Bridgford Foods Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Oct 31, 2025

Background of Business

Bridgford Foods Corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, “Bridgford”, the “Company”, “we”, or “our”), a California corporation, was organized in 1952. We originally began operations in 1932 as a retail meat market in San Diego, California and evolved into a meat wholesaler for hotels and restaurants, a distributor of frozen food products, a processor and packer of meat, and a manufacturer and distributor of frozen food products for sale on a retail and wholesale basis. Currently, we are primarily engaged in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of an extensive line of frozen and snack food products throughout the United States. We have not been involved in any bankruptcy, receivership, or similar proceedings since inception nor have we been party to any merger, acquisition, etc. or acquired or disposed of any material amounts of assets during the past five years other than the sale of our real property located at 170 N. Green Street in Chicago in June 2022. Substantially all of our assets have been acquired in the ordinary course of business.

Description of Business

Bridgford currently operates in two business segments - the processing and distribution of frozen food products and the processing and distribution of snack food products. For information regarding the separate financial performance of the business segments refer to Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

The following table shows sales, as a percentage of consolidated sales, for each business segment during the last two fiscal years:

We manufacture nearly all of our food products and distribute an extensive line of biscuits, bread dough items, roll dough items, dry sausage products, salami and beef jerky. Our direct-store-delivery network consists of non-refrigerated snack food products. Our frozen food products division serves both food service and retail customers.

During fiscal year 2025, we shifted toward producing more private label products due to increased consumer demand for more affordable non-branded productions. We believe that increased demand is due to higher inflation and rising costs for basic needs, driving consumer spending habits towards more affordable private-label snack foods, including meat product purchases, in order to reduce expenses, Besides our private label offerings, no other new products have contributed significantly to our revenue growth for the fiscal year 2025. Our sales are not subject to material seasonal variations. Historically we have been able to respond quickly to the receipt of orders and, accordingly, do not maintain a significant sales backlog. Neither Bridgford nor its industry generally has unusual demands or restrictions on working capital items. During the last fiscal year, we did not enter into any new markets or any significant contractual or other material relationships.

Product Distribution Methods

Our products are delivered to customers using several distinct distribution channels. The distribution channel utilized is dependent upon the needs of our customers, the most efficient proximity to the delivery point, trade customs, and operating segment as well as product type, life, and stability. Among our customers are many of the country’s largest broadline and specialty food service distributors. These and other large-end purchasers occasionally go through extensive qualification procedures, and our manufacturing capabilities are subjected to thorough review by the end purchasers prior to our approval as a vendor. Large end purchasers typically select suppliers that can consistently meet increased volume requirements on a national basis during peak promotional periods. We believe that our manufacturing flexibility, national presence, and long-standing customer relationships should allow us to compete effectively with other manufacturers seeking to provide similar products to our current large food service end purchasers, although no assurances can be given.

The factors that contribute to higher or lower margins generated from each method of distribution depend upon the accepted selling price, level of involvement by our employees in setting up and maintaining displays, distance traveled, and fuel consumed by our Company-owned fleet as well as freight and shipping costs depending on the distance the product travels to the delivery point. Management is continually evaluating the profitability of product delivery methods, analyzing alternate methods, and weighing economic inputs to determine the most efficient and cost-effective method of delivery to fulfill the needs of our customers.

Major Product Classes

Frozen Food Products

Our frozen food products division serves both food service and retail customers. We sell approximately 130 unique frozen food products through approximately 820 wholesalers, cooperatives, and distributors.

Frozen Food Products – Food Service Customers

The food service industry is composed of establishments that serve food outside the home and includes restaurants, the food operations of health care providers, schools, hotels, resorts, corporations, and other traditional and non-traditional food service outlets. Growth in this industry has been driven by the increase in away-from-home meal preparation. Another trend within the food service industry is the growth in the number of non-traditional food service outlets such as convenience stores, retail stores and supermarkets. These non-traditional locations often lack extensive cooking, storage, or preparation facilities resulting in a need for pre-cooked and prepared foods similar to those we provide. The expansion in the food service industry has also been accompanied by the continued consolidation and growth of broadline and specialty food service distributors, many of which are long-standing customers.

Frozen Food Products – Retail Customers

The majority of our existing and targeted retail customers are involved in the resale of branded and private label packaged foods. The same trends which have contributed to the increase in away-from-home meal preparation have fueled growth in easy to prepare, microwaveable frozen and refrigerated convenience foods. Among the fastest growing segments is the frozen and refrigerated hand-held foods market. This growth has been driven by improved product quality and variety and the increasing need for inexpensive and healthy food items that require minimal preparation. Despite rapid growth, many categories of frozen and refrigerated hand-held foods have achieved minimal household penetration. We have been successful in establishing and maintaining supply relationships with certain selected leading retailers in this market.

Frozen Food Products – Sales and Marketing

Our frozen food business covers the United States. Products produced by the Frozen Food Products segment are generally supplied to food service and retail distributors who take title to the product upon shipment receipt. The Company has shifted away from Company-leased long-haul vehicles toward less costly transportation methods such as common carriers. In addition to regional sales managers, we maintain a network of independent food service and retail brokers covering most of the United States. Brokers are compensated on a commission basis. We believe that our broker relationships, in close cooperation with our regional sales managers, are a valuable asset providing significant new product distribution channels and customer opportunities. Regional sales managers perform several significant functions, including identifying and developing new business opportunities, providing customer service, and supporting distributors and end purchasers through the effective use of our broker network.

Our annual advertising expenditure is directed towards retail and institutional (foodservice) customers. These customers participate in special promotional and marketing programs as well as direct advertising allowances we sponsor. We also invest in general consumer advertising in various periodicals, and coupons to advertise in major markets. We direct advertising toward food service customers with campaigns in major industry publications and through our participation in trade shows throughout the United States. Our advertising strategy includes our presence on social media and online distribution of promotional material.

Snack Food Products

During fiscal year 2025, our snack food products division sold approximately 180 different items through customer-owned distribution centers and a direct-store-delivery network serving approximately 19,000 supermarkets, mass merchandise, and convenience retail stores located in all 50 states.

Products produced or distributed by the Snack Food Products segment are supplied to customers through either direct delivery to customer warehouses or direct-store-delivery to retail locations. We utilize customer managed warehouse distribution centers to lower distribution cost. Products including high quality private-label products are delivered to the customer’s warehouse which is then distributed to the store where it is resold to the end consumer. Our direct-store-delivery system focus emphasizes high quality service and supply of our premium branded products to our customers. We also provide the service of setting up and maintaining the display and restocking our products.

Snack Food Products — Customers

Our customers are comprised of large retail chains and smaller “independent” or non-chain operators. This part of our business is highly competitive. Proper placement of our product lines is critical to selling success since most items could be considered “impulse” items which are often consumed shortly after purchase. Our ability to sell successfully to this distribution channel depends on aggressive marketing and maintaining relationships with key buyers.

Snack Food Products — Sales and Marketing

Snack food products are distributed across the United States. Regional sales managers perform several significant functions including identifying and developing new business opportunities and providing customer service and support to our customers. We also utilize the services of brokers, where appropriate, to support efficient product distribution and customer satisfaction. Bridgford is the primary sponsor for several professional anglers that compete at the highest level of competitive bass fishing. In addition to our Bridgford Pro Fishing team, which consists of Pro Anglers from the Bass Master Elites, FLW Tour, and Major League Fishing, we have also made a commitment for college bass fishing teams, partnering with fours universities in addition to launching our Bridgford Outdoors Ambassador program to continue to grow and support others who share our passion for the outdoors.

Product Planning and Research and Development

We continually monitor consumer acceptance of each product within our extensive product line. Individual products are regularly added to and deleted from our product line. Historically, the addition or deletion of any individual product has not had a material effect on our operations at the end of the fiscal year. We believe that a key factor in the success of our products is our system of carefully targeted research and testing of our products to ensure high quality and that each product matches an identified market opportunity. The emphasis on new product introductions in the past year has been on private label products and partnerships. We are constantly striving to develop new products to complement our existing product lines and improve processing techniques and formulas. We utilize an in-house test kitchen and consultants to research and experiment with unique food preparation methods, improve quality control and analyze new ingredient mixtures.

Competition

Our products are sold under highly competitive conditions. All food products can be considered competitive with other food products, but we consider our principal competitors to include national, regional, and local producers and distributors of refrigerated, frozen and non-refrigerated snack food products. Several of our competitors include large companies with substantially greater financial and marketing resources than ours. Existing competitors may broaden their product lines and potential competitors may enter or increase their focus on our markets, resulting in greater competition for us. We believe that our products compete favorably with those of our competitors. Such competitors’ products compete against ours for retail shelf space, institutional distribution, and customer preference. Innovation, high quality and consistency are the major attributes of our products.

Effect of Government Regulations

Our operations are subject to extensive inspection and regulation by the United States Department of Agriculture (the “USDA”), the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), and by other federal, state, and local authorities regarding the processing, packaging, storage, transportation, distribution, and labeling of products that we manufacture, produce and process. Our processing facilities and products are subject to continuous inspection by the USDA and/or other federal, state, and local authorities. The USDA has issued strict regulations concerning the control of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products and contamination by food borne pathogens such as E. coli and salmonella and implemented a system of regulation known as the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (“HACCP”) program. The HACCP program requires all meat and poultry processing plants to develop and implement sanitary operating procedures and other program requirements. The Department of Labor’s Occupational Health and Safety Administration (“OSHA”) oversees safety compliance and establishes certain employer responsibilities to help assure safe and healthful working conditions and keep the workplace free of recognized hazards or practices likely to cause death or serious injury. We believe that we are currently in compliance with governmental laws and regulations and that we maintain the necessary permits and licenses relating to our operations.

To date, federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to the discharge of materials into the environment, and the resources we expend to comply with such regulations, have not had a material effect on our business.

Importance of Key Customers

Sales to Wal-Mart® comprised 33.5% of revenues in fiscal year 2025 and 8.2% of total accounts receivable was due from Wal-Mart® as of October 31, 2025. Sales to Wal-Mart® comprised 27.8% of revenues in fiscal year 2024 and 25.4% of total accounts receivable was due from Wal-Mart® as of November 1, 2024. Sales to Dollar General® comprised 14.2% of revenues in fiscal year 2025 and 28.8% of total accounts receivable was due from Dollar General® as of October 31, 2025. Sales to Dollar General® comprised 14.2% of revenues in fiscal year 2024 and 20.2% of total accounts receivable was due from Dollar General® as of November 1, 2024.

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

We purchase large quantities of pork, beef, and flour. These ingredients are generally available from a number of different suppliers although the availability of these ingredients is subject to seasonal variation. We build ingredient inventories to take advantage of downward trends in seasonal prices or anticipated supply limitations.

We purchase bulk flour under short-term fixed price contracts at current market prices. The contracts are usually effective for and settle within three months or less. We monitor and manage our ingredient costs to help negate volatile daily swings in market prices when possible. We do not participate in the commodity futures market or hedging to limit commodity exposure.

Employees

We had 668 employees (649 full-time employees) as of October 31, 2025, approximately 44% of those employment relationships are governed by collective bargaining agreements. These agreements either “have expired” or “will expire” between June 2025 and February 2028. We believe that our relationship with all of our employees is favorable and that any pending contracts will be settled favorably.

Availability of SEC Filings and Code of Conduct on Internet Website

We maintain a website at www.bridgford.com (http://www.bridgford.com). Available through the “Investors” link on this website, free of charge, are our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments thereto, and reports filed under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our Code of Conduct is also available on the website through the “Governance” link. The information contained on the website is not incorporated by reference into this filing. Further, our reference to the website URL is intended to be an inactive textual reference only.

In addition to the other matters set forth in this Report, the continuing operations and the price of our common stock are subject to the following risks, each of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The risks described below are only the risks that we currently believe are material to our business. However, additional risks not presently known, or risks that are currently believed to be immaterial, may also impair our business operations.

We are subject to general risks in the food industry, including, among other things, risk relating to changes in consumer preferences and product contamination as well as general economic conditions, any of which, if realized, could negatively impact our operating results and financial position.

The food industry, and the markets within the food industry in which we compete, are subject to various risks, including the following: evolving consumer preferences, nutritional and health-related concerns, federal, state, and local food inspection and processing controls, consumer product liability claims, risks of product tampering, and the availability and expense of liability insurance. The meat and poultry industries are subject to scrutiny due to the association of meat and poultry products with recent outbreaks of illness, and on rare occasions even death, caused by food borne pathogens. Outbreaks of disease and other events, which may be beyond our control, could significantly affect demand for and consumer perception of our food products and result in negative publicity that may have an adverse effect on our ability to market our products successfully. Product recalls are also sometimes required in the food industry to withdraw contaminated or mislabeled products from the market. Additionally, the failure to identify and react appropriately to changes in consumer trends, demands and preferences could lead to, among other things, reduced demand, and price reduction for our products. Changes in consumer eating habits may also result in the enactment or amendment of laws and regulations that impact the sourcing, ingredients, and nutritional content of our food products. Finally, we may be adversely affected by changes in domestic or foreign economic conditions, including tariffs, inflation or deflation, interest rates, availability of capital markets, consumer spending rates, and energy availability and costs (including fuel surcharges). We have been experiencing high levels of inflations the past few years, which has had varying impacts on our business. Such prolonged periods of inflation decrease consumers’ discretionary spending, which negatively impacts our results of operations. These and other general risks related to the food industry, if realized by us, could have a significant adverse effect on demand for our products, as well as the costs and availability of raw materials, ingredients, and packaging materials, thereby negatively affecting our operating results and financial position.

Climate change and related climate change regulations, including with respect to greenhouse gas effects, may negatively affect our results of operations.

Climate change and rising global temperatures may contribute to changing weather patterns, droughts, heavier or more frequent storms and wildfires, and increased frequency and severity of natural disasters. If such climate change has a negative impact on agricultural productivity, we may have decreased availability or less favorable pricing for the raw materials necessary for our operations. Increased frequency or duration of extreme weather conditions could cause disruptions in our operations and supply chain, or impact demand for our products.

Increasing concern over climate change also may result in additional legal or regulatory requirements designed to manage greenhouse gas emissions, climate risks, and resulting environmental impacts. If such requirements are enacted, we could experience significant cost increases in our operations and supply chain.

Further, such requirements may obligate us to make climate-related disclosures and set goals for reducing our carbon footprint. While we are committed to mitigating our impact on the environment and managing greenhouse gas emissions, there can be no assurance that we will accomplish such goals. If we fail to achieve any such goals related to climate change or the related expectations from stakeholders and consumers are not met, the resulting negative publicity could adversely impact our results of operations in part as a consequence of changes in consumer preferences for our products.

Fluctuations in commodity prices and the availability of raw materials could negatively impact our financial results.

We purchase large quantities of commodity pork, beef, and flour. Historically, market prices for products we process have fluctuated in response to a number of factors, including changes in the United States government farm support programs, changes in international agricultural and trading policies, weather, and other conditions during the growing and harvesting seasons. Our operating results are heavily dependent upon the prices paid for raw materials, as well as the available supply of commodities. Commodity costs have and may continue to fluctuate due to political and economic conditions, including the ongoing conflicts between Ukraine and Russia, Isreal and Palestine as well as increased tariffs. The marketing of our value-added products does not lend itself to instantaneous changes in selling prices. In addition, if we increase prices to offset higher costs, we could experience lower demand for our products and sales volumes. Conversely, decreases in our commodity and other input costs may create pressure on us to decrease our prices. Changes in selling prices are relatively infrequent and do not compare with the volatility of commodity markets. If there is a lag between when costs increase and when we are able to increase selling prices, our profits margins may suffer. Production and pricing of commodities, on the other hand, are determined by constantly changing market forces of supply and demand over which we have limited or no control. Such factors include, among other things, weather patterns throughout the world, outbreaks of disease, the global level of supply inventories and demand for grains and other feed ingredients, as well as agricultural and energy policies of domestic and foreign governments. While fluctuations in significant cost structure components, such as ingredient commodities and fuel prices, have had a significant impact on profitability over the last two years, the impact of general price inflation on our financial position and results of operations has been significant. However, current inflationary market conditions may have a negative impact on future earnings. Future volatility of general price inflation or deflation and raw material cost and availability could adversely affect our financial results.

We are subject to extensive government regulations and failure to comply with such regulations could negatively impact our financial results.

Our operations are subject to extensive inspection and regulation by the USDA, FDA and by other federal, state, and local authorities regarding the processing, packaging, storage, transportation, distribution, and labeling of products that are manufactured, produced, and processed by us. Our processing facilities and products are subject to continuous inspection by the USDA and/or other federal, state, and local authorities. The USDA has issued strict regulations concerning the control of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products and contamination by food borne pathogens such as E. coli and salmonella and implemented a system of regulation known as the HACCP program. The HACCP program requires all meat and poultry processing plants to develop and implement sanitary operating procedures and other program requirements. OSHA oversees safety compliance and establishes certain employer responsibilities to help assure safe and healthful working conditions and keep the workplace free of recognized hazards or practices likely to cause death or serious injury. We believe that we are currently in compliance with governmental laws and regulations and that we maintain necessary permits and licenses relating to our operations.

A failure to obtain or a loss of necessary permits and licenses could delay or prevent us from meeting current product demand and could adversely affect our operating performance. Furthermore, we are routinely subject to new or modified laws, regulations, and accounting standards. If found to be out of compliance with applicable laws and regulations in these or other areas, we could be subject to civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, recalls, or asset seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our financial results.

We depend on our key management, the loss of which could negatively impact our operations.

Our executive officers and certain other key employees have been primarily responsible for the development and expansion of our business, and the loss of the services of one or more of these individuals could adversely affect us. Our success will be dependent in part upon our continued ability to recruit, motivate, and retain qualified personnel. We cannot assure that we will be successful in this regard. We have no employment or non-competition agreements with key personnel. However, we have consulting agreements with each of (1) our former Vice President and current director Allan L. Bridgford Sr., (2) our former Chief Financial Officer and current director Raymond F. Lancy, (3) our former Director and President of Bridgford Food Processing Corporation Allan Bridgford Jr, (4) our former President and current director John V. Simmons, and (5) our former President of Dallas-Superior Foods Division Blaine K. Bridgford.

We depend on our major customers, and any loss of such customers could have a negative impact on our profitability.

Sales to Wal-Mart® comprised 33.5% of revenues in fiscal year 2025 and 8.2% of total accounts receivable was due from Wal-Mart® as of October 31, 2025. Sales to Dollar General® comprised 14.2% of revenues in fiscal year 2025 and 28.8% of total accounts receivable was due from Dollar General® as of October 31, 2025. Many of our customers, such as supermarkets, warehouse clubs, and food distributors, have consolidated in recent years. Such consolidation has produced large, sophisticated customers with increased buying power who are more capable of operating with reduced inventories while demanding lower pricing and increased promotional programs. These customers also may use their shelf space for their own private label products. Failure to respond to these trends could reduce our volume and cause us to lower prices or increase promotional spending on our product lines, which could adversely affect our profitability.

Labor shortages and increased turnover or increases in employee and employee-related costs could have adverse effects on our profitability.

We have historically experienced some level of ordinary course of business turnover of employees. A number of factors have had and may continue to have adverse effects on the labor force available to us, including reduced employment pools, federal unemployment subsidies, and other government regulations, which include laws and regulations related to workers’ health and safety, wage and hour practices and immigration. Labor shortages and increased turnover rates within our team members have led to and could in the future lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees and could negatively affect our ability to efficiently operate our production facilities or otherwise operate at full capacity. An overall or prolonged labor shortage, lack of skilled labor, increased turnover or labor inflation could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity, or cash flows.

Disputes with labor unions could have an adverse impact on our operations and financial results.

As of October 31, 2025, approximately 293 of our employees were covered by collective bargaining agreements. We depend on the availability of, and good relations with, our teams’ members. If we fail to maintain good relations, we may experience strikes or work stoppages, which could have a material adverse impact on our operations, results of operations, liquidity, or cash flows.

Our business and reputation could suffer if we experience security breaches and other disruptions to our information technology infrastructure.

We are dependent on information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit, and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities, including distribution, invoicing, and collection of payment. We also collect and store confidential data from our customers and suppliers in data centers, which are owned by third parties and maintained on their information technology networks. These complex systems are an important part of ongoing operations. Any failure of these systems could disrupt our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Further, despite our internal controls and security measures, there can be no assurance that we will be able to evade cyberattacks, disruptions, or security breaches. We have implemented cyber-security initiatives to mitigate our exposure to these risks, but these measures may not be adequate Although we have not suffered any significant cyber incidents that resulted in material business impact, we have from time to time been, and expect to continue to be, the target of malicious cyber threat actors.

With approximately 80% of our stock beneficially owned by the Bridgford family, there are risks that they can exert significant influence or control over our corporate matters.

Members of the Bridgford family beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately 80% of our outstanding stock. In addition, two members of the Bridgford family currently serve on the Board of Directors and two members of the Bridgford family serve on the Executive Committee. As a result, members of the Bridgford family have the ability to exert substantial influence or actual control over our management and affairs and over substantially all matters requiring action by our shareholders, including amendments to by-laws, election and removal of directors, any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and other corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may also delay or prevent a change in control otherwise favored by our other shareholders and could depress our stock price. Additionally, as a result of the Bridgford family’s significant ownership of the outstanding voting stock, we have relied on the “controlled company” exemption from certain corporate governance requirements of the NASDAQ stock market. Therefore, among other things, we have elected not to implement the rule that provides for a nominating committee to identify and recommend nominees to the Board of Directors and have instead elected to have the full Board of Directors perform such function. However, we have not elected to rely on the exemption with respect to our compensation committee, which is made up entirely of independent directors and has sole authority to determine the compensation of our executive officers, including our Chairman of the Board.

We participate in Multiemployer Pension Plans which could negatively impact our operations and profitability.

We participate in “multiemployer” pension plans administered by labor unions on behalf of their employees. We make monthly contributions for healthcare and pension benefit obligations. The contribution amount may change depending upon the ability of participating companies to fund these pension liabilities as well as the actual and expected returns on pension plan assets. Volatility in the capital markets or interest rates can impact the market value of plan assets and cause volatility in the net periodic benefit cost and our future funding requirements. The exact amount of cash contributions made to the pension plans in any year is dependent upon a number of factors, including minimum funding requirements. In addition, should we withdraw from the union and cease participation in a union plan, federal law could impose a penalty for additional contributions to the plan. The penalty would be recorded as an expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The ultimate amount of withdrawal liability is dependent upon several factors including the funded status of the plan and contributions made by other participating companies. We continue to participate in other multiemployer union plans. In the event of a full or partial withdrawal from these plans, the impact on our financial statements could be material.

Eminent domain and land risk regulations could negatively impact our financial results and financial position.

We own real property on which we operate our processing and/or our distribution operations. As is the case with any owner of real property, we may be subject to eminent domain proceedings that can impact the value of investments we have made in real property as well as potentially disrupt our business operations. If subject to eminent domain proceedings or other government takings, we may not be adequately compensated.

We maintain an information security and cybersecurity program, as well as a cybersecurity governance framework, which are designed to protect our information systems against operational risks related to cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats which include, among other things, operational risks, intellectual property theft, fraud or extortion, harm to employees or customers, violation of privacy or security laws and related litigation and legal risk, and reputational risks.

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program overseen by our Audit Committee intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information, and detect and contain any cybersecurity incidents that impact us. The program is integrated into our overall risk management systems and processes and includes a cybersecurity risk assessment process that routinely evaluates potential impacts of cybersecurity risks on our business, including risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers. These assessments inform our cybersecurity risk mitigation strategies. The results are regularly shared with our information technology committee comprised of our Vice President of Information Technology, our Information Technology Manager, our President and our Chief Financial Officer (the “IT Steering Committee”) and the Audit Committee of our Board as part of the committees’ involvement in managing and overseeing cybersecurity risks.

Our cybersecurity risk management program also includes processes to triage, assess the severity of, escalate, contain, investigate, and remediate an incident, as well as to comply with potentially applicable legal obligations and mitigate brand and reputational damage. If a cybersecurity incident is determined to be a potentially material cybersecurity incident, our disclosure controls and procedures define the steps to determine materiality and disclose such a material cybersecurity incident.

In addition, we engage an independent third-party provider in connection with our cybersecurity risk management program to monitor cybersecurity threats and provide certain security measures. We regularly engage with this provider to aid in the identification and remediation of potential threats. This provider has qualifications that include Microsoft Certified: Security, Compliance, and Identity Fundamentals, Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), Certified Hacking Forensic Investigator, Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) and Security+.

While we believe that our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition have not been materially adversely affected by any cybersecurity incidents, cybersecurity threats are pervasive and, similar to other institutions, we, as well as our employees, customers, regulators, service providers, and other third parties have experienced a significant increase in information security and cybersecurity risk in recent years and will likely continue to be the potential target of cyber-attacks. We continue to assess the risks and changes in the cyber environment and invest in enhancements to our cybersecurity capabilities as deemed necessary to promote advancements in our cybersecurity capabilities.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our cybersecurity risk management program is overseen by the Audit Committee and led by the IT Steering Committee. Our Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing risks from cybersecurity threats and has the authority to regularly review the adequacy of our cybersecurity, information and technology security, and data privacy programs, procedures, and policies. Our IT Steering Committee, led by the Vice President of Information Technology, is primarily responsible for monitoring, assessing, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats.

The Audit Committee regularly receives updates from the IT Steering Committee / management with respect to our efforts to manage data protection, cybersecurity, and information and technology risks, and assesses the results of reviews from internal audits. Materials presented to our Audit Committee by our IT Steering Committee include updates on our data security posture, results from internal audit and third-party assessments, our incident response plan, and certain cybersecurity threat risks or incidents and developments, as well as the steps management has taken to respond to such risks. The Audit Committee / IT Steering Committee also regularly engages in management on technology risk-related topics.

Our processes also allow for our Board and the Audit Committee to be informed of key cybersecurity risks outside the regular reporting schedule. While the Audit Committee meets periodically, the Audit Committee is authorized to meet with management or individual directors at any time it deems appropriate to discuss matters relevant to the committee. Our policy is for the Board and the Audit Committee to receive prompt and timely information regarding any cybersecurity risk (including any incident) that meets reporting thresholds, as well as ongoing updates regarding any such risk.

We own the following properties as of October 31, 2025:

* - property used by Frozen Food Products Segment.

** - property used by Snack Food Products Segment.

We utilize each of the foregoing properties for processing, warehousing, distributing and administrative purposes. We also lease warehouse and/or office facilities throughout the United States through month-to-month rental agreements. We believe that our properties are generally adequate to satisfy our foreseeable needs. Additional properties may be acquired and/or plants expanded if favorable opportunities and conditions arise.

No material legal proceedings were pending against us as of October 31, 2025, or as of the date of filing this Report. We are likely to be subject to claims arising from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. In certain of such actions, plaintiffs may request punitive or other damages that may not be covered by insurance and, accordingly, no assurance can be given with respect to the ultimate outcome of any such possible future claims or litigation or their effect on us. Any adverse litigation trends and outcomes could significantly and negatively affect our financial results.

For a complete understanding, this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Report.

Certain statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this Report constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (refer to Part I, Item 1. Business for more information).

Results of Operations (dollars in thousands)

Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2025 (52 weeks) Compared to Fiscal Year Ended November 1, 2024 (52 weeks)

Net Sales-Consolidated

Net sales in fiscal year 2025 increased $7,341 (3.3%) when compared to the prior fiscal year. The changes in net sales were comprised as follows:

Net Sales-Frozen Food Products Segment

Net sales in the Frozen Food Products segment in fiscal year 2025 decreased $363 (0.6%) compared to the prior fiscal year. The changes in net sales were comprised as follows:

11

The slight decrease in net sales of frozen food products in fiscal year 2025 primarily relates to lower unit sales volume in pounds partially offset by higher selling prices per pound. Institutional frozen food products dollar sales, including sheet dough and rolls, decreased 2.1% resulting in lower net sales compared to last year, which was not fully offset by a retail dollar sales volume increase of 1.8%. Consumers are purchasing more from retail stores while visits to foodservice establishments have decreased compared to the 2024 fiscal year. In addition, production of frozen food products was temporarily reduced to accommodate necessary repairs on a spiral freezer that has since been completed. Returns activity remained consistent compared to the prior fiscal year. Promotional activity was higher as a percentage of sales and higher in dollars during fiscal year 2025.

Net Sales-Snack Food Products Segment

Net sales in the Snack Food Products segment in fiscal year 2025 increased $7,704 (4.7%) compared to the prior fiscal year. The changes in net sales were comprised as follows:

Net sales of snack food products increased in fiscal year 2025 due to higher selling prices per pound and to a lesser extent higher unit sales volume in pounds. The weighted average selling price per pound increased compared to fiscal year 2024 due to price increases on select products with negative or lower margins. We believe demand increased primarily due to a shift in consumer spending habits toward purchasing less expensive private-label snack foods including meat product purchases in order to reduce their expenses. Returns activity increased compared to the prior fiscal year. Promotional activity was lower than in fiscal year 2024.

Cost of Products Sold and Gross Margin-Consolidated

Cost of products sold from continuing operations increased on a consolidated basis by $19,106 (11.4%) during fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year. The gross margin decreased from 25.2% to 19.3% during fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year.

Cost of Products Sold and Gross Margin–Frozen Food Products Segment

Cost of products sold in the Frozen Food Products segment increased by $1,398 (3.3%) in fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year. Higher gross overhead, including increased costs for temporary labor and utilities, were the primary contributing factors to this increase. The cost of purchased flour decreased approximately $208 compared to the prior fiscal year. However, this decline was not enough to offset the increase in gross overhead and direct distribution costs. The gross margin percentage decreased from 27.4% to 24.5% during fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year.

Cost of Products Sold and Gross Margin-Snack Food Products Segment

Cost of products sold in the Snack Food Products segment increased by $17,708 (14.2%) in fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year with approximately $6,261 of this increase attributable to higher meat commodity costs resulting from higher pressure on the commodity market. We increased our net realizable value reserve by $170 during the fiscal year 2025 in consideration of pending price increases to customers to help mitigate the record increases in meat commodity costs. We maintain a net realizable reserve of $1,637 on products as of October 31, 2025, after determining that the market value on some meat products could not cover the costs associated with completion and sale of the product. We also faced increased utilities, labor and insurance costs further contributing to the growth in costs. The gross margin percentage decreased from 24.4% to 17.5% during fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses-Consolidated

Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) in fiscal year 2025 increased $1,012 (1.6%) when compared to the prior fiscal year. The increase in this category did not directly correspond to the change in sales.

The table below summarizes the primary expense variances in this category:

Product advertising decreased mainly due to renegotiation of commission percentages with brokers in the Frozen Food Products segment and decreased fees paid under brand licensing agreements in the Snack Food Products segment during fiscal year 2025. The increase in pension cost was a result of lower values in pension plan assets caused by the performance of the underlying markets that support them. Vehicle repairs and maintenance have decreased compared to the prior fiscal year period mainly due to regularly replacing fleet vehicles as they age. Outside consulting costs increased due to higher advisory services including cost analysis and reduction assistance, legal fees, inspection and product testing fees. The increase in the provision for bad debt was mainly the result of recent slowing in certain customer payments beyond terms. Healthcare costs have increased due to unfavorable claim trends. Travel expenses increased due to participation in food shows and in-person business meetings. The decrease in insurance expenses was driven by exiting unfavorable insurance policies early to take advantage of more competitive pricing. Outside storage decreased primarily as a result of the need for less warehouse capacity to store products before shipment to the direct-store-delivery warehouses and customers. The decrease in fuel expense was driven by per gallon fuel price decreases compared to the prior fiscal year as a result of lower cost trends in petroleum markets. None of the changes individually or as a group of expenses in “Other SG&A” were significant enough to merit separate disclosure. The major components comprising the increase of “Other SG&A” expenses were higher workers’ compensation costs, computer maintenance and office supplies.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses-Frozen Food Products Segment

SG&A expenses in the Frozen Food Products segment decreased by $442 (3.1%) during fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year. The overall decrease in SG&A expenses was due to lower product advertising, including broker commissions, partially offset by higher healthcare costs and travel expenses.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses- Snack Food Products Segment

SG&A expenses in the Snack Food Products segment increased by $1,454 (3.0%) during fiscal year 2025 compared to the prior fiscal year. Most of the increase was due to higher consulting fees, healthcare costs, higher provision for bad debt and higher travel expenses partially offset by lower product advertising.

(Gain) loss on Sale of Property, Plant and Equipment

(Gains) and losses on the sale of property, plant and equipment were due to the ordinary disposal of assets located in both the Frozen Food Products segment, ($7) and $96, for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, and Snack Food Products segments, ($136) and $50, for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income tax for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

We recorded a tax benefit of $4,692 and tax provision of $1,311, for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to federal and state taxes, based on the Company’s expected annual effective tax rate. The effective tax rate was 26.0% and 27.9% for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively. In addition, the effective tax rates for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 were impacted by such items as non-deductible meals and entertainment, non-taxable gains and losses on life insurance policies and state income taxes. (Refer to Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included within this Report for more information).

Liquidity and Capital Resources (dollars in thousands)

The principal source of operating cash flows is cash receipts from the sale of our products, net of costs to manufacture, store, market and deliver such products. We evaluate cash and cash equivalents related to borrowing capacity and short-term and long-term investments. We normally fund our operations from cash balances and cash flow generated from operations. Recent losses may necessitate short-term or long-term borrowing to fund inventory purchases to meet customer orders. We are focused on restoring profitability to the Company by driving topline revenue growth and reducing costs. In line with this focus, the Company is in discussions with and has begun production of customer products under private-label arrangements with the goal of increasing product sales volume. We have implemented multiple price increases on our products to help offset some of the higher costs for meat commodities and are focused on reducing selling, general and administrative expenses. Market data indicates that due to higher inflation and rising costs for basic needs, consumers are increasingly turning to private-label products to reduce their expenses. The Company intends to reorganize its direct-store-delivery route system in response to lower sales volume through that distribution channel, including reducing the number of routes, storage units and vehicles while maintaining superior service to our customers. The Company is also seeking bids for its production materials to drive increased competition among its vendors while maintaining quality inputs at the best possible price. As of October 31, 2025, we had $1,121 of current debt on equipment loans, $42,277 of net working capital and $5,500 available under our revolving line of credit with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”) described below.

On July 23, 2025, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Amended Credit Agreement”), with Wells Fargo. The Amended Credit Agreement amended, restated and superseded our prior credit agreement, dated November 30, 2024, with Wells Fargo that was set to expire by its terms on November 30, 2025. Under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement and the revolving line of credit note established thereby, we may borrow up to $7,500 from time to time until July 31, 2026. As of October 31, 2025, the Company was in violation of the quick ratio covenant of the Amended Credit Agreement which was waived by Wells Fargo on December 12, 2025. The Company is otherwise in compliance with all other covenants under the Amended Credit Agreement. If we are unable to meet the financial covenant requirements of the Amended Agreement, it may impact our liquidity. Refer to Note 5 - Line of Credit and Borrowing Agreements to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this Report for further information.

All of our operating segments have been impacted by inflation, including higher costs for labor, freight and specific materials related to product manufacturing and delivery. We expect this trend to continue throughout fiscal year 2026. Additionally, commodity costs, including meat and flour costs, have and may continue to fluctuate due to both political and economic conditions, including the ongoing conflicts between Ukraine and Russia, and Israel and Palestine, as well as increased tariffs. Despite these higher commodity costs, we may not be able to increase our product prices in a timely manner or sufficiently to offset such increased commodity or other costs due to consumer price sensitivity, pricing in relation to competitors and the reluctance of retailers to accept the price increase. Instances of higher interest rates, general price inflation or deflation, higher raw materials costs, labor shortages or supply chain issues could adversely affect the Company’s financial results and its liquidity. Higher product prices could potentially lower demand for our products and decrease volume. Management believes there are various options available to generate additional liquidity to repay debt or fund operations such as mortgaging real estate, should that be necessary. Our ability to increase liquidity will depend upon, among other things, our business plans, the performance of operating divisions, and the economic conditions of capital markets. If we are unable to increase liquidity through mortgaging real estate or additional borrowing, or generate positive cash flow necessary to fund operations, we may not be able to compete successfully, which could negatively impact our business, operations, and financial condition. With the cash expected to be generated from the Company’s operations, we anticipate that we will maintain sufficient liquidity to operate our business for at least the next twelve months. We will continue to monitor the impact of inflation and interest rate volatility on our liquidity and, if necessary, take action to preserve liquidity and ensure that our business can operate during these uncertain times.

Cash flows (used in) operating activities:

For the fifty-two weeks ended October 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $5,692, a decrease of $5,195 in cash flows compared to the fifty-two weeks ended November 1, 2024. The increase in net cash used in operating activities primarily relates to a net loss of $13,359, a decrease in deferred income taxes of $4,594 and an increase in inventory of $3,734, partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable of $6,493 due to accelerated payments from customers. During fiscal year 2025, we did not contribute towards our defined benefit pension plan. Plan funding strategies may be adjusted depending upon economic conditions, investment options, tax deductibility, or legislative changes in funding requirements.

Our cash conversion cycle (defined as days of inventory and trade receivables less days of trade payables outstanding) was equal to 68 days for the fifty-two weeks ended October 31, 2025, and 84 days for the fifty-two weeks ended November 1, 2024.

For the fifty-two weeks ended November 1, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $497. The result was primarily related to net loss of $3,381, an increase in refundable income taxes of $1,240 and an increase of other non-current assets of $3,320, partially offset by a decrease in inventory of $7,235 due to selling down inventory finished goods to adjust to lower consumer demand. During fiscal year 2024, we did not contribute towards our defined benefit pension plan.

Cash flows used in investing activities:

Additions to property, plant and equipment include the acquisition of equipment, upgrading of facilities to maintain operating efficiency and investments in cost effective technologies to lower costs. In general, we capitalize the cost of additions and improvements and expense the cost for repairs and maintenance. We may also capitalize costs related to improvements that extend the useful life, increase capacity, or improve the efficiency of existing machinery and equipment. Specifically, capitalization of upgrades of facilities to maintain operating efficiency include acquisitions of machinery and equipment used on packaging lines, vehicles and refrigeration equipment used to process food products.

The table below highlights the additions to property, plant and equipment for the fifty-two weeks ended:

Expenditures for additions to property, plant and equipment during the fifty-two weeks ended October 31, 2025, include projects in process of $2,683 related to the production facilities in Chicago and Statesville.

Cash flows used in financing activities:

Our stock repurchase program was approved by the Board of Directors in November 1999 and was expanded in June 2005. Under the stock repurchase program we were authorized, at the discretion of management and the Board of Directors, to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of our common stock on the open market. As of the end of fiscal year 2025, 120,113 shares remained authorized for repurchase under the program.

The Company leased three long-haul trucks received during fiscal year 2019. The six-year leases for these trucks would have expired in fiscal year 2025. We returned one long-haul truck on June 22, 2023, for a loss of $12 and returned the remaining two long-haul trucks on July 11, 2024, for a loss of $90, in an effort to reduce the overall cost of delivering products as we transitioned deliveries to common carriers. All long-haul trucks under this lease agreement have been returned as of October 31, 2025.

The Company leased one refrigerated truck received on May 10, 2024, for a net present value of $166. The seven-year lease for this truck will expire in fiscal year 2031. Amortization of equipment as a finance lease was $24 during the fifty-two weeks ended October 31, 2025.

Equipment Note Payable

The following table reflects major components of our line of credit and borrowing agreements as of October 31, 2025, and November 1, 2024, respectively.

15

Revolving Credit Facility

On July 23, 2025, we entered into the Amended Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo. The Amended Credit Agreement amended, restated and superseded our prior credit agreement with Wells Fargo that was set to expire by its terms on November 30, 2025. Under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement and the revolving line of credit note it established, we may borrow up to $7,500 from time to time up until July 31, 2026, at an interest rate equal to the daily simple secured overnight financing rate plus 2.5% (6.77% at October 31, 2025), or if unavailable, the prime rate, in each case as determined by the bank. The revolving line of credit has an unused commitment fee of 0.35% of the available loan amount, payable on a quarterly basis. We borrowed $2,000 under this line of credit on May 20, 2025, which remained unpaid as of October 31, 2025. Amounts may be repaid and reborrowed during the term of the note. Accrued interest is payable on the first day of each month and the outstanding principal balance and remaining interest are due and payable on July 31, 2026.

Loan Covenants

The Wells Fargo Loan Agreements and the Amended Credit Agreement contain various affirmative and negative covenants that limit the use of funds and define other provisions of the loans. Material financial covenants are listed below, and the capitalized terms are defined in the applicable agreements:

• Total Liabilities divided by Tangible Net Worth not greater than 2.0 to 1.0 at each fiscal quarter end,
• Quick Ratio not less than 1.25 to 1.0 at each fiscal quarter end,
• Net income after taxes of not less than $1.00 on a quarterly basis, determined as of each fiscal quarter end, commencing on January 30, 2026.

As of October 31, 2025, the Company was in violation of the quick ratio covenant which was subsequently waived by Wells Fargo (per letter dated December 12, 2025). As of October 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all other covenants under the Wells Fargo Loan Agreements.

Aggregate contractual maturities of debt in future fiscal years are as follows as of October 31, 2025:

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements within the meaning of Item 303(b) of Regulation S-K.

Contractual Obligations

Except as described above, we had no other debt or other contractual obligations within the meaning of Item 303(b) of Regulation S-K, as of October 31, 2025.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the respective reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Amounts estimated related to liabilities for self-insured workers’ compensation, employee healthcare and pension benefits are especially subject to inherent uncertainties and these estimated liabilities may ultimately settle at amounts not originally estimated. We record promotions, return allowances, bad debt and inventory allowances based on recent and historical trends. Management believes its current estimates are reasonable and based on the best information available at the time. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future results of operations could be affected.

Disclosure concerning our policies on credit risk, revenue recognition, cash surrender or contract value for life insurance policies, deferred income tax and the recoverability of our long-lived assets are provided in Notes 1 and 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements and Regulations

Various accounting standard-setting bodies have been active in soliciting comments and issuing statements, interpretations, and exposure drafts. For information on new accounting pronouncements and the impact, if any, on our financial position or results of operations, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this Report.

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to help ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules, regulations and forms, and that such information is collected and communicated to our management, including our Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation and under the supervision of our Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based on this evaluation, the Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

Our management, including our Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control.

The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving our stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

We maintain and evaluate a system of internal accounting controls, and a program designed to provide reasonable assurance that our assets are protected and that transactions are performed in accordance with proper authorization and are properly recorded. This system of internal accounting controls is continually reviewed and modified in response to evolving business conditions and operations and recommendations made by our independent registered public accounting firm. We have established a code of conduct. Our management believes that the accounting and internal control systems provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded, and financial information is reliable.

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors meets regularly with our financial management and counsel, and with the independent registered public accounting firm engaged by us. Internal accounting controls and the quality of financial reporting are discussed during these meetings. The Audit Committee has discussed with the independent registered public accounting firm matters required to be discussed by Statement of Auditing Standards No. 16 (Communication with Audit Committees). In addition, the Audit Committee and the independent registered public accounting firm have discussed the independent registered public accounting firm’s independence from our Company and its management, including the matters in the written disclosures required by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Rule 3526 “Communicating with Audit Committees Concerning Independence.”

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In order to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we have undertaken and continue a comprehensive effort, which includes the documentation and review of our internal controls. To comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we centralized most accounting and many administrative functions in an effort to control the cost of maintaining our control systems.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act permanently exempts smaller reporting companies with less than $75 million in public float, such as the Company, from the requirement to obtain an external audit on the effectiveness of internal financial reporting controls provided in Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, an attestation report on internal controls over financial reporting by an independent registered public accounting firm has not been presented. Section 404(a) is still effective for smaller reporting companies and requires the disclosure of management attestations on internal controls over financial reporting as set forth below.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal controls over financial reporting based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) and related illustrative documents. Management determined that the 17 principles were present and functioning during its assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for our fiscal year ended October 31, 2025. Based on management’s assessment and the above-referenced criteria, management believes that the internal control over financial reporting was effective as of October 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the last quarter of fiscal year ended October 31, 2025 that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.