We leverage technology to promote online collaborative workspaces to bring our colleagues together across multiple time zones and geographies and to create a global sense of community.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

We are a global company with operations on every continent except Antarctica. We embrace the diversity of our team members, stakeholders and customers, including their unique backgrounds, experiences, thoughts and talents. Everyone is valued and appreciated for their distinct contributions to the growth and sustainability of our business. We strive to cultivate a culture and vision that supports and enhances our ability to recruit, develop and retain diverse talent at every level and in every operating theater. We are an equal opportunity employer, with qualified applicants receiving consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability or protected veteran status. We comply with applicable employment, labor and immigration requirements in countries where we operate and we require our personnel to cooperate with our compliance efforts. We strive to create a culture of continuous improvement, including investing in tools and programs to develop our workforce, and to constantly identify and support opportunities to connect and collaborate across our diverse workforce.

We are committed to racial equality and fostering a culture of diversity and inclusion throughout our organization, a commitment that both starts with, and is reflected in, our Board. We have made diversity and inclusion an important part of our hiring and retention efforts. Our chief operating officer, who also serves as our chief human resource officer (CHRO), has primary responsibility for our human capital management strategy, including attracting, developing, engaging and retaining talented employees. The CHRO is also responsible for the design of employee compensation and benefits programs.

Health, Safety and Environment

We maintain a health and safety culture grounded on the premise of eliminating workplace incidents, risks and hazards. We are committed to protecting and ensuring the safety of our employees, customers and any person associated with our business or operations. Our principal operations occur in offshore waters where the workplace environment presents many safety challenges, and our management, to the most senior level, is fully committed to creating and maintaining a safe and healthy working environment, ensuring safety at sea and the prevention of human injury and loss of life. We have adopted and implemented various health and safety policies and programs, which have been developed for the onshore and offshore management of vessels in compliance with all applicable rules and regulations, including applicable international and flag state legislation.

In addition, our leaders communicate frequently with company personnel to promote safety and instill safe work habits using company media directed at, and regular training of, both our seamen and shore-based personnel. Our Health, Safety, Environment and Security (HSE) organization is involved in numerous proactive efforts to prevent accidents and injuries from occurring, and reviews, with our senior leaders all incidents that occur, focusing on lessons that can be learned from such incidents and opportunities to incorporate such lessons into our on-going safety-related training. We believe all employees, regardless of rank or position, including any contractor or other third-party person employed, are empowered to utilize Stop Work Obligation anytime they feel safety may be compromised, without any repercussions.

We use and disclose on our website and in our annual Sustainability Report leading safety indicators, such as near-miss events and HSE training activities, and lagging safety indicators, such as Total Recordable Case Frequency and Lost Time Incident Frequency, to monitor the performance of our health and safety programs.

Governance

Our Board believes the primary purpose of corporate governance is to maximize stockholder value in a manner consistent with legal requirements while operating with the highest standards of integrity. The Board has adopted and adheres to corporate governance practices, which the Board and management believe promote this purpose and represent best practices. The Board periodically reviews these governance practices, applicable law, the rules and listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and SEC regulations, as well as best practices suggested by recognized governance authorities.

Given the increased importance and focus on ESG factors by our stakeholders, our Board has formed a separate committee, the Safety & Sustainability Committee, to oversee our sustainability efforts and reporting, including our safety policies, procedures, metrics and incidents. Our Board, along with the Safety & Sustainability Committee, monitors and provides oversight over our ESG policies, programs and practices regarding corporate responsibility and sustainability. Our Compensation & Human Capital Committee oversees our human capital management efforts, such as diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives, and our employee compensation and benefits policies and programs. Our Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee oversees our corporate governance matters, such as stockholder relations, and our compliance and regulatory programs. Our Audit Committee oversees our ethics program and enterprise risk management process, such as our cybersecurity, data privacy, ethics and compliance reporting.

For further discussion of ESG risks and considerations see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

Reporting Segments

Prior to 2022, we managed our business through four segments including the Americas, Middle East/Asia Pacific, Europe/Mediterranean, and West Africa. In connection with the acquisition of SPO in April 2022, we split our Middle East/Asia Pacific segment into an Asia Pacific segment and a Middle East segment, resulting in the five segments. Our reporting segments and corresponding disclosures have been adjusted to reflect each of the five segments for all periods presented.

Corporate Information

Tidewater was founded in 1956 and is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Our worldwide headquarters and principal executive offices are located at 842 West Sam Houston Parkway North, Suite 400, Houston, Texas 77024.

Available Information

Tidewater maintains a website at www.tdw.com (http://www.tdw.com). Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers, and any amendments to each of those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act), are made available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after each is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Alternatively, the SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov)) that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and our other SEC filings. Copies of our reports are also available, without charge, from Tidewater Investor Relations, 842 West Sam Houston Parkway North, Suite 400, Houston, Texas 77024.

In addition, you can access via our website Tidewater’s governing formation documents, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, charters of the standing committees of the Board, as well as other governing policies. Unless expressly noted, the information appearing on our website or any other website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this Form 10-K or any other filing Tidewater makes with the SEC.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain of the statements included in this Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which includes any statements that are not historical facts. Such statements often contain words such as “expect,” “believe,” “think,” “anticipate,” “predict,” “plan,” “assume,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “goal,” “target,” “projections,” “intend,” “should,” “will,” “shall” and other similar words. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects upon Tidewater Inc. and its subsidiaries. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting Tidewater Inc. and its subsidiaries will be those anticipated by management. These forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and there are certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements, including, among others: fluctuations in worldwide energy demand and oil and gas prices; industry overcapacity; limited capital resources available to replenish our asset base as needed, including through acquisitions or vessel construction, and to fund our capital expenditure needs; uncertainty of global financial market conditions and potential constraints in accessing capital or credit if and when needed with favorable terms, if at all; changes in decisions and capital spending by customers in the energy industry and the industry expectations for offshore exploration, field development and production; consolidation of our customer base; loss of a major customer; changing customer demands for vessel specifications, which may make some of our older vessels technologically obsolete for certain customer projects or in certain markets; rapid technological changes; delays and other problems associated with vessel maintenance; the continued availability of qualified personnel and our ability to attract and retain them; the operating risks normally incident to our lines of business, including the potential impact of liquidated counterparties; our ability to comply with covenants in our indentures and other debt instruments; acts of terrorism and piracy; the impact of regional or global public health crises or pandemics; the impact of potential information technology, cybersecurity or data security breaches; integration of acquired businesses and entry into new lines of business; disagreements with our joint venture partners; natural disasters or significant weather conditions; unsettled political conditions, war, civil unrest and governmental actions, such as expropriation or enforcement of customs or other laws that are not well developed or consistently enforced; the risks associated with our international operations, including local content, local currency or similar requirements especially in higher political risk countries where we operate; interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations; labor changes proposed by international conventions; increased regulatory burdens and oversight; changes in laws governing the taxation of foreign source income; retention of skilled workers; our participation in industry wide, multi-employer, defined pension plans; enforcement of laws related to the environment, labor and foreign corrupt practices; increased global concern, regulation and scrutiny regarding climate change; increased stockholder activism; the potential liability for remedial actions or assessments under existing or future environmental regulations or litigation; the effects of asserted and unasserted claims and the extent of available insurance coverage; the resolution of pending legal proceedings; and other risks and uncertainties detailed in this Form 10-K and other filings we make with the SEC. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize (or the consequences of any such development changes), or should our underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results or outcomes may vary materially from those reflected in our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking and other statements in this Form 10-K regarding our environmental, social and other sustainability plans, goals or activities are not an indication that these statements are necessarily material to investors or required to be disclosed in our filings with the SEC. In addition, historical, current, and forward-looking environmental, social and sustainability-related statements may be based on standards still developing, internal controls and processes that we continue to evolve, and assumptions subject to change in the future. Statements in this Form 10-K are made as of the date of this filing, and Tidewater disclaims any intention or obligation to update publicly or revise such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. See “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for a discussion of certain risks relating to our business and investment in our securities.

In certain places in this Form 10-K, we may refer to reports published by third parties that purport to describe trends or developments in energy production and drilling and exploration activity and we specifically disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of such information and have undertaken no steps to update or independently verify such information.

The following discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding other statements in this Form 10-K. The following information should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by several factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual financial condition and operating results to vary materially from those anticipated, projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and stock price. These could also be affected by additional factors that apply to all companies generally which are not specifically mentioned below.

Summary of Risk Factors

Below is a summary of some of the principal risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

• Demand for our services is substantially dependent on the level of capital spending by our customers. Downturns in the oil and gas industry have often resulted in lower expenditures by our customers and reduced demand for our services, which in the past has, and in the future may have, material adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
• Factors associated with global climate change, including evolving and increasing regulations, increasing global concern and stakeholder scrutiny about climate change, and increasing frequency and/or severity of adverse weather events or conditions could adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial position.
• Failure to effectively and timely address the energy transition could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.
• In connection with implementing our business strategy, we face risks associated with identifying acquisition targets, integrating any acquisitions or mergers and growing the business from the acquisition.
• We derive a significant amount of revenue from a relatively small number of customers.
• We may not be able to collect amounts owed to us by our customers.
• Our customer base has undergone consolidation and additional consolidation is possible.
• The high level of competition in the offshore marine service industry could negatively impact pricing for our services.
• The rise in production of unconventional oil and gas resources could increase supply without a commensurate growth in demand which could negatively impact oil and gas prices.
• Maintaining our current fleet and acquiring vessels required for additional future growth require significant capital.
• We may not be able to renew or replace expiring contracts for our vessels.
• Early termination of contracts on our vessels could have an adverse effect on our operations and our backlog may not be converted to actual operating results for any future period.
• We may record additional losses or impairment charges related to our vessels.
• We may not be able to sell vessels to improve our cash flow and liquidity because we may be unable to locate buyers with access to financing or to complete any sales on acceptable terms or within a reasonable timeframe.
• An increase in vessel supply without a corresponding increase in the working offshore rig count could lead to a decline in the charter day rates we can charge and negatively impact our revenue.
• Our insurance coverage and contractual indemnity protections may not be sufficient to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks.

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Risks Relating to Our International and Foreign Operations

• We operate throughout the world and are exposed to risks inherent in doing business in countries other than the U.S., including risks associated with foreign corrupt practices laws, acts of piracy, war, terrorist attacks and international hostilities.
• Global or regional public health crises and other catastrophic events could reduce economic activity resulting in lower commodity prices and could affect our crew rotations and entry into ports.
• We may have disruptions or disagreements with our foreign joint venture partners, which could lead to an unwinding of the joint venture.
• Our international operations expose us to currency devaluation and fluctuation risk.

Risks Relating to Our Human Capital

• Failure to attract and retain qualified personnel could impede our operations.
• We may be subject to additional unionization efforts, new collective bargaining agreements or work stoppages.
• Certain of our employees are covered by both state and federal laws that may subject us to job-related claims.

Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness

• We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service and other obligations.
• Restrictive covenants in our debt agreements may restrict our ability to raise capital, make distributions on our stock or pursue our other business strategies, which may have significant consequences for our operations and future prospects.
• The amount of our debt could have significant consequences for our operations and future prospects.
• We may not be able to obtain debt financing if and when needed with favorable terms, if at all.

Risks Relating to Governmental Regulation

• With our extensive international operations, we are subject to certain compliance risks under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U. K. Bribery Act or similar worldwide anti-bribery laws.
• Changes to applicable laws or regulations to which we are subject may increase our cost of compliance and operational risk.
• Changes and developments in U.S. and international tax laws and policies could adversely affect our financial results.
• Changes in environmental regulations, including climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions, and evolving environmental expectations may reduce demand for hydrocarbons, increase our compliance costs, harm our reputation and adversely affect our financial results.

Risks Relating to Information Technology and Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity attacks on any of our vessels, facilities, or those of third parties, may result in potential liability or reputational damage or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Risks Relating to Our Securities

• Our common stock is subject to restrictions on foreign ownership by non-U.S. Citizen stockholders.
• The market price of our securities is subject to volatility.
• We do not currently pay cash dividends. As a result, you may not receive a return on investment unless you sell your common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
• Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited, which could make us unable to fund our capital requirements.
• Certain provisions and limitations on foreign ownership in our organizational documents could delay or prevent a change of control.

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• The exercise of outstanding warrants or the issuance of stock-based awards may dilute our common stock. There may be a limited trading market for our New Creditor Warrants and GLF Creditor Warrants.
• You may have difficulty trading and obtaining quotations for New Creditor Warrants and GLF Creditor Warrants.
• Our stock price may never exceed the exercise price of our GLF Equity Warrants (be in the money), and unexercised warrants may expire with limited or no value. Further, the terms of such warrants may be amended.
• We may not be able to maintain a listing of our common stock on the NYSE or our GLF Equity Warrants on the NYSE American.
• Activist stockholders could divert the attention of our management team and/or negatively affect our business.

General Risks Factors

• Uncertain economic conditions may lead our customers to postpone capital spending or jeopardize our customers’ or other counterparties’ ability to perform their obligations.
• Severe weather events, including extreme weather conditions associated with climate change, have in the past and may in the future adversely affect our operations and financial results.

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Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Demand for our services is substantially dependent on the level of capital spending by our customers. Downturns in the oil and gas industry have often resulted in lower expenditures by our customers and reduced demand for our services, which in the past has, and in the future may have, material adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Demand for our services depends substantially on the capital spending of our customers for offshore exploration, development and production of oil and gas reserves. These expenditures are generally dependent on our customers’ views of future demand for oil and gas and future oil and gas prices, as well as our customers’ ability to access capital. In addition, the transition of the global energy sector from primarily a fossil fuel-based system to include more renewable energy sources could impact the allocation of our customers’ capital expenditures to offshore oil and gas projects.

Fundamentally, the oil and gas industry is a commodity business impacted by changes in prices, which in turn depend on local, regional, and global events or conditions that affect supply and demand for oil and gas products. Actual or anticipated declines in oil and gas prices have often in the past resulted in lower capital expenditures, project modifications, delays or cancellations by our customers, which has historically led to lower demand for our services, delays in payment of, or nonpayment of, amounts that are owed to us. These effects have had, and in the future may have, material adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Historically, oil and gas prices have experienced significant volatility and can be affected by a variety of factors, including:

• domestic and foreign supply of and demand for hydrocarbons, which are affected by general worldwide economic and business conditions;
• the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and delivering oil and gas;
• the level of oil and gas exploration and production activity;
• the level of excess production capacity;
• the level of oil and gas inventories;
• the price and quantity of imports of foreign oil and gas, including the ability or willingness of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the expanded alliance known as OPEC+ to set, maintain or change production levels for oil;
• political and economic uncertainty and geopolitical unrest;
• the expected rates of decline in offshore production from existing and prospective wells and the discovery rates of new offshore oil and gas reserves;
• governmental laws, policies, regulations and subsidies, including initiatives to promote renewable energy sources;
• public pressure on, and legislative and regulatory interest within, federal, state and local governments to stop, significantly limit or regulate oil or gas production;
• extreme weather conditions, natural disasters, and global or regional public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, and other catastrophic events;
• incidents resulting from operating hazards inherent in offshore drilling, such as oil spills;
• political, military and economic instability and social unrest in or near oil and gas producing nations, including the impact of armed hostilities involving one or more oil and gas producing nations or nations near such oil and gas production;
• advances in exploration, development and production technologies or in technologies affecting energy consumption;
• the price and availability of, and public sentiment regarding, alternative fuel and energy sources;
• speculation as to the future price of oil and gas and the speculative trading of oil and gas futures contracts;
• uncertainty in capital and commodities markets; and
• domestic and foreign tax policies, including those regarding tariffs and duties.

The oil and gas industry has historically experienced periodic downturns, resulting in diminished demand for our services and downward pressure on the charter rates and prices that we are able to charge. Sustained market uncertainty can also result in lower demand for our services. Moreover, higher commodity prices will not necessarily translate into increased demand for offshore support services or sustained higher pricing for offshore support vessel services, in part because customer demand is often driven by capital expenditure programs focused on future commodity price expectations and not solely on current prices, along with customer opportunities to invest in onshore conventional and unconventional oil and gas production.

Although commodity prices have recovered from historic lows seen in 2020, many of our customers capital expenditure programs are lower than would be expected given current commodity prices and supply and demand dynamics. The amounts previously allocated to capital expenditures have been re-allocated to several competing priorities, including returning capital to stockholders and investing in alternative energy sources. A significant industry downturn, sustained market uncertainty, or increased availability of economical alternative energy sources could result in a reduction in demand for our services, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Factors associated with global climate change, including evolving and increasing regulations, increasing global concern and stakeholder scrutiny about climate change, and increasing frequency and/or severity of adverse weather conditions could adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial position.

Companies across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny from stakeholders related to their ESG practices. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds and other influential investors are also increasingly focused on ESG practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. Regardless of the industry, investors’ increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Companies that do not adapt to or comply with investor or stakeholder expectations and standards, which are evolving, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and/or stock price of such a company could be materially and adversely affected. Further, the increasing attention to ESG and sustainability has resulted in governmental investigations, and public and private litigation, which could increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Specifically, adverse effects upon the oil and gas industry related to the worldwide social and political environment, including uncertainty or instability resulting from climate change, changes in political leadership and environmental policies, changes in geopolitical-social views toward fossil fuels and renewable energy, concern about the environmental impact of climate change and investors’ expectations regarding ESG matters, may also adversely affect demand for our services. In September 2021, a group of over 150 companies, including shipping companies, oil companies and port authorities, called on regulators to require the shipping industry to be fully decarbonized by 2050.

Social and political attention to ESG matters has resulted in both existing and pending international agreements and national, regional or local legislation and regulatory measures to limit greenhouse gas emissions. These agreements and measures, including the Paris Climate Accord, the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union Emission Trading System, the United Kingdom’s Carbon Reduction Commitment, the International Maritime Organization’s MARPOL Annex VI amendments, and, in the U.S., the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative, and other various state programs, may require, or could result in future legislation and regulatory measures that require significant equipment and fleet modifications, operational changes, taxes, or purchase of emission credits to reduce emission of greenhouse gases from our operations, which may result in substantial capital expenditures and compliance, operating, maintenance and remediation costs. Any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry would likely have a significant financial and operational adverse impact on our business. Because we primarily support the oil and gas industry and our vessels utilize fossil fuels for internal power generation, the impact of such increased attention and regulation may have adverse effects on our and our customers’ operations and financial results.

In addition, some institutional investors are placing an increased emphasis on ESG factors when allocating their capital. These investors may seek enhanced ESG disclosures or implement policies that discourage investment in the hydrocarbon industry. Organizations that provide information to institutional and retail investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries. To the extent certain institutions implement policies that discourage investments in our industry, it could have an adverse effect on our financing costs, liquidity and access to capital.

Moreover, climate change may cause more extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes and snow or ice storms, as well as rising sea levels and increased volatility in seasonal temperatures. Extreme weather conditions can interfere with our or our customers’ and suppliers’ operations and increase our costs, and damage resulting from extreme weather may not be fully insured. However, at this time, we are unable to determine the extent to which climate change may lead to increased weather hazards affecting our operations.

Failure to effectively and timely address the energy transition could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our long-term success depends on our ability to effectively navigate the energy transition, which will require adapting our vessels and technology portfolio to potentially changing government requirements and customer preferences, as well as engaging with our customers to develop solutions to support their oil and gas operations through this transition. If the energy transition landscape changes faster than anticipated or in a manner that we do not anticipate, demand for our services could be adversely affected. Furthermore, if we fail or are perceived to not effectively implement an energy transition strategy, or if investors or financial institutions shift funding away from companies in fossil fuel-related industries, our results of operations, liquidity and access to capital or the market for our securities could be adversely impacted.

In connection with implementing our business strategy, we face risks associated with identifying acquisition targets, integrating any acquisitions or mergers and growing the business from the acquisition, including our ability to finance any such acquisitions.

Mergers and acquisitions have historically been and continue to be a key element of our business strategy. The success of this strategy is dependent upon our ability to identify appropriate acquisition targets, negotiate transactions on favorable terms, finance transactions, complete transactions, and successfully integrate them into our existing business. Subject to the terms of our indebtedness, we may finance future acquisitions with cash from operations, additional indebtedness, and/or by issuing additional equity or debt securities. In addition, we could face financial risks associated with incurring additional indebtedness such as reducing our liquidity, limiting our access to financing markets, and increasing the amount of service on our debt. Such additional debt service requirements may impose a significant burden on our results of operations and financial condition, and any equity issuance could have a dilutive impact on our stockholders. See “Risks Related to Our Indebtedness” below. We cannot be certain that we will be able to successfully consolidate the operations and assets of any acquired business with our own business. Acquisitions may not perform as expected when the transaction was consummated and may be dilutive to our overall operating results.

These types of significant transactions may present other material risks and uncertainties, including distraction of management from current operations, insufficient revenue to offset liabilities assumed, potential loss of significant revenue and income streams, unexpected expenses, inadequate return of capital, regulatory or compliance issues, triggering of certain covenants in our debt instruments and other unidentified issues not discovered in due diligence. In addition, valuations supporting our acquisitions and strategic investments could change rapidly with changes in the global economic climate. There can be no assurance that we will realize the anticipated synergies or cost savings related to acquisitions, including, but not limited to, revenue growth and operational efficiencies, or that they will be achieved in our estimated timeframe. We may not be able to successfully integrate and streamline overlapping functions from future acquisitions, and integration may be more costly to accomplish than we expect. Moreover, our management may not be able to effectively manage a substantially larger business or successfully operate a new line of business. Failure to manage these acquisition and business integration risks could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We derive a significant amount of revenue from a relatively small number of customers.

Our top ten largest customers account for a significant percentage of our total revenues. While it is normal for our customer base to change over time as our time charter contracts expire and are replaced, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected if one or more of these customers were to decide to interrupt or curtail their activities, in general, or their activities with us, terminate their contracts with us, fail to renew existing contracts with us, and/or refuse to award us new contracts.

We may not be able to collect amounts owed to us by our customers.

We typically grant our customers credit on a short-term basis and do not typically collateralize receivables due from customers. In addition, a number of our international customers are state-controlled and, as a result, our receivables may be subject to local political priorities out of our control. We estimate uncollectible accounts based primarily on our judgment using historical losses, current economic conditions and individual evaluations of each customer as evidence supporting the receivables valuations stated on our financial statements. However, our estimates may not be accurate and receivables due from customers reflected in our financial statements may not be paid in a timely manner or collectible. The inability or unwillingness of our customers to fulfill their contractual commitments to us may have a material adverse effect on our current and future business, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our customer base has undergone consolidation and additional consolidation is possible.

Consolidation is common in the oil and gas industry and likely to continue in the future. Consolidation reduces the number of potential customers that may need our services, and may negatively affect exploration, development and production activity as consolidated companies focus, at least initially, on increasing efficiency and reducing costs and may delay or abandon exploration activity with less promise. Such activity could adversely affect demand for our offshore services.

The high level of competition in the offshore marine service industry could negatively impact pricing for our services.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, which could depress charter and utilization rates and adversely affect our financial performance. We compete for business with our competitors based on price; reputation for quality service; quality, suitability and technical capabilities of our vessels; availability of vessels; safety and efficiency; cost of mobilizing vessels from one market to a different market; and national flag preference.

In addition, competition in international markets may be adversely affected by regulations requiring, among other things, local construction, flagging, ownership or control of vessels, the awarding of contracts to local contractors, the employment of local citizens and/or the purchase of supplies from local vendors.

The rise in production of unconventional oil and gas resources could increase supply without a commensurate growth in demand which could negatively impact oil and gas prices.

The rise in production of unconventional oil and gas resources in North America, and the commissioning of several new large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export facilities around the world have in the past and could in the future result in an over-supplied gas market. Production from unconventional resources has increased as drilling efficiencies have improved, lowering the costs of extraction.

Prolonged increases in the worldwide supply of oil and gas, whether from conventional or unconventional sources, without a commensurate growth in demand for oil and gas may depress oil and gas prices. A prolonged period of low oil and gas prices would likely have a negative impact on development plans of exploration and production companies, which in turn, may result in a decrease in demand for our offshore support vessel services.

Maintaining our current fleet size and configuration and acquiring vessels required for additional future growth requires significant capital.

Expenditures required for the repair, certification and maintenance of a vessel, some of which may be unplanned, typically increase with vessel age and because of inflationary pressures, particularly in an active market. Additionally, stacked vessels are not maintained with the same diligence as our marketed fleet. Depending on the length of time the vessels are stacked, we may incur additional costs to return these vessels to active service.

These costs are difficult to estimate and may be substantial. These expenditures may increase to a level at which they are not economically justifiable and, therefore, to maintain our current fleet size we may seek to construct or acquire additional vessels. Also, customers may prefer modern vessels over older vessels, especially in weaker markets. The cost of repairing and/or upgrading existing vessels or adding a new vessel to our fleet can be substantial. Moreover, while our vessels are undergoing repair, upgrade or maintenance, they may not earn a day rate. Lastly, new laws and regulations related to climate change and the increased scrutiny of greenhouse gas emissions may require us to undertake upgrades or overhauls to our vessels and their power generation systems to ensure compliance, or to contract to build new vessels that conform to these specifications, which would require significant additional capital expenditures.

While we expect our cash on hand, cash flow from operations and borrowings under new debt facilities to be adequate to fund our future potential purchases of additional vessels, our ability to pay these amounts is dependent upon the success of our operations. We can give no assurance that we will have sufficient capital resources to build or acquire the vessels required to expand or to maintain our current fleet size and vessel configuration.

We may not be able to renew or replace expiring contracts for our vessels.

We have several charter hire contracts that expired in the current year and others that will expire in following years. Our ability to renew or replace expiring contracts or obtain new contracts, and the terms of any such contracts, will depend on various factors, including market conditions and the specific needs of our customers. Given the highly competitive and historically cyclical nature of our industry, we may not be able to renew or replace the contracts or we may be required to renew or replace expiring contracts or obtain new contracts at rates that are below, and potentially substantially below, existing day rates, or that have terms that are less favorable to us than the terms of our existing contracts, or we may be unable to secure contracts for these vessels. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Early termination of contracts on our vessels could have an adverse effect on our operations and our backlog may not be converted to actual operating results for any future period.

Most of the long-term contracts for our vessels and many of our contracts with governmental entities and national oil companies contain early termination options in favor of the customer, in some cases permitting termination for any reason. Although some of these contracts have early termination remedies in our favor or other provisions designed to discourage our customers from exercising such options, we cannot assure you that our customers would not choose to exercise their termination rights despite such remedies or the threat of litigation with us.

Moreover, many of the contracts for our vessels have a term of one year or less and can be terminated with 90 days or less notice. Unless such vessels can be placed under contract with other customers, any termination could temporarily disrupt our business or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We might not be able to replace such business or replace it on economically equivalent terms. In those circumstances, the amount of backlog could be reduced and the conversion of backlog into revenue could be impaired.

Additionally, depressed commodity prices, adverse changes in credit markets, economic downturns, changes in strategy or other factors beyond our control cause our customers to seek to renegotiate the terms of our existing contracts, terminate our contracts without justification or repudiate or otherwise fail to perform their obligations under our contracts. In any case, an early termination of a contract may result in one or more of our vessels being idle for an extended period. Each of these results could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may record additional losses or impairment charges related to our vessels.

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset group may not be recoverable. We have realized impairment charges with respect to our long-lived assets over the past several years. If offshore oil and gas industry conditions deteriorate, we could be subject to additional long-lived asset impairments in future periods.

An impairment loss on our property and equipment exists when the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. Any impairment loss recognized represents the excess of the asset’s carrying value over the estimated fair value. As part of this analysis, we make assumptions and estimates regarding future market conditions. To the extent actual results do not meet our estimated assumptions, we may take an impairment loss in the future. Additionally, there can be no assurance that we will not have to take additional impairment charges in the future with depressed market conditions.

We may not be able to sell vessels to improve our cash flow and liquidity because we may be unable to locate buyers with access to financing or to complete any sales on acceptable terms or within a reasonable timeframe.

From time to time, we may seek to sell some of our vessels for various reasons. Sufficient demand and market activity may not exist to sell our vessels, and we may not be able to identify buyers with access to financing or to complete any such sales. Even if we can locate appropriate buyers for our vessels, any sales may occur on significantly less favorable terms than the terms that might be available in a more liquid market or at other times in the business cycle.

An increase in vessel supply without a corresponding increase in the working offshore rig count could lead to a decline in the charter day rates we can charge and negatively impact our revenue.

Excess offshore support vessel capacity usually exerts downward pressure on charter day rates. Excess capacity can occur when newly constructed vessels enter the worldwide offshore support vessel market and when vessels migrate between markets.

An increase in vessel capacity without a corresponding increase in the working offshore rig count could lead to a decline in the charter day rates we can charge and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the provisions of U.S. shipping laws restricting engagement of U.S. coastwise trade to vessels controlled by U.S. citizens may from time to time be circumvented by foreign competitors that seek to engage in trade reserved for vessels controlled by U.S. citizens and otherwise qualifying for coastwise trade. A repeal, suspension or significant modification of U.S. shipping laws, or the administrative erosion of their benefits, permitting vessels that are either foreign-flagged, foreign-built, foreign-owned, foreign-controlled or foreign-operated to engage in the U.S. coastwise trade, could also result in excess vessel capacity and increased competition, especially for our vessels that operate in North America.

Our insurance coverage and contractual indemnity protections may not be sufficient to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks.

Our operations are subject to the hazards inherent in the offshore oilfield business. These include blowouts, explosions, fires, collisions, capsizings, sinkings, groundings and severe weather conditions. Some of these events could be the result of (or exacerbated by) mechanical failure or navigation or operational errors.

These hazards could result in personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment (including to the property and equipment of third parties), pollution or environmental damage and suspension of operations, increased costs and loss of business. Damages arising from such occurrences may result in lawsuits alleging large claims, and we may incur substantial liabilities or losses as a result of these hazards.

Although we carry what we consider to be prudent levels of liability insurance to address these hazards and generally our vessels are insured for their estimated market value against damage or loss, including war, terrorism acts and pollution risks, our insurance programs are subject to deductibles and certain exclusions, and our coverage may not be sufficient to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks. Further, while we believe we should be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates considered commercially acceptable, we cannot guarantee that such insurance will continue to be available at commercially acceptable rates. We also seek to include in our contracts indemnity obligations that require customers or suppliers to hold us harmless from some of these risks. Our contracts, however, are individually negotiated, and the levels of indemnity and allocation of liabilities may vary depending on market conditions, particular customer requirements and other factors existing at the time a contract is negotiated. Additionally, the enforceability of indemnification provisions in our contracts may be limited or prohibited by applicable law or may not be enforced by courts having jurisdiction. The occurrence of a significant event not fully insured or indemnified against or the failure of a customer or supplier to meet its indemnification obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Relating to Our International and Foreign Operations

We operate in various regions throughout the world and are exposed to many risks inherent in doing business in countries other than the U.S., including risks associated with foreign corrupt practices laws, acts of piracy, war, terrorist attacks and international hostilities.

We have substantial operations in Brazil, Mexico, Guyana, the North Sea (including U.K. and Norway), Southeast Asia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Angola and throughout the west coast of Africa, which generate a large portion of our revenue. Our customary risks of operating internationally include, but are not limited to, political, military, social and economic instability within the host country; possible vessel seizures or expropriation of assets and other governmental actions by the host country, including trade or economic sanctions and enforcement of customs, immigration or other laws that are not well developed or consistently enforced; foreign government regulations that favor or require the awarding of contracts to local competitors; risks associated with failing to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the U.K. Modern Slavery Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), export laws and other similar laws applicable to our operations in international markets; an inability to recruit, retain or obtain work visas for workers of international operations; deprivation of contract rights; difficulties or delays in collecting customer and other accounts receivable; changing taxation policies; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; foreign currency revaluations and devaluations; restrictions on converting foreign currencies into U.S. dollars; expatriating customer and other payments made in jurisdictions outside of the U.S.; civil unrest, acts of terrorism, war or other armed conflict (further described below); and import/export quotas and restrictions or other trade barriers, most of which are beyond our control.

We are also subject to risks relating to war, sabotage, piracy, kidnappings and terrorism or any similar risk that may put our personnel at risk and adversely affect our operations in unpredictable ways, including changes in the insurance markets as a result of war, sabotage, piracy or kidnappings, disruptions of fuel supplies and markets, particularly oil, and the possibility that infrastructure facilities, including pipelines, production facilities, refineries, electric generation, transmission and distribution facilities, offshore rigs and vessels, and communications infrastructures, could be direct targets of, or indirect casualties of, an act of war, piracy, sabotage or terrorism. War or risk of war or any such attack, such as the current conflict in the Ukraine, and the international response to such events may also have an adverse effect on the economy, which could adversely affect activity in offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production and the demand for our services. Insurance coverage can be difficult to obtain in areas of pirate, terrorist or other hostile attacks resulting in increased costs that could continue to increase. We periodically evaluate the need to maintain this insurance coverage as it applies to our fleet. Instability in the financial markets as a result of war, sabotage, piracy, and terrorism, as well as the international response to such events such as trade and investment sanctions, could also adversely affect our ability to raise capital and could also adversely affect the oil, gas and power industries and restrict their future growth. The increase in the level of these criminal or terrorist acts, war and international hostilities over the last several years has been well-publicized. As a marine services company that operates in offshore, coastal or tidal waters in challenging areas, we are particularly vulnerable to these kinds of unlawful activities.

Although we take what we consider to be prudent measures to protect our personnel and assets in markets that present these risks, including solicitation of advice from third-party experts, we have confronted these kinds of incidents in the past, and there can be no assurance we will not be subjected to them in the future.

We may have disruptions or disagreements with our foreign joint venture partners, which could lead to an unwinding of the joint venture.

We operate in several foreign areas through joint ventures with local companies, in some cases due to local laws requiring local company ownership. While the joint venture partner may provide local knowledge and experience, these joint ventures often limit our ability to control the assets and operations devoted to the joint venture, and occasions may arise when we do not agree with the business objectives of our joint venture partner, or other factors may arise that make continuing the relationship unwise or untenable. Any disagreement with our partner or discontinuation of the joint venture could disrupt the joint venture operations or put the joint venture assets at risk. If we are unable to resolve issues with a joint venture partner, we may decide to terminate the joint venture and either locate a different partner and continue to work in the area or seek opportunities for our assets in another market.

The unwinding of an existing joint venture could be challenging, and the loss of revenue related to the termination or unwinding of a joint venture and costs related to the sourcing of a new partner or the mobilization of assets to another market could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our international operations expose us to currency devaluation and fluctuation risk.

Our international operations are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks on all charter hire contracts denominated in foreign currencies. For some of our international contracts, a portion of the revenue and local expenses is incurred in local currencies, which subjects us to risk of changes in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. In some instances, we receive payments in currencies that are not easily traded and may be illiquid. We generally do not hedge against any foreign currency rate fluctuations associated with foreign currency contracts that arise in the normal course of business, which exposes us to the risk of exchange rate losses. Gains and losses from the revaluation of our monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are included in our consolidated statements of operations. Foreign currency fluctuations may cause the U.S. dollar value of our non-U.S. results of operations and net assets to vary with exchange rate fluctuations. This could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial position. In addition, fluctuations in currencies relative to currencies in which the earnings are generated may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations.

To minimize the financial impact of these items, we attempt to contract a significant majority of our services in U.S. dollars and, when feasible, we attempt to avoid maintaining large, non-U.S. dollar-denominated cash balances. In addition, we attempt to minimize the financial impact of these risks by matching the currency of our operating costs with the currency of revenue streams when considered appropriate. We monitor the currency exchange risks associated with all contracts not denominated in U.S. dollars.

Risks Related to Human Capital

Failure to attract and retain qualified personnel could impede our operations.

Our future success depends on our ability to recruit, train, retain and pay qualified personnel. We require highly-skilled personnel to operate our vessels and to provide our services. Competition for the personnel necessary for our business intensifies as offshore oil and gas exploration and production activity increases; technology evolves and customer demands change. In addition, our industry has lost a significant number of experienced professionals over the years due to its cyclical nature, which is attributable, among other reasons, to the volatility levels of oil and gas prices and a more generalized concern about the overall future prospects of the industry. As a result, in periods of high utilization, or in markets impacted by global and/or regional conflicts, such as the current conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, competition to find and retain qualified offshore employees becomes more challenging, particularly with respect to certain technical and engineering positions, including marine officers, which in turn increases our costs and may have other material adverse effects on our operations.

We cannot be certain that we will be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel to crew our vessels in the future. We have faced and may continue to face difficulties attracting, hiring and retaining highly-skilled personnel with appropriate qualifications and may not be able to fill open positions. To attract top talent, we have had to offer, and believe we will need to continue to offer, attractive compensation and benefits packages before we can validate the productivity of those employees. As we experience increased demand for our services, we may increase, and expect to continue to increase, our employee compensation levels in response to competition, as necessary. In addition, the pressures of inflation have increased our costs of labor over the past year or so and will likely continue to do so. Many of the companies with which we compete for personnel have greater financial and other resources than we do and may be able to absorb the increasing costs of labor more easily. If we fail to retain key personnel and hire, train and retain qualified employees, we may not be able to compete effectively and may have increased incident rates as well as regulatory and other compliance failures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We may be subject to additional unionization efforts, new collective bargaining agreements or work stoppages.

In locations in which we are required to do so, we have union workers subject to collective bargaining agreements, which are subject to periodic negotiation. These negotiations could result in higher personnel expenses, other increased costs, or increased operational restrictions. Disputes over the terms of these agreements or our potential inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with the unions that represent our employees under these agreements could result in strikes, work stoppages or other slowdowns by the affected workers. Further, efforts have been made from time to time to unionize other portions of our workforce, including our GOM employees. Additional unionization efforts, new collective bargaining agreements or work stoppages could materially increase our costs and operating restrictions, disrupt our operations, reduce our revenues, adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, or limit our flexibility.

Our participation in industry-wide, multi-employer, defined benefit pension plans expose us to potential future losses.

Certain of our subsidiaries are participating employers in two industry-wide, multi-employer defined benefit pension plans in the U.K. Among other risks associated with multi-employer plans, contributions and unfunded obligations of the multi-employer plan are shared by the plan participants. As a result, we may inherit unfunded obligations if other plan participants withdraw from the plan or cease to participate, and if we withdraw from participation in one or both plans, we may be required to pay the plan an amount based on our allocable share of the underfunded status of the plan. Depending on the results of future actuarial valuations, it is possible that the plans could experience further deficits that will require funding from us, which would negatively impact our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Certain of our employees are covered by federal laws that may subject us to job-related claims in addition to those provided by state laws.

Certain of our employees are covered by provisions of the Jones Act, the Death on the High Seas Act and general maritime law. These laws preempt state workers’ compensation laws and permit these employees and their representatives to pursue actions against employers for job-related incidents in federal courts based on tort theories. Because we are not generally protected by the damage limits imposed by state workers’ compensation statutes for these types of claims, we may have greater exposure for any claims made by these employees.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service and other obligations.

Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness and to fund our operations depends on our ability to maintain sufficient cash flows. Our ability to generate cash in the future, to a large extent, is subject to conditions in the oil and gas industry, including commodity prices, demand for our services and the prices we can charge for our services, general economic and financial conditions, competition in the markets in which we operate, the impact of legislative and regulatory actions on how we conduct our business and other factors, all of which are beyond our control.

Lower levels of offshore exploration and development activity and spending by our customers globally directly and significantly have impacted, and may continue to impact, our financial performance, financial condition and financial outlook.

Restrictive covenants in our debt agreements may restrict our ability to raise capital, make distributions on our stock or pursue our other business strategies, which may have significant consequences for our operations and future prospects.

The terms for our 8.50% Senior Secured Bonds due in 2026, the Senior Secured Term Loan, 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028 and the Super Senior Revolving Credit Facility Agreement due in 2026 with DNB Bank ASA, New York Branch, as Facility Agent, Nordic Trustee AS, as Security Trustee, and certain other institutions (the Credit Facility Agreement) contain certain restrictive covenants.

These covenants could have important consequences for our strategy and operations, including:

• limiting our ability to incur indebtedness to provide funds for investments or capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, general corporate purposes, dividends, and to make other distributions or repurchase or redeem our stock;
• restricting us from undertaking consolidations, mergers, sales, or other dispositions of all or substantially all our assets;
• requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make required payments on indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow for working capital, capital expenditures, such as investing in new vessels, and other general business activities;
• requiring that we pledge substantial collateral, including vessels, which may limit flexibility in operating our business and restrict our ability to sell assets;
• limiting management’s flexibility in operating our business including planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
• diminishing our ability to withstand a downturn in our business or worsening of macroeconomic or industry conditions; and
• placing us at a competitive disadvantage against less leveraged competitors.

Our debt agreements also require us to comply with certain financial covenants, including maintaining minimum liquidity and consolidated equity amounts and an interest coverage ratio. We may be unable to meet or comply with these financial covenants, which could result in a default under the debt agreements. If a default occurs and is continuing, the secured parties and the lenders under the debt agreements may elect to declare all borrowings thereunder outstanding, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. If we are unable to repay our indebtedness when due or declared due, the secured parties and the lenders under the debt agreements will also have the right to foreclose on the collateral pledged to them, including the vessels, to secure the indebtedness. If such indebtedness were to be accelerated, our assets may not be sufficient to repay in full our secured indebtedness. Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the debt agreements.

As a result of the restrictive covenants under our debt agreements, we may be prevented from taking advantage of business opportunities. In addition, the restrictions contained in our debt agreements, including a substantial make whole premium applicable to a voluntary prepayment of obligations, may also limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions, meet capital needs or otherwise restrict our activities or business plans and adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, refinance, enter into acquisitions, execute our business strategy, make capital expenditures, effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted or engage in other business activities that would be in our interest. In the future, we may also incur additional debt obligations that might subject us to additional and different restrictive covenants that could further affect our financial and operational flexibility. We cannot assure you that we will be granted waivers or amendments to these agreements if requested to obtain financial or operational flexibility or if for any reason we are unable to comply with these agreements, or that we will be able to refinance our debt on acceptable terms or at all.

We may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing if and when needed with favorable terms, if at all.

Our business and operations may consume cash more quickly than we anticipate, potentially impairing our ability to make capital expenditures to maintain our fleet and other assets. If our cash flows from operating activities are insufficient to fund capital expenditures, we would need to reduce our expenditures or increase our cash flows through debt or equity issuances, alternative financings or selling assets. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund our capital requirements. Any limitations in our ability to finance future capital expenditures may limit our ability to respond to changes in customer preferences, technological change and other market conditions, which may diminish our competitive position within our sector.

In addition, if commodity prices decline or the outlook for investment in offshore exploration, development and production materially declines, our access to credit and debt markets may be limited or more costly if lenders look to reduce their loan exposure to the energy sector, impose increased lending standards, increase borrowing costs and collateral requirements or refuse to extend new credit or amend existing credit facilities in the energy and energy services sectors. These potential negative consequences may be exacerbated by the pressure exerted on financial institutions by bank regulatory agencies to respond quickly and decisively to credit risk that develops in distressed industries.

If we issue additional equity securities, existing stockholders will experience dilution. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation permits our Board to issue preferred stock, which could have rights and preferences senior to those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our security holders bear the risk of our future securities offerings reducing the market price of our common stock or other securities, diluting their interest or being subject to rights and preferences senior to their own.

Risks Relating to Governmental Regulation

With our extensive international operations, we are subject to certain compliance risks under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act or similar worldwide anti-bribery laws.

Our global operations require us to comply with several complex U.S. and international laws and regulations, including those involving anti-bribery and, anti-corruption. The FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions, including the U.K. Bribery Act the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and the Brazil Clean Company Act, generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or obtaining an improper business benefit. We have adopted proactive procedures to promote compliance with the FCPA and other anti-bribery legislation. Any failure to comply with the FCPA or other anti-bribery legislation could subject us to civil and criminal penalties or other fines or sanctions, including prohibition of our participating in or curtailment of business operations in those jurisdictions and the seizure of vessels or other assets, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Moreover, we may be held liable for actions taken by local partners or agents in violation of applicable anti-bribery laws, even though these partners or agents may themselves not be subject to such laws. Any determination that we have violated applicable anti-bribery laws in countries in which we do business could have a material adverse effect on our business and business reputation, as well as our results of operations, and cash flows. We operate in many parts of the world where governmental corruption is present and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices and impact our business.

Changes to applicable laws or regulations, including any developing laws and regulations, to which we are subject may increase our cost of compliance and operational risk.

Our operations are subject to many complex and burdensome laws and regulations. Stringent federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to several aspects of our business, including anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, import and export controls, the environment, worker health and safety, labor and employment, taxation, antitrust and fair competition, data privacy protections, securities regulations and other regulatory and legal requirements that significantly affect our operations. Many aspects of the marine industry are subject to extensive governmental regulation by the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and their foreign equivalents; as well as to standards imposed by private industry organizations such as the American Bureau of Shipping, the Oil Companies International Marine Forum, and the International Marine Contractors Association. Compliance with these laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in our business practices that could result in reduced revenue and profitability. Non-compliance could also result in significant fines, damages, and other criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions or additional requirements on the conduct of our business and damage our reputation.

Further, many of the countries in which we operate have laws, regulations and enforcement systems that are less well developed than the laws, regulations and enforcement systems of the U.S., and the requirements of these systems are not always readily discernible even to experienced and proactive participants. These countries’ laws can be unclear and, the application and enforcement of these laws and regulations can be unpredictable and subject to frequent change or reinterpretation. Sometimes governments may apply such changes or reinterpretations with retroactive effect, and may impose associated taxes, fees, fines or penalties based on that reinterpretation or retroactive effect. While we endeavor to comply with applicable laws and regulations, our compliance efforts might not always be wholly successful, and failure to comply may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions, imposition of remedial obligations or the suspension or termination of our operations. These laws and regulations may expose us to liability for the conduct of, or conditions caused by, others, including charterers or third-party agents. Moreover, these laws and regulations could be changed or be interpreted in new, unexpected ways that substantially increase costs that we may not be able to pass along to our customers. Any changes in laws, regulations or standards imposing additional requirements or restrictions, or any violation of such laws, regulations or standards, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Changes and developments in U.S. and international tax laws and policies could adversely affect our financial results.

We operate in the U.S. and globally through various subsidiaries that are subject to applicable tax laws, treaties or regulations within and between the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business, including laws or policies directed toward companies organized in jurisdictions with low tax rates, which may change and are subject to interpretation. We determine our income tax expense based on our interpretation of the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect in each jurisdiction for the period during which we operate and earn income. A material change in the tax laws, tax treaties, regulations or accounting principles, or interpretation thereof, in one or more countries in which we conduct business, or in which we are incorporated or a resident of, could result in a higher effective tax rate on our worldwide earnings, and such change could be significant to our financial results.

In addition, our overall effective tax rate could be adversely and suddenly affected by lower than anticipated earnings in countries with lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in countries with higher statutory rates, or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. Moreover, our worldwide operations may change in the future such that the mix of our income and losses recognized in the various jurisdictions could change. Any such changes could reduce our ability to utilize tax benefits, such as foreign tax credits, and could result in an increase in our effective tax rate and tax expense.

Most of our revenues and net income are generated by our operations outside of the U.S. Our effective tax rate has historically averaged approximately 30% until recent years where the decline of the oil and gas market significantly impacted our operations and overall effective tax rate.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act). We continue to monitor the impact of the Tax Act on our ongoing operations. The impact of the Tax Act on our financial position in future periods could be adversely impacted by, among other things, changes in interpretations of the Tax Act, any legislative action to address questions that arise because of the Tax Act, or any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act. Additionally, longstanding international tax norms that determine each country’s jurisdiction to tax cross-border international trade are evolving as a result of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting reporting requirements (BEPS) recommended by the G8, G20 and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). During 2023 and 2022, EU member states and several countries, reached an agreement to implement a 15% global minimum tax following the OECD’s Pillar Two model rules. Several other tax jurisdictions in which we operate have indicated they will also adopt laws that align with these proposed guidelines. As these and other tax laws and related regulations change, our financial results could be materially impacted. Given the unpredictability of these possible changes and their potential interdependency, it is very difficult to assess whether the overall effect of such potential tax changes would be cumulatively positive or negative for our earnings and cash flow, but such changes could adversely impact our financial results.

In addition, our income tax returns are subject to review and examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities where tax returns are filed. We routinely evaluate the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for taxes. We do not recognize the benefit of income tax positions we believe are more likely than not to be disallowed upon challenge by a tax authority. If any tax authority successfully challenges our operational structure or intercompany transfer pricing policies, or if the terms of certain income tax treaties were to be interpreted in a manner that is adverse to our structure, or if we lose a material tax dispute in any country, our effective tax rate on our worldwide earnings could increase, and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Changes in environmental regulations, including climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions, and evolving environmental expectations may reduce demand for hydrocarbons, increase our compliance costs, harm our reputation and adversely affect our financial results.

Our operations, and those of our customers, are subject to federal, state, local and international laws and regulations that control the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relate to environmental protection. Some environmental laws may, in certain circumstances, impose strict liability for remediation of spills and the release of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject us to liability without regard to whether we were negligent or at fault.

Moreover, in recent years, governments, supranational groups and various other parties around the world, including some of the world’s largest investment managers and proxy advisors, have proposed or adopted new laws, treaties, regulations and/or policies pertaining to climate change, carbon emissions or energy use that could result in a reduction in demand for hydrocarbon-based fuel. Many countries and organizations have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These regulatory measures, international treaties and policies may include, among others, adoption of cap-and-trade regimes, carbon taxes, increased efficiency standards, and incentives or mandates for renewable energy and could include specific restrictions on shipping emissions. In addition, we expect recent regulations proposed by the SEC and the European Union, among others, will require certain companies, including Tidewater, to report greenhouse gas emissions annually, which may result in increased costs and efforts to reduce emissions through various measures, including the installation of costly equipment, and increased costs to comply with such reporting obligations.

In addition, some institutional investors and other groups have focused on matters affecting the environment, which may result in reduced investment in, or financing available to, the hydrocarbon-based industry. Many of these groups have developed ESG standards as benchmarks and are using those benchmarks to inform their investment criteria. Although we have increased our investment in ESG personnel and our Board has formed a Safety & Sustainability Committee to oversee our ESG program and disclosures, we may not be able to meet these evolving standards or benchmarks and even if we do, these investors and groups may choose to forego investments in oil and gas related industries.

Our ability to achieve any stated sustainability commitments is subject to numerous factors and conditions, many of which are outside of our control. Our efforts to research, establish, accomplish, and accurately report on ESG matters or our disclosed commitments may expose us to numerous operational, reputational, financial, legal, and other risks, any of which could have a negative impact on our business. Similarly, any actual or perceived failure to achieve any ESG commitments, goals, initiatives or mandates could harm our reputation, expose us to potential claims or adversely impact our business, stock price or access to capital. Additionally, positions we take or do not take on these issues could negatively impact our ability to attract or retain customers or employees. Several governmental and non-governmental bodies continue to request further disclosures of information relating to ESG matters. We are and expect to continue to be exposed to higher costs and enhanced risks of the type described above to the extent we are required to disclose or voluntary disclose these ESG matters. Our processes and controls for reporting ESG matters are evolving along with multiple disparate standards for identifying, measuring and reporting related metrics. We cannot assure you that our processes and controls will successfully permit us to report such data in a manner that complies with or is otherwise satisfactory to our various stakeholders.

Governments could also pass laws or regulations encouraging or mandating the use of alternative energy sources such as wind power and solar energy. These requirements could reduce demand for oil and gas and as a result, reduce demand for the services we provide our customers. In addition, new environmental or emissions control laws or regulations may require an increase in our operating costs and/or in our capital spending for additional equipment or personnel to comply with such requirements and could also result in a reduction in revenues due to downtime required for the installation of such equipment. Moreover, various international conventions and federal, state or international laws have significantly increased their regulation of vessel fuel and emissions in recent years, and this trend is likely to continue. Any of these developments, requirements or initiatives could have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Compliance with changes in laws, regulations and obligations relating to climate change could increase our costs related to operating and maintaining our vessels and require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program. However, unless and until regulations are implemented and their effects are known, we cannot reasonably or reliably estimate their impact on our financial condition, results of operations and ability to compete. Consideration of climate change-related issues and the responses to those issues through international agreements and national, regional, or state regulatory frameworks are integrated into the company’s strategy, planning and risk management processes, where applicable. They may also be factored into the company’s long-term supply, demand, and energy price forecasts. However, any long-term material adverse effect on the oil and gas industry may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to Information Technology and Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity attacks on any of our vessels, facilities, or those of third parties, may result in potential liability or reputational damage or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Many of our business and operational processes are heavily dependent on traditional and emerging technology systems, some of which are managed by us and some of which are managed by third-party service and equipment providers, to conduct day-to-day operations, improve safety and efficiency and lower costs. We use computerized systems to help run our financial and operations functions, including the processing of payment transactions, store confidential records and conduct vessel operations, which may subject our business to increased risks. If any of our financial, operational, or other technology systems fail or have other significant shortcomings, our financial results could be adversely affected. Our financial results could also be adversely affected if an employee or other third party causes our operational systems to fail, either as a result of inadvertent error or by deliberately tampering with or manipulating our operational systems. In addition, dependence upon automated systems, including those on board our vessels, may further increase the risk of operational system flaws, and employee or other tampering or manipulation of those systems will result in losses that are difficult to detect.

Cybersecurity incidents are increasing in frequency and magnitude. These incidents may include, but are not limited to, installation of malicious software, installation of ransomware, phishing, credential attacks, unauthorized access to data and other advanced and sophisticated cybersecurity breaches and threats, including threats that increasingly target critical operations technologies and process control networks. Any cybersecurity attacks that affect our facilities or operations, our customers or any financial data could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, cyber-attacks on our customer and employee data may result in a financial loss, loss of intellectual property, proprietary information or customer and vendor data, and may negatively impact our reputation. We also have an increased number of employees relying on remote access to our information systems, which correspondingly increases our exposure to potential cybersecurity breaches. Third-party systems on which we rely could also suffer such attacks or operational system failures. Any of these occurrences could disrupt our business, result in potential liability or reputational damage or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, operations and financial results.

In addition, laws and regulations governing cybersecurity, data privacy and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential or protected information, including GDPR, legislation in certain U.S. states and the recently effective SEC rules regarding cybersecurity, pose increasingly complex compliance challenges and potentially elevate costs. Any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in reputational harm and significant compliance costs, penalties and legal liability.

Risks Related to Our Securities

Our common stock is subject to restriction on foreign ownership and possible required divestiture by non-U.S. Citizen stockholders.

Certain of our operations are conducted in the U.S. coastwise trade and are governed by the U.S. federal law commonly known as the Jones Act. The Jones Act restricts waterborne transportation of goods and passengers between points in the U.S. to vessels owned and controlled by “U.S. Citizens” as defined thereunder. We could lose the privilege of owning and operating vessels in the Jones Act trade if non-U.S. Citizens were to own or control, in the aggregate, more than 25% of our common stock. Such loss could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Second Amended and Restated By-Laws authorize our Board to establish rules, policies and procedures, including procedures with respect to the transfer of shares, to ensure compliance with the Jones Act.

To provide a reasonable margin for compliance with the Jones Act, our Board has determined that, all non-U.S. Citizens in the aggregate may own up to 24% of the outstanding shares of common stock and any individual non-U.S. Citizen may own up to 4.9% of the outstanding shares of common stock.

At and during such time that the permitted limit of ownership by non-U.S. Citizens is reached with respect to shares of common stock, as applicable, we will be unable to issue any further shares of such class of common stock or approve transfers of such class of common stock to non-U.S. Citizens. Any purported transfer of our common stock in violation of these ownership provisions will be ineffective to transfer the common stock or any voting, dividend or other rights associated with such common stock. The existence and enforcement of these requirements could have an adverse impact on the liquidity or market value of our equity securities if U.S. Citizens were unable to transfer our shares to non-U.S. Citizens. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, this ownership requirement could discourage, delay or prevent a change of control.

The market price of our securities is subject to volatility.

The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to, and the level of trading that develops with our common stock may be affected by, numerous factors beyond our control such as, actual or anticipated variations in our operating results and cash flow, business conditions in our markets and the general state of the securities markets and the market for energy-related stocks, as well as general economic and market conditions and other factors that may affect our future results, including those described in this Form 10-K.

We do not currently pay cash dividends. As a result, you may not receive a return on investment unless you sell your common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We currently do not pay cash dividends on our common stock. However, we recently repurchased outstanding common shares in the open market. Any future determination to pay cash dividends, implement additional stock repurchase plans or make other distributions on our common stock will be at the sole discretion of our Board, subject to any restrictions in our debt agreements and, if we elect to implement such distribution or repurchase plans in the future, we may reduce or discontinue such plans entirely thereafter at any time. The Board may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and operating results, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, agreements governing any existing and future indebtedness we or our subsidiaries may incur and other contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions and implications on the payment of dividends, repurchases of common stock or other distributions by us to our stockholders, and such other factors as the Board may deem relevant. As a result, you may not receive a return on investment in our common stock unless you sell our common stock for a price greater than you paid for it.

Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited, which could make us unable to fund our capital requirements.

Our business and operations may consume cash more quickly than we anticipate potentially impairing our ability to make capital expenditures to maintain our fleet and other assets in suitable operating condition. If our cash flows from operating activities are not sufficient to fund capital expenditures, we would be required to further reduce these expenditures or to fund capital expenditures through debt or equity issuances or through alternative financing plans or selling assets.

If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund our capital requirements. Our ability to raise debt or equity capital or to refinance or restructure existing debt arrangements will depend on the condition of the capital markets, our financial condition and cash flow generating capacity at such time, among other things. Any limitations in our ability to finance future capital expenditures may limit our ability to respond to changes in customer preferences, technological change and other market conditions, which may diminish our competitive position within our sector.

If we issue additional equity securities, existing stockholders will experience dilution. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation permits our Board to issue preferred stock, which could have rights and preferences senior to those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our security holders bear the risk of our future securities offerings reducing the market price of our common stock or other securities, diluting their interest or being subject to rights and preferences senior to their own.

Certain provisions and limitations on foreign ownership in our organizational documents could delay or prevent a change of control.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our Second Amended and Restated By-Laws and Delaware law could delay, defer or prevent a merger, acquisition, tender offer, takeover attempt or other change of control transaction that our stockholders may deem advantageous, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares held by our stockholders or negatively affect the trading price of our common stock and other securities. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. These provisions provide for, among other things:

• the ability of our Board to issue, and determine the rights, powers and preferences of, one or more series of preferred stock;
• advance notice for nominations of directors by stockholders and for stockholders to present matters for consideration at our annual meetings;

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• limitations on convening special stockholder meetings;
• the prohibition on stockholders to act by written consent;
• supermajority vote of stockholders to amend certain provisions of the certificate of incorporation;
• limitations on expanding the size of the Board;
• the availability for issuance of additional shares of common stock; and
• restrictions on the ability of any natural person or entity that does not satisfy the citizenship requirements of the U.S. maritime laws to own, in the aggregate, more than 24% of the outstanding shares of our common stock.

In addition, the Delaware General Corporation Law imposes restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15% or more of our outstanding common stock.

The exercise of outstanding warrants or the issuance of stock-based awards may dilute our common stock.

We have issued or assumed several securities providing for the right to purchase our common stock. Investors could be subject to increased dilution upon the exercise of our New Creditor Warrants and GLF Creditor Warrants for a nominal exercise price subject to Jones Act-related foreign ownership restrictions, and the exercise of our GLF Equity Warrants. Unexercised GLF Equity Warrants expire on November 14, 2024. Unexercised New Creditor Warrants expire on July 31, 2042 and unexercised GLF Creditor Warrants expire on November 14, 2042.

Additionally, shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance under our 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, 2017 Stock Incentive Plan and Legacy GulfMark Stock Incentive Plan, respectively, as equity-based awards to employees, directors and certain other persons. The exercise of equity awards, including any restricted stock units that we may grant in the future, and the exercise of warrants and the subsequent sale of shares of common stock issued thereby, could have an adverse effect on the market for our common stock, including the price that an investor could obtain for their shares. Investors may experience dilution in the value of their investment upon the exercise of any outstanding warrants or the vesting of any equity awards granted under our stock incentive plans.

Please refer to Note (10) - “Stock-Based Compensation and Incentive Plans” and Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion of our outstanding warrants and stock-based awards.

There may be a limited trading market for our New Creditor Warrants and GLF Creditor Warrants, and you may have difficulty trading and obtaining quotations for New Creditor Warrants and GLF Creditor Warrants.

While there are unsolicited quotes for our New Creditor Warrants on the OTC Pink Market, there is no market maker for this security on the OTC Pink Market, and there can be no assurance that an active trading market will develop. While the GLF Creditor Warrants trade on the OTC QX market, there has been limited trading volume since the business combination. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell or reduce the fair market value of your New Creditor Warrants or GLF Creditor Warrants at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable.

Our stock price may never exceed the exercise price of our GLF Equity Warrants (be in the money), and unexercised warrants may expire with limited or no value. Further, the terms of such warrants may be amended.

As long as our stock price is below the $100 per share strike price of the GLF Equity Warrants, these warrants will have limited economic value, and they may expire with limited or no value. Additionally, any material amendment to the terms of the warrant in a manner adverse to a holder would only require the approval of a certain percentage of the holders of the then outstanding warrants.

We may not be able to maintain a listing of our common stock on the NYSE or our GLF Equity Warrants on the NYSE American.

We must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain the listing of our common stock on the NYSE and our GLF Equity Warrants on the NYSE American. If we fail to meet any of the applicable listing standards, our common stock or GLF Equity Warrants may be delisted. A delisting of our common stock or GLF Equity Warrants may materially impair our stockholders’ and warrant holders’ ability to buy and sell our common stock or GLF Equity Warrants and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of, the trading market for these securities. A delisting of our common stock or GLF Equity Warrants could significantly impair our ability to raise capital.

Activist stockholders could divert the attention of our management team and/or negatively affect our business.

Activist stockholders could advocate for changes to our corporate governance, operational practices and strategic direction, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business and future operations. In recent years, publicly-traded companies have been increasingly subject to demands from activist stockholders advocating for changes to corporate governance practices, such as executive compensation practices, ESG issues, or for certain corporate actions or reorganizations. There can be no assurances that activist stockholders will not publicly advocate for us to make certain corporate governance changes or engage in certain corporate actions. Responding to challenges from activist stockholders, such as proxy contests, media campaigns or other activities, could be costly and time consuming and could have an adverse effect on our reputation and divert the attention and resources of management and our Board, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operational results. Additionally, stockholder activism could create uncertainty about future strategic direction, resulting in loss of future business opportunities, which could adversely affect our business, future operations, profitability and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel.

General Risk Factors

Uncertain economic conditions may lead our customers to postpone capital spending or jeopardize our customers’ or other counterparties’ ability to perform their obligations.

Uncertainty about future global economic market conditions makes it challenging to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. The success of our business is both directly and indirectly dependent upon conditions in the global financial and credit markets that are outside of our control and difficult to predict. Uncertain economic conditions may lead our customers to postpone capital spending in response to tighter credit markets and reductions in our customers’ income or asset values. Similarly, when lenders and institutional investors reduce, and in some cases, cease to provide funding to corporate and other industrial borrowers, the liquidity and financial condition of the company and our customers can be adversely impacted. These factors may also adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition. Factors such as interest rates, availability of credit, inflation rates, economic uncertainty, changes in laws (including laws relating to taxation), trade barriers and economic sanctions or other restrictions imposed by the U.S. or other countries, commodity prices, currency exchange rates and controls, and national and international political circumstances (including wars, terrorist acts, security operations, and seaborne refugee issues) can have a material negative effect on our business, revenues and profitability. Additionally, continued uncertain industry conditions could jeopardize the ability of certain of our counterparties, including our customers, insurers and financial institutions, to perform their obligations.

Although we assess the creditworthiness of our counterparties, a prolonged period of difficult industry conditions could lead to changes in a counterparty’s liquidity and increase our exposure to credit risk and bad debts. In addition, we may offer extended payment terms to our customers in order to secure contracts. These circumstances may lead to more frequent collection issues. Our financial results and liquidity could be adversely affected.

Severe weather events, including extreme weather conditions associated with climate change, have in the past and may in the future adversely affect our operations and financial results.

Our business has been, and in the future will be, affected by severe weather events in areas where we operate, which could materially affect our operations and financial results. Extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes and flooding, have in the past resulted in, and may in the future result in, the evacuation of personnel, stoppage of services and activity disruptions of our vessels, in our supply chain, or at our customer’s offshore sites, or result in disruptions of our customers’ operations. Particularly severe weather events affecting platforms or structures may result in a suspension of activities. In addition, acute or chronic physical impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, coastal storm surge, inland flooding from intense rainfall, and hurricane-strength winds may damage our vessels or facilities. Any such extreme weather events may result in increased operating costs or decreases in revenue.

Cybersecurity Risk Management & Strategy

Our business requires the use of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) resources, including those to carry out our day-to-day operational activities both onshore and offshore, to maintain our business records and to proactively monitor internal and external cybersecurity threats. To respond to cybersecurity risks and threats, we have developed a cybersecurity risk management program designed to identify, assess, manage and respond to cybersecurity incidents while also preserving the confidentiality, integrity and continued availability of our information and assets. The underlying controls of our cyber risk management program are based on recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and information technology, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001 Information Security Management System Requirements.

We have a Security Operations Center operating in multiple regions that provides daily monitoring of our global cybersecurity environment and coordinates real-time investigation and remediation of alerts. Identifying and assessing cybersecurity risks related to our business, operations, privacy and compliance issues are identified and addressed through a multi-faceted approach including third party assessments, internal IT audits, IT/OT security, governance, risk and compliance reviews. To deter, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents, we conduct proactive privacy and cybersecurity reviews of systems and applications, audit applicable data policies, perform penetration testing using external third-party tools and consultants, and conduct tabletop exercises to simulate responses to cybersecurity incidents. We also conduct and require our workforce to complete ongoing cybersecurity awareness education and training. Our team of cybersecurity professionals then collaborate with technical and business stakeholders across our business units to further analyze the risk to the company, and form detection, mitigation and remediation strategies.

We have implemented incident response and breach management processes, including (i) preparation for a cybersecurity incident, (ii) detection and analysis of a security incident; (iii) containment, remediation and recovery from an incident; and (iv) post-incident analysis. Such cybersecurity incident responses are overseen by leaders from our IT, compliance and legal teams as further described under “Cybersecurity Governance” below, and elevated to other senior leaders, third party providers and the Audit Committee of the Board as appropriate and in accordance with our response plan and procedures.

Our risk management program also assesses third party risks, and we perform third-party risk management to identify and mitigate risks from third parties such as vendors, suppliers, and other business partners associated with our use of third-party service providers. Cybersecurity risks are evaluated when determining the selection and oversight of applicable third-party service providers and potential fourth-party risks when handling and/or processing our employee, business or customer data.

See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Information Technology and Cybersecurity – Cybersecurity attacks on any of our facilities, or those of third parties, may result in potential liability or reputational damage or otherwise adversely affect our business.”

Cybersecurity Governance

The Audit Committee of our Board oversees our cybersecurity risk management program and meets on a quarterly basis with our Chief Information Officer (CIO) to review our cybersecurity programs and risks, including (as applicable) evolving cyber risks, status on addressing and/or mitigating those risks, significant cybersecurity or data privacy incidents (if any), and status on any key cybersecurity initiatives. These cybersecurity risks and programs are further reviewed and considered by the Board in connection with the company’s overarching enterprise risk program.

Our cybersecurity team is led by our Director of IT Infrastructure & Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), who has over 20 years of experience and obtained various professional security certifications and advanced training in the field of cybersecurity and technology and reports to our CIO. Our CISO is responsible for managing and supervising our cyber risk management program and informing the CIO and senior management regarding the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.

The CISO and CIO are informed about and monitor these cybersecurity programs and incidents through their oversight of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described above, including management of and notices from our Security Operations Centers and the supervision of our incident response plan and processes.

Our worldwide headquarters and principal executive offices are located at 842 West Sam Houston Parkway North, Suite 400, Houston, Texas 77024, and our telephone number is 713-470-5300. Our U.S. marine operations are based in Amelia, Louisiana and Houston, Texas. We conduct our international operations through facilities and offices located in over 30 countries. Our principal international offices and/or warehouse facilities, most of which are leased, are in Brazil; Mexico; Trinidad; Scotland; Egypt; Angola; Nigeria; Cameroon; Singapore; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Australia; and Norway. Our operations generally do not require highly specialized facilities, and suitable facilities are generally available on a leased basis as required.

See the relevant portions of “Note (12) - Commitments and Contingencies”, in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for information with respect to this Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition, and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our future results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those anticipated in our forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. With respect to this section, the cautionary language applicable to such forward-looking statements described under “Forward-Looking Statements” found before Item 1 of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 7.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CURRENT BUSINESS OUTLOOK

Tidewater

We are one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning over 65 years. Our vessels and associated vessel services provide support for all phases of offshore oil and gas exploration, field development and production as well as windfarm development and maintenance. These services include towing of, and anchor handling for, mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and a variety of other specialized services such as pipe and cable laying. In addition, we have one of the broadest geographic operating footprints in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Ltd. (SPO) and its 50 offshore support vessels operating primarily in West Africa, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. As consideration for the acquisition, we paid $42.0 million in cash and issued 8,100,000 warrants, each exercisable at $0.001 per share for one share of our common stock (SPO Acquisition Warrants). In addition, we paid $19.6 million at closing and received an $8.8 million post-closing working capital refund related to pre-closing working capital adjustments, for a total consideration of $215.5 million.

During the second half of 2022, we completed two common stock public offerings to facilitate the redemption of the SPO Acquisition Warrants, including an offering for 4,048,000 shares at $17.85 per share completed on August 12, 2022, and an offering for 3,987,914 shares at $30.25 per share completed on November 10, 2022 (Offerings). The Offerings resulted in net proceeds (after expenses) of approximately $187.8 million that we used to redeem 8,035,914 SPO Acquisition Warrants, which we subsequently cancelled.

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Vessels, Charter Parties and Other Assets, which was amended on June 30, 2023 (the Acquisition Agreement), with certain subsidiaries of Solstad Offshore ASA, a Norwegian public limited company (collectively, the Sellers), pursuant to which we agreed to acquire from the Sellers (the Solstad Acquisition): (i) 37 platform supply vessels owned by the Sellers (the Solstad Vessels); and (ii) the charter parties governing certain of the Solstad Vessels. On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million, consisting of the $577.0 million base purchase price plus an initial $3.0 million purchase price adjustment; $3.2 million for working capital items comprised of fuel and lubricants; and $11.0 million in estimated transaction costs, consisting primarily of advisory and legal fees. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028.

Prior to August 1, 2023, we had outstanding Series A Warrants, with an exercise price of $57.06 and Series B Warrants, with an exercise price of $62.28, both with an expiration date of July 31, 2023. During July 2023, an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were exercised and we issued 1.9 million shares of common stock in exchange for $111.5 million in cash proceeds. All remaining unexercised Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, approximately 3.1 million in the aggregate, expired according to their terms on July 31, 2023.

At December 31, 2023, we owned 217 vessels with an average age of 11.8 years available to serve the global offshore energy industry.

MD&A Objective and Principal Factors That Drive Our Results, Cash Flows and Liquidity

Our MD&A is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. As is the case with the numerous other vessel operators in our industry, our business activity is largely dependent on the level of exploration, field development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected oil and gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for oil and gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce oil and gas reserves. Our objective throughout the MD&A is to discuss how these factors affected our historical results and, where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Our revenues in all segments are driven primarily by our active fleet size, active vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance costs, fuel, lube oil and supplies costs and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors impacting overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, our newer, more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained, more highly compensated fleet personnel than our older, smaller and less sophisticated vessels. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over 30 months on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vessel improvements that either extend the vessel’s useful life or increase the vessel’s functionality are capitalized and depreciated.

Insurance costs are dependent on a variety of factors, including our safety record and pricing in the insurance markets, and can fluctuate over time. Our vessels are generally insured for up to their estimated fair market value in order to cover damage or loss. We also purchase coverage for potential liabilities stemming from third-party losses with limits that we believe are reasonable for our operations, but do not generally purchase business interruption insurance or similar coverage. Insurance limits are reviewed annually, and third-party coverage is purchased based on the expected scope of ongoing operations and the cost of third-party coverage.

Fuel and lube costs can fluctuate in any given period depending on the number and distance of vessel mobilizations, the number of active vessels off charter, drydockings, and changes in fuel prices. We also incur vessel operating costs aggregated as “other” vessel operating costs. These costs consist of brokers’ commissions, training costs, satellite communication fees, agent fees, port fees and other miscellaneous costs. Brokers’ commissions are incurred primarily in our non-United States operations where brokers sometimes assist in obtaining work. Brokers generally are paid a percentage of day rates and, accordingly, commissions paid to brokers generally fluctuate in accordance with vessel revenue.

We discuss our liquidity in terms of cash flow that we generate from our operations. Our primary sources of capital have been our cash on hand, internally generated funds including operating cash flow, vessel sales and long-term debt financing. From time to time, we also issue stock or stock-based financial instruments either in the open market or as currency in acquisitions. This ability is impacted by existing market conditions.

Industry Conditions and Outlook

Our business is exposed to numerous macro factors that influence our outlook and expectations given the current volatile conditions in the oil and gas industry. Our outlook and expectations described herein are based solely on the market as we see it today, and therefore, subject to various changing conditions that impact the oil and gas industry.

We expect the supply-demand balance in the global offshore oil and gas markets to continue to be favorable for offshore activities by the major oil and gas producers. Factors driving this outlook include demand for hydrocarbons continuing to grow internationally, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+) remaining proactive in maintaining adequate and stable oil prices, combined with a diminishing global supply of vessels to support the offshore energy industry. Energy prices are expected to remain volatile due to ongoing geopolitical conflicts, global inflationary trends and associated actions from central banks as well as uncertainties surrounding the growth rates expected in key world economies.

Our business is directly impacted by the level of activity in worldwide offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production, which in turn is influenced by trends in oil and gas prices and the condition of the energy markets and, in particular, the willingness of energy companies to spend on operational activities and capital projects. This activity includes improving demand for floating drilling rigs, which also directly impacts our industry.

Oil and gas prices are affected by a host of geopolitical and economic forces, including the fundamental principles of supply and demand. Offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities generally require higher oil or gas prices to justify the much higher expenditure levels of offshore activities compared to onshore activities. Prices are subject to significant uncertainty and, as a result, are extremely volatile. Over the past several years, oil and gas commodity pricing has been affected by a global pandemic, which included lock downs by major oil consuming nations, a war in eastern Europe between Russia and Ukraine, OPEC+ production quotas, capital discipline within the major oil and gas companies, inflationary economies of major consuming nations and increased activism related to the perceived responsibility of the oil and gas sector for climate change. Recent events include escalation of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict which has also resulted in increased disruption of shipping in the Middle East due to military action from surrounding states. These factors have at various times caused or exacerbated significant swings in oil and gas pricing, which in turn has affected the capital budgets of oil and gas companies. Despite the volatility in spot oil prices seen in recent years, our customers tend to consider less volatile medium and long-term prices in making offshore investment decisions. We continue to see positive upstream investment momentum in both the international and domestic markets. We believe these markets are driven by resilient long-cycle offshore developments, production capacity expansions and increased exploration and development activities.

We are one of the world’s largest operators of offshore support vessels and we have operations in most of the world’s offshore oil and gas basins. We continue to believe that there will be sufficient opportunities for us to operate our vessels in this sector for many years to come. We have also pursued opportunities in the sustainability arena, including the support of offshore wind energy generation and the improvement of our fleet performance regarding emissions and environmental impact. Although our business is impacted by a number of macro factors, including those factors discussed here, which influence our outlook and expectations given the current volatile conditions in our industry, our fleet is currently close to full utilization and our day rates have increased in recent quarters. We are of the opinion that the underlying fundamentals, particularly energy source supply and demand, will support a multi-year increase in offshore upstream development spending.

Segment Changes

In conjunction with the acquisition of SPO in April 2022, the previous Middle East/Asia Pacific segment was split into the Middle East segment and the Asia Pacific segment. Our previous operations in Southeast Asia and Australia, along with the legacy SPO operations in the Asia Pacific region, now form the new Asia Pacific segment. Our segment disclosures reflect the current segment alignment for all periods presented.

Each reporting segment is overseen by a managing director, who is a senior company executive reporting directly to our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the results of each of the operating segments for resource allocation and performance evaluation.

Results of Operations

We manage and measure our business performance primarily based on five distinct geographic operating segments: Americas, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023, 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 and between 2022 and 2021.

The results of operations tables included below for the total company and the individual segments disclose financial results supplemented with vessel utilization and average day rates.

Vessel utilization is determined primarily by market conditions and to a lesser extent by drydocking requirements. Vessel day rates are determined by the demand created largely through the level of offshore exploration, field development and production spending by energy companies relative to the supply of offshore support vessels. Specifications of available equipment and the scope of service provided may also influence vessel day rates. Vessel utilization rates are calculated by dividing the number of days a vessel works during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel is available to work in the reporting period. As such, stacked vessels depress utilization rates because stacked vessels are considered available to work and are included in the calculation of utilization rates. Average day rates are calculated by dividing the revenue a vessel earns during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel worked in the reporting period.

Total vessel utilization is calculated on all vessels in service (which includes stacked vessels, vessels held for sale and vessels in drydock). Active utilization is calculated on active vessels (which excludes vessels held for sale and stacked vessels). Average day rates are calculated based on total vessel days worked. Vessel operating costs per active days is calculated based on total available days less stacked days.

Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Revenue:

• Revenue benefitted from the full year effect of the SPO Acquisition which added 50 vessels to our fleet on April 22, 2022, and the Solstad Acquisition, which added 37 vessels to our fleet on July 5, 2023.
• The SPO vessels added $276.8 million to revenue in 2023, compared to approximately $150.0 million in 2022.
• The Solstad vessels added $115.1 million to revenue in 2023.
• Revenue benefitted from significantly higher day rates in 2023 and the additional capacity from the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition.
• Slight decrease in active utilization in 2023, primarily due to a heavy drydock schedule and the mobilization of vessels between segments.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional active vessels in our fleet from the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, and higher mobilization costs as we moved several vessels between segments.

General and administrative:

• Decrease primarily due to lower acquisition related transaction costs, offset partially by higher personnel costs related to the Solstad Acquisition and the full year impact of the SPO Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization:

• Increase primarily due to the depreciation of additional vessels acquired in the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition and the amortization of a higher level of drydock costs associated with an increased number of vessels.

Gain on asset dispositions, net:

• During 2023, we sold or recycled 15 vessels and other assets, while during 2022, we sold or recycled 14 vessels and other assets. The increase reflects the mix of sales prices and remaining net book value of the individual assets sold.

Long-lived asset impairment and other expense:

Interest expense:

• Increase primarily due to the addition of $575.0 million in long term debt, bearing interest of approximately 10.0%, to fund the Solstad vessel acquisition effective July 5, 2023.

Interest income and other, net:

Loss on warrants:

• In 2022, we initially recognized the 8.1 million warrants issued in connection with the SPO Acquisition as a liability. We subsequently amended the SPO agreement to allow us to reclassify the warrants from liabilities to equity and recognized a loss to mark the warrant liability to market from the SPO closing date through the date of the SPO agreement amendment.

Foreign exchange losses:

• In 2023 and 2022, our foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the settlement and revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

Income tax expense:

• We are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our tax expense for 2023 and 2022 is mainly attributable to taxes on our operations in foreign countries.

Americas Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Primary driver for revenue increase was the increase in average day rates, however, active utilization and additional vessels increased revenue as well.
• SPO Acquisition added two vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $15.4 million to revenue increase.
• Solstad Acquisition added six vessels during the last six months in 2023 and contributed $27.1 million to revenue increase.
• Active vessels increased primarily due to increased demand and the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional five active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• Increase primarily due to bad debt expense in 2023 and increased professional fees.
• Increase primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Primary drivers for the revenue increase include the increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and the full year and six months effects of the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, respectively.
• SPO Acquisition added 13 vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $45.7 to the revenue increase.
• Solstad Acquisition added four vessels during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $14.6 million to the revenue increase.
• Active utilization increased due to vessel demand.
• Active vessels increased primarily due to the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional active vessels and operating in a higher cost market.

General and administrative expense:

• Decrease primarily due to lower acquisition related costs and lower personnel costs from synergies realized in the SPO Acquisition.
• Increase primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

Middle East Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Primary drivers for revenue increase include increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and increase in active vessels related to the SPO Acquisition.
• SPO Acquisition added eight vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $3.9 million to the revenue increase.
• Active vessels increased by five primarily due to SPO Acquisition and vessel mobilization into the area.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to additional active vessels, higher mobilization costs and costs associated with leased vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• No significant variances.
• Increase primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Primary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and the increase in active vessels in the area resulting mainly from the Solstad Acquisition.
• Solstad Acquisition added 24 vessels which, during the last six months of 2023, contributed $67.4 million to the revenue increase.
• Active utilization decreased due to vessel mobilizations and higher drydock activity.
• Active vessels increased primarily due to the Solstad vessel acquisition.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional active vessels largely from the Solstad Acquisition.

General and administrative expense:

• Increase primarily due to higher personnel costs and professional fees as a result of the Solstad Acquisition.
• Increase primarily due to the significant depreciation associated with the additional vessels acquired from Solstad plus higher amortization related to an increase in drydock activity.

West Africa Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Primary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates and the increase in active vessels related to the full year and six months effects of the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, respectively.
• SPO Acquisition added 22 vessels to the segment which for the full year of 2023 contributed $60.3 million to the revenue increase.
• Solstad Acquisition added three vessels and contributed $6.0 million to the revenue increase.
• Active utilization decreased due to vessel mobilizations, high drydock activity and high down for repair days.
• Active vessels increased primarily due to mobilizations from other areas, and the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional nine active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• Decrease primarily due to lower personnel costs.
• Increase primarily due to additional vessels and significantly increased drydock activity.

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Revenue:

• Increase primarily due to the addition of 50 vessels to our fleet with the SPO Acquisition effective April 22, 2022, and the increased demand for vessels, resulting in increased average day rates, as the industry and our customers recovered from the pandemic.
• SPO vessels added approximately $150.0 million to our 2022 revenues with the remaining increase in revenue attributable to the legacy company fleet reactivating vessels, higher day rates and higher utilization throughout the year.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the addition of 50 vessels to our fleet with the SPO Acquisition effective April 22, 2022, and the increased demand for vessels resulting in greater activity and higher operating costs, as the industry and our customers recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Depreciation and amortization:

• Increase primarily due to the addition of 50 vessels to our fleet with the SPO Acquisition effective April 22, 2022, partially offset by lower amortization of deferred drydocking costs as a result of the timing of drydocks.
• In addition, we sold vessels and transferred vessels from the active fleet to assets held for sale, which reduced depreciation and drydock amortization costs.

50

General and administrative costs:

• The increase is primarily due to the addition of the Singapore and Dubai offices with the SPO Acquisition.
• In addition, we had professional fees and transaction costs primarily related to the SPO Acquisition which totaled $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Gain (loss) on asset dispositions, net:

• For the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 14 vessels and other assets. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 19 vessels and other assets.
• One of the vessel sales in 2021 was to a third-party operator, Jackson Offshore, whose Chief Operating Officer, Matthew Rigdon, is the son of Larry Rigdon, the former chairman of our Board of Directors. This vessel was sold for proceeds of $11.4 million, all of which was collected in the second quarter of 2021, and we recognized a gain of $4.3 million on the sale.

Long-lived asset impairment and other expense:

Interest expense:

• Increase primarily due to higher interest rates on our outstanding debt and slightly higher levels of outstanding debt in 2022.

Interest income and other, net:

Loss on early extinguishment of debt:

• During 2021, we recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt consisting of make whole premiums and other related costs resulting from the extinguishment of our Senior Secured Notes and Troms offshore debt.

Loss on warrants:

• In 2022, we recognized a loss to mark the warrant liability to market through the date that we amended the SPO share purchase agreement to allow us to reclassify the warrants from liabilities to equity.

Foreign exchange losses:

• In 2022 and 2021, our foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

Income tax expense:

• We are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our income tax expense in the year ended December 31, 2022 increased primarily because the year ended December 31, 2021 benefitted from a NOL carryback for a tax refund under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.

Americas Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Increase primarily due to increase in average day rates resulting from a greater portion of the segment’s vessels being chartered in 2022 at day rates substantially higher than those in 2021 and increased active vessels due primarily to reactivations in 2022.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional active vessels due primarily to reactivations in 2022.

General and administrative expense:

• Marginal increase primarily due to higher personnel costs.
• Decrease primarily due to lower depreciation from a decrease in total vessels.

Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Increase primarily due to higher average day rates for 2022 over 2021 reflecting the recovery in the industry and the vessels added as a result of the SPO Acquisition.
• Active vessels increased by eight vessels consisting of 15 vessels added with the SPO Acquisition offset by a decrease in legacy Tidewater active vessels due to contract expirations.
• Active utilization decreased largely due to the contract expirations.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional eight active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• Increase primarily due to addition of the Singapore office associated with the SPO Acquisition.
• Increase primarily due to higher depreciation as a result of higher total vessels, offset partially by lower drydock amortization.

Middle East Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Increase primarily due to higher average day rates and active vessels, including six vessels from SPO Acquisition.
• Active utilization decreased largely due to downtime from higher down for repair days in 2022.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional seven active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• Increase primarily due to addition of Dubai office associated with the SPO Acquisition.
• Increase primarily due to higher depreciation as a result of higher total vessels.

Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Active vessels increased in 2022 due to greater demand and the reactivation of vessels.
• Average day rates increased due to higher activity and better industry fundamentals.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional six active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• No significant variances.
• No significant variances.

West Africa Segment Operations.

(In Thousands except for statistics)

Vessel revenue:

• Revenue increased primarily due to the vessel additions from the SPO Acquisition.
• Average day rates increased due to higher demand.
• Active utilization increased due to the strong demand in the area.

Vessel operating costs:

• Increase primarily due to the additional 22 active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

• Increase primarily due to the SPO Acquisition (the SPO Dubai office served both the West Africa segment and the Middle East segment); higher personnel and property costs from the acquisition of 51% of Sonatide; and higher bad debt expense.
• Increase primarily due to a higher number of total vessels partially offset by lower amortization due to significantly lower drydock activity.

Operating Expenses

The following table shows by year and segment: (i) the vessel operating costs by major component and as a percentage of revenue, and (ii) the vessel operating costs in the aggregate and as a percentage of revenue.

(In Thousands)

57

Stacked Vessels and Vessel Dispositions

We consider a vessel to be stacked if the vessel crew is furloughed or substantially reduced and limited maintenance is performed on the vessel. We reduce operating costs by stacking vessels when management does not foresee opportunities to profitably or strategically operate the vessels in the near future. Vessels are stacked when market conditions warrant and are not considered stacked when they return to active service, are sold or otherwise disposed. When economically practical marketing opportunities arise, the stacked vessels can be returned to active service by performing any necessary maintenance on the vessel and either rehiring or returning fleet personnel to operate the vessel. Although not currently fulfilling charters, stacked vessels are considered in service and included in the calculation of our utilization statistics.

We had two, 13 and 27 stacked vessels including vessels classified as assets held for sale in our fleet as of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During 2023, we sold or recycled eight vessels that had been designated as held for sale and sold seven vessels from our active fleet. During 2022, we sold or recycled 12 vessels that had been designated as held for sale and sold two vessels from our active fleet. We also designated three vessels to assets held for sale and reactivated one vessel from assets held for sale into the active fleet in 2022.

We seek opportunities to sell and/or recycle our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers who do not compete with us in the offshore energy industry. The number of vessels disposed by segment were as follows:

Vessel Commitments

We contracted to build two ocean-going tugs for the Africa market that were completed and delivered in 2023 and cost approximately $6.0 million each. We also contracted to build eight Alucat crew boats for the African market. Two of the crew boats were completed and delivered in 2023 and cost approximately $4.0 million each. We expect the remaining six Alucat crew boats to be completed in 2024 and early 2025. We paid $2.9 million to start the construction on these vessels that we expect will have final total costs of approximately $2.5 million each.

General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of each component to total revenues are as follows:

(In Thousands)

58

General and administrative expenses for all segments and corporate, including their respective percentage of total general and administrative expenses were as follows:

(In Thousands)

(A) Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 include $1.1 million, $2.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of severance and termination benefits.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to lower office and property costs and one time transaction costs resulting from the SPO Acquisition. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to higher personnel costs associated with the addition of the Singapore and Dubai offices and professional fees and transaction costs (including severance costs) related to the SPO Acquisition, which totaled $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Matters

As of December 31, 2023, we had $278.0 million in cash and cash equivalents, which includes restricted cash and amounts held by foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which is available to us without adverse tax consequences. Included in foreign subsidiary cash are balances held in U.S. dollars and foreign currencies that await repatriation due to various currency conversion and repatriation constraints, partner and tax related matters. We currently expect earnings by our foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions to fund strategic initiatives (such as investment, expansion and acquisitions), fund working capital requirements and repay intercompany debt of our foreign subsidiaries in the normal course of business. Moreover, we do not currently intend to repatriate earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. because cash generated from our domestic businesses and the repayment of intercompany liabilities from foreign subsidiaries are currently sufficient to fund the cash needs of our U.S. operations.

A key component of our growth strategy is expanding our business and fleets through acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic transactions. We would expect to use net proceeds from any sale of our securities for general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions, repayment or refinancing of indebtedness, and other business opportunities. In furtherance of this strategy and as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on July 5, 2023, we closed the Solstad Acquisition pursuant to which we acquired 37 platform supply vessels for an aggregate adjusted cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and from the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2028 (Senior Secured Notes).

Our objective in financing our business is to maintain and preserve adequate financial resources and sufficient levels of liquidity. In addition to our cash on hand, we also have a $25.0 million revolving credit facility (RCF) that matures in 2026. No amounts have been drawn on this facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had $751.7 million of debt on our consolidated balance sheet, $103.1 million of which is due in the next twelve months. Working capital, which includes cash on hand, was $262.4 million at December 31, 2023. During 2023, we generated $97.2 million in net income and $104.7 million in cash flow from operating activities, which includes our interest payments and drydock costs. With the closing of the Solstad Acquisition, we added substantially to our debt, including current maturities, drydock obligations and interest costs. However, we expect during 2024, to generate sufficient operating income from the Solstad Vessels to meet the corresponding increase in our debt obligations.

The Senior Secured Notes, the Senior Secured Term Loan and the revolving credit facility contain a combination of the following three financial covenants: (i) a minimum free liquidity test (as defined) equal to the greater of $20.0 million or 10% of net interest-bearing debt; (ii) a minimum equity ratio of 30%, in each case for us and our consolidated subsidiaries; and (iii) an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2:1. We are currently in compliance and anticipate maintaining ongoing compliance with these financial covenants.

We believe cash and cash equivalents, availability under our RCF and future net cash provided by operating activities, will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our obligations and meet our liquidity requirements.

We entered into Facility Agreements to finance a portion of the construction and delivery of four new vessels. The vessels were delivered to us through December 31, 2023, in exchange for approximately EUR13.9 million ($15.2 million) in financing. Each of the Facility Agreements bear interest at rates ranging from 2.7% to 6.3% and are payable in ten equal semi-annual installments, with the first Facility Agreement installment having commenced in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Facility Agreements are secured by the vessels, guaranteed by Tidewater and contain no financial covenants.

In addition, some of our Series A and B Warrants were exercised during July 2023 and we received approximately $111.5 million in cash and issued approximately 1.9 million shares of our common stock in exchange for these warrants.

Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our indebtedness.

Share Repurchases

In November 2023, we announced the approval by our Board to repurchase up to $35.0 million of our common stock. As of December 31, 2023, we had repurchased and retired 590,499 shares for approximately $35.0 million ($59.29 per share), excluding commissions and a 1% excise taxes. No shares were repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Please refer to Item 5 of this Form 10K - Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities for additional information regarding repurchases of our common stock in the fourth quarter of 2024. Also refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

There were no dividends declared during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Please refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by or used in operating activities for any period will fluctuate according to the level of business activity for the applicable period. Net cash provided by operating activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)

60

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, of $104.7 million reflects net income of $95.6 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $180.3 million and stock-based compensation expense of $10.8 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $74.5 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital as a result of the increase in business activity and the acquisition of 37 vessels from Solstad. We paid $97.4 million for regulatory drydocks in 2023.

Net cash used by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, of $40.2 million reflects a net loss of $22.2 million, non-cash impairments of $0.7 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $119.2 million, stock-based compensation expense of $7.4 million, and loss on warrants of $14.2 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $23.2 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital as a result of the increase in business activity. We paid $56.0 million for regulatory drydocks in 2022.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $610.3 million, reflecting proceeds of $15.5 million related to the disposal of 15 vessels. Acquisitions included $594.2 million for the purchase of 37 vessels from Solstad. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $31.6 million, primarily for the down payment on six Alucat crew boats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $23.8 million, reflecting proceeds of $13.6 million related to the disposal of 14 vessels. Acquisitions included $19.7 million for the purchase of SPO and $1.0 million to acquire the 51% equity interest in Sonatide owned by our former joint venture partner. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $16.6 million, primarily for the down payment on two Alucat crew boats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, provided $615.6 million of cash. We issued $575.0 million in long-term debt related to our Senior Unsecured Notes and our Senior Secured Term Loan while incurring $14.8 million of debt issuance costs related to these debt instruments. We also received $111.5 million in proceeds from the exercise of our Series A and B warrants. In addition, we purchased 590,499 shares of our common stock for $35.0 million and paid $6.0 million in taxes on share-based awards.

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, used $2.7 million of cash, including $0.4 million of debt issuance costs related to our 2026 notes and $2.3 million in taxes paid on share-based awards. We also received $187.8 million in proceeds from two offerings of our common stock. These proceeds were used to repurchase the outstanding SPO Acquisition Warrants issued in connection with the SPO Acquisition.

Legal Proceedings

We are named defendants or parties in certain lawsuits, claims or proceedings incidental to or arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted accurately, we do not expect these matters to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results and cash flows. Please refer to Note (12) - “Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions continually based on a combination of historical experience and other assumptions and information that comes to our attention that may vary the outlook for the future. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects are subject to uncertainty, and accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the business environment in which we operate changes. As a result, actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions.

The “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, as described in Note (1) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, should be read in conjunction with this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. We have defined a critical accounting estimate as one that is important to the portrayal of our financial condition or results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe the following critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described below. There are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation and judgment, but they are not deemed critical as defined above.

Acquisitions

On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition. We determined that, under the provisions of FASB Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 805, substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in similar identifiable assets and accordingly, the Solstad Acquisition is considered an asset acquisition. As a result, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at cost, which consists of the amount of cash paid and direct transaction costs. The cost of a group of assets acquired in an asset acquisition are allocated to the individual assets acquired or liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values and does not give rise to goodwill. These estimated fair values require the use of judgments and assumptions.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the SPO Acquisition. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the closing date under the acquisition method of accounting. The final fair value estimates were subject to adjustment during a measurement period subsequent to the closing date, primarily consisting of the final valuation for various working capital items, tax and other liabilities existing on the closing date. The estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities including long-lived assets and contingencies require the use of judgment and assumptions.

See Note (2) Acquisitions in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 to this Form 10-K for more information on the Solstad and SPO Acquisitions.

Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

In the normal course of business, we extend credit to our customers on a short-term basis. Our principal customers are major oil and gas exploration, field development and production companies. We routinely review and evaluate our accounts receivable balances for collectability. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from our customers requires us to use estimates and make judgments regarding future events and trends, including monitoring our customers’ payment history and current credit worthiness to determine that collectability is reasonably assured, as well as consideration of the overall business climate in which our customers operate. Expected credit losses are recorded on the initial recognition of our primary financial assets, which are trade accounts receivable and contract assets. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover potential bad debt losses under current conditions; however, uncertainties regarding changes in the financial condition of our customers, either adverse or positive, could impact the amount and timing of any additional provisions for credit losses that may be required.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. In such evaluation, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows generated by an asset group are compared with the carrying amount of the asset group to determine if a write-down may be required. With respect to vessels that are expected to remain in active service, we group together for impairment testing purposes vessels with similar operating and marketing characteristics. Stacked vessels expected to return to active service are evaluated for impairment as part of their assigned active asset group and not individually.

We estimate future cash flows based upon historical data adjusted for our best estimate of expected future market performance, which, in turn, is based on industry trends. The primary estimates and assumptions used in reviewing active vessel groups for impairment and estimating undiscounted cash flows include utilization rates, average day rates and average daily operating expenses. These estimates are made based on recent actual trends in utilization, day rates and operating costs and reflect management’s best estimate of expected market conditions during the period of future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates have changed considerably as market conditions have changed, and they are reasonably likely to continue to change as market conditions change in the future. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable, deviations from the assumptions and estimates could produce materially different results. Management estimates may vary considerably from actual outcomes due to future adverse market conditions or poor operating results that could result in the inability to recover the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. As our fleet continues to age, management closely monitors the estimates and assumptions used in the impairment analysis in order to properly identify evolving trends and changes in market conditions that could impact the results of the impairment evaluation.

If an asset group fails the undiscounted cash flow test, we estimate the fair value of each asset group and compare such estimated fair value to the carrying value of each asset group in order to determine if impairment exists.

We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. We often dispose of our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. As a result, vessel dispositions vary from year to year, and gains (losses) on sales of assets fluctuate significantly from period to period. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers with whom we do not compete in the offshore energy industry. When circumstances warrant we review our fleet and make decisions to remove assets that are not considered to be part of our long-term plans. In these circumstances, we will reclassify the identified vessels as held for sale and, if necessary, we will revalue these vessels to net realizable value. Management estimates the fair value of each vessel in an asset group by considering items such as the vessel’s age, length of time stacked, likelihood of a return to active service and actual recent sales of similar vessels, among others. We consider the valuation approach for our vessels to be Level 3, as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value measurements due to the level of estimation involved in valuing vessels for impairment purposes or for consideration for sale or recycles. We estimate the net realizable value for assets held for sale using various methodologies including third party appraisals, sales comparisons, sales agreements and scrap yard tonnage prices. Estimates generally fall in ranges rather than exact numbers due to the nature of sales of offshore vessels and industry conditions. Our value ranges depend on our expectation of the ultimate disposition of the vessel.

We will in all circumstances attempt to achieve maximum value for our vessels, but also recognize that certain vessels are more likely to be recycled, especially given the time and effort required to achieve a sale and the costs incurred to maintain a vessel while searching for a buyer. We establish ranges that in many cases have scrap value as the low end of the range and an expected open market sale value at the top of the range. When there is no expectation within the range that is considered more likely than any other, we apply equal probability weighting to the low and high ends of the valuation range.

Income Taxes

The asset-liability method is used for determining our income tax provisions, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, we determine our effective tax rate by estimating our permanent differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes.

As a global company, we are subject to the jurisdiction of taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally, as well as to tax agreements and treaties among these governments. Our operations in these different jurisdictions are taxed on various bases: actual income before taxes, deemed profits (which are generally determined using a percentage of revenue rather than profits) and withholding taxes based on revenue. Determination of taxable income in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events such as the amount, timing and character of deductions, permissible revenue recognition methods under the tax law and the sources and character of income and tax credits. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes that we provide during any given year. We are periodically audited by various taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally. The tax audits generally include questions regarding the calculation of taxable income. Audit adjustments affecting permanent differences could have an impact on our effective tax rate.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on our present belief that we will be unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to utilize such deferred tax assets, based on current estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to adjust valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations. Management evaluates the realizability of the deferred tax assets and assesses the need for changes to valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the present need for a valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

Deferred taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and business ventures because we consider those earnings to be permanently invested abroad.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions would be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that was more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The recognition and measurement of tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations as well as the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes during any given year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements, please refer to Note (1) - “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Market risk refers to the potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, foreign currency fluctuations and exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices including the correlation among these factors and their volatility. We are primarily exposed to interest rate risk and foreign currency fluctuations and exchange risk. We enter into derivative instruments only to the extent considered necessary to meet our risk management objectives and do not use derivative contracts for speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Risk and Indebtedness

Changes in interest rates may result in changes in the fair market value of our financial instruments, interest income and interest expense. Our financial instruments that are exposed to interest rate risk include our cash equivalents and Senior Secured Term Loan. Due to the short duration and conservative nature of the cash equivalent investment portfolio, we do not expect any material loss with respect to our investments. The book value for cash equivalents is considered to be representative of its fair value.

Senior Secured and Senior Unsecured Debt

Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on our outstanding debt.

The following table discloses how the estimated fair value of our outstanding debt, as of December 31, 2023, would change with a 100 basis-point increase or decrease in market interest rates.

(In Millions)

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our financial instruments that can be affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, trade payables and debt denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. We may enter into spot derivative financial instruments that settle within two business days. The fair value of spot derivatives approximates the carrying value due to the short-term nature of these instruments, and as a result, no gains or losses are recognized. We may also enter into forward derivative financial instruments as a hedge against foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, currency commitments, or to lock in desired interest rates. The accounting for gains or losses on forward contracts is dependent on the nature of the risk being hedged and the effectiveness of the hedge. We had no derivative instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Other

Due to our international operations, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and exchange rate risks on all charter hire contracts denominated in foreign currencies. For some of our international contracts, a portion of the revenue and local expenses are incurred in local currencies with the result that we are at risk of changes in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. We generally do not hedge against any foreign currency rate fluctuations associated with foreign currency contracts that arise in the normal course of business, which exposes us to the risk of exchange rate losses. To minimize the financial impact of these items we attempt to contract a significant majority of our services in U.S. dollars. In addition, we attempt to minimize the financial impact of these risks by matching the currency of our operating costs with the currency of the revenue streams when considered appropriate. We continually monitor the currency exchange risks associated with all contracts not denominated in U.S. dollars.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed with the objective of providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports, filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act), such as this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive and chief financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. However, any control system, no matter how well conceived and followed, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

As of December 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this report, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as amended). Based on that evaluation, our President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Our internal control over financial reporting was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and financial statements for external purposes in accordance generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.