Intest Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

OVERVIEW

inTEST Corporation was incorporated in New Jersey in 1981 and reincorporated in Delaware in April 1997. The consolidated entity is comprised of inTEST Corporation and our wholly owned subsidiaries.

We are a global supplier of innovative test and process technology solutions for use in manufacturing and testing across a wide range of markets including semiconductors, industrial, automotive, life sciences, defense/aerospace, and security. We have three operating segments which are also our reportable segments and reporting units: Electronic Test, Environmental Technologies and Process Technologies.

STRATEGY

In early 2021, we launched our 5-Point Strategy, our new corporate vision and our mission statement. Our vision is to be the supplier of choice for innovative test and process technology solutions. Our mission is to leverage our deep industry knowledge and expertise to develop and deliver high quality, innovative customer solutions and superior support for complex global challenges. We are committed to becoming recognized as a leader in our targeted markets for engineering and manufacturing capabilities that help solve our customers’ most complex challenges in their manufacturing and quality processes. Our products provide highly engineered, high quality and cost-effective test and process technology solutions which are delivered with a customer focus that are intended to drive a high level of customer satisfaction. Our strategy is to consistently expand our unique and differentiated test and process technology solutions through innovative new product development and acquisitions. We expect to expand our portfolio of products, services, and support to drive increased value to our customers to drive revenue and earnings growth.

When we launched the 5-Point Strategy in 2021, we believed that by executing on our five growth strategies, as described more fully below, that we could aggressively grow our annual revenue to between $200 million to $250 million by the end of 2025, while maintaining our strong margin profile. We grew from $53.8 million in 2020 to $130.8 million in 2024, a 243% increase. However, in late 2023 and throughout 2024, three of our largest markets (semi, automotive/EV and industrials) had simultaneous cyclical downturns. Additionally, we did not fully achieve our inorganic growth targets. As a result, while we continue to expect to scale the enterprise through a combination of organic growth and acquisitions and to achieve our intended targets, these goals will extend beyond 2025. We remain confident that successful execution of our 5-Point Strategy can deliver on our growth ambitions.

Our 5-Point Strategy is as follows:

Global and Market Expansion. We provide highly-engineered solutions within our large serviceable addressable market (“SAM”) which we estimate to be in excess of $2.0 billion. We believe that we can provide significant and sustainable long-term growth by further penetrating our SAM and building a larger installed product base. To capture this opportunity, we have been making investments in talent, technology, channels to market and geographic presence. These continued investments may include initiatives to increase revenue both by leveraging our customer relationships to provide a broader array of our current portfolio of products to our existing customer base as well as by expanding our customer base within these markets. For example, we have upgraded talent in our sales and engineering organizations, advanced initiatives in our facility in Penang, Malaysia and have been optimizing our channel partners around the globe. In 2024 we acquired Alfamation S.p.A, which expanded our reach into Europe and the auto/EV market and created exposure into consumer electronics. Innovation and Differentiation. Our 5-Point Strategy focuses on leveraging our engineering know-how and expertise to deliver innovative solutions which we believe will outperform those of our competitors. We continue to invest in engineering resources with the goal of developing new and unique solutions to help solve our customers’ most complex challenges in their manufacturing and quality processes. Designed to be broadly applicable through more standardized platforms, these solution platforms enable late-stage configuration to address each customers’ unique requirements. We believe creating more standardization to increase market availability will drive growth and reduce costs by enabling us to increase the breadth and depth of our customer base.

In 2024, within our Process Technologies division, Videology Imaging Corporation (“Videology®”) advanced the development of its SCAiLX Edge AI platform. We added a new in-house built SCAiLX board camera, further expanding the modularity of the platform. We also expanded the capabilities of the core of the SCAiLX SoM board, making it compatible with a range of other block cameras from the industry’s leading manufacturers. Additionally, we have expanded our board camera lineup with three newly developed Full HD (1080p) board cameras. This includes a digital IP camera, an AHD camera, and a USB camera, all designed in-house to meet diverse imaging needs. We also continued development of our EKOHEAT® 2 induction heating products manufactured by Ambrell Corporation (“Ambrell®”). The EKOHEAT® 2 offering is the next generation and evolution of Ambrell®’s renowned VPA Technology. In our Environmental Technologies division, we released the BT28, our next generation benchtop ThermoStream®. The BT28 is a new benchtop thermal testing system that was released at the Optical Fiber Communication Conference in San Diego on March 26, 2024. It uses the same compressor technology that is in our large ThermoStream® to deliver -28 degrees Celsius to +225 degrees Celsius air at 14 standard cubic feet per minute, enabling our customers to save space and still be able to test a broad range of devices. We also sold our first units of our next generation mid-sized ThermoStream®, the MS60 to select customers. We plan to officially release this new system 2025. In our Thermonics® and Sigma Systems product line we released several new industrial process chillers and thermal test chambers. Our strategy with these products is to target promising opportunities with original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). This is particularly evident with the release of our AC95-R gas chiller. The AC95-R system has been incorporated by several semiconductor test handler OEMs as the cooling component for their systems. In our Electronic Test division, we continued to expand our automated manipulator offerings with the launch of the LS2 manipulator for test heads under 250kg and the fully automated LSL manipulator for test heads weighing up to 1200kg. We launched an additional model in our LS series of automated manipulators, the LSCP, which is a smaller footprint version of the LSC manipulator that holds test heads up to 400 kg. We also sold our first AERODOCK™ which is a new design in our docking hardware product line, bringing to market a cost-effective, pneumatically driven, active docking system. Acculogic Inc. (“Acculogic”) significantly increased the amount of functional test capabilities that can be integrated into our flying probe test systems. Alfamation S.p.A., (“Alfamation™”), which we acquired in March 2024, greatly increased our audio, video and networking and power-management capabilities, primarily in the automotive market.

Service and Support. We have strong customer relationships and believe service and support activities are valuable in strengthening customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. Through ensuring that we serve our customers’ needs, whether by expanding service coverage and decreasing response time or through expanding and enhancing service offerings, we believe we can drive revenue growth and strengthen our customer relationships. We have been investing in resources to fill areas where we have identified gaps in service and support. As we expand our SAM and increase our market penetration, we also expect to identify opportunities to add more consumable products within our offerings. We believe that increasing the number of ways and the frequency with which we make customer contacts can drive growth in our business in the future. In 2024, we continued to expand our global service partner network. Our facility in Malaysia serves as the main location in the region for customer product demonstrations, customer service and applications training.

Strategic Acquisitions & Partnerships. In addition to driving organic growth, our strategy includes acquiring businesses, (see “Acquisition” below) technologies or products that are complementary to our current product offerings or opens up attractive adjacent markets. Our acquisition strategy focuses on adding to our current solutions by expanding capabilities within our three divisions, such as broadening our induction heating frequencies, adding additional environmental test and process solutions such as vibration and humidity, or bringing a larger customer base for our automated test solutions that can expand our geographic presence. We also will consider new technologies that replicate the highly engineered, high quality and differentiated solutions of our current product portfolio for test and process solutions. Our focus is on expanding our electronic test capabilities, widening our capabilities beyond thermal test in areas such as environmental test, and building our processing technologies offerings with expanded imaging and heating capabilities. We continue to assess target companies to drive further inorganic growth in support of our 5-Point Strategy.

Talent and Culture. We believe ensuring the right people are in the right roles and are empowered to deliver success is crucial to the achievement of our core strategies. In addition, we have and will continue to create a culture and environment of openness, one that is results-oriented and drives accountability across the organization. Finally, we intend to foster diversity, equity and inclusion and provide opportunities for career development so as to maximize employee engagement, all of which is necessary to achieving our corporate vision. In 2023, we began our inTEST leadership academy which is another tool for identifying and developing talent from within, connecting emerging leaders across our organization and promoting collaboration and teamwork. In addition, we have hosted separate company-wide marketing and engineering summits, where our sales and marketing leadership and engineers, respectively, from across the organization came together to collaborate on a global level and share ideas for growing and expanding the inTEST brand.

ACQUISITION

On March 12, 2024, we entered into a stock purchase agreement to acquire all of the outstanding capital shares of Alfamation S.p.A., a leading global provider of state-of-the-art test and measurement solutions for the automotive, life sciences and specialty consumer electronics markets. Alfamation™ was founded in 1991 and is headquartered in Milan, Italy. Alfamation™ also has a small sales and service subsidiary based in Suzhou City, China. Alfamation™ is a part of our Electronic Test operating segment. The aggregate purchase price was approximately €20 million comprised of €18 million in cash (approximately $19.7 million) and 187,432 shares of our common stock (valued at $2.1 million based on the closing price of our stock on the date of acquisition). The cash portion of the purchase price was subject to customary working capital adjustments which were finalized in June 2024 and resulted in recording an additional €129 thousand (approximately $141 thousand) of cash purchase price for assets delivered at closing in excess of agreed upon thresholds. The liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition included debt of approximately €10.3 million, or $11.3 million. After all closing adjustments, the total purchase price was $21.9 million. We finalized our allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the fourth quarter of 2024.

In connection with the acquisition, we have entered into a lease agreement (the “Lease Agreement”) with the former owner of Alfamation™. The Lease Agreement commenced on March 12, 2024, will last for six years and will be automatically renewed for the same period of time unless terminated by either party. Under the terms of the Lease Agreement, Alfamation™ will lease warehouse and office space totaling about 51,871 square feet. Alfamation™ will pay a yearly lease payment of approximately €260 thousand broken up into four equal payments. At the date of the signing of the Lease Agreement, the yearly lease payment equated to approximately $284 thousand.

MARKETS

Overview

We are focused on specific target markets which include semi, industrial, automotive/EV, life sciences, defense/aerospace, security and other. Our largest market is semi. Products and equipment sold into semi are generally delineated as being part of either specialized wafer manufacturing (“front-end”) or semiconductor ATE (“back-end”). The roots of inTEST’s engineered product history are in the back-end of semi in integrated circuit (“IC”) testing.

(in thousands except percentages)

During 2024 our total consolidated revenue grew $7.4 million or 6% year over year. Alfamation™ contributed $25.0 million in revenue from the date of acquisition, with a significant majority of that in the automotive market and to a lesser extent life sciences. We also experienced increased demand in the defense/aerospace market in 2024 compared to 2023. These increases were offset by continued softness in the semi market in 2024. This reduction in demand, which we began to experience in the fourth quarter of 2023, has been particularly notable with regard to our customers in the front-end market who purchase our induction heating solutions for silicon carbide (“SiC”) crystal growth and epitaxial reactors. The semi market is highly cyclical resulting in significant swings in demand when period to period comparisons are to different points in a given cycle. The current period of weakened demand began in the fourth quarter of 2023 resulting in significantly reduced revenue levels from our customers in the semi market during 2024. During the fourth quarter of 2024, as compared to the third quarter of the year, we have noted a modest improvement in the semi market based on the timing of front-end shipments and improving demand for our back-end semi solutions but order activity for our front-end semi solutions remains significantly reduced from the levels in 2023. We cannot be certain of the timing or amount of any future orders or revenue in this or any of our markets, nor can we be certain this positive trend in demand from our customers in the back-end of the semi market will continue.

Semi Market

The semi market includes both the broader semiconductor manufacturing industry as well as the front-end and back-end sectors within the broader semiconductor market. With our induction heating products, we serve the front-end of the semiconductor manufacturing process including SiC crystal growth and epitaxial reactors. A variety of our electronic test and environmental technologies segments’ products are used in the back-end of the semiconductor manufacturing process, which includes the testing of ICs.

IC Testing. Semiconductor manufacturers typically produce ICs in multiples of several hundred or more on a silicon wafer that is later separated or “diced” into individual ICs. Extended leads are then attached to the individual ICs for later connection to other electrical components. In most cases, the ICs are then encapsulated in a plastic, ceramic or other protective housing. These process steps are called “packaging.”

Wafers are tested before being diced and packaged to ensure that only properly functioning ICs are packaged. This testing step has several names, including “front-end test,” “wafer test,” “wafer probe” or “wafer sort.” In front-end testing, an electronic handling device known as a wafer prober automatically positions the wafer under a probe card that is electronically connected to a “test head,” which connects electrically to a test system. During front-end testing, there is a growing trend of thermally conditioning the wafer. Once the good ICs have been identified, they are packaged.

The packaged ICs also require testing, called “back-end test” or “final test,” to determine if they meet design and performance specifications. Packaged ICs are tested after loading into another type of electronic handling device called a “package handler” or “handler,” which then transfers the packaged ICs into a test socket that is attached to the test head. These handlers may be temperature controlled for testing.

Testers range in price from approximately $100 thousand to over $2.0 million each, depending primarily on the complexity of the IC to be tested. Probers and handlers range in price from approximately $50 thousand to $500 thousand each. A typical test floor of a large semiconductor manufacturer may have 100 test heads and 100 probers or 250 handlers supplied by various vendors for use at any one time. While larger global semiconductor manufacturers typically purchase ATE to test the ICs they manufacture, there are a growing number of semiconductor manufacturers who outsource IC testing to third-party foundries, test and assembly providers.

Test head manipulators, also referred to as positioners, facilitate the movement of the test head to the electronic device handler. Docking hardware mechanically connects the test head to the wafer prober or handler. Tester interface products provide the electrical connection between the test head and the wafer or packaged IC.

Market Trends. We believe the semi market, an historically highly cyclical industry, will experience increased growth in the overall size of the market over the next several years as a result of billions of dollars of investments in new fabrication (“fab”) facilities around the world. These investments are being driven by the continued growth of the use of electronics, the need for powering an ever-growing number of devices and the continued economic development of less wealthy nations. We believe the COVID-19 pandemic and an increase in geopolitical tensions in recent years have made the high concentration of semiconductor manufacturing in China and Taiwan very apparent to more wealthy nations and has spurred the investment in expansion of this industry in areas outside of these regions. While we believe the semi market will continue to experience its historical pattern of cyclicality, we expect the effect on our business to be reduced due to our efforts to expand our customer base and the release of new products. Nonetheless, we expect the shifts in demand in the industry from periods of expansion to periods of contraction may be significant, as has been the case for much of the semi market in 2023 and 2024, when the industry was in a period of slowing growth and overall declines as compared to 2021 and 2022.

We believe that semiconductor manufacturers remain under pressure to maximize production yields and reduce testing costs. At the same time, the growing complexity of ICs has increased the difficulty of maximizing test yields. To address these market trends, we believe semiconductor manufacturers strive for more effective utilization of ATE, smaller test areas and increased wafer level testing which requires our differentiated solutions that include test head manipulators, test head docking stations and test interfaces. As technology advances and ICs become increasingly more complex, we believe the need for increased capabilities in the test process should drive greater demand for our equipment. We expect that more front-end testing is going to be required to ensure maximum yield from the massive capital investments being made in fab expansion.

Other Markets

We provide a variety of solutions to our industrial, automotive, life sciences, defense/aerospace, security and other markets. We believe a number of drivers are creating more opportunities for our highly engineered solutions in these markets.

The industrial market is the broadest, most diverse area we serve with a majority of our products serving a variety of applications. Applications for our induction heating products include annealing, bonding, brazing, curing, forging, heat treating, melting and shrink-fitting. Applications for our thermal test and process products include pressure-sensor testing, printed circuit board testing and cold-trap cooling for industrial processes. We believe the trend toward the use of green energy, automation, increased productivity and expanding manufacturing technology present opportunities for us to help our customers solve their complex challenges.

In the automotive market, we provide solutions that help in the quality and productivity of both internal combustion and EV manufacturing and onboard electronics. Our EV solutions include, but are not limited to, induction heating solutions for motor manufacturing, automated test equipment for battery cells, and industrial process chillers and thermal test chambers for inverter and battery testing and automated test solutions for automotive infotainment systems in both production and quality control. We believe there is a strong global growth trend in EVs and that our differentiated solutions can be applied to more customers in more geographic regions. Our automotive electronics testing solutions include functional test platforms that address a broad range of test requirements, from wireless communication telematics through automotive infotainment, computer control units and touch displays and instrument clusters.

In the life sciences industry, we provide image capture products, electronic test systems and heating systems for medical device manufacturing and equipment for critical applications within the medical cold chain for pharmaceuticals.

In the defense/aerospace industry, we provide ATE to prime and subcontract manufacturers to ensure quality control is maintained while also providing quicker, more accurate test times of electronic circuit boards. We also provide solutions for thermal testing of equipment to ensure it will function over the specified temperature range. We believe this market is growing, in part, due to recent global instability.

In the security industry, our image capture and data management technologies are used in a broad variety of applications primarily related to safety and monitoring.

OUR SOLUTIONS

We focus our development efforts on designing and producing high quality products and highly-engineered solutions that deliver superior performance and cost-effectiveness for our customers. We seek to address each manufacturer’s individual needs through innovative and customized designs, use of the best materials available, quality manufacturing practices and personalized service. We design solutions to overcome the evolving challenges facing the semi market and other markets that we serve, which we believe provide the following advantages:

Temperature-Controlled Testing. Our ThermoStream® products are used by manufacturers in a number of markets to stress test a variety of semiconductor and electronic components, printed circuit boards and sub-assemblies. Factors motivating manufacturers to use temperature testing include design characterization, failure analysis and quality control, as well as determining performance under extreme operating temperatures, all of which contribute to manufacturing cost savings. Our thermal platforms and temperature chambers, sold under our Sigma Systems product line, can accommodate large thermal masses and are found in both laboratory and production environments. Thermonics®’ products provide a range of precision temperature forcing systems and have been melded into Temptronic®’s ATS ThermoStream® product line. The Thermonics® brand is now used to market a family of process chillers for test and industrial applications.

Induction Heating. Our induction heating products are used in process applications where precision-controlled heating is needed. Customers use our induction heating products in conjunction with other technologies in various manufacturing environments to improve production efficiencies and reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. Applications for our EKOHEAT® or EASYHEAT™ induction heating products include annealing, bonding, brazing, curing, forging, heat treating, melting, shrink-fitting, crystal growing, semi-wafer heating and material testing.

Digital Streaming and Image Capturing Solutions. Videology® offers industrial-grade circuit board mounted digital imaging solutions, Zoom Block cameras and complete image capture systems. Videology® also offers OEMs imaging solutions designed to the customers’ specifications and that can interface with the customers’ software.

Scalable, Universal, High Performance ATE Integration Solutions. Our universal test head manipulators provide a high degree of positioning flexibility with a minimum amount of effort. As a result, our products can be used in virtually any test setting. Our manipulator products are designed to accommodate the increased size of test heads and can now support test heads weighing up to 1200kg. Our docking hardware products offer precise control over the connection to test sockets, probing assemblies and interface boards, reducing downtime and minimizing costly damage to fragile components. Our newest manipulator and docking hardware designs offer automated capabilities that allow for reduced downtime and increased productivity through predictable and repeatable production setup with reduced risk of operator error. Our tester interface products optimize the integrity of the signals transmitted between the test head and the device under test by being virtually transparent to the test signals, which results in increased accuracy of the test data and may thus enable improved test yields. Our interface product offerings have recently been expanded to serve the growing market for testing higher powered devices. A hallmark of our semi market product offerings has been, and continues to be, compatibility with a wide variety of ATE. Our manipulator and docking hardware products are all designed to be used with otherwise incompatible ATE. We believe this integrated approach to ATE facilitates smooth changeover from one tester to another, longer lives for interface components, better test results, increased ATE utilization and lower overall test costs.

Robotics-Based Electronic Production Test Equipment. Acculogic adds to our electronic test platform offerings beyond those which exclusively serve the semi market. Acculogic designs and manufactures robotics-based electronic production test equipment and provides application support services which are sold to electronic manufacturers including OEM and contract electronic manufacturers as well as battery manufacturers.

Functional Test Equipment for Automotive, Life Sciences and Specialty Consumer Electronics Markets. Alfamation designs, builds, and supports a wide range of products, from individual functional test modules to fully automated systems for production quality control and product development. In automotive electronics, these systems are sold to Tier One manufacturers, whose products are delivered to car manufacturers (OEMs).

Worldwide Customer Service and Support. We have long recognized the need to maintain a physical presence near our customers’ facilities. At December 31, 2024, we had manufacturing facilities in the U.S. in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York as well as outside the U.S. in Canada, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. We provided service to our customers from sales and service personnel based in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Our engineers are easily accessible to, and can work directly with, most of our customers from the time we begin developing our initial proposal, through the delivery, installation and use of the product by our customer. In this way, we are able to develop and maintain close relationships with our customers.

As noted above, we have a facility in Penang, Malaysia which supports applications engineering, product development and localized manufacturing for nearly all inTEST brands. It serves as the main location in the region for customer product demonstrations, customer service and applications training. This facility began engineering and supply chain operations in the third quarter of 2024 and is expected to begin manufacturing and support operations by the third quarter of 2025.

OUR SEGMENTS

We have three operating segments, which are also our reportable segments and reporting units: Electronic Test, Environmental Technologies and Process Technologies.

Our Electronic Test segment consists of (i) inTEST EMS which has operations in New Jersey and California, and (ii) Acculogic, which has operations in Canada, California and Germany and (iii) Alfamation S.p.A., which has operations in Italy and China. Semiconductor manufacturers use our inTEST EMS solutions in back-end testing where our mechanical and electrical products serve production testing of wafers and specialized packaged ICs. These ICs include microprocessors, digital signal processing chips, mixed signal devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”), application specific ICs and specialized memory ICs, and are used primarily in the automotive, consumer electronics, industrial, and mobile communication markets. Our products are a combination of standard designs based on industry requirements and those designed specifically to meet a customer’s particular combination of ATE. Acculogic’s product offerings include robotics-based electronic test equipment and application support services used primarily in defense/aerospace, automotive, battery, life sciences and electronic manufacturing services industries. Alfamation™’s product offerings include functional test equipment for production quality control and product development.

Our Environmental Technologies segment consists of inTEST Thermal Solutions (“iTS”), which manufactures and sells products under the Temptronic®, Sigma, Thermonics® and North Sciences brand names and has operations in Massachusetts, Germany and Singapore. Customers use the thermal solutions produced by iTS for product development, characterization and production test. This segment also offers ultra-cold storage solutions for the life sciences cold chain market. Our Environmental Technologies segment provides these solutions across an array of markets including automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, life sciences and semiconductor.

Our Process Technologies segment consists of (i) Ambrell® which has operations in New York, the Netherlands and the U.K. and (ii) Videology®, which has operations in Massachusetts and the Netherlands. Ambrell® provides customers with induction heating solutions for a wide variety of manufacturing processes. Videology® is a designer, developer and manufacturer of digital streaming and image capturing solutions. Our Process Technologies segment provides these solutions across an array of markets including automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, life sciences, security and semiconductor.

On February 25, 2025, we notified employees of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Videology Imaging Corporation, of our intention to consolidate all operations in the Netherlands into our facility located in Mansfield, Massachusetts. This plan would result in the closure of the Netherlands facility and the termination of certain employees at that location. The consolidation of the Netherlands operations is being undertaken to increase efficiencies and lower operating costs associated with the current operation of Videology®. The consolidation is expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2025 at which point we intend to fully vacate the Netherlands facility.

As a result of this action, we expect to incur cash charges for severance and other one-time termination benefits of $350 thousand. In addition, we expect to incur cash charges for other costs related to the facility consolidation, including moving costs, costs associated with the termination of the Netherlands facility lease and other consolidation costs, ranging from $200 thousand to $300 thousand.

Electronic Test Products

Manipulator Products. We provide a range of manipulators, including the Cobal and the LS Series, to accommodate the unique testing needs and test head weights ranging from 115kg to 1,200kg. Our manipulator line includes hinge, universal and probe only manipulators to hold a variety of test heads, enabling operators to easily reposition them for use with any of several probers or handlers on a test floor.

Our manipulator products incorporate a balanced floating-head design. This design permits a test head weighing up to 1,200kg to be held in an effectively weightless state, so it can be moved manually or with optional powered assistance, up or down, right or left, forward or backward and rotated around each axis (known as six degrees of motion freedom) by an operator using a modest amount of force or with a computer controlled pendant. The same design features enable the operator to dock the test head without causing inadvertent damage to the fragile electrical contacts. As a result, after testing a particular production lot of ICs, the operator can quickly and easily disconnect a test head that is held in an inTEST manipulator and equipped with our docking hardware and dock it to another electronic device handler for testing either a subsequent lot of the same packaged ICs or to test different ICs. With the LS Series manipulators, the undocking, movement of the test head and redocking can be done automatically through the computer-controlled pendant. Our manipulator products generally range in price from approximately $12 thousand to $100 thousand.

Docking Hardware Products. We offer three lines of docking hardware products: fixed manual docking, AERODOCK™ and INTELLIDOCK™ pin and cup docking. All of our docking hardware products protect the delicate interface contacts and ensure proper repeatable and precise alignment between the test head’s interface board and the prober’s probing assembly or the handler’s test socket as they are brought together, or “docked.” Fixed manual docking includes a mechanical cam mechanism to dock and lock the test head to the prober or handler. AERODOCK™ is a new design in our docking hardware product line, bringing to market a cost-effective, pneumatically driven, active docking system. INTELLIDOCK™ is an automated docking solution that provides operator feedback for each docking step via a touchscreen display, and when coupled with the LS Series manipulator, redeployment of the test head can be done automatically and accurately via the computer pendant. All of our docking hardware products eliminate motion of the test head relative to the prober or handler once docked. This minimizes deterioration of the interface boards, test sockets and probing assemblies that is caused by constant vibration during testing. Our docking hardware products are used primarily with floating-head universal manipulators when maximum mobility and interchangeability of handlers and probers between test heads is required. By using our docking hardware products, semiconductor manufacturers can achieve cost savings through improved ATE utilization, improved accuracy and integrity of test results, optimized floor support and reduced repairs and replacements of expensive ATE interface products.

We believe our docking hardware products offer our customers the ability to make various competing brands of test heads compatible with various brands of probers and handlers by only changing interface boards (“plug-compatibility”). Plug-compatibility enables increased flexibility and utilization of test heads, probers and handlers purchased from various ATE manufacturers. We believe that because we do not compete with ATE manufacturers in the sale of probers, handlers or testers, ATE manufacturers are willing to provide us with the information that is integral to the design of plug-compatible products. Our docking hardware products generally range in price from approximately $2 thousand to $25 thousand.

Interface Products. Our tester interface products provide the electrical connections between the tester and the wafer prober or IC handler to carry the electrical signals between the tester and the probe card on the prober or the test socket on the handler. Our designs optimize the integrity of the transmitted signal. Therefore, our tester interfaces can be used with high speed, high frequency, digital or mixed signal testers used in testing more complex ICs. Because our tester interface products enable the tester to provide more reliable yield data, our interfaces may also reduce IC production costs. We design standard and modular interface products to address most possible tester/prober combinations on the market today. In addition, we provide a custom design service that will allow any of our customers to use virtually any tester, prober or handler combination with any type of device, such as analog, digital, mixed signal and radio frequency. For example, our Centaur® modular interface is designed to provide flexibility and scalability through the use of replaceable signal modules which can be easily changed on the test floor as our customers’ testing requirements change. In addition to the Centaur® modular interface, we also offer over 200 different types of tester interface models that we custom designed for our customers’ specific applications. These tester interface products generally range in price from approximately $7 thousand to $175 thousand.

Acculogic Scorpion Flying Probe Test Systems. Acculogic designs and manufactures robotics-based electronic test equipment and provides application support services for OEMs, contract electronic manufacturers and battery manufacturers. These systems are used to structurally test an electronic device including printed circuit board assembly (“PCBA”) and battery interconnect test. Structural testing provides confirmation that the device was manufactured properly by confirming circuits are functioning properly. In addition to testing of the basic circuitry of a PCBA, our Acculogic solutions can integrate various functional testing capabilities such as boundary scan and radio frequency measurement to confirm that the device will perform the functions for which it is designed. Acculogic’s Scorpion Flying Probe system can be quickly programmed to test almost any printed circuit board. This programming is done with computer-aided design or design data of the device to be tested. Traditional in-circuit testing systems require a dedicated fixture for each board to be tested. Acculogic’s Flying Probe system can test a virtually unlimited number of boards without any hardware modifications. These systems generally sell for between $250 thousand and $800 thousand.

Using the flying probe configuration, The STINGRAY Battery Tester employs a set of test heads to measure the electrical resistance of each bond in the battery array. By utilizing the four-wire technique, the tester can perform electrical tests on low-resistance interconnects, even as low as 200uΩ. Each test is completed within milliseconds, ensuring rapid testing of each battery array. The STINGRAY was the first to market a non-contact probe module in 2024. Using advanced magnetic field measurement techniques to assess the interconnect quality without physical contact, this allows for accurate and complete test coverage for both laser-welded and wire bonded interconnects.

Acculogic BRiZ Automated Test and Programming Services: BRiZ is an automated test platform that can consolidate any variety of circuit board test and programming into a single, compact, low-cost test station. These platforms generally sell for between $50 thousand and $250 thousand.

Alfamation Hyperion™ Functional Test Platform: Hyperion™ is an automated Test Platform for PCBA & Assembly level testing, modular and configurable to quickly fit different customer applications. It addresses End-of-Line testing of a broad range of devices, from wireless communication telematics through automotive infotainment and computer control units.

Alfamation Pixelshooter™ Touch Display Tester: Pixelshooter™ is comprehensive and scalable solution for electrical and optical testing of touch displays, including automotive instrument clusters and touch screens, with integrated robotics for haptic feedback, buttons and knobs assessment. It is conceived for 24/7 high volume manufacturing operations and provides hi-res defective pixel detection, color calibration, brightness uniformity and flicker measurement. These products typically sell for between $150 thousand and $250 thousand.

Alfamation Wafer-Level Optical component Tester (WALOT™): WALOT™ is a fully automated test system designed to test passive optical components at Wafer-level, such as diffractive optical elements (“DOE”), meta optical elements (“MOE”) and micro lens array (“MLA”). These optical components are used in consumer electronics devices (i.e. facial recognition) and automotive decorative lighting applications. It combines efficient automation with the capability of handling a wide range of functional tests and is equipped with air-bearing wafer handling system combined with a flexible measurement setup architecture which requires little to no maintenance. These systems generally sell for between $300 thousand and $450 thousand.

Alfamation Flexmedia XM® Specialty Test Modules: Flexmedia XM® is a modular, robust and cost-effective solution for building flexible, scalable, functional testers for applications that include audio and video generators and analyzers, automotive ethernet and communication interfaces, and analog measurements. They address the requirements of many automotive infotainment and wireless telematics functional testing needs. Average selling price of each module is $2 thousand, and they are sold online as well, at www.flexmediaxm.com (http://www.flexmediaxm.com).

Environmental Technologies Products

ThermoStream® Products: Our ThermoStream® products are used in the semi market as a stand-alone temperature management tool, or in a variety of electronic test applications as part of our MobileTemp systems. ThermoStream® products provide a source of heated and cooled air that can be directed over the component or device under test. These systems are capable of controlling temperatures to within +/- 0.1 degree Celsius over a range of -100 degrees Celsius to as high as +300 degrees Celsius within 1.0 degree Celsius of accuracy. As a stand-alone tool, ThermoStreams® provide a temperature-controlled air stream to rapidly change and stabilize the temperature of packaged ICs and other devices.

Our MobileTemp Series combines our ThermoStream® products with our family of exclusive, high-speed ThermoChambers to offer thermal test systems with fast, uniform temperature control in a compact package enabling temperature testing at the test location. MobileTemp Systems are designed specifically for small thermal-mass applications beyond the semi market and have found applications in the automotive, electronic, fiber optic and oil field service markets testing such things as electronic sub-assemblies, sensor assemblies, and printed circuit boards.

Traditionally, our customers use ThermoStream® products primarily in engineering, quality assurance and small-run manufacturing environments. ThermoStream® and MobileTemp products generally range in price from approximately $15 thousand to $55 thousand.

Thermal Chambers: Our thermal chamber products are available in a variety of sizes, from small bench-top units to chambers with internal volumes of twenty-seven cubic feet and greater and with temperature ranges as wide as from -190 degrees Celsius to +500 degrees Celsius. Chambers can be designed to utilize liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide cooling or mechanical refrigeration, and sometimes both. These chambers can accommodate large thermal masses and are found in both laboratory and production environments. Chambers are generally priced from $18 thousand to $150 thousand.

Thermal Platforms: Our thermal platforms are available in surface sizes ranging from 7.2 square inches to 616 square inches. They provide a flat, thermally conductive, precisely temperature controllable surface that is ideal for conditioning of testing devices with a flat surface. Platforms are available with temperature ranges as broad as -100 degrees Celsius to +250 degrees Celsius. Thermal platforms can be designed to utilize either liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide cooling or mechanical refrigeration. Platforms offer virtually unimpeded access to the device under test and their easy access and compact size makes them ideal for convenient bench-top use. Platforms are generally priced from $7 thousand to $65 thousand.

Thermonics® Products: Our Thermonics® temperature conditioning products, which include our process chillers, provide tempered gas or fluid to enable customers to maintain desired thermal conditions within their tool or process. Applications include general industrial, chemical processing, energy, electronics, automotive, defense/aerospace and semiconductor markets. Prices generally range from $25 thousand to $150 thousand.

Ultra-Cold Storage Solutions: Our high-performance biomedical freezers, refrigerators and mobile storage solutions meet versatile applications, including ultra-cold storage solutions for biological sample banks, blood safety, vaccine safety, medical supplies and reagent safety. Prices generally range from $2 thousand to $20 thousand.

Process Technologies Products

EKOHEAT® Products: Our EKOHEAT® induction heating systems with power ratings from 10kW to 1 MW are manufactured by Ambrell® and are used to conduct fast, efficient, repeatable non-contact heating of metals or other electrically conductive materials in order to transform raw materials into finished parts. Prices generally range from $30 thousand to $250 thousand.

EASYHEAT™ Products: Our compact EASYHEAT™ induction heating systems with power ratings from 0.5kW to 10kW are manufactured by Ambrell® and used to conduct fast, efficient, repeatable non-contact heating of metals or other electrically conductive materials in order to transform raw materials into finished parts. Prices generally range from $10 thousand to $25 thousand.

Applications for both EKOHEAT® and EASYHEAT™ products include annealing, bonding, brazing, curing, forging, heat treating, melting, shrink-fitting, soldering and testing.

Digital Streaming and Image Capturing Solutions. Our industrial-grade imaging solutions are designed and manufactured by Videology®. They provide custom solutions for OEMs and end users and specialize in meeting customers’ design specifications for imaging systems. Per unit prices for these products can range up to $3 thousand for a single unit. These products are generally purchased in higher volumes than our other products.

Financial Information About Operating Segments and Geographic Areas

Please see “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note 17. Segment Information” of this Report for additional data regarding revenue, profit or loss and total assets of each of our segments and revenue attributable to foreign countries.

MARKETING, SALES AND CUSTOMER SUPPORT

We market and sell our products globally and across multiple markets, as previously discussed. North American and European semiconductor manufacturers, as well as third-party foundries, test and assembly providers, have located most of their back-end factories in China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. The front-end wafer fabrication plants of U.S. semiconductor manufacturers are primarily in the U.S. Likewise, European, Taiwanese, South Korean and Japanese semiconductor manufacturers generally have located their wafer fabrication plants in their respective countries.

Electronic Test Products: In North America, we sell our inTEST EMS products to semiconductor manufacturers through internal account representatives and independent, commissioned sales representatives. North American sales representatives also coordinate product installation and support with our technical staff and participate in trade shows.

Our internal sales account managers handle sales to ATE manufacturers and are responsible for a portfolio of customer accounts and for managing certain independent sales representatives. In addition, our sales account managers are responsible for pricing, quotations, proposals and transaction negotiations, and they assist with applications engineering and custom product design. Technical support is provided to North American customers by employees based in New Jersey, California and Texas.

In Europe, we sell to semiconductor and ATE manufacturers through our internal sales staff. Technical support is provided by our staff in the U.K. In China, Japan, the Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand, we sell using independent sales representatives who are supervised by our internal sales staff. In Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan, our sales are handled by our internal sales staff. International sales representatives are responsible for sales, installation, support and trade show participation in their geographic market areas. Technical support is provided to Asian customers primarily by employees based in Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan.

Our robotics-based electronic test equipment and automated test programming services are sold in North America through a combination of internal sales staff and manufacturer representatives. Customer support is supplied by a team located throughout North America. In Europe, these products and services are sold through manufacturer representatives and supported with direct employees based in our Hamburg, Germany facility. In Asia, these products and services are sold through a mixture of distributors and manufacturer representatives. Customer support is provided by trained distributors and supplemented by direct employees from North America and Europe.

Our Alfamation products are sold globally through our internal sales staff. Customer support is supplied by teams located in Italy and China.

Environmental Technologies Products: We market our Temptronic®, Sigma, Thermonics®, and North Sciences brands under the umbrella name of inTEST Thermal Solutions and sales to ATE manufacturers are handled directly by our own sales force and our network of independent representatives and distributors. Sales to life sciences customers worldwide are handled directly by our own sales force and by our network of independent representatives and distributors. Sales to semiconductor manufacturers and customers in other markets in the U.S. are handled directly by our own sales force and through independent sales representative organizations. In Singapore, Malaysia, and Philippines, our sales and service are handled directly by our own sales force and through independent sales representative organizations. In the rest of Asia, our sales are handled through distributors. In Europe, sales managers at our office in Germany, as well as regional distributors and independent sales representatives, sell to semiconductor manufacturers and customers in other markets. We communicate with our distributors regularly and have trained them to sell and service our thermal products.

Process Technologies Products: We market our EASYHEAT™ and EKOHEAT® precision induction heating equipment to manufacturers who require specialized industrial heating in a wide array of industries, including automotive, aerospace and semiconductor, and are sold globally through a combination of regional sales managers and independent distributors. In North America, direct regional sales managers provide sales coverage augmented by independent sales representatives. In Europe, direct sales managers provide sales coverage augmented by independent distributors. In Asia, distributors have responsibility for sales and service of our products. We generate a significant portion of our sales leads through our website as well as through trade show attendance where we display our products and technology.

We also provide induction heating product support through our SmartCARE™ Service offering, which includes equipment repairs and training, preventative maintenance, enhanced warranties and spare parts. Our field service engineers, located in the U.S. and Europe, provide service and support globally. Additionally, several distributors in Europe and Asia have factory-trained service technicians.

We market our Videology® industrial camera solutions to OEMs and end users both directly and through distributors. We have both manufacturing and service capabilities in the U.S. and the Netherlands. We acquire our sales from repeat long-term customers, new leads through our website, regional sales managers and distributors as well as through trade show attendance where we display our products and technology.

CUSTOMERS

We market our products to end users including semiconductor manufacturers, third-party foundries and test and assembly providers, as well as to OEMs, which include ATE manufacturers and their third-party outsource manufacturing partners. We also market our products to independent testers of semiconductors, manufacturers of automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, life sciences and security products, semiconductor research facilities, and manufacturers and manufacturing process integrators for a variety of industrial process applications. Our customers use our products principally in production testing or process/manufacturing applications, although our ThermoStream® products traditionally have been used largely in engineering development and quality assurance. We believe that we sell to most of the major semiconductor manufacturers in the world.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, one customer accounted for 13% of our consolidated revenue. This revenue was primarily generated by our Electronic Test segment. During the year ended December 31, 2023, this same customer accounted for 13% of our consolidated revenue.

An important aspect of our 5-Point Strategy includes broadening and diversifying our customer base. We plan to do this both through acquisitions as well as through leveraging current customer relationships, increasing our portfolio of product offerings and expanding our global footprint to better serve existing and new customers. The list of our largest customers in any given period continues to shift as we advance the applications of our technologies, acquire new technologies and grow the business. The loss of any one or more of our largest customers, or a reduction in orders by a major customer, could materially reduce our revenue or otherwise materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLY

At December 31, 2024, our principal manufacturing operations consisted of assembly and testing at our facilities in in the U.S. (New York, Massachusetts and New Jersey), Italy, Canada, Germany and the Netherlands. We assemble most of our products from a combination of standard components and custom parts that have been fabricated to our specifications by either third-party manufacturers or our own facilities. Our practice is to use high quality raw materials and components in our products. The primary raw materials used in fabricated parts are widely available. Substantially all of our components are purchased from multiple suppliers; however, certain raw materials and components are sourced from single suppliers, as discussed further in “Part II; Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Although, from time to time, certain components may be in short supply due to high demand or inability of vendors to meet quality or delivery requirements, we believe that all materials and components are available in adequate amounts from other sources, except as noted above.

We conduct inspections of incoming raw materials, fabricated parts and components using sophisticated measurement equipment. This includes testing with coordinate measuring machines in all but one of our manufacturing facilities to ensure that products with critical dimensions meet our specifications. We have designed our inspection standards to comply with applicable MIL specifications and ANSI standards.

Each of our Massachusetts, New York, and Canada facilities is ISO 9001:2015 certified. Our New Jersey facility manufactures products only for the semiconductor industry where ISO certification is not required, so we do not maintain any ISO certifications there. However, this location does employ the practices embodied in the ISO 9001:2008.

Our Massachusetts facility and our Acculogic office in Canada are International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”) compliant enabling them to support the specific requirement of the U.S. Department of Defense. Our Canadian facility is compliant with the Canadian Controlled Goods Program, enabling them to support the Canadian Department of Defense.

ENGINEERING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Our success depends on our ability to provide our customers with products and solutions that are well engineered and to design those products and solutions before, or at least no later than, our competitors. At December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 100 engineers engaged in engineering and product development. In addition, when the demands of engineering and product development projects exceed the capacity or knowledge of our in-house staff, we retain temporary third-party engineering and product development consultants to assist us. Our practice in many cases is to assign engineers to work with specific customers, thereby enabling us to develop the relationships and exchange of information that is most conducive to successful product development and enhancement. In addition, some of our engineers are assigned to new product research and development and have worked on such projects as the development of new types of universal manipulators, the redesign and development of new thermal products and the development of high-performance interfaces.

Since most of our products are customized, we consider substantially all of our engineering activities to be engineering and product development. In the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we spent approximately $8.5 million and $7.6 million, respectively, on engineering and product development.

PATENTS AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

We intend to protect our technology by filing patent applications for the technologies that we consider important to our business. We also rely on trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and unpatented know-how to protect our proprietary rights.

We believe our intellectual property has value, and we have taken in the past, and will take in the future, actions we deem appropriate to protect such property from misappropriation. There can be no assurance, however, that such actions will provide meaningful protection from competition. In the absence of intellectual property protection, we may be vulnerable to competitors who attempt to copy or imitate our products or processes. For additional information regarding risks related to our intellectual property, see “Part I; Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report.

While we believe that our patents and other proprietary rights are important to our business, we also believe that, due to the rapid pace of technological change in the markets we serve, the successful manufacture and sale of our products also depends upon our engineering, manufacturing, marketing and servicing skills.

It is our practice to require that all of our employees and third-party product development consultants assign to us all rights to inventions or other discoveries relating to our business that were made while working for us. In addition, all employees and third-party product development consultants agree not to disclose any private or confidential information relating to our technology, trade secrets or intellectual property.

At December 31, 2024, we held 21 active U.S. patents and had one pending U.S. patent applications covering various aspects of our technology. Our U.S. patents expire at various times beginning in 2025 and extending through 2039. During 2024, no U.S. patents were issued and 9 U.S. patents expired. We do not believe that the upcoming expiration of certain of our patents in 2025 will have a material impact on our business. We also hold foreign patents and file foreign patent applications, in selected cases corresponding to our U.S. patents and patent applications, to the extent management deems appropriate.

COMPETITION

We operate in an increasingly competitive environment within all of our operating segments. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources and more extensive design and production capabilities than us. Certain markets in which we operate have become more fragmented, with smaller companies entering the market. These new smaller entrants typically have much lower levels of fixed operating overhead than us, which enables them to be profitable with lower priced products. In order to remain competitive with these and other companies, we must continue to commit a significant portion of our personnel, financial resources, research and development and customer support to developing new products and maintaining customer relationships worldwide.

Our competitors include independent manufacturers, ATE manufacturers and, to a lesser extent, semiconductor manufacturers’ in-house ATE interface groups. Competitive factors in the markets we serve include price, functionality, timely product delivery, customer service, applications support, product performance and reliability. We believe that our long-term relationships with our customers in the various markets we support and our commitment to, and reputation for, providing high quality products, are important elements in our ability to compete effectively in all of our markets.

Our principal competitors for manipulator products, docking hardware products and tester interface products are Advantest Corporation, Esmo AG, Reid-Ashman Manufacturing Inc. and Teradyne, Inc. Our principal competitors for Acculogic products are Digitaltest GmbH, Seica S.p.A., SPEA S.p.A., and Takaya Corporation. Our main competitors for Alfamation™ test equipment are NOFFZ Technologies GmbH, Konrad Technologies GmbH, TST Total Solutions Technology Ltd, MCD Elektronik GmbH and Averna Technologies Inc. For Flexmedia XM® products, our principal competitors are Intrepid Control Systems Inc, GÖPEL electronic GmbH, TZ Electronic Systems GmbH and Solectrix GmbH.

Our principal competitors for ThermoStream® products are FTS Systems, a part of ATS Corporation, and MPI Corporation. Our principal competitors for environmental chambers are Cincinnati Sub-Zero Products, Inc., Espec Corp. and Thermotron Industries. Our principal competitor for thermal platforms is Environmental Stress Systems Inc. Our principal competitors for liquid chillers include Huber Kältemaschinenbau AG, Julabo GmbH, Boyd Corporation, and Advanced Thermal Sciences Corporation. Our principal competitors for life sciences products include Panasonic Health Care Holdings Corporation, Haier Group Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, and Eppendoerf AG.

Our principal competitors for EKOHEAT® and EASYHEAT™ products are Inductotherm Corporation, Park-Ohio Holdings Corporation, ENRX Corporation, Trumpf Hüttinger GmbH, Ultraflex Power Technologies and CEIA S.p.A. Our digital streaming and image capturing solutions products compete in a large space with multiple small competitors. We do not believe that there is a competitor that has over 5% share of the current market.

BACKLOG

At December 31, 2024, our backlog of unfilled orders for all products was $39.5 million compared with $40.1 million at December 31, 2023. Our backlog consists of purchase orders that we have accepted, substantially all of which we expect to deliver in 2025. While backlog is calculated on the basis of firm purchase orders, a customer may cancel an order or accelerate or postpone currently scheduled delivery dates. Our backlog may be affected by the tendency of customers to rely on shorter lead times available from suppliers, including us, in periods of depressed demand. In periods of increased demand, there is a tendency towards longer lead times, which has the effect of increasing backlog. As a result of these factors, our backlog at a particular date is not necessarily indicative of sales for any future period. See also the discussion of backlog in “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; Overview; Orders and Backlog.”

EMPLOYEES

At December 31, 2024, we had 425 employees (393 of which were full-time), including 209 based domestically and 216 based outside the United States. Substantially all of our key employees are highly skilled and trained technical personnel. Only two of our employees (both outside the United States) are represented by a labor union, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. From time to time, we retain temporary workers or third-party contractors to assist us in manufacturing operations and engineering and product development projects.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports that are filed with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), are available free of charge through our website (www.intest.com (http://www.intest.com)) as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We also routinely post press releases, presentations, webcasts and other information regarding the Company on our website. The information posted to our website is not part of this Report.

The following are some of the factors that could materially and adversely affect our future performance or could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks facing us and we cannot predict every event and circumstance that may adversely affect our business. However, these risks and uncertainties are the most significant factors that we have identified at this time. If one or more of these risks actually occurs, our business, results of operations and/or financial condition could suffer, and the price of our stock could be negatively affected.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR ACQUISITION AND GROWTH STRATEGY

We seek to grow our business through the acquisition of additional businesses. If we are unable to do so, our future rate of growth may be reduced or limited. We may incur significant expenses related to due diligence or other transaction-related expenses for a proposed acquisition that may not be completed.

A key element of our growth strategy is to acquire businesses, technologies or products that are complementary to our current product offerings. We seek to make acquisitions that will further expand our product lines as well as strengthen our positions in served markets and provide expansion into new markets. We may not be able to execute our acquisition strategy and our future growth may be limited if:

• we are unable to identify suitable businesses, technologies or products to acquire;
• we do not have sufficient cash or access to required capital at the necessary time;
• we are unwilling or unable to outbid larger companies with greater resources; or
• we are unable to successfully close proposed acquisitions.

We may incur significant expenses related to due diligence or other transaction-related expenses for a proposed acquisition that may not be completed, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our acquisition strategy involves financial and management risks which may adversely affect our results in the future.

If we acquire additional businesses, technologies or products, we will face the following additional risks:

• acquisitions could divert management’s attention from daily operations or otherwise require additional management, operational and financial resources;
• we might not be able to integrate acquisitions into our business successfully or operate acquired businesses profitably;
• we may realize substantial acquisition-related expenses that would reduce our net earnings in future years;
• we may not realize the expected benefits of such acquisitions;
• our investigation of potential acquisition candidates may not reveal problems and liabilities of the companies and businesses that we acquire;

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• any acquisitions may pose risks associated with entry into new geographic markets, including outside the U.S., distribution channels, lines of business or product categories, where we may not have significant or any prior experience and where we may not be as successful or profitable as we are in businesses and geographic regions where we have greater familiarity and brand recognition;
• an acquisition may result in disparate information technology, internal control, financial reporting and record-keeping systems;
• an acquisition may result in employee anxiety, morale and/or engagement issues and employees not familiar with our business;
• an acquisition may result in the loss of our or the acquired company’s key personnel, customers, distributors or suppliers; and
• we may become exposed to litigation or claims associated with an acquisition.

If any of the events described above occur, our earnings could be reduced and may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and ability to grow our business or otherwise achieve our financial and strategic objectives. If we issue shares of our stock or other rights to purchase our stock in connection with any future acquisitions, the issuance will dilute our existing stockholders’ interests and our earnings per share may decrease. If we issue or incur debt in connection with any future acquisitions, lenders may require that we pledge our assets to secure repayment of such debt and impose covenants on us, which could, among other things, restrict our ability to increase capital expenditures or to acquire additional businesses.

We may attempt to acquire a business that would require us to issue equity or incur significant debt from third parties. If we are unable to secure sufficient financing at terms that are acceptable to us, we may not be able to close the proposed acquisition. Additionally, should we incur significant debt, we may not be able to achieve compliance with all covenants related to the debt depending on our financial results in future periods.

In connection with our acquisition strategy, we may pursue potential acquisition opportunities which could require us to issue equity or obtain significant third-party financing to close the proposed transaction. We may encounter difficulties in securing necessary financing at terms that would be acceptable to us and may not be able to close on the proposed acquisition. In addition, should we incur significant third-party debt, our future financial results may be negatively impacted by external factors, such as an economic recession, which may impact our ability to achieve compliance with any covenants related to the debt as well as make the required payments under the terms of the indebtedness.

We may acquire businesses in the future and utilize an earnout structure as we have done in prior transactions we have closed. In connection with the earnout, we may be required to accrue significant increases or decreases to the contingent consideration liability we would establish. These adjustments to the contingent consideration liability could cause our results of operations to have increased variability, which may negatively impact our stock’s trading price.

We may utilize an earnout structure on future acquisitions as we have done in prior transactions we have closed. The initial contingent consideration liability is established as part of the accounting for the business combination. In subsequent periods, we are required to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with any earnout on a quarterly basis and record an adjustment to the contingent consideration liability in our results of operations for the period concerned. The contingent consideration adjustment we record quarterly may cause increased variability in our future results of operations, which may cause fluctuations in our stock price.

In connection with our acquisition of Acculogic we have recorded a contingent consideration liability that represents the fair value of additional payments we may make to the seller of up to an additional CAD $5.0 million in the five-year period from 2022 through 2026. The additional payments will be based on a percentage of net invoices for which payments have been received on systems sold to EV battery customers exceeding CAD $2.5 million per year in each of the five years. The maximum payment is capped at CAD $5.0 million, which equates to approximately USD $3.5 million at December 31, 2024. There were no payments due for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022, while an immaterial amount is due for 2024 and is recorded as a component of other current liabilities. The fair value of this contingent consideration liability involves assessing the total amount of revenue we expect from sales to EV or battery customers during the applicable time periods as well as when we expect to receive payment for the related net invoices. At December 31, 2024, the total contingent consideration liability on our balance sheet was USD $0.9 million which was its estimated fair value at that date. Any future adjustments to the estimated fair value of the contingent liability will be recorded in our results of operations for the period in which the adjustment occurs.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth and operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

As we implement our business strategy as intended, we have and may in the future experience rapid growth and development in a relatively short period of time. The management of this growth will require, among other things, continued development of our financial and management controls and management information systems, stringent control of costs, the ability to attract and retain qualified management personnel and the training of new personnel. Failure to successfully manage our possible growth and development could have a material adverse effect on our business.

There is a risk that some or all of the anticipated strategic and financial benefits may fail to materialize, may not continue on their existing terms, or may not occur within the time period anticipated. Although we have conducted due diligence with respect to material aspects of the development of our business, there is no certainty that our due diligence procedures will reveal all of the risks and liabilities associated with our current plans. Although we are not aware of any specific liabilities, such liabilities may be unknown and, accordingly, the potential monetary cost of such liability is also unknown.

We may fail to effectively integrate acquired businesses into our operations or otherwise fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisitions.

If we fail to accurately assess and successfully integrate any recent or future acquisitions, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits, which could result in lower revenue, unanticipated operating expenses, and financial losses. Successful integration involves many challenges, including:

• the difficulty of integrating acquired operations and personnel with our existing operations;
• the difficulty of developing, manufacturing, and marketing new products and services;
• the diversion of our management’s attention as a result of evaluating, negotiating and integrating acquisitions;
• in some cases, our exposure to unforeseen liabilities of acquired companies; and
• the loss of key employees of an acquired business operation.

In addition, an acquisition could adversely impact cash flows, operating results, and stockholder interests, for many reasons, including:

• contingent consideration payments;
• the issuance of securities in connection with an acquisition or new business venture that dilutes or lessens the rights of our current stockholders;
• charges to our income to reflect the impairment of acquired intangible assets, including goodwill; and
• interest costs and debt service requirements for any debt incurred in connection with an acquisition or new business venture.

The anticipated benefit of any of our acquisitions may never materialize. Future acquisitions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses, or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. Future acquisitions may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR MARKETS

Our sales are affected by the cyclicality of the semi market, which causes our operating results to fluctuate significantly.

A significant portion of our business depends upon the capital expenditures of semiconductor manufacturers. Capital expenditures by these companies depend upon, among other things, the current and anticipated market demand for semiconductors and the products that utilize them. Typically, semiconductor manufacturers curtail capital expenditures during periods of economic downturn. Conversely, semiconductor manufacturers increase capital expenditures when market demand requires the addition of new or expanded production capabilities or the reconfiguration of existing fabrication facilities to accommodate new products. These market changes have contributed in the past, and will likely continue to contribute in the future, to fluctuations in our operating results.

We seek to further diversify the markets for our products in order to increase the proportion of our sales attributable to markets which are less subject to cyclicality than the semi market. If we are unable to do so, our future performance will remain substantially exposed to the fluctuations of the cyclicality of the semi market.

We sell certain of our products in markets other than the semi market, including the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, life sciences and security markets. During 2024 and 2023, our sales to markets other than the semi market were $82.0 million and $57.6 million, respectively, and represented 63% and 47% of our consolidated revenue, respectively. Our goal is to increase our sales to markets other than the semi market; however, in most cases, the expansion of our product sales into these new markets has occurred in the last several years, and we may experience difficulty in expanding our sales efforts further into these markets. These difficulties could include hiring sales and marketing staff with sufficient experience selling into these new markets and our ability to continue to develop products which meet the needs of customers in these markets and which are not currently offered by our competitors. In addition, due to the highly specialized nature of certain of our product offerings in these markets, we do not expect broad market penetration in many of these markets. If we are unable to expand these sales, our revenue and results of operations will remain substantially dependent upon the cycles of the semi market.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS

If our suppliers do not meet product or delivery requirements, or inflationary pressures continue to increase and we cannot increase our prices to our customers, we could have reduced revenues and earnings.

During 2022, as global supply chain constraints became more pronounced, we experienced price increases and lack of availability from several of our normal suppliers for the materials needed to produce our products in a timely manner and/or with the level of margins we typically expect to achieve. While the global supply chain seems to have returned to a more normalized state as of the end of 2024, ongoing uncertainty from geopolitical events and the global trade environment, including changes in the United States’ or international trade policy, tariffs, export controls, quotas, embargoes, or sanctions may trigger additional retaliatory actions by affected countries resulting in “trade wars” and further increased costs for goods and materials transported globally, which may negatively impact our customers, revenues and earnings. Furthermore, certain components of our products may continue to be in short supply from time to time because of high demand or the inability of some vendors to consistently meet our quality or delivery requirements. A significant portion of our material purchases require some custom work, and there are not always multiple suppliers capable of performing such custom work on a timely or cost-effective basis. If any of our suppliers were to cancel commitments or fail to meet quality or delivery requirements needed to satisfy customer orders for our products, we could lose time-sensitive customer orders, have reduced revenues and earnings, experience reputational harm and be subject to contractual penalties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, we may not be able to raise our prices to our customers in an amount or timeframe sufficient to offset the increases in price we are experiencing from our suppliers. This could result in a reduction in our earnings in future periods.

A breach of our operational or security systems could negatively affect our business, our reputation and results of operations.

We rely on various information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit and store electronic information, including confidential data, and to carry out and support a variety of business activities, including manufacturing, research and development, supply chain management, sales and accounting. A failure in, or a breach of, our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our suppliers and other service providers, including as a result of cyberattacks, could disrupt our business, result in the disclosure or misuse of proprietary or confidential information, result in litigation, damage our reputation, cause losses and significantly increase our costs. Although we have been and continue to be the target of security breaches, we have not experienced material losses to date related to such incidents. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. In addition, domestic and international regulatory agencies have implemented, and are continuing to implement, various reporting and remediation requirements that companies must comply with upon learning of a breach. While we have insurance that may protect us from incurring some of these costs, there is no assurance that such insurance coverage is adequate to cover all costs and damages incurred in connection with a cyberattack.

We are subject to significant environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and related compliance expenditures and liabilities.

Our businesses are subject to many foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, particularly with respect to the use, handling, treatment, storage, discharge and disposal of substances and hazardous wastes used or generated in our manufacturing processes. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in our business. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenditures to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations and permit requirements could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or enforcement actions, including regulatory or judicial orders enjoining or curtailing operations or requiring corrective measures, installation of pollution control equipment or remedial actions.

We expect to continue to be subject to increasingly stringent environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. It is difficult to predict the future interpretation and development of environmental and health and safety laws and regulations or their impact on our future earnings and operations. We anticipate that compliance will continue to require increased capital expenditures and operating costs. Any increase in these costs, or unanticipated liabilities arising from, among other things, discovery of previously unknown conditions or more aggressive enforcement actions, could adversely affect our results of operations, and there is no assurance that they will not exceed our reserves or have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

In prior periods, our management identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If other material weaknesses are identified in the future, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our Company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

As further explained in “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures,” in prior periods, our management identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which have been remediated as of December 31, 2024. We cannot be certain that other material weaknesses will not occur in the future. If material weaknesses are identified in the future, or if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, our reported financial results could be materially misstated and we could be subject to investigations or sanctions by regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources, and the value of our common stock could decline.

If we are not able to maintain internal controls and procedures in accordance with the requirements of applicable securities laws, rules, and regulations, including, without limitation, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of our Common Shares. The existence of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us.

Our business may suffer if we are unable to attract and retain key employees or hire personnel at the costs we currently project.

Our future success will depend largely upon the continued services of our senior management and other key employees or the development of successors with commensurate skills and talents in a timely fashion and at the costs we project. If we cannot continue to increase employee salaries and maintain employee benefits commensurate with competitive opportunities, we may not be able to retain our senior management and other key employees. The loss of key personnel could adversely affect our ability to manage our business effectively and could increase our costs in future periods.

We have recently experienced difficulty in hiring personnel at the costs projected in our forecasts. This has resulted in the need to increase the labor rates offered for certain positions. If we cannot find savings in other areas or increase the price for which we sell our products in an amount sufficient to cover these additional labor costs, we may experience reduced margins in future periods.

We have experienced and may continue to experience significant variability in our effective tax rates and may have exposure to additional tax liabilities and costs.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various other countries in which we operate. Our effective tax rate is dependent on where our earnings are generated and the tax regulations and the interpretation and judgment of administrative tax or revenue entities in the U.S. and other countries. We are also subject to tax audits in the countries where we operate. Any material assessment resulting from an audit from an administrative tax or revenue entity could negatively affect our financial results.

The terms and covenants relating to our credit facility could adversely impact our ability to pursue our strategy and our financial performance and liquidity, and thus we may need additional financial resources to maintain our liquidity.

Our credit facility with M&T Bank (“M&T”) contains covenants requiring us to, among other things, provide financial and other information and to provide notice upon the occurrence of certain events affecting us or our business. These covenants also place restrictions on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, and enter into certain transactions, including selling assets, engaging in mergers or acquisitions, or engaging in transactions with affiliates. If we fail to satisfy one or more of the covenants under our credit facility, we would be in default thereunder and may be required to repay such debt with capital from other sources or otherwise not be able to draw down against our facility. Under such circumstances, we may have difficulty in locating another lender that would be willing to extend credit to us, and other sources of capital may not be available to us on reasonable terms or at all.

At June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all of the covenants included in our credit facility, except for the fixed charge coverage ratio financial covenant which was 1.16 to 1.0 for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, for which we received a one-time waiver from M&T. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all of the covenants included in our credit facility. See “Part II; Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; Liquidity and Capital Resources; Credit Facility” and “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (10) Debt” in this Report for a discussion of the material terms of our credit facility.

We hold our cash and cash equivalents that we use to meet our working capital needs in deposit accounts that could be adversely affected if the financial institutions holding such funds fail.

We hold our cash and cash equivalents that we use to meet our working capital needs in deposit accounts at multiple financial institutions. The balance held in these accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), standard deposit insurance limit or similar government guarantee schemes. If a financial institution in which we hold such funds fails or is subject to significant adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, we could be subject to a risk of loss of all or a portion of such uninsured funds or be subject to a delay in accessing all or a portion of such uninsured funds. Any such loss or lack of access to these funds could adversely impact our short-term liquidity and ability to meet our obligations.

For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, and on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank, were closed by state regulators and the FDIC was appointed receiver for each bank. The FDIC created successor bridge banks and all deposits of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank were transferred to the bridge banks under a systemic risk exception approved by the United States Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC. If financial institutions in which we hold funds for working capital were to fail, we cannot provide any assurances that such governmental agencies would take action to protect our uninsured deposits in a similar manner.

We also maintain investment accounts with other financial institutions in which we hold our investments and, if access to the funds we use for working capital is impaired, we may not be able to sell investments or transfer funds from our investment accounts to new accounts on a timely basis sufficient to meet our working capital needs.

We face risks associated with doing business in China.

We conduct sales and other business operations in China, as a result, the economic, political, legal and social conditions in China could harm our business. In recent years, the Chinese economy has experienced periods of rapid expansion and high rates of inflation. These factors have led to the adoption by the Chinese government, from time to time, of various corrective measures designed to restrict the availability of credit or regulate growth and contain inflation. Various factors may in the future cause the Chinese government to impose controls on credit or prices, or to take other action, which could inhibit economic activity in China, and thereby harm the market for our products. In addition, the legal system in China has inherent uncertainties that may limit the legal protections available in the event of any claims or disputes that we have with third parties, including our ability to protect the intellectual property we develop in China or elsewhere. As China’s legal system is still evolving, the interpretation of many laws, regulations and rules is not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit the remedies available in the event of any claims or disputes with third parties. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Some of the other risks related to doing business in China include:

• The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities;
• Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive, transfer and use our cash effectively;
• Increased uncertainties related to the enforcement of intellectual property rights including any intellectual property rights that we may license to a Chinese (or other emerging jurisdiction) entity, including any joint ventures we may form;
• Increased uncertainties relating to Chinese regulation of exports of products and technology to and from China;
• Increased and rapidly changing export and related trade regulations and restrictions imposed by U.S. and Chinese legislation, executive actions and regulations;
• Difficulty of travel to and from China (and to and from United States) arising from or related to the COVID-19 pandemic or any future pandemic;
• The Chinese government may favor its local businesses and make it more difficult for foreign businesses to operate in China on an equal footing, or create generally difficult conditions for foreign headquartered businesses to operate;
• Increased uncertainties related to the enforcement of contracts with certain parties;
• More restrictive rules on foreign investment could adversely affect our ability to expand our operations in China; and
• Geopolitical tensions between China on the one hand and the United States and/or the European Union on the other hand, may increase and may lead to increased export sanctions with Chinese entities and sanctions made against China.

As a result of our growing operations in China, these risks could harm our business.

We face political and other risks conducting business in Taiwan particularly due to their tense relationships with China.

We have customers located in Taiwan. Accordingly, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be affected by changes in governmental and economic policies in Taiwan, social instability and diplomatic and social developments in or affecting Taiwan due to its unique international political status. Although significant economic and cultural relations have been established between Taiwan and China, we cannot assure that relations between Taiwan and China will not face political or economic uncertainties in the future. Any deterioration in the relations between Taiwan and China, and other factors affecting military, political or economic conditions in Taiwan, could disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR CUSTOMER BASE

Changes in the buying patterns of our customers have affected, and may continue to affect, demand for our products and our gross and net operating margins. Such changes in patterns are difficult to predict and may not be immediately apparent.

In addition to the cyclicality of the semi market, demand for our products and our gross and net operating margins have also been affected by changes in the buying patterns of our customers. Some of the changes in customer buying patterns that have impacted us in the past, and may continue to do so in the future, have included customers placing heightened emphasis on shorter lead times (which places increased demands on our available engineering and production capacity and may result in increasing unit costs) and ordering in smaller quantities (which prevents us from acquiring component materials in larger volumes at lower unit costs). We have also experienced customer supply chain management groups demanding lower prices and spreading purchases across multiple vendors. We believe some of the changes in customer buying patterns are the result of changes within the semi market over the last several years, including, for example, changing product requirements and longer time periods between new product offerings by OEMs. Such shifts in market practices have had, and may continue to have, varying degrees of impact on our revenue and our gross and net operating margins. Such shifts are difficult to predict and may not be immediately apparent, and the impact of these practices is difficult to quantify from period to period. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing effective strategies to counter these shifts.

We generate a large portion of our sales from a small number of customers. If we were to lose one or more of our large customers, our operating results could suffer dramatically.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, one customer accounted for 13% of our consolidated revenue. This revenue was primarily generated by our Electronic Test segment. During the year ended December 31, 2023, this same customer accounted for 13% of our consolidated revenue. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 45% and 42% of our consolidated revenue, respectively. The loss of any one or more of our largest customers, or a reduction in orders by a major customer could materially reduce our net revenues or otherwise materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO COMPETITION

Our business is subject to intense competition, which has in the past and could in the future, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face significant competition throughout the world in each of our operating segments. Some of our competitors have substantial financial resources and more extensive design and production capabilities than us. Some of our competitors are much smaller than we are and therefore have much lower levels of overhead than us, which enables them to sell their competing products at lower prices. To remain competitive, we must continually commit a significant portion of our personnel and financial resources to developing new products and maintaining customer satisfaction worldwide. We expect our competitors to continue to improve the performance of their current products and introduce new products or technologies. In the recent past, in response to significant declines in global demand for our products, some competitors have reduced their product pricing significantly, which has led to intensified price-based competition, which has and could continue to materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our markets are subject to rapid technological change, and our business prospects would be negatively affected if we are unable to quickly and effectively respond to innovation in the semi market or other markets that we serve.

Technology, including semiconductor technology, continues to become more complex as the pace of innovation and development of new technology increases. In addition, manufacturers are incorporating ICs into an increasing variety of products. This trend, including the changes needed in automated testing systems to respond to developments in the semiconductor market, are likely to continue. We cannot be certain that we will be successful or timely in developing, manufacturing or selling products that will satisfy customer needs or that will attain market acceptance. Our failure to provide products that effectively and timely meet customer needs or gain market acceptance will negatively affect our business prospects.

RISKS RELATED TO FOREIGN OPERATIONS

The continuing conflict in the Ukraine could disrupt our supply chain or cause other adverse effects on our revenue and earnings.

In late February 2022, Russia initiated significant military action against Ukraine. In response, the U.S. and certain other countries imposed significant sanctions and trade actions against Russia. Recently, the U.S. added sanctions to Belarus. The U.S. and certain other countries could impose further sanctions, trade restrictions and other retaliatory actions should the conflict continue or worsen. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of the conflict, including related geopolitical tensions, and the measures and retaliatory actions taken by the U.S. and other countries in respect thereof, as well as any counter measures or retaliatory actions by Russia or its allies in response. The continuing conflict has caused regional instability and could cause geopolitical shifts and could materially adversely affect global trade, currency exchange rates, regional economies and the global economy, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

The conflict and actions taken in response to the conflict could increase our costs or disrupt our supply chain for certain unique materials. Specifically, Acculogic purchases certain parts from a key sole-source supplier in Belarus, which is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast and Ukraine to the south. In August 2024, the United States, Canada and the European Union added additional sanctions on certain companies based in Belarus, including this key sole-source supplier. We are complying with these sanctions and have not received materials from this supplier since the restrictions were announced. As a result, we have a limited supply of these parts. We are currently in the process of qualifying an alternate supplier for these parts. In addition, in December 2024, we submitted a request to the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) to allow us a temporary license to purchase a limited quantity of these parts from this supplier. This application is currently pending OFAC review. There can be no assurance that we will be granted a license by OFAC in a timely matter or at all, that if granted a license by OFAC that such supplier in Belarus will be willing or able to provide these parts on reasonable commercial terms or at all, or that we will be able to identify and qualify an alternative supplier for these parts in a timely matter or at all. If we cannot source this material from alternate suppliers for similar costs, our revenue and earnings could be adversely affected.

We have a sole source supplier of components in Israel and the continuing Hamas-Israel conflict could disrupt our supply chain or cause other adverse effects on our revenue and earnings.

In early October 2023, Hamas attacked Israel and Israel formally declared war in response to the attack. While some efforts have been made towards a cessation of hostilities, the conflict is ongoing, and it is unclear when it might end. The continuing conflict is likely to cause regional instability and could materially adversely affect global trade, regional economies and the global economy, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our subsidiary, Ambrell® has a sole source supplier of capacitors used in certain of our induction heating products that is located in Israel. This supplier is the sole source supplier of capacitors for numerous induction companies, and currently there are no viable alternatives available. There can be no assurance that the situation will not worsen, which could impact our ability to assemble and ship certain of our induction heating products which could have a material impact on our results of operations in future periods.

A substantial portion of our customers are located outside the U.S., which exposes us to foreign political and economic risks.

We have operated internationally for many years and expect to expand our international operations to continue expansion of our sales and service to our non-U.S. customers. Our foreign subsidiaries generated 39% and 24% of consolidated revenue in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Revenue from foreign customers totaled $77.1 million, or 59% of consolidated revenue in 2024, and $78.1 million, or 63% of consolidated revenue in 2023. We expect our revenue from foreign customers will continue to represent a significant portion of total revenue. In addition to the risks generally associated with sales and operations in the U.S., sales to customers outside the U.S. and operations in foreign countries are subject to additional risks, which may, in the future, affect our operations. These risks include:

• the effects of certain foreign customers being added to the list of restricted customers by the U.S. Department of Commerce;
• the implementation of trade tariffs by the U.S. and other countries that would impact our products;
• political and economic instability in foreign countries;
• the imposition of financial and operational controls and regulatory restrictions by foreign governments;
• the need to comply with a wide variety of U.S. and foreign import and export laws;
• local business and cultural factors that differ from our normal standards and practices, including business practices that we are prohibited from engaging in by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws and regulations;
• trade restrictions;
• changes in taxes;
• longer payment cycles;
• fluctuations in currency exchange rates; and
• the greater difficulty of administering business abroad.

A significant portion of our cash position is maintained overseas and we may not be able to repatriate cash from overseas when necessary, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

While much of our cash is in the U.S., a significant portion is generated from and maintained by our foreign operations. At December 31, 2024, $8.6 million, or 44% of our cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries. Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted if we are unable to maintain a sufficient level of cash flow in the U.S. to address our cash requirements and if we are unable to efficiently and timely repatriate cash from overseas. Any payment of distributions, loans or advances to us by our foreign subsidiaries could be subject to restrictions on, or taxation of, dividends or repatriation of earnings under applicable local law, monetary transfer restrictions and foreign currency exchange regulations in the jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries operate. If we are unable to repatriate the earnings of our subsidiaries, it could have an adverse impact on our ability to redeploy earnings in other jurisdictions where they could be used more profitably.

RISKS RELATED TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Claims of intellectual property infringement by or against us could seriously harm our businesses.

From time to time, we have been and may again be forced to respond to or prosecute intellectual property infringement claims to defend or protect our rights or a customer’s rights. These claims, regardless of merit, may consume valuable management time, result in costly litigation or cause product shipment delays. Any of these factors could seriously harm our business and operating results. We may have to enter into royalty or licensing agreements with third parties who claim infringement. These royalty or licensing agreements, if available, may be costly to us. If we are unable to enter into royalty or licensing agreements with satisfactory terms, our business could suffer. In instances where we have had reason to believe that we may be infringing the patent rights of others, or that someone may be infringing our patent rights, we have asked our patent counsel to evaluate the validity of the patents in question, as well as the potentially infringing conduct. If we become involved in a dispute, neither the third parties nor the courts are bound by our counsel’s conclusions.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, we may lose a valuable asset or may incur costly litigation to protect our rights.

We protect the technology that is incorporated in our products in several ways, including through patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection and by contractual agreement. However, even with these protections, our intellectual property may still be challenged, invalidated or subject to other infringement actions. While we believe that our intellectual property has value in the aggregate, no single element of our intellectual property is in itself essential. If a significant portion of our intellectual property is invalidated or ineffective, our business could be materially adversely affected.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR OPERATING RESULTS AND STOCK PRICE

Our operating results often change significantly from quarter to quarter and may cause fluctuations in our stock price.

Historically, our operating results have fluctuated significantly from quarter to quarter. We believe that these fluctuations occur primarily due to the cycles of demand in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. In addition to these changing cycles of demand, other factors that have caused our quarterly operating results to fluctuate in the past or that may cause fluctuations and losses in the future, include:

• costs related to due diligence and transaction-related expenses for a proposed acquisition that does not get completed;
• costs and timing of integration of our acquisitions and plant consolidations and relocations;
• changes in demand in the markets we serve including the automotive, defense/aerospace, industrial, life sciences and security markets;
• the state of the U.S. and global economies;
• changes in the buying patterns of our customers including any changes in the rate of, and timing of, purchases by our customers;
• the impact of interruptions in our supply chain caused by external factors;
• changes in our market share;
• the impact of COVID-19 or any other pandemic on our business;
• the technological obsolescence of our inventories;
• quantities of our inventories greater than is reasonably likely to be utilized in future periods;
• fluctuations in the level of product warranty charges;
• competitive pricing pressures;
• excess manufacturing capacity;
• our ability to control operating costs;
• delays in shipments of our products;
• the mix of our products sold;
• the mix of customers and geographic regions where we sell our products;
• changes in the level of our fixed costs;
• costs associated with the development of our proprietary technology;
• our ability to obtain raw materials or fabricated parts when needed;

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• increases in costs of component materials;
• cancellation or rescheduling of orders by our customers;
• changes in government regulations; and
• geopolitical instability.

Because the market price of our common stock has tended to vary based on, and in relation to, changes in our operating results, fluctuations in the market price of our stock are likely to continue as variations in our quarterly results continue.

Cyber Security Governance

Oversight of cybersecurity risks by management is led by our Information Technology (“IT”) Committee, which is chaired by our Corporate Vice President of IT and Cybersecurity and comprised of members of senior management including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Among its responsibilities, the IT Committee identifies our material cyber risks and reviews the strategies, processes and controls in place to facilitate the understanding, identification, prevention, measurement, reporting and mitigation of those risks. The IT Committee meets quarterly to review our cyber risk management strategy. A member of the Board attends these meetings as an observer.

The Board and senior management provide general oversight and support to the IT Committee. The Board periodically reviews, appraises and discusses with management the effectiveness of our information technology security, data privacy and cyber security and related risks.

Risk Management and Strategy

Cybersecurity is a key component of our overall risk management system. We are implementing processes that are designed to effectively manage risks from cybersecurity threats. The IT Committee currently has in place an Incident Response Plan (the “IRP”). The IRP lays out our guidelines for responding to and handling cyber incidents. The IRP helps to ensure a quick and organized response in the event of a cyber incident and helps ensure all necessary members of management, the Board and legal counsel are informed so action can be taken as soon as possible. Under the IRP, once a cyber incident is identified, a response team will review the details of the cyber incident, inform management and the Board and work to secure our systems and fix the vulnerability. An investigation will be conducted, with the assistance of third-party consultants if needed, to determine the root cause of the cyber incident, the materiality of the cyber incident, and any disclosure or legal obligations that will stem from the cyber incident.

To enhance our cybersecurity defenses and reduce the risk of cybersecurity incidents, we have integrated a range of third-party services into our IT systems. These include a robust detection and response solution that provides continuous monitoring of our environment and in January 2025 we implemented automation that shuts down active threats, endpoint protection across all devices, and the implementation of two-factor authentication for secure access. Additionally, we conduct regular penetration testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities. We also engage a trusted external cybersecurity consultant to review and update our IRP, ensuring it aligns with the latest industry standards and best practices.

We have been the victim of cybersecurity incidents and may be the subject of cybersecurity incidents in the future. See “Item 1A, Risk Factors” for more information about the risk posed to us by cybersecurity threats.

As of December 31, 2024, we leased fourteen facilities worldwide. The following chart provides information regarding each of our principal leased facilities as of December 31, 2024:

All of our facilities have space to accommodate our needs for the foreseeable future.

From time to time we may be a party to legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business. We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings.

*The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations and quantitative and qualitative disclosures should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Report for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, please refer to the discussion of our business and markets contained in “*Part I, Item 1. Business” *of this Report. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains a number of forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by certain uncertainties, risks, and other factors described under “*Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Part I; Item 1A. Risk Factors”, and elsewhere throughout this Annual Report. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements or from our prior results.

Overview

We are a global supplier of innovative test and process technology solutions for use in manufacturing and testing across a wide range of markets including semi, industrial, automotive, life sciences, defense/aerospace and security. We have three operating segments which are also our reportable segments and reporting units: Electronic Test (which includes our semiconductor test equipment, robotics-based electronic test equipment and application support services and functional test equipment for production quality control and product development), Environmental Technologies (which includes our thermal test, process and storage products) and Process Technologies (which includes our induction heating and video imaging products).

All of our operating segments have multiple products that we design, manufacture and market to our customers. Due to a number of factors, our products have varying levels of gross margin. These factors include, for example, the amount of engineering time required to develop the product, the market or customer to which we sell the product and the level of competing products available from other suppliers. The needs of our customers ultimately determine the products that we sell in a given time period. Therefore, the mix of products sold in a given period can change significantly when compared against the prior period. As a result, our consolidated gross margin may be significantly impacted by a change in the mix of products sold in a particular period.

Markets

As discussed in “Part I; Item 1.; Markets,” we are focused on specific target markets which include both the front-end and back-end of the semiconductor manufacturing, industrial, automotive, life sciences, defense/aerospace and security. The semi market, which includes both the broader semiconductor market, as well as the more specialized ATE and wafer production sectors within the broader semiconductor market, has historically been the largest single market in which we operate. The semi market is characterized by rapid technological change, competitive pricing pressures and cyclical market patterns and is subject to periods of significant expansion or contraction in demand. Our intention is to continue diversifying our markets, our product offerings within the markets we serve and our customer base across all of our markets with the goal of reducing our dependence on any one market, product or customer. In particular, we are seeking to reduce the impact of volatility in the semi market on our results of operations.

The portion of our business that is derived from the semi market is substantially dependent upon the demand for ATE by semiconductor manufacturers and companies that specialize in the testing of ICs and, for our induction heating products, the demand for wafer production equipment. Demand for ATE or wafer production equipment is primarily driven by semiconductor manufacturers that are opening new, or expanding existing, semiconductor fabrication facilities or upgrading equipment, which in turn is dependent upon the current and anticipated market demand for ICs and products incorporating ICs. Such market demand can be the result of market expansion, development of new technologies or redesigned products to incorporate new features, or the replacement of aging equipment.

In the past, the semi market has been highly cyclical with recurring periods of oversupply, which often severely impact the semi market’s demand for the products we manufacture and sell into the market. This cyclicality can cause wide fluctuations in both our orders and revenue and, depending on our ability to react quickly to these shifts in demand, can significantly impact our results of operations. Market cycles are difficult to predict and, because they are generally characterized by sequential periods of growth or declines in orders and revenue during each cycle, year-over-year comparisons of operating results may not always be as meaningful as comparisons of periods at similar points in either up or down cycles. These periods of heightened or reduced demand can shift depending on various factors impacting both our customers and the markets that they serve. In addition, during both downward and upward cycles in the semi market, in any given quarter, the trend in both our orders and revenue can be erratic. This can occur, for example, when orders are canceled or currently scheduled delivery dates are accelerated or postponed by a significant customer or when customer forecasts and general business conditions fluctuate during a quarter.

While a significant portion of our orders and revenue are derived from the semi market, and our operating results generally follow the overall trend in the semi market, in any given period we may experience anomalies that cause the trend in our revenue from the semi market to deviate from the overall trend in the market. We believe that these anomalies may be driven by a variety of factors within the semi market, including, for example, changing product requirements, longer periods between new product offerings by OEMs and changes in customer buying patterns. In addition, in recent periods, we have seen instances when demand within the semi market is not consistent for each of our operating segments or for any given product within a particular operating segment. This inconsistency in demand can be driven by a number of factors but, in most cases, we have found that the primary reason is unique customer-specific changes in demand for certain products driven by the needs of their customers or markets served. Recently this has become more pronounced for our sales into the wafer production sector within the broader semiconductor market due to the limited market penetration we have into this sector and the variability of orders we have experienced from the few customers we support. These shifts in market practices and customer-specific needs have had, and may continue to have, varying levels of impact on our operating results and are difficult to quantify or predict from period to period. Management has taken, and will continue to take, such actions it deems appropriate to adjust our strategies, products and operations to counter such shifts in market practices as they become evident.

As discussed “Part I; Item 1.; Strategy,” although the semi market remains our largest market, as part of our strategy to grow our business, we are focused on several other key target markets where we believe our products address test and process requirements and where we believe there is significant potential for growth. These key target markets include the industrial, automotive, life sciences, defense/aerospace and security. We believe that these markets are usually less cyclical than the semi market. While market share statistics exist for some of these markets, due to the nature of our highly specialized product offerings in these markets, we do not expect broad market penetration in many of these markets and, therefore, do not anticipate developing meaningful market shares in most of these markets.

In addition, because of our limited market share, our orders and revenue in any given period in these markets do not necessarily reflect the overall trends in these markets. Consequently, we are continuing to evaluate buying patterns and opportunities for growth in these, and other, markets that may affect our performance. The level of our orders and revenue in all of the markets we serve has varied in the past, and we expect will vary significantly in the future, as we work to build our presence in our current markets and establish new markets for our products.

Acquisition

On March 12, 2024, we entered into a stock purchase agreement to acquire all of the outstanding capital shares of Alfamation S.p.A., a leading global provider of state-of-the-art test and measurement solutions for the automotive, life sciences and specialty consumer electronics markets. Alfamation™ was founded in 1991 and is headquartered in Milan, Italy. Alfamation™ also has a small sales and service subsidiary based in Suzhou City, China. Alfamation™ is part of our Electronic Test operating segment. The aggregate purchase price was approximately €20 million comprised of €18 million in cash (approximately $19.7 million) and 187,432 shares of our common stock (valued at $2.1 million based on the closing price of our stock on the date of acquisition). The cash portion of the purchase price was subject to customary working capital adjustments which were finalized in June 2024 and resulted in recording an additional €129 thousand (approximately $141 thousand) of cash purchase price for assets delivered at closing in excess of agreed upon thresholds. The liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition included debt of approximately €10.3 million, or $11.3 million. After all closing adjustments, the total purchase price was $21.9 million. We finalized our allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed during the fourth quarter of 2024.

As noted in “Part I; Item 2. Properties” and “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (3) Acquisition,” in connection with the acquisition, we have entered into a lease agreement with the former owner of Alfamation™.

Revenue

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a breakdown of the revenue by market (in thousands).

(in thousands except percentages)

During 2024 our consolidated revenue grew $7.4 million or 6% year over year. Alfamation™ contributed $25.0 million in revenue from the date of acquisition, with a significant majority of that in the automotive market and to a lesser extent life sciences. We also experienced increased customer demand in the defense/aerospace market in 2024 compared to 2023. These increases were offset by continued softness in the semi market in 2024. This reduction in demand, which we began to experience in the fourth quarter of 2023, has been particularly notable with regard to our customers in the front-end market who purchase our induction heating solutions for SiC crystal growth and epitaxial reactors. The semi market is highly cyclical resulting in significant swings in demand when period to period comparisons are to different points in a given cycle. The current period of weakened demand began in the fourth quarter of 2023 resulting in significantly reduced revenue levels from our customers in this market during 2024. During the fourth quarter of 2024, as compared to the third quarter of the year, we have noted a modest improvement in the semi market based on the timing of front-end shipments and improving demand for our back-end semi solutions but order activity for our front-end semi solutions remains significantly reduced from the levels in 2023. We cannot be certain of the timing or amount of any future orders or revenue in this or any of our markets, nor can we be certain this positive trend in demand from our customers in the back-end of the semi market will continue.

Orders and Backlog

We use orders and backlog as key performance metrics to analyze and measure our financial performance and results of operations. We define orders as purchase orders that we have accepted from our customers. Orders are recorded based on the date received and accepted by us. We believe tracking orders is useful in planning for future production needs and staffing levels and we use information about the level of our orders to make decisions about resource allocation, including appropriate levels of inventory purchases and the balance of inventory we carry at any given time. Another important operational measure used is backlog. Backlog is a common measurement used in industries with extended lead times for order fulfillment, like those in which we operate. Backlog at any given date represents the amount of net revenue that we expect to realize for unfilled orders received as of that date. We believe backlog is useful and use this information for similar reasons to those detailed above for orders. The majority of our backlog at any given time is expected to be fulfilled within the next twelve months. Depending on the terms of the purchase orders we have accepted, customers may have the ability to cancel an order or accelerate or postpone currently scheduled delivery dates. In some cases, we may have the ability to charge a cancellation fee if a purchase order we have accepted is later cancelled by a customer. Given that both orders and backlog are operational measures and our methodology for calculating orders and backlog do not meet the definition of a non-GAAP measure, as that term is defined by the SEC, a quantitative reconciliation for each is not required or provided.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, a breakdown of the orders received by market:

(in thousands except percentages)

Total consolidated orders for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $107.7 million compared to $116.6 million in 2023, a decrease of $8.9 million, or 8%. Alfamation™ contributed $10.0 million in orders from the date of acquisition, with virtually all of the orders coming from the automotive market. Our orders from the semi market decreased, reflecting the aforementioned decline in demand in this market since the fourth quarter of 2023. We also experienced declines in demand from the security and life sciences markets, as well as other markets we serve. These declines were partially offset by increases in demand from customers in the industrial and defense/aerospace markets.

At December 31, 2024, our backlog of unfilled orders for all products was approximately $39.5 million compared with approximately $40.1 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease in our backlog reflects reduced demand for our products and, to a lesser extent, lead times returning to a more normalized pattern. Our backlog includes customer orders that we have accepted, substantially all of which we expect to deliver in 2025. While backlog is calculated on the basis of firm purchase orders, a customer may cancel an order or accelerate or postpone currently scheduled delivery dates. Our backlog may be affected by the tendency of customers to rely on short lead times available from suppliers, including us, in periods of depressed demand. In periods of increased demand, there is a tendency towards longer lead times that has the effect of increasing backlog. As a result, our backlog at a particular date is not necessarily indicative of sales for any future period.

Global Supply Chain Constraints

In October 2023, Hamas attacked Israel and Israel formally declared war in response to the attack. The conflict is ongoing, and it is unclear when it might end. Ambrell® has a sole source supplier of capacitors used in certain of our induction heating products that is located in Israel. This supplier is the sole source supplier of capacitors for numerous induction companies, and currently there are no viable alternatives available. We have been in frequent contact with our supplier since the conflict with Hamas began. We maintain a two-to-three month safety stock on these items. Our supplier has indicated that they have large stock available at more than one facility in Israel, so they believe they have redundancies in place that will help ensure that the supply chain to their customers is uninterrupted. We continue to monitor the situation closely and are staying in close contact with our supplier. However, there can be no assurance that the situation will not worsen which could impact our ability to ship certain of our induction heating products which could have a material impact on our future results of operations.

The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine continues to contribute to global inflationary pressures and the availability of certain raw materials produced in that region, further exacerbating global supply chain challenges that emerged after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acculogic purchases certain parts from a key sole-source supplier in Belarus, which is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast and Ukraine to the south. In August 2024, the United States, Canada and the European Union added additional sanctions on Belarus. We have not received materials from this supplier since the issuance of Executive Order 14038. Our remaining supply of these materials is expected to be sufficient to fulfill our orders for the first quarter of 2025. We have been working to qualify a new supplier for these materials and believe that these efforts are proceeding well. We are on track to have a fully functioning and tested system with the materials from this new supplier by the end of March 2025, and expect to begin receiving this new supply of materials in March 2025. Additionally, we have applied to OFAC to obtain permission for additional purchases from the Belarus supplier through December 31, 2025, and expect the Office’s response by the end of March 2025. There can be no assurance that we will be granted a license by OFAC in a timely matter or at all, or that if granted a license by OFAC that such supplier in Belarus will be willing or able to provide these parts on reasonable commercial terms or at all.

In addition, uncertainty in geopolitical events, policy and the global trade environment including changes in the United States’ or international trade policy, tariffs, export controls, quotas, embargoes, or sanctions, which may trigger additional retaliatory actions by affected countries, resulting in “trade wars” as well as the possibility of future global health or other crises remain. As a result, we expect that we may continue to experience increased prices, lack of availability and logistics delays from time to time for the foreseeable future. The actions we have taken and are continuing to take to mitigate these risks include qualifying new vendors as alternate sources in our supply chain, increasing our inventory of raw materials and ordering further in advance of when we expect to need materials than has been our practice in the past. We have also increased the prices that we charge our customers, where appropriate, and continue to work with our customers to find alternate options for the shipment of products where they control aspects of the logistics process. However, the environment in which we operate is dynamic and shifts rapidly at times, and the success of our efforts to mitigate and address the impacts on our business may not be successful. As a result, we could see increases in our costs or reduced revenues which would impact the level of our earnings in future periods.

Please refer to “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report for further discussion of the risks associated with our business operations, including risks associated with foreign operations.

Results of Operations

The results of operations for our three operating segments are generally affected by the same factors described in the Overview section above. Separate discussions and analyses for each segment would be repetitive. The discussion and analysis that follows, therefore, is presented on a consolidated basis and includes discussion of factors unique to a particular operating segment where significant to an understanding of that segment.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Revenue. Revenue was $130.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $123.3 million in 2023, an increase of $7.4 million or 6%. This increase reflects the factors previously discussed in the Revenue section above.

Gross Margin. Gross margin was 42% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 46% in 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we refined and finalized our purchase price allocation for the Alfamation™ acquisition. Adjustments recorded included a $1.6 million increase in the cost of inventory acquired (“inventory step-up”), to reflect the fair value of work in process and finished goods at the acquisition date. As the related inventory was sold in 2024, this increase was charged to cost of goods sold in the fourth quarter of 2024 which negatively impacted gross margin for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2024. The balance of the decrease in our gross margin primarily reflects higher fixed operating costs and increased direct labor as a result of the costs attributable to Alfamation™ and higher average component material costs, reflecting changes in product sales mix.

Selling Expense. Selling expense was $17.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $17.6 million in 2023, a decrease of $0.2 million or 1%. The decrease was primarily due to lower commissions, reflecting changes in sales mix and lower third-party costs. These decreases were partly offset by increased travel costs as we increased the number of customer visits and trade show attendance as we work to continue to grow our business and increased warranty costs. The additional costs attributable to Alfamation™ also offset a portion of the decreases.

Engineering and Product Development Expense. Engineering and product development expense was $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $7.6 million in 2023, an increase of $0.9 million, or 12%. This increase is due to the increased payroll and related costs from the additional headcount acquired with Alfamation™. In the balance of our business, our costs decreased as a result of lower spending on materials used in our product development efforts, offset slightly by increased payroll and payroll related costs reflecting increases in headcount.

General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense was $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $21.3 million in 2023, an increase of $4.8 million, or 22%. Alfamation™ accounted for $4.7 million of the increase, including $0.6 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets. In the balance of our business, increased professional fees for assistance in various compliance matters and higher salary and benefits expenses were partly offset by reduced acquisition costs and reduced accruals for profit-based and performance-based bonuses and awards.

Other Income. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded other income of $0.9 million compared to $1.3 million for 2023, a decrease of $0.4 million. This decrease was partly due to the usage of cash for the Alfamation™ acquisition resulting in decreased interest earned on our cash balances as well as increased foreign exchange transaction losses during year.

Income Tax Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded income tax expense of $0.6 million compared to $1.7 million for 2023, a decrease of $1.1 million. This decrease was primarily driven by the decrease in our pre-tax earnings. Our effective tax rate was 16% for 2024 compared to 15% for 2023. On a quarterly basis, we record income tax expense or benefit based on the expected annualized effective tax rate for the various taxing jurisdictions in which we operate our businesses. See “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (11) Income Taxes” for further detail of the difference between our effective tax rates in 2024 and 2023 and the statutory tax rate of 21%.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As discussed more fully in the Overview, our business and results of operations are substantially dependent upon the demand for ATE by semiconductor manufacturers and companies that specialize in the testing of ICs. The cyclical and volatile nature of demand for ATE makes estimates of future revenues, results of operations and net cash flows difficult.

Our primary historical source of liquidity and capital resources has been cash flow generated by our operations. In 2021, we also utilized our Credit Facility, which is discussed below, to fund our acquisitions. We manage our businesses to maximize operating cash flows as our primary source of liquidity for our short-term cash requirements, as discussed below. We use cash to fund growth in our operating assets, for new product research and development, for acquisitions and for stock repurchases. We currently anticipate that any additional long-term cash requirements related to our strategy would be funded through a combination of our cash and cash equivalents, our Credit Facility or by issuing equity.

Proceeds from Sale of Common Stock

On May 11, 2023, we entered into an At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) pursuant to which we issued and sold 921,797 shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of $20.0 million between May 11, 2023, and May 31, 2023. We received net proceeds from the sale of these shares of $19.2 million after payment of commissions of 3.0% of the gross proceeds and other fees related to the sale of these shares.

Credit Facility

As discussed in “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (10) Debt” of this Report, on October 15, 2021, we entered into an Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement with M&T which, on October 28, 2021, was amended by the Joinder and Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement and which, on December 30, 2021, was further amended by the Joinder and Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”).

The Loan Agreement included a $25 million non-revolving delayed draw term note (the “Term Note”) and a $10 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility” and together with the Term Note, the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility had a five-year contract period (the “Contract Period”) that began on October 15, 2021 (the “Closing Date”) and expired on October 15, 2026, and draws under the Term Note were permissible for two years.

On September 20, 2022, we further amended the Loan Agreement by entering into a Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the Loan Agreement, as amended by the Third Amendment, the “Amended Loan Agreement”) and the Third Amended and Restated Delayed Draw Term Note. Under the Amended Loan Agreement, the maximum loan amount that we may borrow under the Term Note increased from $25 million to $50.5 million. Under the Amended Loan Agreement, the maturity date of the Term Note and Revolving Facility were also extended to September 19, 2027.

On May 2, 2024, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the “Fourth Amendment”), which extended the period during which we may request advances under the Term Note until May 2, 2026, and the maturity date for the Term Note and Revolving Facility was extended from September 19, 2027 to May 2, 2031.

On December 18, 2024, we entered into a Joinder and Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the “Fifth Amendment”) and related agreements (collectively, together with Loan Agreement, the Amended Loan Agreement, the Fourth Amendment, the “Credit Agreement”) with M&T Bank to add our subsidiary, inTEST Italy, Inc., as a subsidiary guarantor under the Credit Agreement.

At December 31, 2024, we had not borrowed any amounts under the $10 million Revolving Facility. Our borrowings under the Term Note are discussed below and occurred prior to entering into the Amended Loan Agreement. Our available funding under the Term Note at December 31, 2024 was $30 million.

The principal balance of the Revolving Facility and the principal balance of any amount drawn under the Term Note accrues interest based on the secured overnight financing rate for U.S. government securities (“SOFR”) or a bank-defined base rate plus an applicable margin, depending on leverage. Each draw under the Term Note will have an option for us of either (i) up to a five-year amortizing term loan with a balloon due at maturity, or (ii) up to a five-year term with up to seven years amortization with a balloon due at maturity. Any amortization greater than five years will be subject to an excess cash flow recapture. The Amended Loan Agreement also allows us to enter into hedging contracts with M&T, including interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, interest rate collar agreements, or any other agreements or that are designed to protect us against fluctuations in interest rates or currency exchange rates.

The Credit Agreement contains customary default provisions, including but not limited to the failure by us to repay obligations when due, violation of provisions or representations provided in the Credit Agreement, bankruptcy by us, suspension of our business or any of our subsidiaries and certain material judgments. After expiration of the Contract Period or if a continued event of default occurs, interest will accrue on the principal balance at a rate of 2% in excess of the then applicable non-default interest rate. The Credit Agreement includes customary affirmative, negative and financial covenants, including a maximum ratio of consolidated funded debt to consolidated EBITDA of not more than 3.0 to 1.0 and a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.25 to 1.0. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by liens on substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets that are owned as of the Closing Date or acquired thereafter. At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all of the covenants included in the Credit Facility including the debt covenants of the Credit Agreement.

On October 28, 2021, we drew $12 million under the Term Note to finance the acquisition of Videology®. We also entered into an interest rate swap agreement with M&T as of this date which is designed to protect us against fluctuations in interest rates during the five-year repayment and amortization period. As a result, the annual interest rate we expect to pay for this draw under the Term Note is fixed at approximately 3.2% based on current leverage.

On December 29, 2021, we drew $8.5 million under the Term Note to finance the acquisition of Acculogic. We did not enter into an interest rate swap agreement with M&T related to this draw. The annual interest rate we expect to pay for this draw under the Term Note is variable. At December 31, 2024, it was approximately 6.6% based on current leverage.

In connection with our acquisition of Alfamation as discussed in “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (3) Acquisition,” we assumed debt which totaled $11.3 million as of the acquisition date (the “Alfamation Debt”). As of December 31, 2024, the Alfamation Debt is comprised of $4.1 million of both fixed and variable rate bank issued term loans spread across several different institutions with monthly, quarterly or half-year repayment schedules, as well as $3.0 million of short-term variable rate financing backed by Alfamation™’s accounts receivable, with a quarterly repayment schedule. The short-term financing variable rate at December 31, 2024 was 3.9%. At December 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate payable was 1.18% for fixed rate debt, 4.35% for variable rate debt, and the overall weighted average interest rate for the Alfamation Debt was 3.47%.

Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

Liquidity

Our cash and cash equivalents and working capital were as follows:

(in thousands)

At December 31, 2024, $8.6 million, or 44%, of our cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries. We currently expect our cash and cash equivalents, in combination with the borrowing capacity available under our Revolving Facility and the anticipated net cash to be provided by our operations in the next twelve months to be sufficient to support our short-term working capital requirements and other corporate requirements. Our Revolving Facility is discussed in “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (10) Debt” of this Report.

Our material short-term cash requirements include payments due under our various lease agreements, recurring payroll and benefits obligations to our employees, purchase commitments for materials that we use in the products we sell and principal and interest payments on our debt. We anticipate making investments in our business in the next twelve months including hiring of additional staff, updates to our systems and investments related to our geographic and market expansion efforts. We estimate that our minimum short-term working capital requirements currently range between $8.0 million and $10.0 million. We expect our current cash and cash equivalents, in combination with the borrowing capacity available under our Revolving Facility and the anticipated net cash to be provided by our operations to be sufficient to support these additional investments as well as our current short-term cash requirements.

Our current strategy for growth includes pursuing acquisition opportunities for complementary businesses, technologies or products. As previously discussed, we currently anticipate that any additional long-term cash requirements related to our strategy would be funded through a combination of our cash and cash equivalents, the remaining availability under the Term Note or by issuing equity. The borrowing availability under the Term Note was expanded in September 2022 as discussed above and in “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (10) Debt” of this Report.

Cash Flows

Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $3.8 million compared to $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cash provided by operations was due primarily to the combination of the decrease in net earnings, increased balances in trade accounts receivable from the significant increase in revenue during the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023, the decline in deferred revenue and increased payments for domestic and foreign taxes payable, offset partly by declines in inventory, prepaid and other current asset balances. Non-cash adjustments to net earnings increased primarily due to increased depreciation and amortization and a decreased impact from the change in deferred tax benefit.

Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $20.1 million compared to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The difference is primarily the result of the Alfamation™ acquisition. Capital expenditures for property and equipment was consistent with the prior year.

Financing Activities. Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8.6 million compared to cash provided of $15.6 million in the prior year. In the current year, we made $7.8 million of repayments on our long-term debt and short-term borrowings along with $1.0 million used to repurchase shares under our Repurchase Plan. These outflows were slightly offset by proceeds received during 2024 from stock options exercised and employee purchases of shares under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan. In the prior year, we received $19.2 million of proceeds from shares issued as part of our Sales Agreement stock offering, partly offset by payments of $4.1 million on our Credit Facility.

New or Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

See “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for information concerning the implementation and impact of new or recently adopted accounting standards.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to inventories, long-lived assets, goodwill, identifiable intangibles, contingent consideration and deferred income tax valuation allowances. We base our estimates on historical experience and on appropriate and customary assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Some of these accounting estimates and assumptions are particularly sensitive because of their significance to our consolidated financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting them may differ markedly from what had been assumed when the financial statements were prepared.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are valued at cost on a first-in, first-out basis, not in excess of market value. Cash flows from the sale of inventories are recorded in operating cash flows. On a quarterly basis, we review our inventories and record excess and obsolete inventory charges based upon our established objective excess and obsolete inventory criteria. Our criteria identify excess material as the quantity of material on hand that is greater than the average annual usage of that material over the prior three years and obsolete material as material that has not been used in a work order during the prior twenty-four months. In certain cases, additional excess and obsolete inventory charges are recorded based upon current market conditions, anticipated product life cycles, new product introductions and expected future use of the inventory. The excess and obsolete inventory charges we record establish a new cost basis for the related inventories. During 2024 and 2023, we recorded inventory obsolescence charges for excess and obsolete inventory of $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Goodwill, Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We account for goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350 – Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Goodwill is assessed for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, on a reporting unit basis, or more frequently when events and circumstances occur indicating that the recorded goodwill may be impaired. As a part of the goodwill impairment assessment, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, as a result of our qualitative assessment, we determine this is the case, we are required to perform a goodwill impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized. The test is discussed below. If, as a result of our qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amounts, the goodwill impairment test is not required.

The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The goodwill impairment assessment is based upon the income approach, which estimates the fair value of our reporting units based upon a discounted cash flow approach. This fair value is then reconciled to our market capitalization at year end with an appropriate control premium. The determination of the fair value of our reporting units requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions including the selection of control premiums, discount rates, terminal growth rates, forecasts of revenue and expense growth rates, income tax rates, changes in working capital, depreciation, amortization and capital expenditures. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value of the reporting unit or the amount of the goodwill impairment charge. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, goodwill was $30.7 million and $21.7 million, respectively. We did not record any impairment charges related to our goodwill during 2024 or 2023.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. As a part of the impairment assessment, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If, as a result of our qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required; otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Our indefinite-lived intangible assets were trademarks and trade names carried at $10.2 million and $8.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We did not record any impairment charges related to our indefinite-lived intangible assets during 2024 or 2023.

Long-lived assets, which consist of finite-lived intangible assets, property and equipment and right of use (“ROU”) assets, are assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Each impairment test is based on a comparison of the estimated undiscounted cash flows to the recorded value of the asset. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value. The cash flow estimates used to determine the impairment, if any, contain management’s best estimates using appropriate assumptions and projections at that time. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, finite-lived intangibles and long-lived assets were $31.4 million and $16.4 million, respectively. We did not record any impairment charges related to our long-lived assets during 2024 or 2023.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities

The contingent consideration liabilities on our balance sheet are accounted for in accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 820 - *Fair Value Measurement (“***ASC 820”**). ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for instruments measured at fair value that distinguishes between assumptions based on market data (observable inputs) and our own assumptions (unobservable inputs). Our contingent consideration liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs which are inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These unobservable inputs reflect our assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

Our contingent consideration liability is a result of our acquisition of Acculogic on December 21, 2021. The contingent consideration liability represents the fair value of additional payments we may make to the seller of up to an additional CAD $5.0 million in the five-year period from 2022 through 2026. The additional payments will be based on a percent of net invoices for which payments have been received on systems sold to EV or battery customers in excess of CAD $2.5 million per year in each of the five years. There were no payments due to the seller for the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022, while an immaterial amount is due for 2024 and is recorded as a component of other current liabilities. The maximum payment over the five-year period is capped at CAD $5.0 million, which equates to approximately $3.5 million at December 31, 2024. The fair value of this Level 3 instrument involves assessing the total amount of revenue we expect from sales to EV or battery customers during the applicable time period as well as when we expect to receive payment for the related net invoices. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the total contingent consideration liability on our balance sheet was $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The entire contingent consideration at December 31, 2023 was long-term.

Income Taxes

The asset and liability method is used in accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date.

Deferred tax assets are analyzed to determine if there will be sufficient taxable income in the future in order to realize such assets. We assess all of the positive and negative evidence concerning the realizability of the deferred tax assets, including our historical results of operations for the recent past and our projections of future results of operations, in which we make subjective determinations of future events. If, after assessing all of the evidence, both positive and negative, a determination is made that the realizability of the deferred tax assets is not more likely than not, we establish a deferred tax valuation allowance for all or a portion of the deferred tax assets depending upon the specific facts. If any of the significant assumptions were changed, materially different results could occur, which could significantly change the amount of the deferred tax valuation allowance established. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had a deferred tax asset of $0.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Our deferred tax valuation allowance at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

There were no off-balance sheet arrangements during the year ended December 31, 2024 that have or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, cash requirements or capital resources.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, as opposed to absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Accordingly, our management has designed the disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system were met.

CEO/CFO Conclusions about the Effectiveness of the Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, inTEST management, including our CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Report, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. Our independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Report has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.

Remediation of Material Weaknesses

As previously reported in “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness in our control over financial reporting because we did not appropriately design and implement controls over the identification and the application of appropriate U.S. GAAP for transactions related to the procurement and sale of discontinued material/components purchased on behalf of customers where the associated materials/components were still physically located with us and the materials/components are expected to be applied to future product orders for these customers. In addition, as reported in “Item 4 Controls and Procedures” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, we also identified a material weakness related to revenue recognition for Alfamation shipments at or near period-end with shipment terms where title does not transfer until delivery at the customer site.

In response to these items, management has now implemented more rigorous period-end review processes around financial reporting and added new transactional level revenue recognition controls. Additionally, we have strengthened our internal accounting functions by investing in additional resources. As of December 31, 2024, we have remediated these material weaknesses.

Management has expanded and will continue to enhance our system of identifying transactions and evaluating and implementing the accounting standards that apply to our financial statements, including enhanced analyses by our personnel and third-party professionals with whom we consult regarding complex accounting applications. We intend to continue re-assessing the design of controls, the testing of controls and modifying processes designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

As described above, we have implemented changes to our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the material weaknesses described herein. Other than these changes, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Alfamation S.p.A. Acquisition

On March 12, 2024, we entered into a stock purchase agreement to acquire all of the outstanding capital shares of Alfamation S.p.A., a leading global provider of state-of-the-art test and measurement solutions for the automotive, life sciences and specialty consumer electronics markets. For additional information regarding the acquisition, refer to “Part II; Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data; Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; Note (3) Acquisition” and “Part II; Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Based on the recent completion of this acquisition and, pursuant to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s guidance that an assessment of a recently acquired business may be omitted from the scope of an assessment for a period not to exceed one year form the date of acquisition, the scope of our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this report does not include Alfamation S.p.A.

We are in the process of implementing our internal control structure over Alfamation S.p.A. and we expect that this effort will be completed during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

1. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

2. provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

3. provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

As previously noted in this Report, during the first quarter of 2024, we completed the acquisition of Alfamation™. We have excluded certain elements of Alfamation™ from our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, as permitted under existing guidance issued by the SEC for newly acquired businesses. Alfamation™’s total assets as of December 31, 2024, and total revenue for the period from the acquisition dates through December 31, 2024, excluded from our management assessment represented 29% and 19% of our consolidated total assets and revenue, respectively.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) on Internal Control-Integrated 2013 Framework. Based upon this assessment, management believes that, at December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting is effective at a reasonable assurance level.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by RSM US LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included in this Report.