Blum Holdings, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

References in this document to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” or “Blüm” are intended to mean Blum Holdings, Inc., individually, or as the context requires, collectively with its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

Effective January 12, 2024, Unrivaled Brands, Inc., a Nevada corporation and the Company’s predecessor (“Unrivaled”), completed a reverse stock split of its Common Stock at a 1-for-100 ratio (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Accordingly, all share and per share amounts for all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect this Reverse Stock Split and adjustment of the preferred stock conversion ratios.

Company Overview

Blum Holdings, Inc. is a holding company with the following subsidiaries:

• Blum Management Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation
• Safe Accessible Solutions, Inc., a California corporation
• Coastal Pine Holdings, Inc., a Wyoming corporation
• Westcoast Management Holdings, Inc., a Wyoming corporation
• Blum A2, Inc., a Delaware corporation

Our corporate headquarters are located at 11516 Downey Avenue, Downey, California 90241 and our telephone number is (888) 909-5564. Our website address is www.blumholdings.com (http://www.blumholdings.com). We have included our website addresses in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual references. No information available on or through our websites shall be deemed to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Common Stock, par value $0.001 (the “Common Stock”), is quoted on the OTC Markets Group, Inc.’s OTCQB tier under the symbol “BLMH.” Prior to February 12, 2024, our Common Stock was quoted on the OTCQB under the symbol “UNRV.” Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits, proxy and information statements and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a), 14, and 15(d) of the Exchange Act may be accessed through the SEC’s Interactive Data Electronic Applications system at https://www.sec.gov.

Our Business

Blüm is a publicly traded holding company with operations throughout California committed to providing the highest quality of medical and adult use cannabis products and related services. The Company is home to Korova, a brand of high potency products across multiple product categories, currently available in California. The Company formerly operated Blüm Santa Ana, a premier cannabis dispensary in Orange County, California, which was sold in June 2024. The Company previously owned dispensaries in California which operated as Blüm in Oakland and Blüm in San Leandro, which were sold in November 2024. In May 2024, the Company began operating the retail store, Cookies Sacramento, and providing consulting services for two additional dispensaries located in Northern California.

The Company was originally incorporated as “Private Secretary, Inc.” on July 22, 2008 in the State of Nevada. On January 27, 2012, the Company filed an amendment to its Articles of Incorporation changing its name to “Terra Tech Corp.” Effective July 7, 2021, the Company changed its corporate name from “Terra Tech Corp.” to “Unrivaled Brands, Inc.” in connection with the Company’s acquisition of UMBRLA, Inc. Effective January 12, 2024, Unrivaled completed a corporate reorganization (the “Reorganization”), which resulted in the Company becoming the publicly-traded parent company of Unrivaled. After the Reorganization, the Company continues to engage in the business conducted by it prior to the Reorganization, and all of its contractual, employment and other business relationships have generally continued unaffected by the Reorganization.

Chapter 11 Filing by Unrivaled Brands, Inc. and Halladay Holding, LLC

On November 6, 2024, Unrivaled and Halladay Holding, LLC ("Halladay Holding," and together with Unrivaled, each a “Debtor” and collectively, the “Debtors”) voluntarily filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (“Bankruptcy Code”) in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California, Los Angeles Division (“Bankruptcy Court”) following insolvency and litigation by People’s California, LLC (“People's”). The Chapter 11 filing is limited to Unrivaled and Halladay Holding, meaning only their assets and liabilities are included in the debtors-in-possession estates. The Company, along with all other operations of the Company, are not included in the bankruptcy proceeding and continue operating in the ordinary course of business.

As a result of the Chapter 11 filing, the Debtors are now subject to review and oversight by the Bankruptcy Court. The Debtors jointly filed a liquidating plan on February 4, 2025, and a disclosure statement describing the plan. While the plan and related documents are available on the public docket, the Bankruptcy Court has not approved the disclosure statement as containing adequate information about the plan, nor has the Bankruptcy Court confirmed the plan. On February 12, 2025, Unrivaled and Halladay Holding reached a settlement with People's in an in-person judicial settlement conference, which is in the process of being documented and submitted to the Bankruptcy Court for approval, pursuant to Rule 9019 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

Our Operations

We are organized into two reportable segments:

• Cannabis Retail – Includes cannabis-focused retail, both physical stores and non-store front delivery
• Cannabis Distribution – Includes cannabis distribution operations

Either independently or in conjunction with third parties, we operate medical marijuana retail and adult use dispensaries and distribution facilities in California.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, the Company employed 76 individuals, with 38 full-time employees and 38 part-time employees. We embrace diversity as part of our culture. Our workforce is key to the success of our operations, and we strive to provide a supportive, safe, and inclusive environment. In a rapidly evolving industry, it is imperative that we attract, develop and retain top talent on an ongoing basis, with meaningful compensation and opportunities for career growth.

Recent Developments

Refer to “Fiscal Year 2024 Highlights” in “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-K.

The risks and uncertainties regarding the future of our business due to regulatory uncertainty, combined with our historical lack of profitability, have raised substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern.

Marijuana Industry Overview

As of December 2024, there are a total of 39 states, plus the District of Columbia, that have passed legislation related to medicinal cannabis. Of these states, 24, plus the District of Columbia, have legalized recreational cannabis. These state laws are in direct conflict with the United States Federal Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 811) (“CSA”). The CSA classifies cannabis as a Schedule I controlled substance, which is viewed as having a high potential for abuse and has no currently-acceptable use for medical treatment.

Although the possession, cultivation, and distribution of cannabis for medical and adult use is permitted in California, cannabis is illegal under federal law. We believe we operate our business in compliance with applicable state laws and regulations. Any changes in federal, state or local law enforcement regarding cannabis may affect our ability to operate our business. Strict enforcement of federal law regarding cannabis would likely result in the inability to proceed with our business plans, could expose us to potential criminal liability, and could subject our properties to civil forfeiture. Any changes in banking, insurance or other business services may also affect our ability to operate our business.

Our Marijuana Dispensaries and Distribution Operations

Blüm Oakland

On April 1, 2016, we acquired Black Oak Gallery, a California corporation (“Blüm Oakland”), which operates a medical and adult use marijuana dispensary in Oakland, California under the name “Blüm.” Blüm opened its retail storefront in Oakland, California in November 2012. Blüm Oakland sells a combination of our own cultivated products as well as high quality name-brand products from outside suppliers. In addition to multiple grades of medical and adult use marijuana, Blüm Oakland sells the following: (i) edibles, which include cannabis-infused baked goods, chocolates, and candies, (ii) cannabis-infused topical products, such as lotions, massage oils and balms, (iii) clones of marijuana plants, and (iv) numerous kinds of cannabis concentrates, such as hash, shatter and wax. Blüm Oakland’s location consists of a retail dispensary storefront, a distribution area and a gated 20-car capacity parking lot with armed security.

On November 5, 2024, Unrivaled executed a stock purchase agreement with VLPS, LLC ("VLPS") pursuant to which Unrivaled sold all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Blüm Oakland to VLPS for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2.06 million. The purchase price was paid by VLPS by the assumption of liabilities of Blüm Oakland.

Blüm San Leandro

We incorporated Blüm San Leandro, a California corporation (“Blüm San Leandro”), on October 14, 2016, which is a medical and adult use marijuana dispensary and delivery service in San Leandro, California, originally operating under the name “Silverstreak.” Blüm San Leandro has received the necessary governmental approvals and permitting to operate a medical and adult use marijuana dispensary as well as a distribution facility in San Leandro, California. The San Leandro dispensary opened on January 11, 2019. In June 2022, the San Leandro dispensary was temporarily closed. The dispensary was later reopened under new management in December 2022 under the name “Blüm.”

On November 5, 2024, Unrivaled executed a stock purchase agreement with VLPS pursuant to which Unrivaled sold all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Blüm San Leandro to VLPS for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.12 million. The purchase price was paid by VLPS by the assumption of liabilities of Blüm San Leandro.

Blüm Santa Ana

On November 22, 2021, the Company acquired People’s First Choice, LLC, a California limited liability company (“PFC”), which owns and operates one of the most successful dispensaries in Orange County, California, regularly servicing upwards of 800 customers each day. In December 2023, the dispensary was renamed to Blüm Santa Ana. The Company has entered into agreements to acquire and operate additional People's dispensaries in Riverside, California and Costa Mesa, California.

On June 10, 2024, Unrivaled completed the sale of Blüm Santa Ana to Haven Nectar, LLC (“Haven Nectar”). As a result of the disposition, the cash consideration was paid to People's in settlement of the debt pursuant to the binding settlement term sheet between Unrivaled and People's entered into on March 6, 2024 (the "Settlement Term Sheet"). As a result of the sale and pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Term Sheet, the remaining debt owed to People's was settled, subject to any deficiencies as defined therein. Effective upon closing of the transaction, Haven Nectar assumed full operational and management control of the PFC business pursuant to a management services agreement until transfer of the cannabis licenses.

The Spot

On July 1, 2021, the Company acquired UMBRLA, Inc. which operated The Spot dispensary in Santa Ana, California and owned the Korova brand intellectual property. The Spot sells a combination of high-quality name-brand products from outside suppliers. In addition to multiple grades of medical and adult use marijuana, The Spot sells the following: (i) edibles, which include cannabis-infused baked goods, chocolates, and candies, (ii) cannabis-infused topical products, such as lotions, massage oils and balms, and (iii) numerous kinds of cannabis concentrates, such as hash, shatter, and wax.

On February 18, 2024, The Spot closed its doors for in-store shopping and continued offering cannabis delivery. On October 25, 2024, Unrivaled completed the sale of The Spot for a sales price of approximately $0.60 million.

Northern California Dispensaries

On May 1, 2024, the Company executed a management services agreement to manage the operations of Safe Accessible Solutions, Inc. (“SAS”), which operates as Cookies Sacramento. Cookies Sacramento is a premium cannabis dispensary in Sacramento, California, offering a wide selection of high-quality strains, edibles, and accessories. Known for its connection to the iconic Cookies brand, it provides a modern, upscale shopping experience with expert staff and a focus on customer education.

On May 1, 2024, the Company executed an agreement with Coastal Pine Holdings, Inc. (“Coastal”) to provide advisory and consulting services and related business support for the management of retail dispensaries throughout Northern California. As of December 31, 2024, Coastal operates two licensed retail dispensaries in Northern California.

Distribution Operations

Our branded products, Korova, are manufactured and distributed by licensed third-party distributors to dispensaries in California.

Investing in our Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding to purchase, hold, or sell our Common Stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to the cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere and the other information contained in this Report and in our other filings with the SEC, including subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or liquidity could be seriously harmed, which could cause our actual results to vary materially from recent results or from our anticipated future results. In addition, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline due to any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties, and you could lose all or part of your investment. An investment in our securities is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. You should not invest in our securities if you cannot bear the economic risk of your investment for an indefinite period of time and cannot afford to lose your entire investment. See also “Cautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements.”

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, discussed in more detail in the following section. These risks include, among others, the following key risks:

Risks Relating to Our Business, Financial Position and Industry

• We have had significant changes to our operations, which may make it difficult for investors to predict future performance based on current operations.
• We have incurred significant losses in prior periods, and losses in the future could cause the quoted price of our Common Stock to decline or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, our ability to pay our debts as they become due and on our cash flow.
• We will likely need additional capital to sustain our operations and will likely need to seek further financing, which we may not be able to obtain on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise additional capital, as needed, our ability to implement our business model and strategy could be compromised.
• We have entered into binding term sheets with third parties and cannot assure you that any anticipated arrangements under such term sheets will lead to definitive agreements. If we are unable to complete these arrangements in a timely manner and on terms favorable to us, our business may be adversely affected.
• We face intense competition and many of our competitors have greater resources that may enable them to compete more effectively.
• The effects of war, acts of terrorism, threat of terrorism, or other types of violence, could adversely affect our business.
• If we fail to protect our intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.
• Although we believe that our products and processes do not and will not infringe upon the patents or violate the proprietary rights of others, it is possible such infringement or violation has occurred or may occur, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
• Our trade secrets may be difficult to protect.
• Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow may in the future be negatively impacted by challenging global economic conditions.
• Our future success depends on our key executive officers and our ability to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel.
• We may not be able to effectively manage our growth or improve our operational, financial, and management information systems, which would impair our results of operations.
• If we are unable to continually innovate and increase efficiencies, our ability to attract new customers may be adversely affected.
• We are dependent on the popularity of consumer acceptance of our product lines.
• A drop in the retail and/or wholesale prices of medical and adult use marijuana products may negatively impact our business.
• Federal regulation and enforcement may adversely affect the implementation of cannabis laws and regulations may negatively impact our revenues and profits.
• We could be found to be violating laws related to cannabis.
• Variations in state and local regulation, and enforcement in states that have legalized cannabis, may restrict cannabis-related activities, which may negatively impact our revenues and prospective profits.
• Prospective customers may be deterred from doing business with a company with a significant nationwide online presence because of fears of federal or state enforcement of laws prohibiting possession and sale of medical or recreational marijuana.
• Marijuana remains illegal under federal law.
• Increased attention to climate change and ESG matters may adversely impact our business.
• We are not able to deduct some of our business expenses.
• We may not be able to attract or retain a majority of independent directors.
• We may not be able to successfully execute on our merger and acquisition strategy.
• Laws and regulations affecting the medical and adult use marijuana industry are constantly changing, which could detrimentally affect our cultivation, production and dispensary operations
• We may not obtain the necessary permits and authorizations to operate the medical and adult use marijuana business.
• If we incur substantial liability from litigation, complaints, or enforcement actions, our financial condition could suffer.
• We may have difficulty accessing the service of banks, which may make it difficult for us to operate.
• Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
• Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all significant risk exposures.
• We may become subject to legal proceedings and liability if our products are contaminated.
• Some of our lines of business rely on our third-party service providers to host and deliver services and data, and any interruptions or delays in these hosted services, security or privacy breaches, or failures in data collection could expose us to liability and harm our business and reputation.
• Disruptions to cultivation, manufacturing and distribution of cannabis in California may negatively affect our access to products for sale at our dispensaries.
• High tax rates on cannabis and compliance costs in California may limit our customer base.
• Federal income tax reform could have unforeseen effects on our financial condition and results of operations.
• Inadequate funding for the Department of Justice (DOJ) and other government agencies could hinder their ability to perform normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.
• California’s phase-in of laboratory testing requirements could impact the availability of the products sold in our dispensary.
• There is uncertainty related to the regulation of vaporization products and certain other consumption accessories. Increased regulatory compliance burdens could have a material adverse impact on our business development efforts and our operations.
• The scientific community has not yet extensively studied the long-term health effects of the use of vaporizer products.
• If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we will incur substantial liabilities.
• Unionization of employees could have a material adverse impact on our business.
• Competition from synthetic production and technological advances could adversely impact our profitability.
• There are risks inherent in an agricultural business.
• We may suffer from unfavorable publicity or consumer perception.
• Our independent registered public accounting firm's report for the year ended December 31, 2024 is qualified as to our ability to continue as a going concern.
• The Company has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause them to fail to meet its reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of its financial statements. If the Company fails to remediate any material weaknesses or if the Company fails to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, its ability to accurately and timely report its financial results could be adversely affected.
• The Company’s subsidiaries, Unrivaled Brands, Inc. and Halladay Holding, LLC, have filed a petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Risks and uncertainties related to this filing could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities

• We expect to experience volatility in the price of our Common Stock, which could negatively affect stockholders’ investments.
• Our Common Stock is categorized as “penny stock,” which may make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares of Common Stock due to suitability requirements.
• Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our Common Stock, which could depress the price of our Common Stock.
• Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.
• We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or preferred stock in the future, which could cause significant dilution to all stockholders.
• Our charter documents and Delaware law could prevent a takeover that stockholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our stock.
• Because we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our Common Stock, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them.
• Failure to execute our strategies could result in impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, which may negatively impact profitability.
• If our acquired intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may incur significant impairment charges.

8

Risks Relating to Our Business, Financial Position and Industry

We have had significant changes to our operations, which may make it difficult for investors to predict future performance based on current operations.

We have had significant changes to our operations which changes the relevance of our historical performance upon which investors may base an evaluation of our potential future performance. In particular, we may not be able to sell cannabis products in a manner that enables us to be profitable and meet customer requirements, obtain the necessary permits and/or achieve certain milestones to develop our dispensary businesses, enhance our line of cannabis products, develop and maintain relationships with key manufacturers and strategic partners to extract value from our intellectual property, raise sufficient capital in the public and/or private markets, or respond effectively to competitive pressures. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will be able to develop or maintain consistent revenue sources, or that our operations will be profitable and/or generate positive cash flow.

Any forecasts we make about our operations may prove to be inaccurate. We must, among other things, determine appropriate risks, rewards, and level of investment in our product lines, respond to economic and market variables outside of our control, respond to competitive developments and continue to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in meeting these challenges and addressing such risks and the failure to do so could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Our prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in the early stage of development. As a result of these risks, challenges, and uncertainties, the value of our stockholder's investment could be significantly reduced or completely lost.

We have incurred significant losses in prior periods, and losses in the future could cause the quoted price of our Common Stock to decline or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, our ability to pay our debts as they become due and on our cash flow

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred a net income of $33.1 million and, as of that date, we had an accumulated deficit of $421.08 million. We have incurred significant losses in prior periods. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred a net loss of $14.13 million and, as of that date, we had an accumulated deficit of $454.18 million. Any losses in the future could cause the quoted price of our Common Stock to decline or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, our ability to pay our debts as they become due, and on our cash flow.

We will likely need additional capital to sustain our operations and will likely need to seek further financing, which we may not be able to obtain on acceptable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise additional capital, as needed, our ability to implement our business model and strategy could be compromised.

We have limited capital resources and operations. To date, our operations have been funded primarily from the proceeds of debt and equity financings. We expect to require substantial capital in the near future to fund our future operations. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In particular, because marijuana is illegal under federal law, we may have difficulty attracting investors.

Even if we obtain financing for our near-term operations, we expect that we will require additional capital thereafter. Our capital needs will depend on numerous factors including: (i) our profitability; (ii) the release of competitive products by our competition; (iii) the level of our investment in research and development; and (iv) the amount of our capital expenditures, including acquisitions. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to obtain capital in the future to meet our needs.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $1.04 million of cash and cash equivalents. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents with high quality, accredited financial institutions. However, some of these accounts at times exceed federally insured limits, and, while we believe that we are not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial strength of these depository institutions or investments, the failure or collapse of one or more of these depository institutions or default on these investments could materially adversely affect our ability to recover these assets and/or materially harm our financial condition.

If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership held by our existing stockholders will be reduced and our stockholders may experience significant dilution. In addition, new securities may contain rights, preferences, or privileges that are senior to those of our Common Stock. If we raise additional capital by incurring debt, this will result in increased interest expense. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of securities, market fluctuations in the price of our shares of Common Stock could limit our ability to obtain equity financing.

We cannot provide any assurance that any additional financing will be available to us, or if available, will be on terms favorable to us. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially adversely affected, and we could be forced to reduce or discontinue our operations.

We have entered into binding term sheets with third parties and cannot assure you that any anticipated arrangements under such term sheets will lead to definitive agreements. If we are unable to complete these arrangements in a timely manner and on terms favorable to us, our business may be adversely affected.

We have engaged in negotiations with a number of third parties and have agreed to terms regarding settlement of litigation in which the Company is involved and restructuring of certain debt. We may be unable to negotiate final terms in a timely manner, or at all, and there is no guarantee that the terms of any final, definitive, binding agreement will be the same or similar to those currently contemplated in the term sheets. Final terms may be less favorable to us than those set forth in the term sheets. Delays in negotiating final, definitive, binding agreements could slow the Company’s development, divert management’s attention from other matters, result in wasted resources, and cause the Company to consume capital significantly faster than it currently anticipates.

We face intense competition and many of our competitors have greater resources that may enable them to compete more effectively.

The industries in which we operate in general are subject to intense and increasing competition from other companies as well as from the illicit market. Some of our competitors may have greater capital resources, facilities, and diversity of product lines, which may enable them to compete more effectively in this market. Our competitors may devote their resources to developing and marketing products that will directly compete with our product lines. Illicit market participants divert customers away through product offerings, price point, anonymity and convenience. Due to this competition, there is no assurance that we will not encounter difficulties in obtaining revenues and market share or in the positioning of our products. Additionally, as the number of available licenses increase in the markets in which we operate, additional competition and increased product availability may result in competitors undercutting our prices. From time to time, we may need to reduce our prices in response to competitive and customer pressures and to maintain our market share, which could materially reduce our revenues. There are no assurances that competition in our respective industries will not lead to reduced prices for our products. If we are unable to successfully compete with existing companies and new entrants to the market, this will have a negative impact on our business and financial condition.

The effects of war, acts of terrorism, threat of terrorism, or other types of violence, could adversely affect our business.

Some of our stores are located in areas with a high amount of foot traffic. Any threat of terrorist attacks or actual terrorist events, or other types of violence, such as shootings or riots, could lead to lower consumer traffic and a decline in sales. Decreased sales could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.

Our viability will depend, in part, on our ability to develop and maintain the proprietary aspects of our intellectual property to distinguish our products from our competitors’ products. We rely on copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and confidentiality provisions to establish and protect our intellectual property. We may not be able to enforce some of our intellectual property rights because cannabis is illegal under federal law.

Any infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property could damage its value and limit our ability to compete. We may have to engage in litigation to protect the rights to our intellectual property, which could result in significant litigation costs and require a significant amount of our time. In addition, our ability to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights may be limited in certain countries outside the United States, which could make it easier for competitors to capture market position in such countries by utilizing technologies that are similar to those developed or licensed by us.

Competitors may also harm our sales by designing products that mirror our products or processes that do not infringe on our intellectual property rights. If we do not obtain sufficient protection for our intellectual property, or if we are unable to effectively enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitiveness could be impaired, which would limit our growth and future revenue.

We may also find it necessary to bring infringement or other actions against third parties to seek to protect our intellectual property rights. Litigation of this nature, even if successful, is often expensive and time-consuming to prosecute and there can be no assurance that we will have the financial or other resources to enforce our rights or be able to enforce our rights or prevent other parties from developing similar products or processes or designing around our intellectual property.

Although we believe that our products and processes do not and will not infringe or violate the intellectual property rights of others, it is possible such infringement or violation has occurred or may occur, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are not aware of any infringement by us of any person’s or entity’s intellectual property rights. In the event that products we sell or processes we employ are deemed to infringe upon the patents or proprietary rights of others, we could be required to modify our products or processes or obtain a license for the manufacture and/or sale of such products or processes or cease selling such products or employing such processes. In such event, we may not be able to modify our products or secure a license in a timely manner, upon acceptable terms and conditions, or at all, and the failure to do any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect upon our business.

We may not have the financial or other resources necessary to enforce or defend a patent infringement or proprietary rights violation action. If our products or processes are deemed to infringe or likely to infringe upon the patents or proprietary rights of others, we could be subject to injunctive relief and, under certain circumstances, become liable for damages, which could also have a material adverse effect on our business and our financial condition.

Our trade secrets may be difficult to protect.

Our success depends upon the skills, knowledge, and experience of our scientific and technical personnel, our consultants and advisors, as well as our licensors and contractors. Because we operate in several highly competitive industries, we rely in part on trade secrets to protect our proprietary technology and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We enter into confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements with our corporate partners, employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, developers, and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the receiving party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties, confidential information developed by the receiving party or made known to the receiving party by us during the course of the receiving party’s relationship with us. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the receiving party in the course of rendering services to us will be our exclusive property, and we enter into assignment agreements to perfect our rights.

These confidentiality, inventions, and assignment agreements may be breached and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Our trade secrets could also be independently discovered by competitors, in which case we would not be able to prevent the use of such trade secrets by our competitors. The enforcement of a claim alleging that a party illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets could be difficult, expensive, and time consuming and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. The failure to obtain or maintain meaningful trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive position.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow may in the future be negatively impacted by challenging global economic conditions, including negative impacts from continued inflation.

Future disruptions and volatility in global financial markets and declining consumer and business confidence could lead to decreased levels of consumer spending. These macroeconomic developments could negatively impact our business, which depends on the general economic environment and levels of consumer spending. As a result, we may not be able to maintain our existing customers or attract new customers, or we may be forced to reduce the price of our products. Additionally, continued upward rate of inflation could negatively impact any future profits that we might generate from our business. When the rate of inflation rises, the operational costs of running our Company also increases, such as labor costs, raw materials, and public utilities, thus affecting our ability to provide our products at competitive prices. An increase in the rate of inflation could force our customers to search for other products, causing us to lose business and revenue. We are unable to predict the likelihood of the occurrence, duration, or severity of such disruptions in the credit and financial markets and adverse global economic conditions. Any general or market-specific economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

Our future success depends on our key executive officers and our ability to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel.

Our future success largely depends upon the continued services of our executive officers and management team. If one or more of our executive officers are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. Additionally, we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new executive officers. If any of our executive officers joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some or all of our customers. Finally, we do not maintain “key person” life insurance on any of our executive officers. Because of these factors, the loss of the services of any of these key persons could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and thereby an investment in our stock.

Our continuing ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel will also be critical to our success because we will need to hire and retain additional personnel as our business grows. There can be no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain highly qualified personnel. We face significant competition for skilled personnel in our industries. In particular, if the marijuana industry continues to grow, demand for personnel may become more competitive. This competition may make it more difficult and expensive to attract, hire, and retain qualified managers and employees. Because of these factors, we may not be able to effectively manage or grow our business, which could adversely affect our financial condition or business. As a result, the value of your investment could be significantly reduced or completely lost.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth or improve our operational, financial, and management information systems, which would impair our results of operations.

In the near term, we intend to expand the scope of our operations activities significantly. If we are successful in executing our business plan, we will experience growth in our business that could place a significant strain on our business operations, finances, management, and other resources. The factors that may place strain on our resources include, but are not limited to, the following:

• The need for continued development of our financial and information management systems;
• The need to manage strategic relationships and agreements with manufacturers, customers, and partners; and
• Difficulties in hiring and retaining skilled management, technical, and other personnel necessary to support and manage our business.

Additionally, our strategy envisions a period of rapid growth that may impose a significant burden on our administrative and operational resources. Our ability to effectively manage growth will require us to substantially expand the capabilities of our administrative and operational resources and to attract, train, manage, and retain qualified management and other personnel. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in recruiting and retaining new employees or retaining existing employees.

Our management may not be able to manage this growth effectively. Our failure to successfully manage growth could result in our sales not increasing commensurately with capital investments or otherwise materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

If we are unable to continually innovate and increase efficiencies, our ability to attract new customers may be adversely affected.

In the area of innovation, we must be able to develop new technologies and products that appeal to our customers. This depends, in part, on the technological and creative skills of our personnel and on our ability to protect our intellectual property rights. We may not be successful in the development, introduction, marketing, and sourcing of new technologies or innovations, that satisfy customer needs, achieve market acceptance, or generate satisfactory financial returns.

We depend on the popularity of consumer acceptance of our product lines.

Our ability to generate revenue and be successful in the implementation of our business plan is dependent on consumer acceptance and demand of our product lines. Acceptance of our products will depend on several factors, including availability, cost, ease of use, familiarity of use, convenience, effectiveness, safety, and reliability. If customers do not accept our products, or if we fail to meet customers’ needs and expectations adequately, our ability to continue generating revenues could be reduced.

A drop in the retail price of medical and adult use marijuana products may negatively impact our business.

The demand for our products depends in part on the price of commercially grown marijuana. Fluctuations in economic and market conditions that impact the prices of commercially grown marijuana, such as increases in the supply of such marijuana and the decrease in the price of products using commercially grown marijuana, could cause the demand for marijuana products to decline, which would have a negative impact on our business.

Federal regulation and enforcement may adversely affect the implementation of cannabis laws and regulations may negatively impact our revenues and profits.

Currently, the CSA prohibits the manufacture, distribution, dispensation, and possession of cannabis. Unless Congress amends the CSA to alter the Schedule I status of cannabis, for which there can be no assurance, federal authorities may enforce current federal law, and we may be deemed to be producing, cultivating, or dispensing marijuana in violation of federal law. Active enforcement of the current federal regulatory position on cannabis may therefore indirectly and adversely affect our revenues and profits. The risk of strict enforcement of the CSA in light of Congressional activity, judicial holdings, and stated federal policy remains uncertain.

We could be found to be violating laws related to cannabis.

Currently, the CSA prohibits the manufacture, distribution, dispensation, and possession of cannabis. Unless Congress amends the CSA to alter the Schedule I status of cannabis, for which there can be no assurance federal authorities may enforce current federal law, including the CSA in appropriate circumstances. The risk of strict enforcement of the CSA in light of Congressional activity, judicial holdings, and stated federal policy remains uncertain. Because we cultivate, produce, sell and distribute marijuana, there is a risk that we will be deemed to facilitate the selling or distribution of medical marijuana in violation of federal law. Active enforcement of the CSA on cannabis may, hence cause a direct and adverse effect on our subsidiaries’ businesses, or intended businesses, and on our revenue and prospective profits.

Variations in state and local regulation, and enforcement in states that have legalized cannabis, may restrict cannabis-related activities, which may negatively impact our revenues and prospective profits.

Individual state and local laws do not always conform to the federal standard or to other states’ laws. A number of states have decriminalized marijuana to varying degrees, other states have created exemptions specifically for medical cannabis, and several have both decriminalization and medical laws. As of December 2024, 24 states and the District of Columbia have legalized the recreational use of cannabis. Variations exist among states that have legalized, decriminalized, or created medical marijuana exemptions. For example, certain states have limits on the number of marijuana plants that can be homegrown. In most states, the cultivation of marijuana for personal use continues to be prohibited except for those states that allow small-scale cultivation by the individual in possession of medical marijuana needing care or that person’s caregiver. Active enforcement of state laws that prohibit personal cultivation of marijuana may indirectly and adversely affect our business and our revenue and profits.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain the permits and licenses required to operate our business in compliance with state and local regulations in California, we may experience negative effects on our business and results of operations.

Prospective customers may be deterred from doing business with a company with a significant nationwide online presence because of fears of federal or state enforcement of laws prohibiting possession and sale of medical or recreational marijuana.

Our website is visible in jurisdictions where medicinal and adult use of marijuana is not permitted and, as a result, we may be found to be violating the laws of those jurisdictions.

Marijuana remains illegal under federal law.

Marijuana is a Schedule I controlled substance and is illegal under federal law. Even in those states in which the use of marijuana has been legalized, its use remains a violation of federal law. Since federal law criminalizing the use of marijuana preempts state laws that legalize its use, strict enforcement of federal law regarding marijuana would likely result in our inability to proceed with our business plan, especially in respect of our marijuana cultivation, production and dispensaries. In addition, our assets, including real property, cash, equipment and other goods, could be subject to asset forfeiture because marijuana is still federally illegal.

Increased attention to climate change and ESG matters may adversely impact our business.

We are subject to a variety of risks arising from environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters. ESG matters include increasing attention to climate change, climate risk, expectations on companies to address climate change, hiring practices, the diversity of the work force, racial and social justice issues involving the Company’s personnel, customers and third parties with whom it otherwise does business, and investor and societal expectations regarding ESG matters and disclosures.

Risks arising from ESG matters may adversely affect, among other things, reputation and the market price of our stock. Further, we may be exposed to negative publicity based on the identity and activities of those we do business with and the public’s view of the approach and performance of our customers and business partners with respect to ESG matters. Any such negative publicity could arise from adverse news coverage in traditional media and could also spread through the use of social media platforms. Our relationships and reputation with our existing and prospective customers and third parties with which we do business could be damaged if we were to become the subject of any such negative publicity.

This, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our ability to attract and retain customers and employees and could have a negative impact on the market price for our stock. Investors have begun to consider the steps taken and resources allocated by financial institutions and other commercial organizations to address ESG matters when making investment and operational decisions. Certain investors are beginning to incorporate the business risks of climate change and the adequacy of companies’ responses to the risks posed by climate change and other ESG matters into their investment theses. These shifts in investing priorities may result in adverse effects on the market price of our stock to the extent investors determine we have not made sufficient progress on ESG matters.

In addition, customers, employees, regulators and suppliers have also been focused on ESG matters. Companies that do not adapt to or comply with ESG expectations and standards, or that are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern regarding ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and other adverse consequences. To the extent ESG matters negatively impact our reputation, we may not be able to compete as effectively to recruit or retain employees, which may adversely affect our operations.

Further, growing public concern about climate change has resulted in the increased focus of local, state, regional, national and international regulatory bodies on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. Policy changes and changes in federal, state and local legislation and regulations based on concerns about climate change, including regulations aimed at limiting greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of "green" building codes, could result in increased capital expenditures on our existing properties (for example, to improve their energy efficiency) without a corresponding increase in revenue, resulting in adverse impacts to our results of operations.

We are not able to deduct some of our business expenses.

Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code prohibits marijuana businesses from deducting their ordinary and necessary business expenses, forcing us to pay higher effective federal tax rates than similar companies in other industries. The effective tax rate on a marijuana business depends on how large its ratio of nondeductible expenses is to its total revenues. Therefore, our marijuana business may be less profitable than it could otherwise be.

We may not be able to attract or retain a majority of independent directors.

Our board of directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) is not currently comprised of a majority of independent directors. We may in the future desire to list our Common Stock on The New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) or The NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”), both of which require that a majority of our board be comprised of independent directors. We may have difficulty attracting and retaining independent directors because, among other things, we operate in the marijuana industry, and as a result we may be delayed or prevented from listing our Common Stock on the NYSE or NASDAQ.

We may not be able to successfully execute on our merger and acquisition strategy.

Our business plan depends in part on merging with or acquiring other businesses in the marijuana industry. The success of any acquisition will depend upon, among other things, our ability to integrate acquired personnel, operations, products and technologies into our organization effectively, to retain and motivate key personnel of acquired businesses, and to retain their customers. Any acquisition may result in diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns, and such acquisition may be dilutive to our financial results and/or result in impairment charges and write-offs. We might also spend time and money investigating and negotiating with potential acquisition or investment targets, but not complete the transaction.

Although we expect to realize strategic, operational and financial benefits as a result of our acquisitions, we cannot predict whether and to what extent such benefits will be achieved. There are significant challenges to integrating an acquired operation into our business.

Any future acquisition could involve other risks, including the assumption of unidentified liabilities for which we, as a successor owner, may be responsible. These transactions typically involve a number of risks and present financial and other challenges, including the existence of unknown disputes, liabilities, or contingencies and changes in the industry, location, or regulatory or political environment in which these investments are located, that our due diligence review may not adequately uncover and that may arise after entering into such arrangements.

Laws and regulations affecting the medical and adult use marijuana industry are constantly changing, which could detrimentally affect our cultivation, production and dispensary operations.

Local, state, and federal medical and adult use marijuana laws and regulations are broad in scope and subject to evolving interpretations, which could require us to incur substantial costs associated with compliance or alter certain aspects of our business plan. In addition, violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt certain aspects of our business plan and result in a material adverse effect on certain aspects of our planned operations. In addition, it is possible that regulations may be enacted in the future that will be directly applicable to certain aspects of our cultivation, production and dispensary businesses, and our business of selling cannabis products. We cannot predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations or applications, nor can we determine what effect additional governmental regulations or administrative policies and procedures, when and if promulgated, could have on our business.

We may not obtain the necessary permits and authorizations to operate our medical and adult use marijuana businesses.

We may not be able to obtain or maintain the necessary licenses, permits, authorizations, or accreditations for our cultivation, production and dispensary businesses, or may only be able to do so at great cost. In addition, we may not be able to comply fully with the wide variety of laws and regulations applicable to the medical and adult use marijuana industry. Failure to comply with or to obtain the necessary licenses, permits, authorizations, or accreditations could result in restrictions on our ability to operate the medical and adult use marijuana business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we incur substantial liability from litigation, complaints, or enforcement actions, our financial condition could suffer.

Our participation in the medical and adult use marijuana industry may lead to litigation, formal or informal complaints, enforcement actions, and inquiries by various federal, state, or local governmental authorities against us. Litigation, complaints, and enforcement actions could consume considerable amounts of financial and other corporate resources, which could have a negative impact on our sales, revenue, profitability, and growth prospects. We have not been, and are not currently, subject to any material litigation, complaint, or enforcement action regarding marijuana (or otherwise) brought by any federal, state, or local governmental authority.

We may have difficulty accessing the service of banks, which may make it difficult for us to operate.

Since the use of marijuana is illegal under federal law, many banks will not accept for deposit funds from businesses involved with the marijuana industry. Consequently, businesses involved in the marijuana industry often have difficulty finding a bank willing to accept their business. The inability to open or maintain bank accounts may make it difficult for us to operate our medical and adult use marijuana businesses. If any of our bank accounts are closed, we may have difficulty processing transactions in the ordinary course of business, including paying suppliers, employees and landlords, which could have a significant negative effect on our operations.

Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

From time to time in the normal course of our business operations, we may become subject to litigation that may result in liability material to our financial statements as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operations are required. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant and may require a diversion of our resources. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. Insurance may not be available at all or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business and the results of our operations.

Our insurance coverage may not cover all significant risk exposures.

We will be exposed to liabilities that are unique to the products we provide. While we intend to maintain insurance for certain risks, the amount of our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all claims or liabilities, and we may be forced to bear substantial costs resulting from risks and uncertainties of our business. It is also not possible to obtain insurance to protect against all operational risks and liabilities. In particular, we have had difficulty obtaining insurance because we operate in the marijuana industry. The failure to obtain adequate insurance coverage on terms favorable to us, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our business interruption insurance may not cover all risk exposures. Any business disruption or natural disaster could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources.

We may become subject to legal proceedings and liability if our products are contaminated.

We source some of our products from third-party suppliers. Although we verify that the products we receive from third-party suppliers are adequately tested, we may not identify all contamination in those products. Possible contaminates include pesticides, molds and fungus. If any of our products harm a customer, they may sue us in addition to the supplier, and we may not have adequate insurance to cover any such claims, which could result in a negative effect on our results of operations.

Some of our lines of business rely on our third-party service providers to host and deliver services and data, and any interruptions or delays in these hosted services, security or privacy breaches, or failures in data collection could expose us to liability and harm our business and reputation.

Some of our lines of business and services, including our dispensaries, rely on services hosted and controlled directly by third-party service providers. We do not have redundancy for all of our systems, many of our critical applications reside in only one of our data centers, and our disaster recovery planning may not account for all eventualities. If our business relationship with a third-party provider of hosting or software services is negatively affected, or if one of our service providers were to terminate its agreement with us, we might not be able to deliver access to our data, which could subject us to reputational harm and cause us to lose customers and future business, thereby reducing our revenue.

We hold large amounts of customer data, some of which is hosted in third-party facilities. A security incident at those facilities or ours may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of customer data. Unauthorized access to customer data stored on our computers or networks may be obtained through break-ins, breaches of our secure network by an unauthorized party, employee theft or misuse or other misconduct. It is also possible that unauthorized access to customer data may be obtained through inadequate use of security controls by customers. Accounts created with weak passwords could allow cyber-attackers to gain access to customer data. If there were an inadvertent disclosure of customer information, or if a third party were to gain unauthorized access to the information we possess on behalf of our customers, our operations could be disrupted, our reputation could be damaged and we could be subject to claims or other liabilities. In addition, such perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of the information we collect or breach of our security could damage our reputation, result in the loss of customers and harm our business.

Because of the large amount of data we collect and manage using our hosted solutions, it is possible that hardware or software failures or errors in our systems (or those of our third-party service providers) could result in data loss or corruption, cause the information that we collect to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers regard as significant or cause us to fail to meet committed service levels. Furthermore, our ability to collect and report data may be delayed or interrupted by a number of factors, including access to the Internet, the failure of our network or software systems or security breaches. In addition, computer viruses or other malware may harm our systems, causing us to lose data, and the transmission of computer viruses or other malware could expose us to litigation. We may also find, on occasion, that we cannot deliver data and reports in near real time because of a number of factors, including failures of our network or software. If we supply inaccurate information or experience interruptions in our ability to capture, store and supply information in near real time or at all, our reputation could be harmed and we could lose customers, or we could be found liable for damages or incur other losses.

Loss of access to our data could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. In particular, the states in which we operate require that we maintain certain information about our customers and transactions. If we fail to maintain such information, we could be in violation of state laws.

Disruptions to cultivation, manufacturing and distribution of cannabis in California may negatively affect our access to products for sale at our dispensaries.

California laws and regulations require us to purchase products only from licensed vendors and through licensed distributors. To date, a relatively small number of licenses have been issued in California to cultivate, manufacture and distribute cannabis products. We have obtained a license to distribute products from our cultivation and manufacturing facilities to our dispensaries, however we currently do not cultivate and manufacture enough of our own products to satisfy customer demand. In addition, we carry products cultivated and manufactured by third parties. As a result, if an insufficient number of cultivators, manufacturers and distributors are able to obtain licenses our ability to purchase products and have them delivered to our dispensaries may be limited and may impact our sales.

High tax rates on cannabis and compliance costs in California may limit our customer base.

The State of California imposes excise tax on products sold at licensed cannabis dispensaries. Local jurisdictions typically impose additional taxes on cannabis products. In addition, we incur significant costs complying with state and local laws and regulations. As a result, products sold at our dispensaries will likely cost more than similar products sold by unlicensed vendors and we may lose market share to those vendors.

Federal income tax reform could have unforeseen effects on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, was enacted on December 22, 2017, and contains many changes to U.S. federal tax laws. The Tax Act requires complex computations that were not previously provided for under U.S. tax law and significantly revised the U.S. tax code by, among other changes, lowering the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, requiring a one-time transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously tax deferred and creating new taxes on certain foreign sourced earnings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has completed its accounting for the tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act. However, additional guidance may be issued by the Internal Revenue Service, the Department of the Treasury, or other governing body that may significantly differ from our interpretation of the law, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial conditions.

Inadequate funding for the DOJ and other government agencies could hinder their ability to perform normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

In an effort to provide guidance to federal law enforcement, the DOJ has issued Guidance Regarding Marijuana Enforcement to all United States Attorneys in a memorandum from Deputy Attorney General David Ogden on October 19, 2009, in a memorandum from Deputy Attorney General James Cole on June 29, 2011, in a memorandum from Deputy Attorney General James Cole on August 29, 2013, and in a memorandum from Attorney General Jefferson Sessions on January 4, 2018. Each memorandum provides that the DOJ is committed to the enforcement of the CSA but, the DOJ is also committed to using its limited investigative and prosecutorial resources to address the most significant threats in the most effective, consistent, and rational way.

The DOJ has not historically devoted resources to prosecuting individuals whose conduct is limited to possession of small amounts of marijuana for use on private property but has relied on state and local law enforcement to address marijuana activity. In the event the DOJ reverses its stated policy and begins strict enforcement of the CSA in states that have laws legalizing medical marijuana and recreational marijuana in small amounts, there may be a direct and adverse impact to our business and our revenue and profits. Furthermore, H.R. 83, enacted by Congress on December 16, 2014, provides that none of the funds made available to the DOJ pursuant to the 2015 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act may be used to prevent certain states, including California, from implementing their own laws that authorized the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could enable the DOJ to enforce the CSA in states that have laws legalizing medical marijuana.

California’s phase-in of laboratory testing requirements could impact the availability of the products sold in our dispensaries.

Beginning July 1, 2018, cannabis goods must meet all statutory and regulatory requirements. A licensee can only sell cannabis goods that have been tested by a licensed testing laboratory and have passed all statutory and regulatory testing requirements. In order to be sold, cannabis goods harvested or manufactured prior to January 1, 2018, must be tested by a licensed testing laboratory and must comply with all testing requirements in section 5715 of the Bureau of Cannabis Control (“BCC”) regulations. Cannabis goods that do not meet all statutory and regulatory requirements must be destroyed in accordance with the rules pertaining to destruction.

There is uncertainty related to the regulation of vaporization products and certain other consumption accessories. Increased regulatory compliance burdens could have a material adverse impact on our business development efforts and our operations.

There is uncertainty regarding whether and in what circumstances federal, state, or local regulatory authorities will seek to develop and enforce regulations relative to vaporizer hardware and accessories that can be used to vaporize cannabis and/or tobacco. Further, it remains to be seen whether current or future regulations relating to tobacco vaporization products would also apply to cannabis vaporization products and related consumption accessories.

There has been increasing activity on the federal, state, and local levels with respect to scrutiny of vaporizer products. Federal, state, and local governmental bodies across the United States have indicated that vaporization products and certain other consumption accessories may become subject to new laws and regulations at the state and local levels. For example, in September 2019, the Administration announced a plan to ban the sale of most flavored e-cigarettes nationwide. At the state level, over 25 states have implemented statewide regulations that prohibit vaping in public places.

In January 2015, the California Department of Health declared electronic cigarettes and certain other vaporizer products a health threat that should be strictly regulated like tobacco products, and in September 2019, California’s governor issued an executive order on vaping, focused on enforcement and disclosure. Many states, provinces, and some cities have passed laws restricting the sale of electronic cigarettes and certain other tobacco vaporizer products. Some cities have also implemented more restrictive measures than their state counterparts, such as San Francisco, which in June 2018, approved a new ban on the sale of flavored tobacco products, including vaping liquids and menthol cigarettes. In August 2020, California prohibited the sale of most flavored tobacco products, including menthol cigarettes.

The application of any new laws or regulations that may be adopted in the future, at a federal, state, or local level, directly or indirectly implicating cannabis vaporization products or consumption accessories could limit our ability to sell such products, result in additional compliance expenses, and require us to change our labeling and methods of distribution, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The scientific community has not yet extensively studied the long-term health effects of the use of vaporizer products.

Cannabis vaporizers and related products were recently developed and therefore the scientific community has not had a sufficient period of time to study the long-term health effects of their use. If the scientific community were to determine conclusively that use of any or all of these products poses long-term health risks, market demand for these products and their use could materially decline. Such a determination could also lead to litigation and significant regulation. Loss of demand for our product, product liability claims, and increased regulation stemming from unfavorable scientific studies on these products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we will incur substantial liabilities.

We face an inherent risk of product liability. For example, we could be sued if any product we sell allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts.

Furthermore, vaporizer products and other similar consumption product manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and sellers have recently become subject to litigation. While we have not been a party to any product liability litigation, several lawsuits have been brought against other manufacturers and sellers of smokeless products for injuries to health allegedly caused by use of smokeless products. We may be subject to similar claims in the future relating to vaporizer products that we sell. We may also be named as a defendant in product liability litigation against one of our suppliers by association, including in class action lawsuits. In addition, we may see increasing litigation over our vaporizer products or the regulation of our products as the regulatory regimes surrounding these products develop. If such lawsuits are filed against us in the future, we could incur substantial costs, including costs to defend the cases and possible damages awards.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit sales of our products. Even a successful defense of these hypothetical future cases would require significant financial and management resources. If we are unable to successfully defend these hypothetical future cases, we could face at least the following potential consequences:

• decreased demand for our products;
• injury to our reputation;
• costs to defend the related litigation;
• a diversion of management’s time and our resources;
• substantial monetary awards to users of our products;
• product recalls or withdrawals;
• loss of revenue; and
• a decline in our stock price.

In addition, while we continue to take what we believe are appropriate precautions, we may be unable to avoid significant liability if any product liability lawsuit is brought against us.

Unionization of employees could have a material adverse impact on our business.

While none of our employees are currently unionized, employees at the recently divested Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro were previously unionized. If employees at our other dispensaries were to become unionized, our relationship with our employees could be adversely affected. Unionization of our employees could have a material adverse impact on our operating costs and financial condition and could force us to raise prices on our products or curtail operations.

Competition from synthetic production and technological advances could adversely impact our profitability.

The pharmaceutical industry may attempt to dominate the cannabis industry, and in particular, legal cannabis, through the development and distribution of synthetic products which emulate the effects and treatment of organic cannabis. If they are successful, the widespread popularity of such synthetic products could change the demand, volume and profitability of the cannabis industry. This could materially adversely affect the ability of the Company to secure long-term profitability and success through the sustainable and profitable operation of its business.

There are risks inherent in an agricultural business.

Medical and adult-use cannabis is an agricultural product. There are risks inherent in the cultivation business, such as insects, plant diseases and similar agricultural risks. Although the products are usually grown indoors or in green houses under climate-controlled conditions, there can be no assurance that natural elements will not have a material adverse effect on the production of the products and, consequentially, on the business, financial condition and operating results of the Company.

We may suffer from unfavorable publicity or consumer perception.

The legal cannabis industry in the U.S. is at an early stage of its development. Cannabis has been, and is expected to continue to be, a controlled substance. Consumer perceptions regarding legality, morality, consumption, safety, efficacy and quality of cannabis are mixed and evolving. Consumer perception can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention and other publicity regarding the consumption of cannabis products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the cannabis market or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for cannabis and on the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. Further, adverse publicity, reports or other media attention regarding cannabis in general, or associating the consumption of cannabis with negative effects or events, could have such a material adverse effect.

Our independent registered public accounting firm's report for the year ended December 31, 2024 is qualified as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

Due to the uncertainty of our ability to meet our current operating and capital expenses, in our audited annual financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, our independent registered public accounting firm included a note to our financial statements regarding concerns about our ability to continue as a going concern. Recurring losses from operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The presence of the going concern note to our financial statements may have an adverse impact on the relationships we are developing and plan to develop with third parties as we continue the commercialization of our products and could make it challenging and difficult for us to raise additional financing, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business and prospects and result in a significant or complete loss of your investment.

The Company has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet the reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If the Company fails to remediate any material weaknesses or if the Company fails to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, its ability to accurately and timely report its financial results could be adversely affected.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The Company has identified material weaknesses pertaining to its primary user access controls and review of transactions and account reconciliations. The Company plans to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate such material weaknesses, which will not be considered remediated until the remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded that these controls are operating effectively.

If management is unable to further implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, the Company’s ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within required time periods could be adversely affected, which could subject it to litigation or investigations requiring management resources and payment of legal and other expenses, negatively affect investor confidence in the financial statements and adversely impact the stock price. If the Company is unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of the financial reports, the market price of the shares could be adversely affected and the Company could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

Furthermore, the Company cannot assure you that the measures it has taken to date, and actions it may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to the material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. The current controls and any new controls that management develops may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in the business. Further, weaknesses in the disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm the Company’s operating results or cause the Company to fail to meet its reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of the financial statements for prior periods.

The Company’s subsidiaries, Unrivaled Brands, Inc. and Halladay Holding, LLC, have filed a petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Risks and uncertainties related to this filing could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

On November 6, 2024 (the “Petition Date”), Unrivaled and Halladay Holding voluntarily filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Central District of California, Los Angeles Division, bearing case numbers 2:24-bk-19127-BB and 2:24-bk-19128-BB (the “Bankruptcy Cases”), following insolvency and litigation by People’s California, LLC. The Chapter 11 filing is limited to Unrivaled and Halladay Holding, meaning only their assets and liabilities are included in the Debtors-in-Possession estates. Blum Holdings, Inc., along with all other operations of the Company are not included in the bankruptcy proceeding and continue operating in the ordinary course of business. Unrivaled and Halladay Holding’s ultimate goal in its Bankruptcy Cases is to confirm a liquidating plan that creates a liquidating trust for the payment of creditors. Unrivaled and Halladay Holding have been deconsolidated from the Company’s financial statements since the Petition Date.

The Debtors jointly filed a liquidating plan on February 4, 2025, and a disclosure statement describing the plan. While the plan and related documents are available on the public docket, the Bankruptcy Court has not approved the disclosure statement as containing adequate information about the plan, nor has the Bankruptcy Court confirmed the plan.

Several risks and uncertainties related to the Bankruptcy Cases could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including the value of Unrivaled and Halladay Holding, as deconsolidated, reflected in the Company’s financial statements and the costs of the Chapter 11 proceedings and the possibility that Unrivaled and Halladay Holding will be unsuccessful in achieving the results sought through the Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Cases.

For a further discussion of the Bankruptcy Cases, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this Report.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities

We expect to experience volatility in the price of our Common Stock, which could negatively affect stockholders’ investments.

The trading price of our Common Stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies with securities traded in those markets. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of companies’ stock, including ours, regardless of actual operating performance. All of these factors could adversely affect our stockholders' ability to sell their shares of Common Stock or, if they are able to sell their shares, to sell their shares at a price that they determine to be fair or favorable.

Our Common Stock may be categorized as “penny stock,” which may make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares of Common Stock due to suitability requirements.

Our Common Stock may be categorized as “penny stock.” The SEC has adopted Rule 15g-9, which generally defines “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price (as defined) less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. The price of our Common Stock is significantly less than $5.00 per share and may therefore be considered a “penny stock.” This designation imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer buying our securities to disclose certain information concerning the transaction, obtain a written agreement from the purchaser and determine that the purchaser is reasonably suitable to purchase the securities given the increased risks generally inherent in penny stocks. These rules may restrict the ability and/or willingness of brokers or dealers to buy or sell our Common Stock, either directly or on behalf of their clients, may discourage potential stockholders from purchasing our Common Stock, or may adversely affect the ability of stockholders to sell their shares.

FINRA sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our Common Stock, which could depress the price of our Common Stock.

In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer before recommending an investment to a customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives, and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, the FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our Common Stock, which may limit investors' ability to buy and sell our shares of Common Stock, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares of Common Stock, and thereby depress our price per share of Common Stock.

Our voting control is concentrated.

Our Chief Executive Officer controls a significant amount of the voting power of our capital stock due to (i) his beneficial ownership of approximately 44% of the outstanding Common Stock, (ii) his ownership of approximately 25% of the Company’s outstanding Series V Preferred Stock, which vote in a number equal to two times the number of shares of the Common Stock into which such shares of Series V Preferred Stock are then convertible, and (iii) the fact that he has voting power over an additional approximately 75% of the Series V Preferred Stock owned by others due to such other owners executing Voting Agreements which provide Mr. Carrillo with their voting rights with respect to the Series V Preferred Stock owned by them. As a result, Mr. Carrillo potentially has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any arrangement or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. Certain other of our executive officers and directors own, in the aggregate, approximately 4% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock and approximately 8% of the outstanding shares of Series V Preferred Stock.

This concentrated control could delay, defer, or prevent a change of control, arrangement, or merger involving sale of all or substantially all of our assets that our other stockholders may support. Conversely, this concentrated control could allow Mr. Carrillo and certain of our other executive officers to consummate such a transaction our other stockholders do not support.

Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation ("Certificate of Incorporation") and amended and restated bylaws ("Bylaws") provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporate Law (“DGCL”), our Bylaws and our indemnification agreements that we have entered into with our directors and officers provide that:

• we will indemnify our directors and officers for serving us in those capacities to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law;
• we may, in our discretion, indemnify employees and agents in those circumstances where indemnification is permitted by applicable law;
• we are required to advance expenses, as incurred, to our directors and officers in connection with defending a proceeding, except that such directors or officers shall undertake to repay such advances if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification;
• we will not be obligated pursuant to our Bylaws to indemnify a person with respect to proceedings initiated by that person against us or our other indemnitees, except with respect to proceedings authorized by our Board of Directors;
• the rights conferred in our Bylaws are not exclusive, and we are authorized to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors, officers, employees and agents and to obtain insurance to indemnify such persons; and
• we may not retroactively amend our amended and restated bylaw provisions to reduce our indemnification obligations to directors, officers, employees and agents.

We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or preferred stock in the future, which could cause significant dilution to all stockholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 990,000,000 shares of Common Stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share. As of March 10, 2025, we had 13,553,473 shares of Common Stock outstanding, 14,071,431 shares of Series V Preferred Stock outstanding, and no shares of Series N Preferred Stock outstanding. We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or preferred stock in the future in connection with a financing or an acquisition. Such issuances may not require the approval of our stockholders. In addition, certain of our outstanding rights to purchase additional shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into our Common Stock are subject to full-ratchet anti-dilution protection, which could result in the right to purchase significantly more shares of Common Stock being issued or a reduction in the purchase price for any such shares or both. Any issuance of additional shares of our Common Stock, or equity securities convertible into our Common Stock, including but not limited to, preferred stock, warrants, and options, will dilute the percentage ownership interest of all stockholders, may dilute the book value per share of our Common Stock, and may negatively impact the market price of our Common Stock.

Our charter documents and Delaware law could prevent a takeover that stockholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our stock.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our Company. These provisions could also make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions include:

• authorizing our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could discourage a takeover attempt or delay changes in control;
• limiting the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; and
• requiring advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL govern us. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time without the consent of our Board.

These and other provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws and under Delaware law, together with the voting control possessed by our Chief Executive Officer, could discourage potential takeover attempts, reduce the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Common Stock and result in the market price of our Common Stock being lower than it would be without these provisions.

Because we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our Common Stock, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them.

We intend to retain any future earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future. Declaring and paying future dividends, if any, will be determined by our Board of Directors, based upon earnings, financial condition, capital resources, capital requirements, restrictions in our Certificate of Incorporation, contractual restrictions, and such other factors as our Board deems relevant. Unless we pay dividends, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them. There is no assurance that stockholders will be able to sell shares when desired.

Failure to execute our strategies could result in impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, which may negatively impact profitability.

As of December 31, 2024, we had goodwill of $17.12 million and other intangible assets of $2.95 million, which represented 81% of our total assets. As of December 31, 2023, we had goodwill of $0.0 million and other intangible assets of $0.53 million, which represented 2% of our total assets. We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if impairment indicators are present based upon the fair value of each reporting unit. We assess the impairment of other intangible assets on an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators are present, based upon the expected future cash flows of the respective assets. These valuations include management’s estimates of sales, profitability, cash flow generation, capital structure, cost of debt, interest rates, capital expenditures, and other assumptions. Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, inability to achieve sales projections or cost savings, inability to effectively integrate acquired businesses, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of the assets or in entity structure, and divestitures may adversely impact the assumptions used in the valuations. If the estimated fair value of our reporting units changes in future periods, we may be required to record an impairment charge related to goodwill or other intangible assets, which would reduce earnings in such period.

If our acquired intangible assets become impaired in the future, we may incur significant impairment charges.

At least annually, or whenever events or circumstances arise indicating impairment may exist, we review goodwill for impairment as required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Long-lived assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable.

In the future, we may need to further reduce the carrying amount of goodwill and incur additional non-cash charges to our results of operations. Such charges could have the effect of reducing goodwill with a corresponding impairment expense and may have a material effect upon our reported results. The additional expense may reduce our reported profitability or increase our reported losses in future periods and could negatively affect the value of our securities, our ability to obtain other sources of capital, and may generally have a negative effect on our future operations.

Risk Management

The Company has established protocols for evaluating, identifying, and mitigating significant risks stemming from cybersecurity threats. These protocols are integrated into the Company's overarching risk management framework, including potential risks arising from the utilization of third-party service providers. Furthermore, the Company has instituted monitoring procedures to proactively address and minimize risks associated with data breaches or security breaches originating from external sources. Periodically, the Company may enlist the expertise of third-party consultants, legal advisors, and audit firms to assess and fortify its risk management systems, as well as to manage and resolve specific cybersecurity incidents, as deemed necessary.

Governance

Under our enterprise risk management initiative, our Board of Directors and the Audit Committee engage in regular discussions with our senior management team, including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Legal Officer, to manage cybersecurity threats. The Board and Audit Committee are promptly briefed on any cybersecurity incident surpassing predetermined reporting thresholds, receiving continuous updates until resolution.

Cybersecurity threats represent a paramount concern for the Company. Our information systems department collaborates closely with senior management to implement a comprehensive program aimed at safeguarding our information systems and promptly responding to cybersecurity incidents, adhering to established incident response and recovery protocols. Cross-functional teams are deployed across the organization to address and mitigate cybersecurity threats, with senior management overseeing prevention, detection, and remediation efforts in real-time, reporting significant developments to the Board and Audit Committee as necessary.

For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, no cybersecurity threats were identified that significantly impacted or are expected to significantly impact our business strategy, financial performance, or financial position. However, despite the robust capabilities, processes, and security measures in place, there exists the possibility of undetected vulnerabilities or misjudged risks. While our preventive measures aim to mitigate cybersecurity incidents, absolute security cannot be guaranteed, necessitating ongoing vigilance and adaptability in addressing potential risks.

A summary of the offices and properties that we lease or own are presented in the table below. Each of our facilities is considered to be in good condition, adequate for its purpose, and suitably utilized according to the individual nature and requirements of the relevant operations.

See "Note 26 – Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Investors should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and actual results could differ materially from those discussed herein. Factors that could cause or contribute to the differences are discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those predicted in these forward-looking statements, and the events anticipated in the forward-looking statements may not actually occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless required by applicable laws or regulations.

COMPANY OVERVIEW

Our Business

Blüm is a publicly traded holding company with operations throughout California committed to providing the highest quality of medical and adult use cannabis products and related services. The Company is home to Korova, a brand of high potency products across multiple product categories, currently available in California. The Company formerly operated Blüm Santa Ana, a premier cannabis dispensary in Orange County, California, which was sold in June 2024. The Company previously owned dispensaries in California which operated as Blüm in Oakland and Blüm in San Leandro, which were sold in November 2024. In May 2024, the Company began operating the retail store, Cookies Sacramento, and providing consulting services for two additional dispensaries located in Northern California. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 76 employees.

We are organized into two reportable segments:

• Cannabis Retail – Includes cannabis-focused retail, both physical stores and non-store front delivery
• Cannabis Distribution – Includes cannabis distribution operations

Either independently or in conjunction with third parties, we operate medical marijuana retail and adult use dispensaries in California.

Our corporate headquarters are located at 11516 Downey Avenue, Downey, California, 90241 and our telephone number is (888) 909-5564. Our website address is as follows: www.blumholdings.com (http://www.blumholdings.com). No information available on or through our websites shall be deemed to be incorporated into this Form 10-K. Our Common Stock, par value $0.001, is quoted on the OTC Markets Group, Inc’s OTCQB tier under the symbol “BLMH.”

Corporate Reorganization

On January 12, 2024, Unrivaled Brands, Inc., referred to herein as Unrivaled, completed the Reorganization pursuant to a Reorganization Agreement (the “Reorganization Agreement”), by and among Unrivaled, the Company, and Blum Merger Sub, Inc., a Nevada corporation ("Merger Sub"). The Reorganization Agreement provided for the merger of Merger Sub with and into Unrivaled, with Unrivaled surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Blüm. The Reorganization Agreement was approved and adopted by the stockholders of Unrivaled at its annual meeting of stockholders held on December 5, 2023.

Immediately prior to the completion of the Reorganization, on January 12, 2024, Unrivaled implemented a reverse stock split of its Common Stock at a 1-for-100 ratio, which is referred to in this Report as the Reverse Stock Split. Accordingly, all share and per share amounts for all periods presented in this Report have been adjusted retroactively, where applicable, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split and adjustment of the preferred stock conversion ratios.

Pursuant to the Reorganization, each share of Unrivaled’s Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective time (and immediately following the Reverse Stock Split), was converted automatically on a one-for-one basis into shares of Blüm Common Stock, and each share of Unrivaled’s preferred stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective time (and immediately following the Reverse Stock Split) was converted automatically on a one-for-one basis into shares of Blüm’s respective classes of preferred stock. On February 12, 2024, the Company began trading as "BLMH" on the OTCQB.

Fiscal Year 2024 Highlights

Management Service Agreement with Safe Accessible Solutions, Inc.

On May 1, 2024, the Company executed an amended and restated binding letter of intent to acquire 100% of the common stock of SAS. The transaction is expected to close upon receipt of regulatory approvals. Simultaneously, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Blum Management Holdings, Inc. (“Blum Management”), executed a management services agreement pursuant to which Blum Management will manage the operations of SAS at its retail dispensary located in Sacramento, California. As consideration for such services, the Company shall receive a management fee of 100% of the economic benefit of SAS.

On August 1, 2024, the Company amended the convertible promissory notes issued to the stockholders of SAS as partial consideration for the SAS acquisition to reallocate the outstanding principal balance among the noteholders with the aggregate principal balance of $1.00 million remaining unchanged. In addition, one of the two convertible promissory notes was further amended wherein the interest rate was reduced to 6.0%, the aggregate monthly repayments were reduced by $3,467, and the maturity date was extended to May 1, 2028.

Advisory Agreement with Coastal Pine Holdings, Inc.

On May 1, 2024, the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Blum Management, executed an agreement with Coastal to provide advisory and consulting services and related business support for the management of retail dispensaries throughout Northern California. Coastal operates two licensed retail dispensaries in Northern California. The agreement includes an option to purchase all of the outstanding equity of Coastal. The sale of the equity of Coastal is subject to close upon regulatory approval.

The transactions entered into on May 1, 2024, resulting in the consolidation of three dispensaries in Northern California, are referred to herein as the "Northern California Transactions." Refer to "Note 10 – Business Combinations" of the consolidated financial statements for further information on the Northern California Transactions.

Disposition of People's First Choice, LLC

On June 10, 2024, Unrivaled completed the sale of its membership interests in PFC, which operates as Blüm Santa Ana, to Haven Nectar. As a result of the disposition, the cash consideration was paid to People’s in settlement of the debt pursuant to the binding Settlement Term Sheet entered into and effective as of March 6, 2024. As a result of the sale and pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Term Sheet, the remaining debt to People's was settled, subject to any deficiencies as defined therein. Effective upon closing of the transaction, Haven Nectar assumed full operational and management control of the PFC business pursuant to the MSA, until transfer of the cannabis licenses. As a result of the MSA, the Company no longer had a controlling financial interest and deconsolidated all assets and operations related to PFC as of June 10, 2024. Refer to "Note 21 – Discontinued Operations" of the consolidated financial statements for further information on PFC.

Sale of The Spot

On February 18, 2024, The Spot closed its doors for in-store shopping and continued offering cannabis delivery. During the fiscal second quarter of 2024, the Company ceased operations at The Spot. On April 11, 2024, Unrivaled entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement to sell The Spot for a purchase price of $0.53 million to be paid in cash. The transaction closed on October 25, 2024.

All assets and liabilities allocable to People's and The Spot are classified as discontinued operations in the consolidated balance sheets for all periods presented. Discontinued operations are presented separately from continuing operations in the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented. In accordance with ASC 205, all comparative prior period amounts in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 have been recast to exclude People's and The Spot from continuing operations.

Sale of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro

On November 5, 2024, the Company, through Unrivaled, executed stock purchase agreements with VLPS pursuant to which Unrivaled sold all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro for a purchase price of $2.06 million and $1.12 million, respectively. The purchase price was paid by VLPS by the assumption of liabilities of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro. Refer to "Note 22 – Dispositions" of the consolidated financial statements.

Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Petition

On November 6, 2024, referred to in this Report as the Petition Date, Unrivaled and Halladay Holding (sometimes referred to herein collectively as the “Debtors,” and individually as a “Debtor”), voluntarily filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Court, bearing case numbers 2:24-bk-19127-BB and 2:24-bk-19128-BB, which we refer to in this report as the Bankruptcy Cases. The Debtors voluntarily filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code following insolvency and litigation by People’s. The Chapter 11 filing is limited to Unrivaled and Halladay Holding, meaning only their assets and liabilities are included in the Debtors-in-Possession estates. The Company, along with all other operations of the Company are not included in the bankruptcy proceeding and continue operating in the ordinary course of business.

As a result of the Chapter 11 filing, the Debtors are now subject to review and oversight by the Bankruptcy Court. As a result, the Company no longer has exclusive control over the Debtors’ activities during the Chapter 11 proceedings. Therefore, all assets and liabilities related to the Debtors were deconsolidated as of the Petition Date. Prior to the Chapter 11 filing, the Company issued a guarantee on behalf of the Debtors for accounts payable totaling $6.96 million, which was recorded at fair value. The Company recognized a gain upon deconsolidation of $20.79 million which is reflected in "(Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets" on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Debtors jointly filed a liquidating plan on February 4, 2025, and a disclosure statement describing the plan. While the plan and related documents are available on the public docket, the Bankruptcy Court has not approved the disclosure statement as containing adequate information about the plan, nor has the Bankruptcy Court confirmed the plan. On February 12, 2025, Unrivaled and Halladay Holding reached a settlement with People's in an in-person judicial settlement conference, which is in the process of being documented and submitted to the Bankruptcy Court for approval, pursuant to Rule 9019 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

Unsecured Note Financing

On November 12, 2024, the Company issued an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $0.40 million (the "Original Note") to a third-party investor. The Original Note was set to mature on May 12, 2026, and incurred no interest except upon default, at a rate of 10.0% per annum plus a 5.0% late charge. The Company was permitted to prepay the Original Note at any time without penalty. The Original Note was convertible at the lender's election into a convertible promissory note, simple agreement for future equity, or similarly situated document that includes terms typical for transactions of such a nature and scope and that shall include (i) a 15% discount to future qualified financings, (ii) warrant coverage as negotiated by the parties, and (iii) other reasonable representations and warranties and terms and conditions.

On December 31, 2024, the Company amended and restated the Original Note in its entirety (as amended and restated, the “A&R Note”) wherein the principal amount was increased to $0.80 million and the maturity date was extended to December 30, 2026. The A&R Note is convertible at the lender’s election into a convertible promissory note that will include (i) an automatic conversion into the shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued by the Company in its next bona fide equity financing with proceeds of at least $10.00 million, or such lesser amount as approved by lender, at a conversion price equal to the lesser of (x) 85% of the lowest price per share paid by the cash investors in such qualifying financing and (y) the price represented by a $30.00 million pre-money valuation of the Company. In connection with A&R Note, the Company issued to the lender a warrant to purchase up to 117,647 shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.17 per share and a warrant to purchase up to 37,736 shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.53 per share. Refer to "Note 13 – Notes Payable" of the consolidated financial statements for further information.

Management Changes

Effective December 2, 2024, James Miller retired from his position as Chief Operating Officer. The Company has not appointed a new Chief Operating Officer and transitioned his duties internally to other members of management. Mr. Miller continues to serve as a director on the Company’s Board of Directors.

For material transactions with related parties during fiscal year 2024, see Item 13, “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” and Note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this Report.

Outlook

The Company will continue to focus on its performing assets and seek out additional opportunities, particularly California based assets. In particular, the Company continues to emphasize on business fundamentals including a robust, curated and diverse product offering, improving inventory turn and vendor management to continue to optimize gross margins, effective marketing strategies focused on driving loyalty, creating dynamic websites that provide a seamless brand experience, reactivation of lapsed customers, and new customer acquisitions while continuing to deliver positive ROIs. The Company remains excited as it embarks on reinvigorating the Korova brand. This outlook is based on several management assumptions that are largely outside the control of the Company, including the continued overall down trending market conditions and highly promotional competitive landscape in our key markets. With a disciplined approach to analyzing retail performance and customer relationship management, a management team with extensive retail and cannabis industry and capital markets experience, deep relationships in the industry, and a commitment to investing in its team and, specifically, its company culture, the Company is encouraged that it will emerge from its restructuring efforts as an effective cannabis company. We will continue to seek further opportunities to expand profitability and maximize returns for its shareholders.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The below table outlines our consolidated statements of operations for the three months and year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(in thousands)

(1) Amounts for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 have been recast to reflect discontinued operations as of December 31, 2024.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Revenue

Overall revenue was $12.99 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $7.76 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $5.23 million or 67.5%. Revenue from continuing operations in fiscal year 2024 was composed of retail revenue of $12.8 million and distribution revenue of $0.19 million. This compared to fiscal year 2023 revenue composed of retail revenue of $7.44 million and distribution revenue of $0.32 million.

Retail revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased compared to the same period in the prior year by $5.36 million or 72.1% due to the Northern California Transactions on May 1, 2024 which contributed $7.73 million in revenue in the current year, which was offset by a decrease of $2.37 million in revenue from the Company's existing dispensaries in Northern California, which were sold during the fiscal fourth quarter of 2024.

Distribution revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $0.13 million or 40.2% compared to the same period in the prior year. This was due to a strategic reduction in distribution activities during fiscal year 2024, as the Company shifted focus toward retail operations and cost reduction initiatives.

Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $6.78 million, an increase of $2.83 million or 71.8% compared to $3.95 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in cost of goods sold was directly impacted by the corresponding increase in revenues for the current period.

Gross profit from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $6.21 million compared to $3.81 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $2.4 million or 63.0%. The increase in gross profit was primarily impacted by the increase in revenue as described above. The Company's overall gross margin declined for the year ended December 31, 2024 to 47.8% as compared to 49.1% for the same period in the prior year due to increased promotional activity in a heavily competitive market. Gross profit for on-going retail operations increased to 50.9% for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 48.9% for the same period in the prior year.

Selling, General & Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $18.56 million compared to $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $2.45 million or 11.6%. Specifically, the Company saw a decrease of $1.74 million in professional fees and a decrease of $2.04 million in stock-based compensation due to the performance bonus award issued to Adnant in fiscal year 2023. This was offset by an increase of $1.38 million in salaries and benefits primarily resulting from the Northern California Transactions on May 1, 2024.

Operating Income (Loss)

The Company realized an operating income from continuing operations of $5.38 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to an operating loss from continuing operations of $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $24.18 million or 128.6%. The improvement from the same period in the prior year was primarily attributable to the gain on disposal of assets of $19.44 million as a result of the Company's strategic restructuring during fiscal year 2024, which included the disposition of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro and the bankruptcy petition filed by Unrivaled and Halladay Holding. Refer to "Note 22 - Dispositions" and "Note 3 - Bankruptcy Filing" of the consolidated financial statements. This coupled with a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses of $2.45 million as described above.

Other Income

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $12.93 million compared to $5.69 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $7.24 million. This was primarily due to an increase of $9.69 million in gain on extinguishment of debt, offset by the cash receipt of $1.23 million in employer retention credits in the prior year, versus no such transactions in the current year. During the fiscal second quarter of 2024, the Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of debt of $15.18 million resulting from the disposition of PFC and pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Term Sheet dated March 6, 2023, that the remaining debt to People's is settled, subject to any deficiencies as defined therein. Refer to “Note 13 – Notes Payable” of the consolidated financial statements.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income tax expense for continuing operations was $1.42 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $0.58 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $0.84 million or 146.0%. The current year expense consisted of $1.30 million of federal income tax from our cannabis retail operations because of the impact of IRC 280E. The remaining $0.12 million was from the elimination of deferred tax items resulting from the Company’s restructuring strategy. Refer to "Note 3 - Bankruptcy Filing" and "Note 22 - Dispositions" of the consolidated financial statements. Significant reconciling items to the tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 were a gain on disposal of $8.04 million and cancellation of debt income of $3.18 million. Refer to “Note 20 – Income Taxes” of the consolidated financial statements for further information.

Discontinued Operations

Net income from discontinued operations was $16.21 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to net loss from discontinued operations of $0.44 million for the comparative prior period. Discontinued operations for all periods presented consist of the Company's cultivation operations, Blüm Santa Ana, and The Spot. The increase in net income from discontinued operations was primarily due to a gain on disposal of assets of $16.96 million recognized upon the sale of Blüm Santa Ana on June 10, 2024. Refer to “Note 21 – Discontinued Operations” of the consolidated financial statements for transaction details.

Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

Revenue

Overall revenue was $3.06 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to $2.06 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.0 million or 48.3%. Revenue from continuing operations in fiscal fourth quarter of 2024 was composed of retail revenue of $3.01 million and distribution revenue of $0.05 million. This compared to fiscal fourth quarter of 2023 revenue composed of retail revenue of $2.06 million and distribution revenue of $0.0 million.

Retail revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2024 increased by $0.95 million or 45.9% compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to the Northern California Transactions on May 1, 2024 which contributed $2.67 million in revenue in the current period, which was offset by a decrease of $1.73 million in revenue from the Company's existing dispensaries in Northern California, which were sold on November 5, 2024.

Distribution revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2024 increased by $0.05 million compared to the same period in the prior year.

Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $1.69 million, an increase of $0.72 million or 73.6% compared to $0.97 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023. The increase in cost of goods sold was due to the Northern California Transactions on May 1, 2024 which contributed $1.30 million in cost of goods sold in the current period, offset by a decrease in cost of goods sold directly related to the decrease in revenue from the Company's existing dispensaries in Northern California as described above.

Gross profit from continuing operations for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $1.37 million compared to $1.09 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $0.28 million or 25.8%. The increase in gross profit was primarily impacted by the increase in revenue as described above. The Company’s overall gross margin declined for the three months ended December 31, 2024 to 44.8% as compared to 52.8% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 due to increased promotional activity in a heavily competitive market. For the same reason, gross profit for on-going retail operations was 51.1% for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to 52.8% for the same period in the prior year in addition to an inventory adjustment of $0.10 million during the fiscal fourth quarter of 2024.

Selling, General & Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2024 were $3.72 million compared to $6.87 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $3.15 million, or 45.9%. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $1.68 million in professional fees, a decrease of $1.46 million in business, city, and property tax, and a decrease of $0.31 million in bad debt expense related to uncollectible receivables.

Operating Income (Loss)

The Company realized an operating income from continuing operations of $17.59 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to an operating loss from continuing operations of $5.78 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $23.36 million or 404.3%. The decrease was primarily due to a gain on disposal of assets of $19.93 million during the current quarter as a result of the disposition of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro and the bankruptcy petition filed by Unrivaled and Halladay Holding. Refer to "Note 22 - Dispositions" and "Note 3 - Bankruptcy Filing" of the consolidated financial statements. This coupled with a decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses of $3.15 million as described above.

Other Income

Other income for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $0.01 million compared to $0.69 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.68 million. The decrease in other income was primarily attributable to a gain on extinguishment of debt of $2.42 million recognized during the fiscal fourth quarter of 2023, offset by a decrease of $0.85 million in interest expense as a result of the decrease in the Company's overall debt balance. The Company recognized an unrealized loss on investments of $0.67 million during the three months ended December 31, 2023, versus none in the current period.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income tax expense for continuing operations was $0.67 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to $0.58 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $0.1 million or 16.7%. The current quarter expense of $0.67 million was primarily due to the disposal of assets during fiscal year 2024 as a result of the Company's restructuring strategy. Refer to “Note 22 – Dispositions” of the consolidated financial statements.

Discontinued Operations

Net loss from discontinued operations was $0.23 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to $2.27 million for the comparative prior period, a decrease of $2.04 million or 89.8%. Discontinued operations for all periods presented consist of the Company's cultivation operations, Blüm Santa Ana, and The Spot. These operations were fully divested as of December 31, 2024, and as a result, the Company had no income or loss from discontinued operations, outside of income taxes and interest expense, during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (Unaudited)

The below table outlines our consolidated statements of operations for the fiscal fourth quarter of 2024 compared to the fiscal third quarter of 2024:

Revenue

Overall revenues for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $3.06 million compared to $4.36 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $1.31 million or 29.9%. Revenue from continuing operations for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was composed of retail revenue of $3.01 million and distribution revenue of $0.05 million. This compared to the prior quarter ended September 30, 2024 in which revenue from continuing operations consisted of retail revenue of $4.28 million and distribution revenue of $0.08 million.

Retail revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $1.28 million or 29.8% compared to the consecutive prior quarter ended September 30, 2024. This was primarily due to the sale of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro on November 5, 2024.

Distribution revenue for the fiscal fourth quarter ended December 31, 2024 was generally consistent with the fiscal third quarter ended September 30, 2024.

Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $1.69 million, a decrease of $0.23 million or 12.0% compared to $1.92 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in cost of goods sold was primarily driven by the sale of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro during the current quarter.

Gross profit from continuing operations for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $1.37 million compared to $2.45 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $1.08 million or 44.0%. The decrease in gross profit was primarily attributable to the decrease in revenue as described above. The Company’s overall gross margin declined for the three months ended December 31, 2024 to 44.8% as compared to 56.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 due to increased promotional activity in a heavily competitive market. Gross profit for on-going retail operations was 51.1% for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to 53.9% in the consecutive prior quarter as a result of the sale of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro on November 5, 2024, resulting in promotional discounts to manage aging inventory.

Selling, General & Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2024 were $3.72 million compared to $4.29 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $0.57 million or 13.3%. The quarter-over-quarter decrease was due to the sale of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro in November 2024, primarily resulting in a decrease of $0.36 million in salaries and benefits and a decrease of $0.16 million in security expense.

Operating Income (Loss)

The Company realized an operating income from continuing operations of $17.59 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to an operating loss from continuing operations of $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $19.79 million or 899.3%. The decrease in operating loss from the preceding quarter was due to a gain on disposal of assets of $19.93 million for the disposition of Blüm Oakland and Blüm San Leandro and the bankruptcy petition filed by Unrivaled and Halladay Holding during the fiscal fourth quarter. Refer to "Note 22 - Dispositions" and "Note 3 - Bankruptcy Filing" of the consolidated financial statements.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $0.01 million compared to other expense of $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $1.01 million or 101.0%. The decrease in other expense was primarily attributable to a decrease of $0.74 million in loss on changes in fair value of derivative liabilities and a decrease of $0.34 million in interest expense. Refer to "Note 14 - Derivative Liabilities" for the initial recognition of derivative liabilities during the current year.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income tax expense for continuing operations was $0.67 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to $0.43 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, an increase of $0.24 million or 55.9%. The current quarter expense of $0.67 million was primarily due to the disposal of assets during fiscal year 2024 as a result of the Company's restructuring strategy. Refer to “Note 22 – Dispositions” of the consolidated financial statements.

Discontinued Operations

Net loss from discontinued operations was $0.23 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024, which is generally consistent with the three months ended September 30, 2024 of $0.11 million.

Non-GAAP Reconciliations

Non-GAAP earnings is a supplemental measure of our performance that is neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). Non-GAAP earnings is not a measurement of the Company’s financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered as alternative to net income, operating income, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with US GAAP, or as alternative to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of the Company’s liquidity. In addition, in evaluating non-GAAP earnings, you should be aware that in the future the Company will incur expenses or charges such as those added back to calculate non-GAAP earnings. The Company’s presentation of non-GAAP earnings should not be construed as an inference that its future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items.

Non-GAAP earnings has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of the Company’s results as reported under US GAAP. Some of these limitations are (i) it does not reflect the Company’s cash expenditures, or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, (ii) it does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, the Company’s working capital needs, (iii) it does not reflect interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on the Company’s debt, (iv) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and non-GAAP earnings does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements, (v) it does not adjust for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in the Company's statements of cash flows, and (vi) other companies in our industry may calculate this measure differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as comparative measures.

The Company compensates for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the US GAAP amounts excluded from such non-GAAP financial measures. The Company further compensates for the limitations in our use of non-GAAP financial measures by presenting comparable US GAAP measures more prominently.

The Company believes that non-GAAP earnings facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period by isolating the effects of some items that vary from period to period without any correlation to core operating performance or that vary widely among similar companies. These potential differences may be caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense) and the age and book depreciation of facilities and equipment (affecting relative depreciation expense). The Company also presents non-GAAP earnings because (i) it believes that this measure is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in the Company’s industry, (ii) the Company believes that investors will find these measures useful in assessing the Company's ability to service or incur indebtedness, and (iii) the Company uses non-GAAP earnings internally as benchmark to compare its performance to that of its competitors.

In the presentation of the financial results below, the Company reconciles Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA Loss with net income (loss) attributable to continuing operations, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Management believes that this presentation may be more meaningful in analyzing our income generation.

On a non-GAAP basis, the Company recorded Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA Loss of $2.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to $5.82 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA Loss of $10.94 million compared to $16.81 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The details of those expenses and non-GAAP reconciliation of these non-cash items are set forth below:

(in thousands)

(1) Amounts for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 have been recast to reflect discontinued operations as of December 31, 2024.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We incurred pre-tax net income from continuing operations of $18.31 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and pre-tax net loss from continuing operations of $13.11 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We had an accumulated deficit of $421.08 million and $454.18 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had a working capital deficit of $6.79 million, including $1.04 million of cash, compared to a working capital deficit of $57.86 million, including $0.42 million of cash, as of December 31, 2023. Current assets were approximately 0.30 times current liabilities as of December 31, 2024, compared to approximately 0.08 times current liabilities as of December 31, 2023.

The Company generates cash from revenues and invests in assets that drive long-term growth. Capital is primarily allocated to expenditures, strategic investments, and product development. The Company takes a cautious approach to maximize returns while maintaining liquidity, and has implemented measures to closely monitor and deploy its capital, aiming to protect operations and growth plans.

We have not been able to generate sufficient cash from operating activities to fund our ongoing operations. Since our inception, we have raised capital through private sales of Common Stock, preferred stock, and debt securities. Our future success is dependent upon our ability to achieve profitable operations and generate cash from operating activities. There is no guarantee that we will be able to generate enough revenue and/or raise capital to support our operations. We will be required to raise additional funds through public or private financing, additional collaborative relationships or other arrangements until we are able to raise revenues to a point of positive cash flow. We continue to evaluate various options to further reduce our cash requirements to operate at a reduced rate, as well as options to raise additional funds, including obtaining loans and selling Common Stock. There is no guarantee that we will be able to generate enough revenue and/or raise capital to support our operations, or if we are able to raise capital, that such capital will be available to us on acceptable terms, on an acceptable schedule, or at all.

The risks and uncertainties surrounding the Company’s ability to continue to raise capital and its limited capital resources raise substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the issuance of these financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which contemplate our continuation as a going concern. For additional information on, see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in Part I of this Form 10-K.

Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1.55 million compared to $0.99 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.56 million, or 57.1%, which is relatively consistent with prior year. In May 2024, the Company expanded its retail operations through the addition of three dispensaries in Northern California, which contributed gross profit of $4.04 million in fiscal year 2024. Since August 2022, management has implemented a turnaround plan to stabilize operations and position the Company for profitability. During the year ended December 31, 2024, management took decisive action by reducing its presence in Southern California to alleviate financial strains from the related debt and allow the Company to redirect resources, enabling better allocation of capital. In May 2024, the Northern California Transactions presented new revenue opportunities and redefined the Company’s market presence. This strategic expansion is expected to enhance operating cash flow by tapping into a growing customer base and leveraging synergies with existing operations. Together, these initiatives align with management’s goal of optimizing cash flow and ensuring sustainable growth. Management anticipates improvements in cash flow from operating activities as the Company continues to execute its strategic restructuring.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $2.03 million compared to $0.47 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $1.56 million, or 330.1%. The increase in cash provided by investing activities was primarily due to the cash received upon the sale of equity interests in a cultivation business in the amount of $1.30 million in January 2024, compared to proceeds from investments of $0.15 million in the prior year. In addition, during the fiscal second quarter of 2024, the Company acquired $0.96 million in cash from Coastal Pines Group as part of the transactions on May 1, 2024.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $0.14 million compared to $0.54 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.4 million, or 73.5%. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to cash proceeds of $1.97 million from the 2022 Private Placement of Series V Preferred Stock compared to $0.80 million from the unsecured debt financing in the fiscal fourth quarter of 2024. This was offset by a decrease in payments of debt principal of $0.77 million compared to prior year.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

A detailed description of our accounting policies are described in “Note 2 – Summary of Accounting Policies” of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Critical accounting policies that have the most significant in the annual Consolidated Financial Statements are described below.

Our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section discusses our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, accrued expenses, financing operations, and contingencies and litigation. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The most significant accounting estimates inherent in the preparation of our financial statements include estimates as to the appropriate carrying value of certain assets and liabilities which are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results the Company experiences may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected. Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the annual Consolidated Financial Statements are described below.

Inventory Valuation

The Company periodically reviews physical inventory for excess, obsolete, and potentially impaired items and reserves. The Company reviews inventory for obsolete, redundant and slow-moving goods and any such inventory is written down to net realizable value. The reserve estimate for excess and obsolete inventory is dependent on expected future use.

Goodwill Impairment, Other Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill is tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment assessment, the Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further quantitative analysis for impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets is necessary or a quantitative assessment. In the quantitative assessment, the Company measures the recoverability of goodwill by comparing a reporting unit’s carrying amount to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. The carrying amount of each reporting unit is determined based upon the assignment of the Company’s assets and liabilities, including existing goodwill, to the identified reporting units. The Company relies on a number of factors, including historical results, business plans, forecasts and market data. Changes in the conditions for these judgments and estimates can significantly affect the recoverable amount.

Business Combinations

In a business combination, all identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired are accounted for using the acquisition method. One of the most significant estimates relates to the determination of the fair value of these assets and liabilities. Contingent consideration is measured at its acquisition-date fair value and included as part of the consideration transferred in a business combination. Management exercises judgment in estimating the probability and timing of when earn-outs are expected to be achieved which is used as the basis for estimating fair value. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not remeasured at subsequent reporting dates and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration that is classified as an asset or a liability is remeasured at subsequent reporting dates in accordance with ASC 450, “Contingencies”, as appropriate, with the corresponding gain or loss being recognized in earnings in accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations”. For any intangible asset identified, depending on the type of intangible asset and the complexity of determining its fair value, an independent valuation expert or management may develop the fair value, using appropriate valuation techniques, which are generally based on a forecast of the total expected future net cash flows. The evaluations are linked closely to the assumptions made by management regarding the future performance of the assets concerned and any changes in the discount rate applied.

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, which is calculated as the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability plus any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, any initial direct costs and related restoration costs. The right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or estimates of economic life. The Company’s lease liability is recognized net of lease incentives receivable. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate. The period over which the lease payments are discounted is the expected lease term, including renewal and termination options that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise.

Derivative Liabilities

The Company evaluates all of its agreements to determine if such instruments have derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the consolidated statements of operations. In calculating the fair value of derivative liabilities, the Company uses a valuation model when Level 1 inputs are not available to estimate fair value at each reporting date, based on a number of assumptions, including contractual future cash flows and discount rates, which involve inherent uncertainty. The Company uses judgment to select the methods used to make certain assumptions and derive estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The individual fair values attributed to the different components of a financing transaction, notably derivative financial instruments and convertible debt, are determined using valuation techniques. The Company uses judgment to select the methods used to make certain assumptions and in performing the fair value calculations in order to determine (a) the values attributed to each component of a transaction at the time of their issuance; (b) the fair value measurements for certain instruments that require subsequent measurement at fair value on a recurring basis; and (c) for disclosing the fair value of financial instruments subsequently carried at amortized cost. These valuation estimates could be significantly different because of the use of judgment and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the fair value of these instruments that are not quoted in an active market. Financial instruments measured using significant unobservable inputs are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, which was $4.1 million and nil as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and resulted in an unrealized loss of $0.49 million for changes in fair value for the year ended December 31, 2024. Refer to "Note 24 - Fair Value Measurements" of the consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue from retail dispensaries is recorded at the time customers take possession of the product and recognized net of discounts, promotional adjustments, and returns. The Company collects taxes on certain revenue transactions to be remitted to governmental authorities, which may include sales, excise and local taxes. These taxes are not included in the transaction price and are, therefore, excluded from revenue. Upon purchase, the Company has no further performance obligations and collection is assured as sales are paid for at time of purchase.

The Company recognizes revenue from distribution product sales when its customers obtain control of the products. This determination is based on the customer specific terms of the arrangement and gives consideration to factors including, but not limited to, whether the customer has an unconditional obligation to pay, whether a time period or event is specified in the arrangement and whether the Company can mandate the return or transfer of the products. Revenue is recorded net of taxes collected from customers that are remitted to governmental authorities with collected taxes recorded as current liabilities until remitted to the relevant government authority.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of equity-based grants. In estimating fair value, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates such as the expected life of units, volatility of the Company’s future share price, risk-free rates, future dividend yields and estimated forfeitures at the initial grant date. Changes in assumptions used to estimate fair value could result in materially different results.

Income Taxes

Current tax assets and/or liabilities comprise those claims from, or obligations to, fiscal authorities relating to the current or prior reporting periods that are unpaid at the reporting date. Current tax is payable on taxable profit, which differs from profit or loss in the financial statements. Calculation of current tax is based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that the Company believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, all available positive and negative evidence are considered, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If it is determined that the Company would be able to realize deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is recorded, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. Uncertain tax positions are recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”, on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50.0% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations

Assets held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell unless the asset held for sale meets the exceptions as denoted by ASC Topic 360, “Property, Plant, and Equipment”. Fair value is the amount obtainable from the sale of the asset in an arm’s length transaction, less the costs of disposal. A component of an entity is identified as operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and financially, from the rest of the entity. A discontinued operation is a component of an entity that either has been disposed of, or is classified as held for sale, and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the entity’s operations and financial results, or a newly acquired business or nonprofit activity that upon acquisition is classified as held for sale.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

A description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations are described in “Note 2 – Summary of Accounting Policies” of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

DISCLOSURE ABOUT OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

The Company does not have any transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements that constitute off-balance sheet arrangements.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation and supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified under SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that as of December 31, 2024 these disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level. As discussed below, our internal control over financial reporting is an integral part of our disclosure controls and procedures.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by our Board of Directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:

1. Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

2. Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

3. Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of inherent limitations, no matter how well designed and operated, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting under the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The objective of this assessment was to determine whether our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2024.

Based on the results of its assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024 based on such criteria due to material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below:

Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

• Failure to timely record transactions and to timely review account reconciliations resulting in post-closing adjustments and restatement of the financial statements.
• The Company’s primary user access controls (i.e. provisioning, de-provisioning, and quarterly user access review) to ensure appropriate segregation of duties that would adequately restrict user and privileged access to the financially relevant systems and data to appropriate Company personnel were not operating effectively. Automated process-level controls and manual controls that are dependent upon the information derived from such financially relevant systems were also determined to be ineffective as a result of such deficiency.

Remediation Plan

We plan to enhance our internal control over financial reporting in an effort to remediate the material weaknesses described above. We are committed to ensuring that our internal control over financial reporting is designed and operating effectively. Our remediation process will include:

• Enhancing the organizational structure to support financial reporting processes and internal controls.
• Investing in IT systems to enhance our operational and financial reporting and internal controls.
• Establishing effective general controls over IT systems to ensure that information produced can be relied upon by process level controls is relevant and reliable.
• Providing guidance, education and training to employees relating to our accounting policies and procedures.
• Further developing and documenting detailed policies and procedures regarding business processes for significant accounts, critical accounting policies and critical accounting estimates.

We expect to remediate these material weaknesses during 2025. However, we may discover additional material weaknesses that may require additional time and resources to remediate.

We believe that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Controls

The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurances. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business but cannot assure that such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting.