FutureFuel Corp.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

OVERVIEW

FutureFuel Corp. (“FutureFuel,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our,” and includes our wholly-owned subsidiaries) is a Delaware corporation operating primarily through our subsidiary, FutureFuel Chemical Company. We manufacture a diverse portfolio of inorganic chemicals, bio-based specialty chemicals, and biofuels in our integrated facility in Batesville, Arkansas.

FutureFuel is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker symbol “FF”. Our headquarters are located at our facility in Batesville, Arkansas.

Unless noted otherwise, all financial figures in this report are presented in thousand United States dollars, excluding per-share data.

Financial Highlights & Dividends

We maintained a consistent commitment to returning value to our shareholders.

• 2025: Distributed quarterly cash dividends totaling $0.24 per share.
• 2026: Declared an initial quarterly dividend of $0.06 per share for the first quarter of 2026.

Segment Operations

Our operations are organized into two primary segments: Chemicals and Biofuels.

Chemicals Segment

Our Chemicals segment is a premier provider of custom manufacturing solutions, serving a diverse portfolio of third-party customers. By combining high-barrier technical expertise with a sophisticated integrated infrastructure, we deliver mission-critical chemistry at scale.

• Strategic Roadmap: Integration and Market Expansion: We are aggressively expanding our market footprint through a dual-track strategy of diversification and vertical integration. Most notably, by backward integrating into the production of key intermediate raw materials, we have secured our internal supply chain while creating the opportunity for a new revenue stream through external sales. Our growth is anchored by an unwavering commitment to an ingrained culture of safety. We simultaneously invest in process automation and lean methodologies to enhance manufacturing reliability and throughput.
• Competitive Edge: The Chemicals segment leverages a "moat" built on technical complexity and cost leadership. As a premier integrated manufacturing site, we offer a unique value proposition that balances sophistication with fiscal discipline. Our facility is equipped to handle intricate chemical syntheses, providing customers with superior quality and technical precision. Through rigorous operational excellence and proactive cost management, we provide a high-quality, low-cost manufacturing environment that remains resilient in a fluctuating global marketplace. Our scale allows partners to achieve significant production efficiencies, reducing their time-to-market and overall supply chain risk.

Biofuels Segment

This segment leverages chemical manufacturing know-how with cost effective infrastructure to produce biodiesel (fatty acid mono-alkyl esters) sustainable fuel solutions.

• Capacity & Production: Our facility has a demonstrated capacity of approximately 59 million gallons per year (“MMgy”). In 2025, the plant had limited throughput of biodiesel due to the absence of regulatory guidance regarding certain government support for the sustainable fuel industry. In 2025, we produced 9 million gallons, following a 2024 output of 45 million gallons.
• Operational Synergy: Our plant design supports a wide variety of feedstocks ensuring high yields. By sharing infrastructure with our chemical operations, we benefit from significant cost synergies that allow us to thrive in a competitive landscape.

NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF OUR BUSINESS

Principal Executive Offices and Facility Location

FutureFuel maintains its principal executive offices in Batesville, Arkansas. Our 2,200-acre site serves as the hub for our operations, with approximately 500 acres dedicated to:

• State-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and laboratories.
• Advanced infrastructure, including on-site liquid hazardous and non-hazardous waste treatment.
• Ample land reserves to support future business expansion.
• Our plant is an International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) 9001 accredited production facility for both chemicals and biofuels, meeting international standards for quality management systems. The ISO 9000 family of standards represents an international consensus on good quality management practices. It consists of standards and guidelines relating to quality management systems and related supporting standards. ISO 9001 provides a set of standardized requirements for a quality management system, regardless of what the user organization does, its size, or whether it is in the private or public sector. It is the only international standard against which organizations can be certified, although certification is not a compulsory requirement of the standard.
• Safety First. We maintain a "safety-first" operational philosophy that protects our human capital and brand equity. We are dedicated to maintaining a healthy and injury-free workplace. To benchmark our performance and advance our efforts, we actively participate in leading safety programs, including the American Chemistry Council’s Responsible Care program and the Society of Chemical Manufacturers and Affiliates' Chem Stewards initiative, alongside programs from numerous other safety-focused organizations.

Operations and Revenue Mix

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our revenue was distributed across three primary categories:

• Custom Manufacturing (54%): Producing unique specialty chemicals for strategic customers, typically under long-term contracts (e.g., biocides, specialty polymers, and dyes).
• Biofuels (38%): Producing and selling biodiesel and petrodiesel blends.
• Performance Chemicals (8%): Multi-customer specialty chemicals, such as polymer modifiers for stain resistance and various solvents.

Please see below for additional information regarding these segments and offerings.

Chemicals Segment (62% of Total 2025 Revenue)

Our Chemicals segment is comprised of two distinct business models: Custom Manufacturing (manufacturing specialty chemicals for specific customers) and Performance Chemicals (multi-customer specialty chemicals). We operate as a strategic, full-service partner, leveraging our technical expertise and integrated infrastructure to serve a diverse client base. For both chemical models, we are pursuing development and commercialization of building block chemicals and intermediate chemicals essential to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. The manufacture of pharmaceuticals requires compounds produced under ISO certified quality systems as well as compounds produced in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (“GMP”). The manufacture of both non-GMP and GMP products provides the Company with more growth opportunities to serve customers active in the pharmaceutical intermediate, food ingredient, and other fine chemicals segment. While pursuing this strategy, we continue our efforts to establish a name identity for both chemical business models.

Custom Manufacturing (54% of Total 2025 Revenue)

Custom manufacturing is a service-based business focused on producing unique, proprietary molecules for strategic customers, typically under long-term or multi-year contracts.

• Intellectual Property & Confidentiality: Most products are manufactured under strict confidentiality agreements to protect our customers’ proprietary formulations and intellectual property.
• Production Versatility: Depending on customer needs and volume requirements, we utilize continuous production, dedicated batch, or general-purpose batch models.
• Value Proposition: Our customers prioritize our proven track record in dependability, regulatory compliance, technical agility, and environmental stewardship.
• Collaborative Innovation: Our commercial, engineering, and technology teams work in lockstep with customers to drive continuous process improvements and scale new business opportunities.

We offer a diversified portfolio serving the following markets:

• Agrochemicals and Oilfield Chemicals
• Industrial Intermediates and Fabric Care
• Coatings and Specialty Polymers

Performance Chemicals (8% of Total 2025 Revenue)

Performance chemicals include specialty products available to the open market and sold to multiple customers based on technical specifications for specific end-use applications. This portfolio includes:

• Polymer Modifiers: Enhancing nylon and polyester for stain resistance and durability.
• Specialty Solvents & Surfactants: Used in industrial and consumer cleaning.
• Glycerin Products: High-purity byproducts refined for diverse specialty applications.

Future Strategy

We have established a robust reputation as a safe, reliable, and technology-driven producer within the global chemical and biofuels markets. To drive shareholder value and maximize earnings, our strategy focuses on leveraging our integrated infrastructure and technical core competencies to capture high-margin growth opportunities.

Key Strategic Pillars

• Operational Excellence and Cost Leadership: We utilize large-scale batch and continuous production processes, paired with a relentless focus on process improvement. This enables us to remain cost-competitive—and for certain product lines, cost-advantaged—relative to global competitors.
• Integrated Infrastructure Advantage: Our 2,200-acre site features fully integrated utilities and advanced waste treatment facilities. This “complete package” approach provides a significant barrier to entry for competitors and a seamless experience for our custom manufacturing partners.
• Expansion into Regulated Markets: By integrating GMP capabilities alongside our existing ISO 9001 and Biodiesel Quality (“BQ”)-9000 certifications, we are positioned to expand into higher-value segments, including pharmaceutical intermediates and food-grade ingredients.
• Bio-Based Expertise: We possess a specialized core competency in the chemical processing of bio-based feedstocks. As global demand for sustainable products increases, our expertise in specialty chemical synthesis and renewable process development positions us as a preferred manufacturer in green chemistry markets.

Growth and Margin Improvement

We intend to continue to improve operating margins through a disciplined approach to business development:

• Customer Diversification: Actively expanding our footprint across new market segments to reduce historical reliance on legacy contracts.
• Strategic Product Mix: Carefully managing our pipeline with respect to capital efficiency, time-to-market, and the optimal matching of market opportunities to our existing asset base.
• Customer Relationship Development: Transitioning from a transactional supplier to a full-service strategic partner to secure long-term, high-volume manufacturing agreements.

Customers and Markets

Our chemical products serve a diverse array of end-use markets, including detergents, agrochemicals, automotive, oil and gas, coatings, nutrition, and polymer additives. While this broad reach provides stability, certain product lines are subject to cyclicality driven by fluctuations in global macroeconomic demand.

Custom Manufacturing Dynamics

In our custom manufacturing segment, our customers are typically the primary brand owners. Consequently, they maintain control over the key drivers of production demand, including:

• Market Development: The speed and success of their end-product penetration.
• Intellectual Property: The timing of patent expirations and subsequent generic competition.
• Sourcing Strategy: Shifts in their internal or external manufacturing requirements.

Because these factors are outside of our direct control, we may face challenges in maintaining or increasing sales levels for specific custom products if a customer’s strategy or market position shifts.

Three chemical customers each represented greater than 10% of total sales revenue in 2025 for a total of 48%. No chemical customer represented greater than 10% of total sales revenue in 2024.

Competition

The specialty chemicals industry has historically been characterized by high barriers to entry, driven by the concentration of proprietary technology and complex manufacturing capabilities among a limited number of established suppliers. However, the competitive landscape has evolved as technology and capital investment have shifted globally

Global Competitive Dynamics: We face intensifying competition from international multinational chemical manufacturers, particularly those based in India and China. Our competition is generally categorized into two groups:

• Large Multinational Corporations: Competitors that maintain internal specialty chemical divisions. While these entities possess significant resources, they are often challenged by slower responsiveness and less personalized customer service.
• Small Independent Producers: Boutique firms that may offer agility but frequently lack the necessary technical infrastructure, scale, and financial depth to compete for large-scale strategic contracts.

Our Competitive Advantages: We compete primarily on the basis of price, quality, technical innovation, and reliability. We believe FutureFuel is uniquely positioned for growth by bridging the gap between large-scale capacity and mid-market agility. Key differentiators include:

• Scale and Infrastructure: Our expansive manufacturing footprint and integrated on-site utilities and wastewater treatment allow for cost-efficient, large-scale production.
• Technical Sophistication: Our ability to handle complex chemical syntheses and maintain rigorous ISO and GMP standards sets us apart from smaller producers.
• Operational Reliability: A proven reputation for responsiveness and consistent delivery, which is a critical factor for brand owners in the custom manufacturing space.
• Financial Strength: A solid balance sheet that provides the stability required to invest in long-term customer partnerships and facility upgrades.

Supply and Distribution

Our specialty chemicals are generally high-unit-value products sold either in bulk or as low-volume packaged goods. Due to their high value relative to weight, distribution expenses typically represent a relatively minor component of our total cost structure.

• Global Distribution: Most of our chemical products are sold Free on Board (“FOB”) from our Batesville facility. This allows for streamlined global distribution to our international customer base.
• Raw Material Sourcing: The raw materials required for our chemical syntheses are high-value components sourced from a diverse, global supplier network. This ensures we maintain the specific technical standards required for our custom and performance portfolios.
• Biofuels Co-products: Unlike our chemical lines, biofuels co-products (such as glycerin and distillation residue) are recovered directly from our on-site processing. These materials are primarily distributed to more localized industrial and agricultural markets.

Cyclicality and Seasonality

While our Chemicals segment benefits from a diversified portfolio, several product lines are subject to cyclicality driven by fluctuations in global energy and agricultural markets.

• Market Drivers: Demand for chemicals utilized in energy exploration and transportation is closely tied to global oil prices. Similarly, products sold into the agrochemical space are influenced by the pricing of agricultural commodities.
• Economic Dynamics: Profitability within these cycles is determined by broader supply and demand dynamics, while the duration of these cycles is often dictated by shifting global economic conditions.
• Stability: Despite the inherent sensitivity to these industry-specific cycles, a significant portion of our chemical portfolio—particularly those under long-term custom manufacturing agreements—continues to provide a consistent and stable earnings base.

Backlog

The nature of our Chemicals segment revenue, which is primarily derived from long-term custom manufacturing agreements, relies on a collaborative planning model rather than a traditional order-book system.

• Demand Forecasting: Our strategic customers typically provide us with rolling monthly or quarterly demand forecasts. These projections allow us to synchronize our supply chain and optimize the efficiency of our production processes.
• Order Structure: Because these forecasts represent anticipated needs rather than firm, non-cancelable sales orders, they are not categorized as backlog.
• Reporting Policy: Consequently, we do not monitor or report backlog as a metric for assessing future performance, as our revenue realization is more accurately reflected through long-term contract stability and execution against customer forecasts.

Biofuels Segment (38% of Total 2025 Revenue)

Established in 2005, our biofuels segment focuses on biodiesel, a renewable energy product made from fatty acid mono-alkyl esters which are typically produced from vegetable oil, fat, or grease feedstocks.

Production Capabilities

• Infrastructure: Our Batesville plant features a continuous production line with a demonstrated capacity of 59 MMgy.
• Feedstock Flexibility: We can process a wide array of feedstocks, including soy oil, poultry fat, used cooking oil, beef tallow, and choice white grease.
• Quality Standards: All fuel meets the American Society for Testing & Materials (“ASTM”) D6751 standard. We are a BQ-9000 accredited producer and ISO 9001 certified.

Regulatory Environment

The biofuel industry is heavily influenced by federal mandates:

• Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS2”): Managed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (the “USEPA”), this program requires specific volumes of renewable fuels to be blended into the United States (“U.S.”) fuel pool. The discussion of how the USEPA monitors the requirements is discussed below.
• Tax Credits: We transitioned from the Blenders’ Tax Credit (“BTC”) which expired December 31, 2024 to the Clean Fuel Production Credit (“CFPC”) effective January 1, 2025. This new technology-neutral credit subsidizes fuels based on their greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emission levels as proposed by the United States Treasury Department (the “U.S. Treasury”).

The table below outlines the finalized and proposed volume requirements established by the USEPA, indicating increased volumes under RFS2 and growth for biomass-based diesel and other renewable fuels.

Note on Measurement:

*Biomass-based diesel volumes are expressed in physical gallons. All other categories are represented in ethanol-equivalent units.

Source & Status:

Data for 2025 is based on the finalized USEPA RFS2 standards.

**Figures for 2026 and 2027 reflect the proposed rule announced by the USEPA on June 13, 2025.

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Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”)

RFS2 utilizes RINs as a regulatory tracking mechanism to ensure that U.S. refiners, blenders, and importers meet mandatory renewable fuel blending requirements.

The RIN Lifecycle

• Generation: When a producer like FutureFuel manufactures or imports biodiesel, we report the activity to the USEPA’s Moderated Transaction System. The USEPA then assigns a RIN to the product. Currently, biodiesel is assigned 1.5 RINs per physical gallon.
• Transfer: RINs remain attached to the biofuel as it moves through the supply chain. When ownership of the fuel passes to refiners or blenders, the associated RINs are transferred as well.
• Separation: RINs are typically “separated” from the fuel at the point of blending with petrodiesel. Once separated, the RIN acts as a standalone credit that the blender can use to demonstrate compliance with USEPA mandates or sell on the open market.

Our Strategy for RIN Management

As a biodiesel producer, we generate RINs as an integral part of our production process. Our approach to selling these credits is flexible and market-driven:

• Attached Sales: We frequently sell biodiesel with the associated RINs still attached to the fuel.
• Separated Sales: In instances where we blend the biodiesel with petrodiesel (at ratios of B80 or less, such as B5 or B20), we have the option to separate the RINs from the fuel. We can then sell the fuel and the RINs as distinct products.
• Decision Factors: The choice to separate or attach RINs depends on specific customer requests and prevailing market prices for separated credits.

Market Risk

While RINs are currently traded through market makers, we cannot guarantee the long-term sustainability of a separate RIN market or the future valuation of these credits upon sale.

Byproducts of Biodiesel Production

The manufacturing of biodiesel generates valuable secondary products, primarily glycerin and distillation residue, the sale of which contribute to our overall revenue stream.

Glycerin

Glycerin is a natural byproduct of the transesterification process used in biodiesel production, generated at a rate of approximately 10% by mass of the total biodiesel produced. We manage this byproduct in two ways:

• Crude Glycerin: This unrefined product is sold for industrial and agricultural applications that do not require high purity, such as construction materials and animal feed. Its market price is generally sensitive to supply and demand of energy and agricultural commodities like corn and soy.
• Refined Glycerin: To capture higher margins, we process a significant portion of our crude glycerin into a high-purity form of glycerin. This refined glycerin serves premium markets, including specialty chemical production and agricultural formulations.

Our strategy is to maximize the production of refined glycerin whenever refining capacity and market pricing provide a favorable return.

Biodiesel Residue

The final stage of the biodiesel production process leaves behind a distillation residue. While this is a lower-value commodity, we aggregate and market it to various industrial customers. Its primary applications include use as:

• an additive for Bunker C #6 fuel oil; and
• a specialized asphalt release agent used in road construction.

2025 Biodiesel Market & Production Trends

Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (“EIA”) highlights a shifting landscape in the biofuels sector. As of late 2024, domestic biodiesel production capacity saw a slight contraction, decreasing to 1,995 MMgy from 2,083 MMgy the previous year. Conversely, capacity for renewable diesel and other biofuels experienced robust growth, surging to 4,580 MMgy from 3,897 MMgy. Despite the rapid expansion of renewable diesel, the conventional biodiesel industry continues to demonstrate significant operational resilience.

Current Industry Challenges and 2025 Performance

The industry faced a complex start to 2025, largely due to regulatory ambiguity. The lack of timely guidance from the U.S. Treasury regarding the CFPC, combined with delays in finalized Renewable Fuel Obligations (“RVO”) for 2026, created a cautious market environment.

According to USEPA reporting, these factors contributed to a sharp year-over-year decline in production volumes during the first month of 2025:

Source: USEPA RIN Generation Summary

While biodiesel and renewable diesel volumes softened in early 2025, Sustainable Aviation Fuel (“SAF”) emerged as a growth leader, nearly doubling its output in the same period while it enjoyed a higher CFPC during 2025 which was reduced effective January 1, 2026 to the same level of credit as biodiesel and renewable diesel.

Customers and Markets

Market Reach and Applications

Biodiesel and its various blends serve nearly all traditional petroleum diesel end markets. In the United States, consumption is primarily driven by the on-road transportation sector. However, our products are also utilized in significant off-road applications, including:

• Agriculture: Powering farming equipment.
• Heating: Residential and commercial heating oil.
• Energy: Stationary power generation.

Logistics and Distribution

We maintain a robust distribution network to reach customers across the United States. Our logistics capabilities include:

• Direct Transport: Shipping via truck and rail directly from our facilities.
• Barge Access: Utilizing a terminal in Little Rock, Arkansas, for waterborne shipments.
• Strategic Storage: Leveraging liquid bulk storage facilities to ensure a consistent supply for the domestic transportation market.

Customer Concentration and Sales Strategy

Our biofuel sales are characterized by a varying but occasionally concentrated customer base.

The following table details the revenue concentration for our top two customers within the Biofuels segment and their impact on total Company revenue.

* During 2024 and 2025, our customer base was more diversified, with significant revenue distributed across five distinct entities rather than concentrated in the top two.

Contractual Framework and Risk Mitigation

We do not typically enter into long-term supply contracts for our biofuels. Instead, sales are conducted through monthly or short-term purchase orders at prevailing market prices. We believe the potential loss of any single customer would not result in a material adverse effect on the Company because:

• Commodity Demand: Biofuels have a broad and active global customer base.
• Market Fungibility: Our products can be readily redirected to alternative buyers.
• Flexible Terms: Sales are not tied to fixed-term obligations, and customers have no minimum purchase requirements beyond individual short-term orders.
• Market-Based Pricing: Revenue is consistently aligned with current market rates.

Competition in the Biofuels Sector

Our biofuels segment operates in a highly competitive environment, primarily contending with renewable diesel, other biodiesel producers, and the traditional petroleum industry.

Renewable Diesel and Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

Renewable diesel has emerged as a significant competitor to conventional biodiesel. While both utilize similar feedstocks (fats, vegetable oils, and waste oils), their production methods and chemical properties differ substantially:

• Production Process: We utilize transesterification to produce biodiesel. In contrast, renewable diesel is produced through hydro-processing.
• Fungibility: Unlike biodiesel, which is typically blended with petrodiesel, renewable diesel meets ASTM D975 specifications. This allows it to serve as a 100% direct substitute (“drop-in” fuel) without blending.
• Market Advantage: Renewable diesel often commands a premium price due to its superior cold-weather performance, seamless integration into existing infrastructure, and higher RIN generation per gallon.
• Capacity Growth: U.S. renewable diesel capacity reached approximately 4,580 million gallons per year by the end of 2024, surpassing conventional biodiesel production in 2023. Additionally, SAF capacity has grown to 16.4 million gallons per year.

Competitive Landscape

We compete across regional, national, and international markets based on several key factors:

• Price and Reliability: Maintaining cost-competitiveness and a stable supply chain.
• Product Quality: Ensuring strict adherence to fuel standards.
• RIN Integrity: Maintaining high market confidence in the validity of our generated RINs.

While the number of operational biodiesel plants has declined—primarily affecting smaller facilities with limited feedstock access—we continue to face competition from large-scale producers, foreign imports, and emerging cellulosic technologies.

Industry Risks and Barriers

• Technological Shift: The manufacturing processes for biodiesel and renewable diesel are fundamentally different. It is not economically feasible to retrofit our existing operations for renewable diesel production.
• Petroleum Industry Dominance: We compete against massive petroleum companies that possess significantly greater financial and operational resources.
• Regulatory Reliance: The economic viability of the biodiesel industry remains heavily dependent on government incentives and mandates. Without these requirements, the impact on processing economics and market demand remains uncertain.

Supply and Distribution

Feedstock Sourcing and Flexibility

Our production process is engineered for high feedstock flexibility, allowing us to remain agile in a shifting market. We source raw materials from a diverse, multi-channel supplier base that includes:

• Vegetable Oils: Degummed soybean oil and distilled crude corn oil from national and regional producers.
• Waste and Recycled Fats: Reclaimed used cooking oil.
• Animal Rendering: Pork, poultry, and beef fats (tallow and choice white grease).

All feedstocks are currently delivered to our facility via rail or truck. As the biofuels industry expands, competition for economically attractive, low-carbon feedstocks has intensified. Our ability to process a wide variety of these materials is a key factor in mitigating supply risks and managing input costs.

Logistics and Sales Channels

We utilize an integrated distribution network to ensure our products reach customers efficiently across the United States:

• Direct Plant Sales: We fulfill orders directly from our Batesville facility via railcar and tank truck.
• Strategic Storage: Finished biodiesel is transported—using both Company-owned trucks and third-party carriers—to leased liquid bulk storage facilities.
• Multi-Modal Distribution: From these regional hubs, we distribute product via tank truck or barge, allowing us to serve large-scale transportation and fuel-blending markets.

Cyclicality and Seasonality

The biodiesel industry is subject to periodic fluctuations driven by both environmental conditions and regulatory cycles.

Weather-Related Seasonality

Historically, biodiesel demand decreases during the winter months, particularly in the Northern and Midwestern United States. This trend is driven by operational concerns regarding fuel performance in cold temperatures.

• Cloud Point Variables: The “cloud point”—the temperature at which wax crystals begin to form and the fuel starts to gel—varies by feedstock.
• Feedstock Impact: Biodiesel produced from animal fats and used cooking oils typically has a higher cloud point than vegetable-based biodiesels (such as those made from soy or corn oil). Consequently, demand for these specific blends often softens during colder periods to ensure vehicle performance.

Regulatory Cyclicality

The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) introduces a secondary seasonal layer to our business.

• Mandate Fulfillment: Demand is often tethered to annual blending requirements. Once the federally mandated volumes for a calendar year are achieved—or when the market anticipates that the mandate will soon be met—buying activity for biodiesel can decrease significantly in the latter part of the year.

Industry Outlook and Strategic Direction

The biofuels landscape is currently navigating a pivotal transition. With the expiration of the BTC at the end of 2024, the industry has shifted to the CFPC as of January 1, 2025. While this new credit framework is now in effect, the market continues to seek definitive guidance on its long-term interpretation and its ultimate effect on operating margins.

The Competitive Landscape

Small-scale conventional biodiesel producers currently face significant pressure due to a massive influx of investment into large-scale renewable diesel facilities. This growth has created intense competition for the same limited pool of feedstocks. To remain competitive, we believe producers must be proactive.

Key Pillars of Our Adaptability Strategy:

• Technological Advancement: Implementing improved processes and exploring alternative high-yield feedstocks.
• Operational Agility: Maintaining scalability and flexibility in production to respond to market shifts.
• Logistical Efficiency: Optimizing our supply chain and distribution networks, including strategic co-location.
• Monetization Strategies: Leveraging the sale of separated RINs as a standalone revenue stream.
• Risk Management: Utilizing innovative hedging and risk-mitigation tools to protect margins.

Strategic Risks:

While our segment is geared toward these proactive responses, our future production levels remain subject to external forces. Our ability to operate could be constrained by:

• Feedstock Scarcity: Continued competition from the expanding renewable diesel sector.
• Legislative Changes: In a worst-case scenario, the total elimination of the RFS2 federal mandate by the U.S. Congress could render production non-viable.

Future Strategy

Despite these short-term headwinds and the lack of regulatory clarity at the start of the year, we remain confident in the long-term viability of our products. We believe biodiesel will remain a highly competitive and essential component of the renewable fuel mix, provided that established RFS2 pathways remain eligible for federal and state tax incentives.

Intellectual Property

We consider our intellectual property portfolio to be a valuable corporate asset, which we intend to expand and protect globally through a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, patents, trademarks, and copyrights. As a producer of a broad and diverse portfolio of chemicals, our intellectual property relates to a wide variety of products and processes acquired through the development and manufacture of over 300 specialty chemicals. Our primary strategy regarding our intellectual property portfolio is to appropriately protect all innovations and know-how in order to provide our business segments with a technology-based competitive advantage wherever possible. In the Chemicals segment, custom manufacturing projects are primarily conducted within the framework of confidentiality agreements with each customer to ensure that intellectual property rights are defined and protected. Performance chemicals in the Chemicals segment are protected utilizing patents, both United States patents and international patents, or maintained as trade secrets. In the Biofuels segment, innovations and process know-how are vigorously protected as appropriate.

As may be necessary, we seek to license technologies from third parties that complement our strategic business objectives. Neither our business as a whole, nor any particular segment, is materially dependent upon any one particular patent, copyright, or trade secret. As the laws of many foreign countries do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the United States, we can make no assurance that we will be able to adequately protect all of our intellectual property assets.

Research and Development

We devote considerable resources to our research and development programs, which are primarily targeted towards three objectives:

• innovating, developing, and improving biofuels processes, in particular biodiesel and other biofuels, including value-up technology and applications for co-products;
• developing and improving processes for custom manufacturing products; and
• innovating, developing, and improving performance chemical products and manufacturing processes.

Our research and development capabilities comprise analytical chemistry competencies to assay and characterize raw materials and products, organic chemistry expertise applied across a breadth of reaction chemistries and materials, design and process engineering capabilities for batch and continuous processing of both solid and liquid materials, and proficiency in process safety and scale-up necessary to design safe chemical manufacturing processes. We believe that these core competencies, established in support of the legacy chemical business, are applicable to building a technology-based position in biofuels and associated bio-based specialty products and expanding our chemical segment product lines.

Research and development expense incurred by us for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were $3,866, $3,993, and $4,398, respectively. Substantially all of such research and development expense are related to the development of new products, services, and processes or the improvement of existing products, services, and processes.

Environmental Stewardship and Compliance

We are committed to operating our facilities in a manner that protects the environment and the health of our employees and the public. A key component of our strategy is the on-site treatment of over 97% of our generated waste, which significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions otherwise associated with waste transportation.

Environmental Protection Expenditures

Our annual expenditures for environmental protection—including operating costs for pollution control equipment, construction, and development—are reflected in our Cost of Goods Sold:

Note: The decrease in 2025 expenditures primarily reflects reduced waste treatment requirements following the idling of our biodiesel operations due to regulatory uncertainty.

Regulatory Framework

Our chemical and biofuel operations are subject to a complex web of federal and state laws. Compliance requires significant capital for permits, specialized waste handling, and the installation of pollution control technology.

Core Federal Mandates

• Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, 42 USCA 9601, et. seq., as amended (“CERCLA”) (Superfund): Imposes strict, joint, and several liability for the cleanup of hazardous substance releases, regardless of fault.
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”): Governs the “cradle-to-grave” management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste.
• Clean Air Act: Restricts emissions and requires pre-operation permits and ongoing monitoring for chemical manufacturing.
• Clean Water Act & Oil Pollution Act: Regulate discharges into navigable waters and impose liability for oil spills or pollutant leaks.
• Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976: Mandates the reporting, testing, and restriction of chemical substances to mitigate health and environmental risks.
• Endangered Species Act of 1973: May prohibit or delay activities in habitats of protected plant or animal species.

Risk Management and Reserves

Liability Accruals: We accrue environmental costs when a liability is probable and can be reasonably estimated. These estimates are based on remedial requirements, regulatory discussions, and the financial viability of other potentially responsible parties.

Asset Retirement Obligations: We maintain reserves for the closure and post-closure costs of environmental assets (e.g., waste destructors, storage tanks, and boilers). These costs are charged to earnings over the assets’ estimated useful lives, currently projected at up to 27 years.

Remediation: The prior owner of our Batesville warehouse remains responsible for remediating pre-existing environmental conditions. We continue to monitor their compliance with these indemnification obligations.

Climate Change and Sustainability

As a provider of renewable fuels, we actively work to reduce our carbon footprint. We address the rising costs of energy, transportation, and raw materials—driven by climate change—through:

• Process Innovation: Streamlining manufacturing to reduce resource intensity.
• Inventory Control: Optimizing supply chains to minimize waste.
• Price Indexing: Mitigating volatility in climate-impacted markets.

We believe we hold all material permits necessary for our current operations and are not aware of any environmental issues that would result in a material adverse effect on our financial standing.

To ensure operational continuity, the Company maintains robust emergency preparedness plans and on-site response equipment, with personnel specifically trained to manage severe weather events.

While our primary production facility is situated in a region generally insulated from hurricanes and major flooding, we recognize that shifting global weather patterns and the rising frequency of extreme weather could disrupt raw material supply chains, product distribution, and overall plant efficiency. To mitigate these risks, we maintain strategic reserves of critical raw materials and essential spare production equipment on-site.

Human Capital and Strategic Management

Our competitive advantage is rooted in a highly stable, technically elite workforce and a leadership team with deep global expertise. The following sections outline the strength of our management and the specialized nature of our operations.

Executive and Management Expertise

The Batesville executive team brings a combined 100+ years of multi-disciplinary experience, spanning technical innovation, large-scale operations, and strategic business management. This leadership is bolstered by significant international experience, including high-level assignments across Europe and Asia.

Supporting this team is an operational and commercial management group of educated professionals, each averaging more than 30 years of industry experience.

Workforce Composition and Technical Caliber

We employ approximately 493 full- and part-time non-union personnel. Our staff includes a high concentration of specialized talent, ensuring we remain at the forefront of chemical manufacturing:

• Advanced Science: Our team includes chemists holding PhDs and specialized research degrees.
• Licensed Engineering: We maintain a staff of licensed professional engineers across electrical, mechanical, and chemical disciplines.
• Highly Skilled Operators: Our operations personnel undergo extensive, continuous technical training to manage complex chemical processes safely and efficiently.

Operational Self-Sufficiency and Automation

Because of the unique regional landscape and the absence of local process industry infrastructure, we have cultivated a substantially self-sufficient workforce. Our team possesses the full range of operational and maintenance skills required to manage our facility mostly independently of external specialized contractors.

To further enhance precision and safety, critical portions of our site manufacturing and infrastructure are automated and computer-controlled, allowing for real-time monitoring and rapid response to operational variables.

The Company remains focused on maintaining its highly automated manufacturing environment through computer-controlled infrastructure. To maintain the security of our proprietary synthesis formulas and intellectual property, the Company is developing a Responsible Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) & large language models (“LLM”) Governance Policy. This framework utilizes a 'Responsible AI by Design' philosophy to govern the current individual use of third-party tools while establishing the safety protocols and human-in-the-loop verification standards necessary to evaluate any future application of emerging technologies within our manufacturing or financial systems.

Retention and Stability

Our commitment to our employees is reflected in our strong retention rates. Despite broader labor market volatility, our voluntary attrition has averaged just 11.7% over the past five years. This stability ensures that critical institutional knowledge remains within the Company, fostering a reliable and safe production environment.

ACCESS TO COMPANY INFORMATION

We maintain a high standard of transparency by providing the public and our shareholders with timely access to our regulatory filings and corporate governance documents.

SEC Filings and Reports

The Company files annual, quarterly, and current reports, along with proxy statements and other required information, with the SEC. These electronic filings are available to the public through the SEC’s official website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

Online Investor Resources

Our corporate website is located at www.futurefuelcorporation.com (http://www.futurefuelcorporation.com). Through the “Investors” section of our site (https://futurefuel-corporation.ir.rdgfilings.com), we provide free access to the following documents as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC:

• Annual Reports on Form 10-K;
• Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q;
• Current Reports on Form 8-K; and
• Amendments to reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

Corporate Governance

We are committed to ethical business practices and strong board oversight. The following documents are available in the “Investors - Corporate Governance” section of our website:

• Corporate Governance Guidelines of our board of directors;
• Committee Charters for all standing board committees; and
• Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all directors, officers, and employees.

Request for Information

Shareholders may request printed copies of any of the aforementioned materials free of charge by contacting our Investor Relations department in writing:

FutureFuel Corp.

Attn: Investor Relations

2800 Gap Road

Batesville, Arkansas 72501

An investment in us involves a high degree of risk and may result in the loss of all or part of your investment. You should consider carefully all of the information set out in this document and the risks attaching to an investment in us, including, in particular, the risks described below. The information below does not purport to be an exhaustive list and should be considered in conjunction with the contents of the rest of this document.

Risks Related to Economic Conditions, Governmental Action, and our Industry

Our industry is greatly influenced by the U.S. and overall global economy and as such adverse economic conditions have the potential to adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

We are subject to various U.S. and global economic conditions, including our sourcing of certain raw materials for our chemicals segment internationally. Accordingly, adverse changes in these conditions, including supply chain disruptions and price inflation for those raw materials, which can adversely impact our business. The impacts include, but are not limited to:

• a significant decline in demand for our products due to market disruptions, resulting in a decline in sales and prices;
• limitations of feedstocks, price volatility, or disruptions to our suppliers’ operations;
• the interruption of our distribution system, or temporary or long-term disruption in our supply chains, or delays in the delivery of our product;
• suspension of renewable fuel and/or low carbon fuel policies;
• limitations on our ability to operate our business as a result of federal, state or local regulations including taxes and tariffs; and
• decreases in the demand for and price of RINs and California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“LCFS”) credits as a result of reduced demand for petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel.

We operate within the biomass-based diesel industry, which is significantly influenced by governmental programs requiring or incentivizing the consumption of biofuels, including the BTC and CFPC. The expiration or loss of mandates or incentives would have a material adverse effect on our business.

The biomass-based diesel industry relies on governmental programs requiring or incentivizing the consumption of biofuels. Biomass-based diesel has historically been more expensive to produce than petroleum-based diesel fuel and these governmental programs support a market for biomass-based diesel that might not otherwise exist. The petroleum industry is opposed to many of these government incentives and can be expected to continue to challenge these incentives.

Historically, the most significant tax incentive program in the biomass-based diesel industry had been the BTC. Under the BTC, the first market participant to blend pure biomass-based diesel with petroleum-based diesel fuel received a one dollar per gallon refundable tax credit. From time to time, the BTC has expired and been retroactively reinstated. Most recently, the Inflation Reduction Act, adopted in August 2022, extended the BTC through December 31, 2024, but provided for its replacement by the CFPC on January 1, 2025. The CFPC is structured on a sliding scale so that producers become eligible for larger credits as the GHG emissions of the fuels they produce approach zero. For producers meeting prevailing wage and registered apprenticeship requirements, the maximum credit is $1.00 per gallon of biodiesel. However, the maximum credit would require zero GHG emissions which is unrealistic for almost every biodiesel producer, including the Company. Guidance surrounding this credit was proposed on February 3, 2026, and is awaiting public comment. Given our relative position to other biodiesel producers and the importance of such incentives to our operations, a reduction or elimination of these governmental incentives could have a material adverse effect on us and on the biodiesel industry in general. Specifically, if biodiesel prices decrease as a result of the expiration or significant reduction in these governmental incentives and biodiesel feedstock costs do not decrease proportionately, we could realize a negative gross margin on biodiesel. As a result, we could be forced to cease production of biodiesel, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our biofuels operations may be harmed if federal or state governments were to change current laws and regulations.

Alternative fuels businesses benefit from government subsidies and mandates. If any of the state or federal laws and regulations relating to the government subsidies and mandates change, our ability to benefit from our alternative fuels business could be harmed.

With respect to our biofuels platform, the United States Congress could repeal, curtail or otherwise change the RFS2 program in a manner adverse to us. Similarly, the USEPA could curtail or otherwise change its administration of the RFS2 program in a manner adverse to us, including by not increasing or even decreasing the required renewable fuel volumes, by waiving compliance with the required renewable fuel volumes or otherwise. In addition, required volumes of renewable fuel are largely at the discretion of the USEPA (in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and Secretary of Agriculture). We cannot predict what changes, if any, will be instituted or the impact of any changes on our business, although adverse changes could seriously harm our revenues, earnings and financial condition.

Further, our biofuels platform is subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the application and use of alternative energy products, including those related specifically to biodiesel. For instance, biodiesel benefits from successful completion of USEPA Tier I and Tier II health effects testing under Section 211(b) of the Clean Air Act. This testing verified biodiesel does not pose a threat to human health and improves air quality as a replacement for petroleum diesel. Also, portions of our biofuels may, from time to time, be registered in states where we obtain benefits from state specific subsidies, mandates or programs. If federal or state agency determinations, laws, and regulations relating to the application and use of alternative energy are changed, the marketability and sales of biodiesel production could be materially adversely affected.

We have historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from sales of our biofuels in the State of California primarily as a result of California’s LCFS; adverse changes in this law or reductions in the value of LCFS credits would harm our revenues and profits.

The LCFS is designed to reduce GHG emissions associated with transportation fuels used in California by ensuring that the total amount of fuel consumed meets declining targets for such emissions. The regulation quantifies lifecycle GHG emissions by assigning a “carbon intensity” (“CI”) score to each transportation fuel based on that fuel’s lifecycle assessment. Each petroleum fuel provider, generally the fuel’s producer or importer is required to ensure that the overall CI score for its fuel pool meets the annual carbon intensity target for a given year. This obligation is tracked through credits and deficits and credits can be traded. We generate LCFS credits when we sell qualified fuels which are used in California. As a result of the trading price of LCFS credits, California has become a desirable market in which to sell our biodiesel. If the value of LCFS credits were to materially decrease as a result of over-supply, as a result of reduced demand for our fuels, if the fuel produced is deemed not to qualify for LCFS credits, or if the LCFS or the manner in which it is administered or applied were otherwise changed in a manner adverse to us, our revenues and profits could be seriously harmed.

The industries in which we compete are highly competitive.

The biodiesel and specialty chemical industries are highly competitive. There is competition within these industries and also with other industries in supplying the energy, fuel, and chemical needs of industry and individual customers. We compete with other firms in the sale or purchase of various goods or services in many national and international markets. We compete with large national and multi-national companies that have longer operating histories, greater financial, technical, and other resources, and greater name recognition than we do. In addition, we compete with several smaller companies capable of competing effectively on a regional or local basis. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and services and changes in customer requirements. As a result of competition, we may lose market share or be unable to maintain or increase prices for our products and/or services or to acquire additional business opportunities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Although we will employ methods of competition that we deem appropriate for such purposes, no assurances can be made that they will be successful. A key component of our competitive position, particularly given the commodity-based nature of many of our products, will be our ability to manage expenses successfully, which requires continuous management focus on reducing unit costs and improving efficiency. No assurances can be given that we will be able to successfully manage such expenses.

Our competitive position in the markets in which we participate is, in part, subject to external factors, in addition to those that we can impact. Natural disasters, changes in laws or regulations, trade disputes, war or other outbreak of hostilities, or other political factors in any of the countries or regions in which we operate or do business, or in countries or regions that are key suppliers of strategic raw materials, could negatively impact our competitive position and our ability to maintain market share.

As to our biofuels segment, biodiesel produced in Canada, South America, Europe, Eastern Asia, the Pacific Rim, or other regions may be imported into the United States to compete with U.S. -produced biodiesel. These regions may benefit from biodiesel production incentives or other financial incentives in their home countries that offset some of their biodiesel production costs and enable them to profitably sell biodiesel in the U.S. at lower prices than U.S.-based biodiesel producers. Under the RFS2, imported biodiesel may be eligible to satisfy an obligated party’s requirements and, therefore, may compete to meet the volumetric requirements of RFS2. This could make it more challenging for us to market or sell biodiesel in the United States, which would have a material adverse effect on our revenues.

The total current U.S. production capacity for biodiesel was in excess of the RFS2 mandate for 2024 and 2025. Excess production capacity over the annual mandates could result in a decline in biodiesel prices and profitability, negatively impacting our ability to maintain the profitability of our biofuels segment and recover capital expenditures in this business segment.

Biodiesel is encountering increased competition from renewable diesel, which is produced via hydrotreating a biomass-based feedstock. Renewable diesel can be used interchangeably with conventional petroleum diesel, is not limited in blends, and can be transported via existing fuel pipeline infrastructure. A significant capital investment would be required for the Company to produce renewable diesel, and the current economics and business uncertainty do not support this level of investment.

Fluctuations in commodity prices may cause a reduction in the demand or profitability of the products or services we produce.

Prices for alternative fuels tend to fluctuate widely based on a variety of political and economic factors. These price fluctuations heavily influence the oil and gas industry. Lower energy prices for existing products tend to limit the demand for alternative forms of energy services and related products and infrastructure. Historically, the markets for alternative fuels have been volatile, and they are likely to continue to be volatile. Wide fluctuations in alternative fuel prices may result from relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for oil and natural gas, market uncertainty, and other factors that are beyond our control, including:

• worldwide and domestic supplies of oil and gas;
• the price and/or availability of biodiesel feedstocks;
• weather conditions;
• the level of consumer demand;
• the price and availability of alternative fuels;
• the availability of pipeline and refining capacity;
• the price and level of foreign imports;
• domestic and foreign governmental regulations and taxes and trade restrictions, including tariffs;
• the ability of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to agree to and maintain oil price and production controls;
• political instability or armed conflict in oil-producing regions;
• pandemics, epidemics, or disease outbreaks; and
• the overall economic environment.

These factors and the volatility of the commodity markets make it extremely difficult to predict future alternative fuel price movements with any certainty. There may be a decrease in the demand for our products or services and our profitability could be adversely affected.

We are reliant on certain strategic raw materials for our operations.

We are reliant on certain strategic raw materials (such as biodiesel feedstocks and methanol) for our operations. We have implemented certain risk management tools, such as multiple suppliers and hedging, to mitigate short-term market fluctuations in raw material supply and costs. There can be no assurance, however, that such measures will result in cost savings or supply stability or that all market fluctuation exposure will be eliminated. In addition, inflation, natural disasters, changes in laws or regulations, war or other outbreak of hostilities, or other political factors in any of the countries or regions in which we operate or do business, or in countries or regions that are key suppliers of strategic raw materials, could affect availability and costs of raw materials.

While temporary shortages of raw materials may occasionally occur, these items have historically been sufficiently available to cover current requirements. However, their continuous availability and price are impacted by natural disasters, plant interruptions occurring during periods of high demand, domestic and world market and political conditions, changes in government regulation, and war or other outbreak of hostilities. In addition, as we increase our biodiesel capacity, we will require larger supplies of raw materials, which have not yet been secured and may not be available for the foregoing reasons or may be available only at prices higher than current levels. Our operations or products may, at times, be adversely affected by these factors.

Market conditions or transportation impediments may hinder access to raw goods and distribution markets.

Market conditions, the unavailability of satisfactory transportation, or the location of our manufacturing complex from more lucrative markets may hinder our access to raw goods and/or distribution markets. The availability of a ready market for biodiesel depends on a number of factors, including the demand for and supply of biodiesel and the proximity of the plant to trucking and terminal facilities. The sale of large quantities of biodiesel necessitates that we transport our biodiesel to other markets, since the Batesville, Arkansas regional market is not expected to absorb all of our contemplated production. Common carrier pipelines do not transport biodiesel or biodiesel/ petrodiesel blends, which means trucks, barges, and rail cars are the potentially available means of distribution of our product from the plant to these storage terminals for further distribution. However, the availability of rail cars is limited and at times unavailable because of repairs or improvements, or as a result of priority transportation agreements with other shippers. Additionally, the current availability of barges is limited, particularly heated barges to transport biodiesel during winter months. If transportation is restricted or is unavailable, we may not be able to sell into more lucrative markets, and consequently our cash flow from sales of biodiesel could be restricted.

Concerns regarding the environmental impact of biodiesel production could affect public policy, which could impair our ability to operate at a profit and substantially harm our revenues and operating margins.

The environmental impacts associated with biodiesel production and use have not yet been fully analyzed. Under the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, the USEPA is required to produce a study every three years of the environmental impacts associated with current and future biofuel production and use, including effects on air and water quality, soil quality and conservation, water availability, energy recovery from secondary materials, ecosystem health and biodiversity, invasive species, and international impacts. The first such triennial report was published in January 2011. The second triennial report was published June 29, 2018. The 2018 report reaffirms the findings of the 2011 report and reflects the current understanding about biofuel production using data gathered through May 2017. The USEPA released its third triennial report to Congress on biofuels and the environment in 2023, which builds on the previous two reports and provides an update on the impacts to date of the RFS and RFS2 on the environment.

To the extent that state or federal laws are modified, or public perception turns against biodiesel, use requirements, such as RFS2, may not continue, which could materially harm our ability to operate profitably.

Climate change regulations may impact our ability to operate at a profit and harm our operating margins.

Future regulations may impose new operational burdens, require investment in additional emission control technology, or result in unfavorable market changes. The cost of compliance with stringent climate change regulations could adversely affect our ability to compete with companies in locations that are not subject to stringent climate change regulations.

Growth in the sale and distribution of biodiesel is dependent on the expansion of related infrastructure, which may not occur on a timely basis, if at all, and our operations could be adversely affected by infrastructure limitations or disruptions.

Growth in the biodiesel industry depends on substantial development of infrastructure for the distribution of biodiesel. Substantial investment required for these infrastructure changes and expansions may not be made on a timely basis or at all. The scope and timing of any infrastructure expansion are generally beyond our control. Also, we compete with other biofuel companies for access to some of the key infrastructure components, such as terminal capacity. As a result, increased production of biodiesel or other biofuels will increase the demand and competition for necessary infrastructure. Any delay or failure in expanding distribution infrastructure could hurt the demand for or prices of biodiesel, impede delivery of our biodiesel, and impose additional costs, each of which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our business will be dependent on the continuing availability of infrastructure for the distribution of increasing volumes of biodiesel and any infrastructure disruptions could materially harm our business.

Nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel may harm its appeal as a renewable fuel and increase costs.

In some instances, biodiesel may increase emissions of nitrogen oxide as compared to petrodiesel, which could harm air quality. Nitrogen oxide is a contributor to ozone depletion and smog. These emissions may decrease the appeal of biodiesel to environmental groups and agencies who have been historic supporters of the biodiesel industry, potentially harming our ability to market our biodiesel.

In addition, several states have acted to regulate potential nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel. Texas currently requires biodiesel blends contain an additive to eliminate this perceived nitrogen oxide increase. California is in the process of formulating biodiesel regulations that may also require such an additive. The USEPA may also institute requirements for such an additive. In states where such an additive is required to sell biodiesel, the additional cost of the additive may make biodiesel less profitable or make biodiesel less cost competitive against petrodiesel or renewable diesel, which would negatively impact our ability to sell our products in such states and therefore have an adverse effect on our revenues and profitability.

Risks Related to our Business

We are exposed to operating risks.

As a manufacturer of diversified chemical products and biofuels, our business is subject to operating risks common to chemical manufacturing, storage, handling, and transportation. These risks include, but are not limited to, fires, explosions, inclement weather, natural disasters, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, transportation interruptions, remediation, chemical spills, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases. Significant limitation on our ability to manufacture products due to disruption of manufacturing operations or related infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on our sales revenue, costs, results of operations, and financial condition.

Disruptions could also occur due to internal factors such as computer or equipment malfunction (accidental or intentional), operator error, or process failures; or external factors such as computer or equipment malfunction at third-party service providers, natural disasters, pandemic illness, changes in laws or regulations, war or other outbreak of hostilities or terrorism, cyber-incidents, or breakdown or degradation of transportation infrastructure used for delivery of supplies to the Company or for delivery of products to customers. We have recently suffered increasingly frequent, unscheduled and extended service utility downtime as a result of supplier delays and quality issues beyond our control which may be exacerbated by cyber-incidents affecting those third-party providers. Furthermore, many of our manufacturing control systems rely on legacy hardware and software that may no longer be supported by original equipment manufacturers. This creates risks related to the availability of replacement parts, specialized repair expertise, and the inability to apply modern security patches. Because many of these systems operate on single-processor architectures without redundancy, any maintenance or repair requires total system downtime, which may be difficult to schedule without impacting production commitments. No assurances can be provided that any future disruptions due to these, or other, circumstances will not have a material effect on operations. Such disruptions could result in an unplanned event that could be significant in scale and could negatively impact operations, neighbors, and the environment, and could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

We are reliant upon a relatively small number of customers.

Our chemical business is concentrated with three large customers covering multiple products representing 81% of our chemicals segment product sales, or 50% of total revenues. Although this business is contracted in longer-term production agreements, the loss of any of these strategic customers could have a material adverse effect on our chemicals business.

Sales to biodiesel customers totaled approximately 38% of total revenue (or $36,178) in 2025. No biofuel customer in 2025 was greater than 10% of total revenue. Sales in 2024 to our two largest customers represented 25% of total revenues (or $59,867). Sales to our two largest biodiesel customers totaled 35% of total revenues in 2023 (or $127,763). We do not have contracts with these customers, but rather sell based on monthly or short-term, multi-month purchase orders placed with us by the customers at prices based upon then-prevailing market rates.

We do not believe that the loss of these large, concentrated customers would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to these customers are not under fixed terms and the customers have no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from these customers are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.

Changes in technology may render our products or services obsolete.

The alternative fuel and chemical industries may be substantially affected by rapid and significant changes in technology. Examples include competitive product technologies, such as green gasoline, renewable diesel produced from catalytic hydrotreating of renewable feedstock oils, and competitive process technologies, such as advanced biodiesel continuous reactor and washing designs that increase throughput. Additionally, new supplies of natural gas in the U.S., primarily as a result of shale gas development, have lowered natural gas prices. Lower natural gas prices may lead to increased use of natural gas as a transportation fuel. Increased usage of natural gas in the transportation market, or other markets that have traditionally used petrodiesel or biodiesel, may lead to declines in the demand for petrodiesel and biodiesel. Lastly, new and more active compounds may be discovered that require less volume or different manufacturing methods, or the end products may become obsolete and be replaced with differing materials.

These changes may render obsolete certain existing products, energy sources, services, and technologies currently used by us. We cannot provide assurances that the technologies used by or relied upon by us will not be subject to such obsolescence. While we may attempt to adapt and apply the services provided by us to newer technologies, we cannot provide assurances that we will have sufficient resources to fund these changes or that these changes will ultimately prove successful.

Failure to comply with governmental regulations could result in the imposition of penalties, fines or restrictions on operations and remedial liabilities.

The biofuel and chemical industries are subject to extensive federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations related to the general population’s health and safety and those associated with compliance and permitting obligations (including those related to the use, storage, handling, discharge, emission, and disposal of municipal solid waste and other waste, pollutants or hazardous substances or waste, or discharges and air and other emissions) as well as land use and development. Existing laws also impose obligations to clean up contaminated properties, or to pay for the cost of such remediation, often upon parties that did not cause the contamination. Compliance with these laws, regulations, and obligations could require substantial capital expenditures. Failure to comply could result in the imposition of penalties, fines, or restrictions on operations and remedial liabilities. These costs and liabilities could adversely affect our operations.

Changes in environmental laws and regulations occur frequently, and any changes that result in more stringent or costly waste handling, storage, transport, disposal, or cleanup requirements could require us to make significant expenditures to attain and maintain compliance and may otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business segments in general and on our results of operations, competitive position, or financial condition. We are unable to predict the effect of additional environmental laws and regulations that may be adopted in the future, including whether any such laws or regulations would materially increase our cost of doing business or adversely affect our operations in any area.

Under certain environmental laws and regulations, we could be held strictly liable for the removal or remediation of previously released materials or property contamination regardless of whether we were responsible for the release or contamination, or if current or prior operations were conducted consistent with accepted standards of practice. Such liabilities can be significant and, if imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Our insurance may not protect us against our business and operating risks.

We maintain insurance for some, but not all, of the potential risks and liabilities associated with our business. For some risks, we may not obtain insurance if we believe the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. As a result of market conditions, premiums and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance policies may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. As a result, we may not be able to renew our existing insurance policies or procure other desirable insurance on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Although we will maintain insurance at levels we believe are appropriate for our business and consistent with industry practice, we will not be fully insured against all risks that cannot be sourced on economic terms. In addition, pollution and environmental risks generally are not fully insurable. Losses and liabilities from uninsured and underinsured events and delay in the payment of insurance proceeds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If a significant accident or other event resulting in damage to our operations (including severe weather, terrorist acts, war, civil disturbances, pollution, or environmental damage) occurs and is not fully covered by insurance or a recoverable indemnity from a customer, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on key personnel, the loss of any of whom could materially adversely affect our future operations.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts and abilities of our executive officers and lead management team. The loss of the services of one or more of these key employees could have a material adverse effect on us. Our business is also dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Acquiring or retaining these personnel could prove more difficult to hire or cost substantially more than estimated. This could cause us to incur greater costs.

If we are unable to effectively manage the commodity price risk of our raw materials or finished goods, we may have unexpected losses.

We hedge our raw materials and/or finished products for our biofuels segment to some degree to manage the commodity price risk of such items. This requires the purchase or sale of commodity futures contracts and/or options on those contracts or similar financial instruments. We may be forced to make cash deposits available to counterparties as they mark-to-market these financial hedges. This funding requirement may limit the level of commodity price risk management that we are prudently able to complete. If we do not manage or are not capable of managing the commodity price risk of our raw materials and/or finished products for our biofuels segment, we may incur losses as a result of price fluctuations with respect to these raw materials and/or finished products.

In most cases, we are not capable of hedging raw material and/or finished products for our chemicals segment. Certain of our products are produced under manufacturing agreements with our customers, which provide us the contractual ability to pass along raw material price increases. However, we do not have this protection for all product lines within the chemicals segment. If we do not manage or are not capable of managing escalating raw material prices and/or passing these increases along to our customers via increased prices for our finished products, we may incur losses.

Currently, there is a supply disruption in the renewable fuel market as proposed regulations are finalized on the CFPC. However, under normal conditions there is excess renewable fuel production capacity and low utilization in the industry and if non-operational and underused facilities commence or increase operations, our results of operations may be negatively affected.

The transition from the BTC to the CFPC under Section 45Z redefined the competitive landscape for the 2025 fiscal year. While this shift provides a production-based incentive, it also introduces specific operational risks related to market saturation and feedstock availability. Historically, the renewable fuel industry has been characterized by significant excess production capacity and low utilization rates. In 2024, many biodiesel plants were sidelined or operated at reduced levels due to regulatory uncertainty. In early 2025, with the implementation of the CFPC, many of these non-operational or underused facilities commenced or increased operations. This surge in active capacity poses several risks:

• Supply/Demand Imbalance: Total nameplate capacity—including existing plants and the large-scale renewable diesel refineries completed in late 2024—now substantially exceeds both historic domestic consumption and the volume mandates required under RFS2.
• Downward Price Pressure: An oversupply of renewable fuels in the merchant market may depress market prices, leading to a contraction in our biodiesel gross margins.

The reactivation of dormant capacity has intensified the competition for key feedstocks (such as soybean oil, corn oil, and tallow).

• Increased Input Costs: As more plants vie for a finite supply of raw materials, feedstock prices may rise independently of finished fuel prices.
• Margin Compression: The combination of higher feedstock costs and lower fuel prices could significantly harm our revenues and overall profitability.

We are subject to industry and economic conditions that have caused several biofuel companies throughout the United States to file for bankruptcy over the last several years.

Unfavorable worldwide economic conditions, lack of financing, and volatile biofuel prices and feedstock costs have likely contributed to the necessity of bankruptcy filings by biofuel producers. Our business may be negatively impacted by the industry conditions that influenced the bankruptcy proceedings of other biofuel producers, or we may encounter new competition from buyers of distressed biodiesel properties who enter the industry at a lower cost than original plant investors.

If we are unable to acquire or renew permits and approvals required for our operations, we may be forced to suspend or cease operations altogether.

The operation of our manufacturing plant requires numerous permits and approvals from governmental agencies. We may not be able to obtain or renew all necessary permits (or modifications thereto) and approvals and, as a result, our operations may be adversely affected. In addition, obtaining all necessary renewal permits (or modifications to existing permits) and approvals for future expansions may necessitate substantial expenditures and may create a significant risk of expensive delays or loss of value if a project is unable to function as planned due to changing requirements.

Our indebtedness may limit our ability to borrow additional funds or capitalize on acquisition or other business opportunities.

We have entered into a $35 million revolving credit facility with a commercial bank. This credit facility expires in February 2030. Although as of the date of this report we have no outstanding borrowings under the existing facility, if and when we do borrow, the restrictions governing this type of indebtedness (such as limitations on the ratio of our total debt to EBITDA) could reduce our ability to incur additional indebtedness, engage in certain transactions, or capitalize on acquisition or other business opportunities.

We expect to have capital expenditure requirements, and we may be unable to obtain needed financing on satisfactory terms due to inflation and increased interest rates.

We expect to make capital expenditures for the expansion of our biofuels and chemicals production capacity and complementary infrastructure. We intend to finance these capital expenditures primarily through cash flow from our operations, borrowings under our credit facility, and existing cash. However, if our capital requirements vary materially from those provided for in our current projections, we may require additional financing sooner than anticipated. A decrease in expected revenues, in addition to high rates of inflation and high interest rates currently being experienced and expected to persist in the near-term could make obtaining this financing economically unattractive or impossible. As a result, we may lack the capital necessary to complete the projected expansions or capitalize on other business opportunities.

We may be unable to successfully integrate future acquisitions with our operations or realize all of the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions.

Failure to successfully integrate future acquisitions, if any, in a timely manner may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The difficulties of combining acquired operations include, among other things:

• operating a significantly larger combined organization;
• consolidating corporate technological and administrative functions;
• integrating internal controls and other corporate governance matters; and
• diverting management’s attention from other business concerns.

In addition, we may not realize all of the anticipated benefits from future acquisitions, such as increased earnings, cost savings, and revenue enhancements, for various reasons, including difficulties integrating operations and personnel, higher and unexpected acquisition and operating costs, unknown liabilities, and fluctuations in markets. If benefits from future acquisitions do not meet the expectations of financial or industry analysts, the market price of our shares of common stock may decline.

If we are unable to respond to changes in ASTM or customer standards, our ability to sell biodiesel may be harmed.

We currently produce biodiesel to conform to or exceed standards established by ASTM. ASTM standards for biodiesel and biodiesel blends may be modified in response to new observations from the industries involved with diesel fuel. New tests or more stringent standards may require us to make additional capital investments in, or modify, plant operations to meet these standards. In addition, some biodiesel customers have developed their own biodiesel standards that are stricter than the ASTM standards. If we are unable to meet new ASTM standards or our biodiesel customers’ standards cost effectively or at all, our production technology may become obsolete, and our ability to sell biodiesel may be harmed, negatively impacting our revenues and profitability.

If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we might not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud; in that case, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the value of our stock.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. The process of maintaining our internal controls may be expensive, and time consuming, and may require significant attention from management. We previously identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to review controls of our cash flow statement. We remediated this material weakness and have concluded as of December 31, 2025, that our internal control over financial reporting provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. However, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect fraud or misstatements. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact could harm the value of our stock and our business.

The risk of loss of the Company’s intellectual property, trade secrets or other sensitive business information or disruption of operations could negatively impact the Company’s financial results.

The Company has information and information processing assets, including intellectual property, trade secrets, and other sensitive, business critical information as well as on-premises and cloud-based business applications critical to conducting business. In addition, our chemical manufacturing facilities are highly automated using a mix of legacy and modern computerized Industrial Control Systems (“ICS”). These legacy systems, while functional for production, often lack modern security features and may be more susceptible to vulnerabilities that cannot be mitigated through standard IT security protocols. Cyber-incidents affecting the Company, its supply chain, utility providers or customers could compromise confidential, business critical information, cause a sustained disruption in the Company’s operations, harm the Company's reputation, or lead to a loss of control of physical processes that could endanger the environment if the Company, its suppliers or customers do not effectively prevent, detect and recover from these or other security breaches. The Company, like many companies today, is the target of industrial espionage, including cyber-attacks. While the Company continuously monitors for unauthorized activity, these increasingly sophisticated and automated threats may result in unauthorized parties gaining access to certain confidential business information or seeking to gain lateral access to manufacturing control networks. In instances where potential unauthorized access is identified, the Company initiates its incident response plan to investigate, mitigate, and, where appropriate, report to governmental authorities.

Although management does not believe that the Company has experienced any material losses to date related to cyber security incidents, there can be no assurance that such losses will not be suffered in the future. The Company seeks to actively manage the risks within its control that could lead to business disruptions and cyber security incidents through a comprehensive cyber security program and structured management of change processes that are continuously reviewed (through internal and third-party auditing), maintained, and upgraded. As these threats continue to evolve, particularly around cybersecurity, the Company may be required to expend significant resources to enhance its control environment, processes, practices, and other protective measures. Despite these efforts, such events could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Related to Emerging Technologies and Artificial Intelligence

Improper use of generative AI and LLMs could result in a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results. Employees may engage in the horizontal use of generative AI and LLMs. Such use, if not properly governed, carries risks of “Shadow AI'” — the use of unsanctioned tools that may lead to the unauthorized disclosure of proprietary chemical formulas, trade secrets, or personal information. Furthermore, reliance on AI-generated output that contains “hallucinations” or technical inaccuracies could, if not verified by subject matter experts, result in process safety incidents or inaccurate regulatory reporting, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and operations, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Confidentiality agreements with customers, employees, and others may not adequately prevent disclosures of confidential information, trade secrets, and other proprietary information.

We rely in part on trade secret protection to protect our confidential and proprietary information and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We have taken measures to protect our trade secrets and proprietary information, but these measures may not be effective. For example, we require new custom manufacturing chemical customers to execute confidentiality agreements before we begin manufacturing custom chemicals for them. We also require employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of their employment or consulting arrangement with us. These agreements generally require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. These agreements also generally provide that know-how and inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us are our exclusive property. Nevertheless, these agreements may be breached, or may not be enforceable, and our proprietary information may be disclosed. Further, despite the existence of these agreements, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques. Accordingly, it may be difficult for us to protect our trade secrets. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Moreover, we cannot assure that our technology does not infringe upon any valid claims of patents that other parties own. In the future, if we were found to be infringing on a patent owned by a third party, we might have to seek a license from such third party to use the patented technology. We cannot assure that, if required, we would be able to obtain such a license on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If a third party brought a legal action against us or our licensors, we could incur substantial costs in defending ourselves, and we cannot assure that such an action would be resolved in our favor. If such a dispute were to be resolved against us, we could be subject to significant damages.

We depend on our ability to maintain relationships with industry participants, including our strategic partners.

Our ability to maintain commercial arrangements with chemical and biodiesel customers, raw material and feedstock suppliers, and transportation and logistics services providers may depend on maintaining close working relationships with industry participants. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or establish additional necessary strategic relationships, in which case the opportunity to grow our business may be negatively affected.

We are exposed to government credit risk and fluctuations in market values of our cash and cash equivalent portfolio.

We have deposits with certain U.S. banks in excess of the maximum amounts insured by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and holdings in certain United States Government Select Funds. As of December 31, 2025, we maintained with such banks cash balances of approximately $5.5 million in excess of the amounts insured by the FDIC.

Risks Associated with Owning Our Shares

We may issue substantial amounts of additional shares without stockholder approval.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of 75,000,000 shares of common stock and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of the date of this report, 43,863,507 shares of our common stock currently are outstanding. The issuance of any additional shares of our common stock or preferred stock would dilute the percentage ownership of our company held by existing stockholders.

The market price of our common stock is highly volatile and may increase or decrease dramatically at any time.

The market price of our common stock is highly volatile, and our shares are thinly traded. Our stock price may change dramatically as the result of: (i) announcements of new products or innovations by us or our competitors; (ii) uncertainty regarding the viability of any of our product initiatives; (iii) significant customer contracts; (iv) significant litigation; (v) uncertainty with respect to changing laws and regulations that impact our business and our ability to take advantage of tax credits such as the BTC and CFPC; (vi) unscheduled and extended downtime at our facility; or (vii) events that would be expected to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects.

The market price for our common stock may also be affected by various factors not directly related to our business or future prospects, including the following:

• a reaction by investors to trends in our stock rather than the fundamentals of our business;
• a single acquisition or disposition, or several related acquisitions or dispositions, of a large number of our shares, including by short sellers covering their position;
• the interest of the market in our business sector, without regard to our financial condition, results of operations, or business prospects;
• positive or negative statements or projections about us or our industry by analysts and other persons;
• the adoption of governmental regulations or government grant programs and similar developments in the United States or abroad that may enhance or detract from our ability to offer our products and services or affect our cost structure; and
• economic and other external market factors, such as a general decline in market price due to poor economic conditions, investor distrust, or a financial crisis.

If securities or industry analysts issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock or do not publish research or reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for shares of our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our common stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

If Mr. P.A. Novelly, II or his designees exercises his registration rights, such exercise may have an adverse effect on the market price of our shares of common stock.

St. Albans Global Management, LLC (“St. Albans”), an entity affiliated with Mr. P. A. Novelly II, a member of the board, is entitled to demand that the Company register under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the resale of all shares of the Company’s common stock beneficially owned by it. If St. Albans exercises its registration rights with respect to all 17,085,100 shares of the Company’s common stock currently owned by it, there will be an additional 6,637,600 registered shares of common stock available for trading in the public market, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

We may be suspended or delisted from the New York Stock Exchange if we do not satisfy their continued listing requirements.

Our common stock trades on the NYSE under the symbol “FF”. Securities admitted to the NYSE may be suspended from dealing or delisted at any time the listed company fails to satisfy certain continued listing criteria. These criteria could be triggered if, among other things, the number of our publicly-held shares fall below 600,000, the average closing price of our common stock is less than $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period, or we fail to file certain reports with the SEC. As a matter of practice, the NYSE generally gives a listed company notice if any of these criteria are triggered, and generally provides the listed company with certain cure periods. If we suffer such an event, but do not cure it, or if such event cannot be cured, trading of our common stock on the NYSE may be suspended from dealing or our stock may be delisted. Any such suspension or delisting may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Risk Management and Strategy

The Company understands the importance of managing risks from cybersecurity incidents and utilizes a multilayered strategy guided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework for identifying, protecting, detecting, responding to, and recovering from threats and other potential incidents. Key aspects of our strategy for managing risks of cybersecurity threats include:

• Timely security patching of endpoints and risk-based patching of ICS as applicable where technically feasible, and the implementation of compensating controls (such as enhanced network isolation) for legacy systems that cannot be patched;
• Maintaining strategic inventories of critical legacy ICS hardware and identifying alternative repair sources to mitigate risks associated with the limited availability of original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) parts and support;
• Network and endpoint-based monitoring with autonomous protection capabilities to detect and block malicious activity in real-time;
• Utilization of zero-trust principles for remote access and robust network segmentation to isolate manufacturing environments from business networks:
• Backups which are regularly tested for recovery, including immutable offsite storage and air-gapped copies of critical manufacturing configurations hardened against malicious access;
• Third-party security services for audit, benchmarking, and improvement of our cyber security program;
• Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of our cybersecurity posture and performance through regular vulnerability scans, simulated phishing tests, and penetration tests;
• Coordination of security activities with manufacturing schedules to maximize the use of limited maintenance windows for critical system audits and hardware lifecycle refreshes;
• Oversight of third-party service providers by conducting vendor due diligence upon onboarding and ongoing monitoring of supply chain risks, including the enforcement of least-privilege remote access for third-party technicians;
• An incident response plan designed to coordinate the activities to prepare, respond, and recover from cybersecurity incidents, prioritizing the safety of personnel, the protection of the environment, and the restoration of business-critical manufacturing systems;
• Structured management of change process to ensure material changes to our systems or operations have an updated assessment of their potential impact associated with internal and external threats;
• Implementation of acceptable use policies and oversight of emerging technology activity-including AI tools-to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of confidential business information;
• Ongoing, annual employee security awareness training; and
• Cybersecurity insurance coverage to help mitigate the risk of loss from cybersecurity incidents.

To date, the Company does not believe that cybersecurity incidents have materially affected the Company, its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. The Company cannot provide assurance that it will not be materially affected by any future material cybersecurity incidents. For more information about the cybersecurity risks the Company faces, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, above.

Governance

The Company’s Chief Information Technology Officer (“CITO”) is responsible for developing and implementing our cybersecurity program and has over 20 years of cybersecurity experience. The CITO is responsible for reporting audit findings and risk information to the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). The CFO, in consultation with the CITO and legal counsel, is responsible for the final determination of the materiality of any cybersecurity incident.

Our board of directors is responsible for overseeing our enterprise risk management activities. The Audit Committee of the board of directors oversees our cybersecurity risk and receives reports semi-annually (or more frequently as needed) from our CFO and CITO on cybersecurity risk management and the effectiveness of our ICS security controls. Promptly after becoming aware of a material cybersecurity incident, the CITO works with management to formulate a mitigation plan, ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, and oversee the timely disclosure of material incidents.

Our principal asset is a manufacturing plant situated on approximately 2,200 acres of land six miles southeast of Batesville in north central Arkansas fronting the White River. Approximately 500 acres of the site are occupied with batch and continuous manufacturing facilities, laboratories, and infrastructure, including on-site liquid waste treatment. Our subsidiary, FutureFuel Chemical Company, is the fee owner of this plant and the land upon which it is situated (which plant and land are not subject to any major encumbrances) and manufactures both biofuels and chemicals at the plant. Use of these facilities may vary with product mix and economic, seasonal, and other business conditions, but the plant is substantially used with the exception of facilities designated for capacity expansion of biodiesel. The plant, including approved expansions, has sufficient capacity for existing needs and expected near-term growth. We believe that the plant is well maintained, in good operating condition, and suitable and adequate for its uses.

We are not a party to, nor is any of our property subject to, any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business. From time to time, we may be parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which we expect to be handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. While we are unable to predict the outcome of any matters currently pending, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of any such pending matters will have a material adverse effect on our overall financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, set forth herein. Further, for additional discussion of our results for 2024, compared to 2023, please see “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, which discussion is incorporated herein by reference and which is available through the SEC’s official website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov) and through the “Investors” section of the Company’s website (https://futurefuel-corporation.ir.rdgfilings.com).

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information” below for additional discussion regarding risks associated with forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts are in thousands.

Overview

In General

Our company is managed and reported in two reporting segments: chemicals segment and biofuels segment. Within the chemicals segment are two product groups: custom chemicals and performance chemicals. The custom chemicals group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for a single customer, whereas the performance chemicals product group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for multiple customers. The biofuels segment is comprised of one product group. Management believes that the diversity of each segment strengthens the Company by better using resources and is committed to growing each segment.

Major products in the custom chemicals group include: (i) consumer products (cosmetics and personal care products, specialty polymers, and specialty products used in the fuels industry); (ii) chlorinated polyolefin adhesion promoters and antioxidant precursors for a customer; and (iii) a biocide intermediate.

Pricing for the other custom manufacturing products is negotiated directly with the customer. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or protections against raw material, energy, or conversion cost changes.

Performance chemicals consist of specialty chemicals that are manufactured to general market-determined specifications and are sold to a broad customer base. A major product line in the performance chemicals group is SSIPA/LiSIPA, a polymer modifier that aids the properties of nylon and polyesters. This group of products also includes other sulfonated monomers and hydrotropes, specialty solvents, polymer additives, and chemical intermediates, such as glycerin.

SSIPA/LiSIPA revenues are generated from a diverse customer base of nylon and polyester fiber manufacturers and other customers that produce condensation polymers. Contract sales are, in certain instances, indexed to key raw materials for inflation; otherwise, there is no pricing mechanism or specific protection against raw material or conversion cost changes.

Pricing for the other performance chemical products is established based upon competitive market conditions. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or specific protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.

For our biofuels segment, we procure all of our own feedstock and only sell biodiesel for our own account. We have the capability to process multiple types of feedstocks including vegetable oils, animal fats, and separated food waste oils. We can receive feedstock by rail or truck, and we have substantial storage capacity to acquire feedstock at advantaged prices when market conditions permit. Our annual biodiesel production capacity is 59 million gallons per year.

There remains significant uncertainty regarding our future biodiesel production volumes. This outlook is primarily driven by the volatility of feedstock prices relative to finished biodiesel market prices and a systemic lack of permanency in critical government mandates. Our operational strategy is heavily dependent on federal and state incentive structures, which are subject to legislative change or expiration. Key factors contributing to this uncertainty include:

• The Clean Fuel Production Credit (CFPC): With the CFPC becoming effective on January 1, 2025, the industry is transitioning away from the traditional BTC. The CFPC is in proposed rule status and expected to be finalized before mid-year 2026.
• Expiring Credits: The lack of extension for the BTC while the CFPC is finalized creates a non-permanent fiscal environment.
• Delayed RFS2 renewable volume obligation: Uncertainty negatively impacts the value of each RIN and causes uncertainty in the renewable fuel market.
• Program Flux: Ongoing shifts in the federal renewable fuels program continue to impact our revenue projections.

Furthermore, government mandates have increasingly strengthened competing sectors, creating headwinds for our biodiesel operations. These include:

• Renewable Diesel: Incentives favoring renewable diesel over traditional biodiesel given the higher equivalency renewable fuel value of 1.7 as compared to 1.5 for biodiesel and higher GHG benefit.
• Electric Vehicles (EVs): Policy shifts and subsidies that accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles, potentially reducing long-term demand for liquid combustion fuels.

For a detailed analysis of these variables, please refer to "Risk Factors" and Note 3 of our consolidated financial statements.

While biodiesel is the principal component of the biofuels segment, we also generate revenue from the sale of petrodiesel both in blends with our biodiesel and, from time to time, with no biodiesel added. We have both truck and rail access at our Batesville facility. In addition, we deliver blended product to a small group of customers within our region, and from time to time, sell D4 and D6 RINs. At December 31, 2025, we held 0.4 million RINs with a market value of $379 and at December 31, 2024, we held 3.1 million RINs in inventory with a market value of $1,831.

Most of our sales are FOB the Batesville plant, although some transfer points are in other states or foreign ports. Many of our chemicals are used to manufacture products that are shipped, further processed, and/or consumed throughout the world, and we are not always aware of the exact quantities of our products that are moved into foreign markets by our customers. We do track the addresses of our customers for invoicing purposes and use this address to determine whether a particular sale is within or outside the United States. Our revenue for the last three fiscal years attributable to the United States and foreign countries (based upon the billing addresses of our customers) is set forth in the following table.

The majority of our expenses are cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes raw material costs as well as both fixed and variable conversion costs, such conversion costs being those expenses that are directly or indirectly related to the operation of our plant. Significant conversion costs include labor, benefits, energy, supplies, depreciation, and maintenance and repair. In addition to raw material and conversion costs, cost of goods sold includes environmental reserves and costs related to idle capacity. Finally, cost of goods sold includes hedging gains and losses recognized by us related to our biofuels segment. Cost of goods sold is allocated to the Chemicals and Biofuels segments based on equipment and resource usage for most conversion costs and based on revenue for most other costs.

Operating costs include selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses.

The discussion of results of operations that follows is based on revenue and expenses in total and for individual product lines and does not differentiate related party transactions.

Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024

Set forth below is a summary of certain financial information for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands other than per share amounts)

We use adjusted EBITDA as a key operating metric to measure both performance and liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not a substitute for operating income, net income, or cash flow from operating activities (each as determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of performance or liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results as reported under GAAP. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expenses, excluding, when applicable, non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, public offering expenses, acquisition-related transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustments, losses on disposal of property and equipment, unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, and other non-operating income or expenses. Information relating to adjusted EBITDA is provided so that investors have the same data that we employ in assessing the overall operation and liquidity of our business. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from similarly titled measures used by other companies; therefore, the results of our calculation are not necessarily comparable to the results of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA allows our chief operating decision maker to assess the performance and liquidity of our business on a consolidated basis to assess the ability of our operating segments to produce operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, to fund capital expenditures and to pay dividends. In particular, our management believes that adjusted EBITDA permits a comparative assessment of our operating performance and liquidity, relative to a performance and liquidity based on GAAP results, while isolating the effects of depreciation and amortization, which may vary among our operating segments without any correlation to their underlying operating performance, and of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense that varies widely among similar companies, and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments, which can cause net income to appear volatile from period to period relative to the sale of the underlying physical product.

We enter into commodity derivative instruments to protect our operations from downward movements in commodity prices and to provide greater certainty of cash flows associated with sales of our commodities. We enter into hedges, and we use mark-to-market accounting to account for these instruments. Thus, our results in any given period can be impacted, and sometimes significantly, by changes in market prices relative to our contract price along with the timing of the valuation change in the derivative instruments relative to the sale of biofuel. We include the unrealized gains and losses on the derivative instruments as an adjustment as we believe it provides a relevant indicator of the underlying performance of our business in a given period.

The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with cash flows from operations, the most directly comparable GAAP liquidity financial measure:

(Dollars in thousands)

36

Results of Operations

Consolidated

(Dollars in thousands)

2025 Compared to 2024

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, consolidated revenue decreased 61% ($147,597) compared to 2024. This significant contraction was primarily driven by severe regulatory headwinds in the Biofuels segment and operational interruptions within the Chemicals segment.

Biofuels Segment Revenue Impact

The Biofuels segment was the primary driver of the consolidated revenue decline, contributing $127,155 of the total decrease ($122,836 from lower volumes and $4,319 from lower pricing).

• Regulatory Uncertainty: The downturn is largely attributed to ongoing market ambiguity surrounding the CFPC, which materially impacted production economics.
• Cost Mitigation: In response to these conditions, we proactively implemented cost-reduction measures, including the idling of the biodiesel plant and a corresponding reduction in force to preserve liquidity.

Chemicals Segment Revenue Impact

The Chemicals segment contributed $20,442 to the consolidated revenue decrease, driven by:

• Operational Delays: A $14,382 decline in sales volume resulting from weather-related complications that extended the scheduled plant turnaround, combined with slower production ramp-up speeds during the facility restart.
• Market Demand: Reduced volumes for products serving the energy markets.
• Contractual Transition: A $5,492 reduction in the amortization of deferred revenue following the 2024 expiration of a long-term contract. While the customer relationship continues, it has transitioned to a short-term contractual framework.

Consolidated gross profit decreased by $59,069 in 2025 compared to the prior year. This margin compression was driven by a confluence of regulatory headwinds, operational interruptions, and the expiration of legacy contractual benefits.

Segment Contributions to Gross Profit Decline

• Chemicals Segment: Contributed ($35,639) to the decrease.
• Biofuels Segment: Contributed ($23,430) to the decrease.

Primary Drivers of the Decrease. The year-over-year reduction in profitability was primarily influenced by:

• Operational Idling & Market Uncertainty: Significant volume losses in biodiesel and its byproduct, glycerin, followed the strategic decision to idle biodiesel production in June 2025. This proactive measure was taken in response to persistent regulatory ambiguity surrounding the CFPC.
• Extended Plant Turnaround: Gross profit in the Chemicals segment was further pressured by weather-related complications that extended the duration of the scheduled plant turnaround. This resulted in heightened maintenance expenditures and inefficiencies during the subsequent restart of operations.
• Contractual Amortization: A $5,492 reduction resulting from the completed amortization of deferred revenue within the Chemicals segment following the 2024 expiration of a major long-term contract.
• Inventory Accounting (LIFO): Valuation adjustments under the Last-In, First-Out (“LIFO”) method negatively impacted gross profit by $1,706 in 2025, a significant reversal from the $3,028 gain recognized through LIFO in 2024.

Mitigating Factors. The overall decline was partially offset by a favorable swing in the change in derivatives. The unrealized activity of derivative instruments yielded a gain of $221 in 2025, compared to a loss of $1,971 in the prior year.

Operating expenses increased $293 in 2025 compared to 2024. This increase was primarily the result of increased executive compensation expense.

Other income decreased $6,165 in 2025 as compared to 2024. This net decrease was due to (i) the reduction of interest income of $3,745, and (ii) the prior year receipt of a $2,750 settlement in 2024 (see Note 22 of our consolidated financial statements for further details).

Income tax provision

The income tax provision was $165 in 2025 or an effective tax rate of (0.3%) as compared to a provision in 2024 of $792 or an effective tax rate of 4.9%.

The Company's effective tax rate for the years 2025 and 2024 reflects the effect of certain tax credits and incentives. Most notable to the 2025 effective tax rate was the effect of the CFPC, a new 2025 non-refundable, transferable incentive recorded as a reduction in cost of goods sold following International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) 20 principles. The Budget Reconciliation Act of 2025 also reinstated the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit, a non-refundable, transferable incentive similarly recorded as a reduction in cost of goods sold following IAS 20. The reduction in cost of goods sold is excluded from the Company’s taxable income, impacting the effective tax rate.

The most notable effect of tax credits and incentives to the 2024 effective tax rate was from the BTC, which expired December 31, 2024. The BTC was also recorded as a reduction in cost of goods sold following IAS 20. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excluded the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from its taxable income, impacting the effective tax rate.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2025 and 2024 includes an expense of $11,558 or 23.5% and $8,169 or 50.1%, respectively, from the recording of a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance to reduce these assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2025, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets of $53,400 are more likely than not realizable only to the extent of $19,484, resulting in a net deferred tax liability of $910. As of December 31, 2024, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets were more likely than not realizable only to the extent of $18,691, resulting in a net deferred tax liability of $773.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Chemicals Segment

(Dollars in thousands)

2025 Compared to 2024

For the fiscal year 2025, chemical sales revenue totaled $59,565, a 26% ($20,442) contraction compared to 2024. This downturn was largely driven by operational headwinds, including weather-related complications that extended the scheduled plant turnaround and subsequent slower production rates during the facility restart. These factors, combined with diminished volumes in the energy sector, impacted both primary chemical product lines.

Custom Chemicals

Revenue from our custom manufacturing product line decreased 26% ($17,798) to $51,675 in 2025. This decline was primarily influenced by:

• Sector Softness: Reduced demand and lower sales volumes for chemicals utilized in the automotive coatings and energy markets.
• Contractual Roll-off: A $5,492 reduction resulting from the completed amortization of deferred revenue following the 2024 expiration of a long-term energy market contract.

Performance Chemicals

Performance chemicals revenue fell 25% ($2,644) to $7,890 in 2025. Key factors included:

• Production Interdependencies: Lower volumes of glycerin products resulting from the decision to idle biodiesel production during the second half of 2025.
• Market Conditions: A general softening of demand within agricultural chemical markets.
• Strategic Offset: These decreases were partially mitigated by the successful launch and sale of a new energy-market product following the completion of a major chemical production construction project.

Gross profit for the Chemicals segment decreased by $35,639 in 2025 compared to the prior year. This margin compression was primarily driven by the following factors:

• Volume Contraction: Lower overall sales volumes across both custom and performance product lines, exacerbated by the extended plant turnaround and subsequent production restart.
• Contractual Amortization: A $5,492 non-cash decrease resulting from the completed amortization of deferred revenue following the expiration of a significant long-term contract in 2024.
• Operational Reinvestment: Increased spending on plant reliability initiatives and heightened maintenance costs incurred during the fiscal year to ensure long-term facility integrity.

Biofuels Segment

(Dollars in thousands)

2025 Compared to 2024

Biofuels sales revenue decreased 78% in 2025 compared to 2024. This contraction was primarily driven by a 75% reduction in sales volume and a 3% decline in the average selling price of fuel, inclusive of D4 RIN values.

The decline in performance is attributable to an extended plant turnaround initiated to enhance long-term reliability, followed by the subsequent strategic decision to idle production due to regulatory uncertainty surrounding the CFPC and other adverse market conditions.

Customer Concentration and Market Dynamics. Historically, a portion of our biodiesel output was sold to two major United States refiners. In 2025, however, we had no major customers with revenue greater than 10%.

• Market Fungibility: We do not believe the loss of any single major customer, including these refiners, results in a material adverse effect. Unlike our custom chemical products, biodiesel is a commodity with a broad, active customer base.
• Demand vs. Capacity: We believe our product can be readily redirected to alternative buyers, as potential market demand consistently exceeds our current production capacity.
• Contractual Flexibility: Our sales are typically executed through short-term purchase orders at prevailing market rates rather than long-term, fixed-volume obligations.

Biofuels Gross Profit Analysis. Gross profit for the Biofuels segment decreased by $23,430 in 2025 compared to 2024. The primary drivers of this variance include:

• Production Idling: The significant drop in sales volume followed the idling of the biodiesel facility in the second quarter of 2025.
• Inventory Valuation (LIFO): Adjustments to the carrying value of inventory under the LIFO method negatively impacted gross profit by $1,739 in 2025, a sharp reversal from the $2,370 gain recognized in 2024.
• Derivative Activity Offset: These losses were partially mitigated by a favorable year-over-year swing in hedging results, with the segment realizing an unrealized gain on derivative instruments of $221 in 2025 compared to a $1,971 loss in 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Useful Lives of Property, Plant, and Equipment

The determination of an asset's useful life is a fundamental estimate that impacts our financial results. We primarily establish these estimates based on historical experience with similar assets. However, the actual useful life may vary significantly from these projections due to several factors:

• Build Quality: Variations in manufacturing standards and materials.
• Utilization: The intensity and specific manner in which an asset is operated.
• Economic Conditions: Shifts in the business climate or technological advancements that may render an asset obsolete.

Depreciation Methodology

To ensure our financial statements accurately reflect the consumption of economic benefits, we adhere to the following standards:

• Continuous Monitoring: We regularly review and adjust estimated useful lives to align with current operational data.
• Straight-Line Method: Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method, allocating the cost of the asset evenly over its projected functional lifespan.

Changes in estimates are accounted for prospectively, meaning any adjustments to useful lives will impact depreciation expense in the current and future periods.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when performance obligations of the customer contract are satisfied. We sell to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of our revenue is from short-term contracts with revenue recognized when a single performance obligation to transfer product under the terms of a contract with a customer is satisfied. Accordingly, we recognize revenue when control is transferred to the customer, which is when products are considered to meet customer specification per the customer contract and title and risk of loss are transferred. This typically occurs at the time of shipment or delivery; or for certain contracts, this occurs upon delivery of the material to one of our storage locations, ready for customer pickup and separated from our other inventory. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products and is generally based upon a negotiated price. We sell products directly to customers generally under agreements with payment terms of 30 to 75 days for chemical segment customers and 5 to 10 days for biofuels segment customers.

Certain long-term contracts have an upfront non-refundable payment considered a material right. The Company applies the renewal option approach in allocating the transaction price to the material right. For each of these contracts, the Company estimated the expected contractual term and expected volumes to be sold at the most likely expected sales price as a basis for allocating the transaction price to the material right. Each estimate is updated quarterly on a prospective basis. These custom chemical contracts have payment terms of 30 days. See Notes 2 and 4 of our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion.

For most product sales, revenue is recognized when product is shipped from our facilities and when control has transferred to the customer, which is in accordance with our customer contracts and the stated shipping terms. Nearly all custom manufactured products are manufactured under written master service agreements. Performance chemicals and biodiesel are generally sold pursuant to the terms of written purchase orders. In general, customers do not have any rights of return, except for quality disputes. All of our products are tested for quality before shipment, and historically returns have been inconsequential. We do not offer rebates, except those related to the BTC when transactions are occurring when the BTC is not in effect. See Note 3 of our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion on the BTC.

Biodiesel selling prices can at times fluctuate based on the timing of unsold, internally generated RINs. From time to time, sales of biodiesel are on a “RINs-free” basis. Such method of selling results in applicable RINs being held. The value of RINs is not reflected in revenue until such time as the RINs sale has been completed with the transfer of the RINs.

Revenue from bill-and-hold transactions in which a performance obligation exists is recognized when the total performance obligation has been met and control of the product has transferred. Bill-and-hold transactions for 2025 and 2024 were related to custom chemicals customers whereby revenue was recognized in accordance with contractual agreements based upon product being produced and ready for use by the customer. These sales were subject to written monthly purchase orders with agreement that production was reasonable. The product was custom manufactured and stored at the customer’s request and could not be sold to another buyer. Credit and payment terms for bill-and-hold customers are similar to other custom chemicals customers. Sales revenue under bill-and-hold arrangements were $36,690, $43,959, and $43,766 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, $5,147 and $7,301, respectively, was included in revenue for products that had not shipped. The latter amounts do not include Contract Assets of $40 and $29 that have not been billed nor shipped at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Taxes collected from customers remitted to governmental authorities are recorded as a reduction of the transaction price. Shipping and handling fees related to sales transactions are billed to customers and recorded as sales revenue with an offsetting expense included in cost of goods sold.

Income Taxes

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represent income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company's assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted.

A tax valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluates available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether it is more likely than not that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction. In making this determination, the Company considers positive evidence in the form of projections of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In years in which the Company has experienced objective negative evidence in the form of three cumulative years of tax losses, the Company no longer uses taxable income projections to overcome the presumption of losses and deferred tax asset valuations are computed taking into account tax planning strategies and the reversing net deferred tax liability from temporary differences as sources of income.

The Company recognizes income tax positions only when they meet the more likely than not threshold. The Company's policy is to record interest and penalties related to unrecognized benefits as a component of the income tax provision in the Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are set forth in the following table.

(Dollars in thousands)

Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities was $28,735 in 2025 compared to cash provided by operating activities of $24,802 in 2024, a net decrease in cash of $53,537 primarily attributed to a decrease of $64,900 in net income from 2025 to 2024. Also contributing to the decrease in cash was the change in (i) accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $14,830, (ii) inventory of $5,351, and (iii) other assets of $4,214. Partially offsetting the decrease in cash from operations was the change in (i) deferred revenue of $18,156, (ii) accounts payable, including accounts payable - related parties, of $11,383, (iii) accounts receivable, including accounts receivable - related parties, of $5,980, and (iv) other non-current liabilities of $4,593.

Cash provided by operating activities increased in 2024 to $24,802 from $21,299 in 2023, a net increase of $3,503. This increase was attributed to the change in (i) inventory of $9,815, (ii) accounts receivable, including accounts receivable – related parties, of $8,714, (iii) accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $7,043, (iv) change in fair value of derivative instruments of $3,849, (v) change in fair value of equity securities of $3,117, and (vi) accounts payable, including accounts payable - related parties, of $2,249. Partially offsetting the increase in cash from operations was the decrease of $21,879 in net income in 2025 compared to 2024 and the change in deferred revenue of $6,787 and other non-current liabilities of $3,317.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $18,601 in 2025 compared to $14,794 in 2024 for a net decrease in cash of $3,807. This decrease in cash was primarily attributable to increased capital expenditures of $2,579 and the change in the collateralization of derivative instruments of $1,256.

Cash used in investing activities was $14,794 in 2024 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $33,022 in 2023 for a net decrease in cash of $47,816. This decrease was primarily attributable to the sale of marketable securities in 2023 of $37,701. In addition, increased capital expenditures decreased cash from investing activities by $8,646.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities was $10,889 in 2025, primarily from the payment of dividends of $10,513.

Cash used in financing activities was $119,911 in 2024, primarily from the payment of a special cash dividend of $109,408 in addition to regular cash dividends.

Capital Expenditure Commitments

We had $4,302 of new chemical production equipment and infrastructure capital repair projects that generated commitments as of December 31, 2025. We plan to continue to invest in capital infrastructure to increase the reliability of plant operations.

Historically, we finance capital requirements for our business with cash flows from operations and have not had the need to incur bank indebtedness to finance any of our operations during the periods discussed herein.

Credit Facility

On February 21, 2025, the Company, with FutureFuel Chemical Company as the borrower and certain of the Company’s other subsidiaries as guarantors, amended and restated its credit agreement, as further amended effective as of June 30, 2025 and December 22, 2025 (the “Credit Agreement”), originally entered into on April 16, 2015 with the lenders party thereto, Regions Bank as administrative agent and collateral agent, and PNC Bank, N.A., as syndication agent (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement consists of a five-year revolving credit facility in a dollar amount of up to $35,000, which includes a sublimit of $30,000 for letters of credit and $15,000 for swingline loans (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility expires on February 21, 2030.

We will be permitted to use net proceeds of any borrowings under the Credit Facility for working capital and other general corporate purposes. No borrowings were made under the Prior Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. See Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our Credit Agreement.

The Credit Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including negative covenants that limit or restrict, among other things, indebtedness, liens and encumbrances, dividends, burdensome agreements, mergers and fundamental changes, assets sales, investments, transactions with affiliates, changes in fiscal years, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements.

The interest rate floats at the following margins over SOFR or base rate based upon our leverage ratio.

Certain of our subsidiaries have entered into guarantees of payment on behalf of the Company for amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. In addition, we and certain subsidiaries have entered into a pledge and security agreement with the lender parties to secure the obligations under the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the pledge and security agreement, we and certain of our subsidiaries have pledged certain collateral, including but not limited to, interests in intellectual property rights and certain equity interests in our subsidiaries.

We intend to fund future capital requirements for our businesses from cash flow generated by us as well as from existing cash, cash investments, and, if the need should arise, borrowings under our credit facility. We do not believe there will be a need to issue any securities to fund such capital requirements.

Dividends

In 2025, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2025 totaled $2,681 to be paid in the first quarter of 2026. Dividend equivalents accruing on the outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) total $49; $10 has vested and $39 contingent upon full services vesting in accordance with the service agreement with Mr. Polet.

In 2024, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2024 totaled $10,513 to be paid in 2025. On March 12, 2024, we also declared a special cash dividend of $2.50 per share on our common stock. This special dividend paid on April 9, 2024 amounted to $109,408. Total cash dividends paid in 2024 were $119,911.

In 2023, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2023 totaled $10,503 to be paid in 2024.

Capital Management

As a result of historical positive operating results, we accumulated excess working capital. We intend to retain the remaining cash to fund infrastructure and capacity expansion at our Batesville plant or to otherwise fund our future growth. Third parties have not placed significant restrictions on our working capital management decisions.

We maintain depository accounts such as checking accounts, money market accounts, and other similar accounts at selected financial institutions. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 89% of these deposits were insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We engage in two types of hedging transactions. First, we hedge our biofuels sales through the purchase and sale of futures contracts and options on futures contracts of energy commodities. This activity was captured on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2025 and 2024. Second, we hedge our biofuels feedstock through the execution of purchase contracts and supply agreements with certain vendors which meet the normal purchase and normal sales exception of ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. These hedging transactions are recognized in earnings and do not qualify as a hedge accounting treatment on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2025 or 2024, as they do not meet the definition of a hedge instrument as defined under GAAP. The purchase of biofuels feedstock generally involves two components: basis and price. Basis covers any refining or processing required as well as transportation. Price covers the purchases of the actual agricultural commodity. Both basis and price fluctuate over time. A supply agreement with a vendor constitutes a hedge when we have committed to a certain volume of feedstock in a future period and have fixed the basis for that volume.

Contractual Obligations

Purchase obligations include the purchase of biodiesel feedstock and various other infrastructure and capital repairs as follows:

A component of other noncurrent liabilities is a reserve for asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies of $1,503 at December 31, 2025. We are liable for these asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies only in certain events, primarily the closure of our Batesville, Arkansas facility. As such, we do not expect a payment related to these liabilities in the foreseeable future and therefore we have excluded this amount from the table above.

In recent years, general economic inflation has not had a material adverse impact on our costs and, as described elsewhere herein, we have passed some contractual inflationary price increases along to our customers. However, we are subject to certain market risks as described below.

Market risk represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices. Commodity price risk is inherent in the chemical and biofuels business both with respect to input (electricity, coal, raw materials, biofuel feedstocks, etc.) and output (manufactured chemicals and biofuels).

We seek to mitigate our market risks associated with the manufacturing and sale of chemicals by entering into term sale contracts that include contractual market price adjustment protections to allow changes in market prices of key raw materials to be passed on to the customer. Such price protections are not always obtained, however, so raw material price risk remains a significant risk.

In order to manage price risk caused by market fluctuations in biofuel prices, we may enter into exchange traded commodity futures and options contracts. We account for these derivative instruments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Under this standard, the accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends upon whether it has been designated as an accounting hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. To qualify for designation as an accounting hedging relationship, specific criteria must be met and appropriate documentation maintained. We had no derivative instruments that qualified under these rules as designated accounting hedges in 2025 or 2024. Changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments are recognized at the end of each accounting period and recorded in the consolidated statement of operations as a component of cost of goods sold.

Our immediate recognition of derivative instrument gains and losses can cause net income to be volatile from period to period due to the timing of the change in value of the derivative instruments relative to the sale of biofuel being sold. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the fair values of our derivative instruments were in a liability position in the amount of $13 and $235, respectively.

Our gross profit will be impacted by the prices we pay for raw materials and conversion costs (costs incurred in the production of chemicals and biofuels) for which we do not possess contractual market price adjustment protection. These items are principally comprised of crude corn oil and yellow grease and petrodiesel. The availability and price of these items are subject to wide fluctuations due to unpredictable factors such as weather conditions, overall economic conditions, governmental policies, commodity markets, and global supply and demand.

We prepared a sensitivity analysis of our exposure to market risk with respect to key raw materials and conversion costs for which we do not possess contractual market price adjustment protections based on average prices in 2025. We included only those raw materials and conversion costs for which a hypothetical adverse change in price would result in a 1% or greater decrease in gross profit. Assuming that the prices of the associated finished goods could not be increased and assuming no change in quantities sold, a hypothetical 10% change in the average price of the commodities listed below would result in the following change in annual gross profit.

(Dollars in thousands)

(a) Volume requirements and average price information are based upon volumes used and prices obtained for the year ended December 31, 2025. Volume requirements may differ materially from these quantities in future years as our business evolves.

We had no borrowings as of December 31, 2025 or 2024, and, as such, we were not exposed to interest rate risk for those years. Due to the relative insignificance of transactions denominated in a foreign currency, we consider our foreign currency risk to be immaterial.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our principal financial officer and other senior management personnel, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and our principal financial officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025 were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by Grant Thornton LLP, a registered public accounting firm, which expressed an unqualified opinion as stated in their report, a copy of which is included below.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

For the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management believes that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly in all material respects our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the period presented.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of FutureFuel Corp. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, the internal control over financial reporting of FutureFuel Corp. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Tulsa, Oklahoma

March 16, 2026

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We did not make any changes in our internal control over financial reporting as a result of our evaluation that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025.