Enphase Energy, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Mar 31, 2024

Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations and involves risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements, include but are not limited to statements regarding: our expectations as to future financial performance, including expenses, liquidity sources and cash requirements; the capabilities, performance and competitive advantage of our technology and products and planned changes; timing of new product releases, and the anticipated market adoption of our current and future products; our expectations regarding demand for our products; our business strategies, including anticipated trends and operating conditions; growth of and development in markets we target, and our expansion into new and existing markets; our performance in operations, including factors affecting our supply chain; our product quality and customer service; our expectations regarding geopolitical developments, such as the conflicts in Russia-Ukraine and Israel and the Gaza Strip and inflationary pressures and their impact on our business operations, financial performance and the markets in which we, our suppliers, manufacturers and installers operate; and the importance of and anticipated benefits from government incentives for solar products, including through changes in the tax laws, rules and regulations. You should be aware that the forward-looking statements contained in this report are based on our current views and assumptions, and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual events or results to differ materially. For a discussion identifying some of the important factors that could cause actual results to vary materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, see below, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” herein and those included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on February 9, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”). Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “Enphase,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Enphase Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Business Overview

We are a global energy technology company. We deliver smart, easy-to-use solutions that manage solar generation, storage and communication on one platform. Our intelligent microinverters work with virtually every solar panel made, and when paired with our smart technology, result in one of the industry’s best-performing clean energy systems. As of March 31, 2024, we have shipped approximately 75 million microinverters, and over 4.1 million Enphase residential and commercial systems have been deployed in more than 150 countries.

The Enphase® Energy System™, powered by IQ® Microinverters and IQ® Batteries, our current generation integrated solar, storage and energy management offering, enables self-consumption and delivers our core value proposition of yielding more energy, simplifying design and installation and improving system uptime and reliability. The IQ family of microinverters, like all of our previous microinverters, is fully compliant with NEC 2014 and 2017 rapid shutdown requirements. Unlike string inverters, this capability is built-in, with no additional equipment necessary.

The Enphase Energy System brings a high technology, networked approach to solar generation plus energy storage, by leveraging our design expertise across power electronics, semiconductors and cloud-based software technologies. Our integrated approach to energy solutions maximizes a home’s energy potential while providing advanced monitoring and remote maintenance capabilities. The Enphase Energy System with IQ uses a single technology platform for seamless management of the whole solution, enabling rapid commissioning with the Enphase® Installer App and consumption monitoring with IQ® Gateway with IQ® Combiner+, Enphase® App, a cloud-based energy management platform, and our IQ Battery. System owners can use the Enphase App to monitor their home’s solar generation, energy storage and consumption from any web-enabled device. Unlike some of our competitors, who utilize a traditional inverter, or offer separate components of solutions, we have built-in system redundancy in both photovoltaic generation and energy storage, eliminating the risk that comes with a single point of failure. Further, the nature of our cloud-based, monitored system allows for remote firmware and software updates, enabling cost-effective remote maintenance and ongoing utility compliance.

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We sell primarily to solar distributors who combine our products with others, including solar modules products and racking systems, and resell to installers in each target region. In addition to our solar distributors, we sell directly to select large installers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and strategic partners. Our OEM customers include solar module manufacturers who integrate our microinverters with their solar module products and resell to both distributors and installers. Strategic partners include providers of solar financing solutions. We also sell certain products and services to homeowners primarily in support of our warranty services and legacy product upgrade programs via our online store.

Factors Affecting our Business and Operations

As we have a growing global footprint, we are subject to risk and exposure from the evolving macroeconomic environment, including the effects of increased global inflationary pressures and interest rates, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, potential economic slowdowns or recessions and geopolitical pressures, including the unknown impacts of current and future trade regulations and the armed conflicts in Ukraine, the Gaza Strip and nearby areas. We continuously monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these circumstances on our business and financial results.

Demand for Products. The demand environment for our products experienced a broad-based slowdown beginning in the second quarter of 2023 in the United States and in the second half of 2023 in Europe that continued into the first quarter of 2024. This resulted in elevated inventory with distributors and installers, and as a result we sold fewer microinverters to distributors and installers during the second half of 2023 compared to the first half of 2023 as they responded to this slower demand environment. In the United States, this slowdown was primarily the result of higher interest rates and the transition from Net Energy Metering 2.0 (“NEM 2.0”) to Net Energy Metering 3.0 (“NEM 3.0”) in California, which has increased the payback period for our customers in California. In Europe, this slowdown was primarily the result of a decrease in purchases in the second half of 2023 after the initial surge of sales related to onset of the armed conflict in Ukraine in 2022, and overall channel inventory correction. In addition, there has been increased uncertainty in net energy metering policies and solar export penalties in a key European market. The phase out of net energy metering in that market was ultimately not approved but solar export penalties are still causing uncertainty among consumers. We expect some of these trends in the United States and Europe to continue to have an adverse effect on our revenue in 2024.

Products

The Enphase Energy System, powered by IQ Microinverters, IQ Batteries and other products and services, is an integrated solar, storage and energy management offering that enables self-consumption and delivers our core value proposition of yielding more energy, simplifying design and installation, and improving system uptime and reliability.

IQ Microinverters. We ship IQ8™ series microinverters into 24 countries worldwide. We are also shipping IQ8 Microinverters with peak output power of 480 W AC for the small-commercial market in North America, and grid-tied applications in South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, India, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, France, Spain, Columbia, Panama and Costa Rica. The new IQ8 Microinverters are designed to maximize energy production and can manage a continuous DC current of 14 amperes, supporting higher powered solar modules through increased energy harvesting.

Our new IQ8 Microinverter, the IQ8P-3P™ for the small commercial solar market in North America, enables a peak output power of up to 480 W, supporting small three-phase commercial applications and newer, high-powered solar panels.

IQ Batteries. Our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems, with usable and scalable capacity of 10.1 kWh and 3.4 kWh for the United States, and 10.5 kWh and 3.5 kWh for Europe and other international countries, are based on our Ensemble OS™ energy system, which powers the world’s first grid-independent microinverter-based storage systems. We currently ship our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems to customers in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Belgium, Germany, Austria, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark and Greece. Enphase IQ Batteries in Europe can be installed with both single-phase and three-phase third-party solar energy inverters, enabling homeowners to upgrade their existing home solar systems with a residential battery storage solution that reduces costs while providing increased self-reliance.

Our latest Enphase System, which features the new IQ® Battery 5P and IQ8 Microinverters. The IQ Battery 5P is modular with 5 kWh capacity and the IQ8 Microinverters provide a peak output power of 384 W. The IQ Battery 5P is also available for customers in Australia, the United States, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom and Italy. The IQ

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Battery 5P is also available for customers in Australia, the United States, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The IQ Battery 5P is modular by design and is designed to deliver 3.84 kW continuous power and 7.68 kW peak power, which allows homeowners to start heavy loads like air conditioners easily during power outages.

Electric Vehicle (“EV”) Chargers. The increasing penetration of EVs has implications for home energy management, as households not only consume significantly more power with an EV, but also have a large battery that can be used for both backup and grid service. Our EV chargers are compatible with most EVs sold in North America. Customers are able to purchase Enphase-branded EV chargers with a charging power range between 32 amperes and 64 amperes.

Our smart Enphase IQ® EV Chargers sold in the United States and Canada are Wi-Fi-equipped and include smart control and monitoring capabilities. The IQ EV Charger is designed to seamlessly integrate into our solar and battery system to help homeowners maximize electricity cost savings by charging directly from solar energy.

Results of Operations

Net Revenues

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Net revenues decreased by $462.7 million, or 64%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, driven primarily by a 71% and 26% decrease in microinverter units and IQ Batteries Megawatt-hours (“MWh”) shipped, respectively. We sold approximately 1.4 million microinverter units in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to approximately 4.8 million units in the three months ended March 31, 2023. We shipped 75.5 MWh of IQ Batteries in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to 102.4 MWh shipped in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in total net revenues was partially offset by an increase in average selling price (“ASP”) for our microinverters, primarily due to a favorable product mix as we sold more IQ8 microinverters relative to IQ7™ microinverters. The overall decrease in net revenues was due to a broad-based slowdown that began in the second quarter of 2023 in the United States and the second half of 2023 in Europe that resulted in elevated inventory with distributors and installers, and as a result we sold fewer microinverters to distributors and installers during the first quarter of 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. In the United States, this slowdown was primarily the result of higher interest rates, high channel inventory and the transition from NEM 2.0 to NEM 3.0 in California. Higher interest rates resulted in larger monthly costs and longer pay-back periods for those customers who financed their systems. In Europe, this slowdown was primarily driven by a softer customer demand as utility rates dropped, policy changes were implemented, and the impacts of the Ukraine war were felt to be less impactful. This resulted in oversupply and the resulting channel inventory correction.

Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin

(In thousands, except percentages)

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Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Cost of revenues decreased by $251.8 million, or 63%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to the lower volume of microinverter units and IQ Batteries shipped, as well as from the benefit recognized from tax credits of $18.6 million under the Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit (“AMPTC”) enacted under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 for U.S. manufactured microinverters shipped to customers during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Gross margin decreased by 1.1 percentage points in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to product mix and relatively higher fixed overheads, which was partially offset by (i) the benefit recognized from tax credits under the AMPTC of approximately 7.1 percentage points, (ii) a warranty benefit from change in estimates for a decrease in product replacement costs related to Enphase IQ Battery storage systems, and (iii) an increase in ASP for microinverters in the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Research and Development

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Research and development expense decreased by $2.9 million, or 5%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to restructuring actions from the 2023 Restructuring Plan that lowered equipment costs by $4.0 million, partially offset by $1.1 million of higher personnel-related expenses. The increase in personnel-related expenses was primarily due to an increase in stock-based compensation costs due to the timing of retention programs for employees. The amount of research and development expenses may fluctuate from period to period due to the differing levels and stages of development activity for our products.

Sales and Marketing

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Sales and marketing expense decreased by $11.3 million, or 18%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to restructuring actions from the 2023 Restructuring Plan that lowered personnel-related expenses by $6.7 million due to a reduction in headcount and lower professional services, advertising and equipment costs by $4.6 million.

General and Administrative

(In thousands, except percentages)

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Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

General and administrative expense decreased by $1.1 million, or 3%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to restructuring actions from the 2023 Restructuring Plan that lowered facility and equipment costs by $0.9 million and legal and professional services by $0.2 million.

Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Restructuring and asset impairment charges increased by $1.2 million, or 175%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, as we implemented a new restructuring plan in the fourth quarter of 2023 to increase operational efficiencies, reduce operating costs, and to better align our workforce and cost structure with current market conditions, our business needs and strategic priorities.

Restructuring charges of $1.9 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily consisted of $1.3 million of contract termination charges, $0.3 million of asset impairment charges, and $0.3 million of employee severance and one-time benefits. Restructuring charges of $0.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily consisted of one-time termination benefits and other employee-related expenses.

Other Income, Net

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Interest income of $19.7 million increased in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $13.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in interest rates.

Interest expense of $2.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily included $2.2 million for the coupon interest, debt discount amortization with the Notes due 2025 and amortization of debt issuance costs with the Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028. Interest expense of $2.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily related to $2.2 million for the coupon interest expense, debt discount amortization with the Notes due 2025, amortization of debt issuance costs with the Notes due 2023, Notes due 2025, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2028.

Other income, net, of $0.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily related to $0.9 million non-cash net gain related to change in the fair value of debt securities, $0.1 million in realized gain on investments, partially offset by $0.9 million net loss due to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. Other income, net, of $0.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily related to a $1.8 million non-cash net gain related to a change in the fair value of debt securities, partially offset by $1.4 million net loss due to foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities.

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Income Tax Provision

(In thousands, except percentages)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

The income tax provision was $4.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $32.1 million in the same period in 2023. The decrease was primarily due to tax expense from equity compensation shortfalls, offset by tax benefit from year-to-date loss before income taxes as the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions are less profitable in 2024 as compared to 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of March 31, 2024, we had $1.7 billion in net working capital, including cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $1.6 billion, of which approximately $1.6 billion were held in the United States. Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities primarily consist of U.S. treasuries, money market mutual funds, corporate notes, commercial paper and bonds and both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing deposits, with the remainder held in various foreign subsidiaries. We consider amounts held outside the United States to be accessible and have provided for the estimated income tax liability on the repatriation of our foreign earnings.

(In thousands, except percentages)

Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities decreased by $148.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to repurchases of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program and payments of withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards.

Total carrying amount of debt increased by $3.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to accretion of debt discount and issuance costs.

We expect that our principal short-term (over the next 12 months) and long-term cash needs related to our operations will be to fund working capital, strategic investments, acquisitions, repurchases of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program and payments of withholding taxes for net share settlement of equity awards, payments on our outstanding debt and the purchases of property and equipment. We plan to fund any cash requirements for the next 12 months and the longer term from our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand, and cash generated from operations. We anticipate that access to the debt market will be more limited compared to prior years as interest rates have increased and are expected to remain high. Our ability to obtain debt or any other additional financing that we may choose to, or need to, obtain will depend on, among other things, our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing.

Repurchase of Common Stock. In July 2023, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “2023 Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of our common stock. The repurchases could be funded from available working capital and could be executed from time to time, subject to general business and market conditions and other investment opportunities, through open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, including through Rule 10b5-1 plans. The program may be discontinued or amended at any time and expires on July 26, 2026. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased 332,735 shares, for an aggregate amount of $42.0 million.

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Cash Flows. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

(In thousands)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities consisted of our net income (loss) adjusted for certain non-cash reconciling items, such as stock-based compensation expense, non-cash interest expense, change in the fair value of debt securities, deferred income taxes, asset impairment, depreciation and amortization, and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $197.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower revenue as well as relatively higher personnel-related and facility fixed costs.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by investing activities of $17.7 million was primarily from the maturities of $25.1 million of marketable securities, net of purchases, partially offset by $7.4 million used in purchases of test and assembly equipment for U.S. manufacturing, related facility improvements and information technology enhancements, including capitalized costs related to internal-use software.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities of $363.5 million was primarily from the purchase of $341.1 million marketable securities, net of sale and maturities, $22.5 million used in purchases of test and assembly equipment to expand our supply capacity, related facility improvements and information technology enhancements, including capitalized costs related to internal-use software companies.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in financing activities of approximately $100.9 million was primarily from payment of $60.0 million in employee withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, $42.0 million used to repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase program, and less than $0.1 million from the partial settlement of the Notes due 2025, partially offset by $1.2 million net proceeds from employee stock option exercises.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities of approximately $71.8 million was primarily from the payment of $71.8 million in employee withholding taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations primarily consist of our Notes due 2028, Notes due 2026 and Notes due 2025, obligations under operating leases and inventory component purchases. As of March 31, 2024, there have been no material changes from our disclosure in the Form 10-K, except that the Notes due 2025 mature in less than a year and are classified as Debt, current on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024. For more information on our future minimum operating leases and inventory component purchase obligations as of March 31, 2024, refer to Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies - Purchase Obligations” and for more information on our notes and other related debt, refer to Note 9, “Debt” of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. In connection with the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared. On a regular basis, we review the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our condensed consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

We consider an accounting policy to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Adoption of New and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1, “Description of Business and Basis of Presentation - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of adoption of new accounting pronouncements.

There have been no material changes in our market risk compared to the disclosures in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in the Form 10-K. Also see the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A in the Form 10-K.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2024. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) includes, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2024, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before investing in our securities, you should consider carefully the information contained in this quarterly report and in the Form 10-K, including the risk factors identified in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” thereof. This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” above. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Any of the risks discussed in the Form 10-K, in other reports we file with the SEC, and other risks we have not anticipated or discussed, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. There has been no material change to our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Form 10‑K.