Dyadic International Inc: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

Overview

Dyadic International, Inc. (“Dyadic”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”), doing business as Dyadic Applied BioSolutions, is a global biotechnology company based in Jupiter, Florida, with operations in the United States and a satellite office in the Netherlands. The Company develops, manufactures, and commercializes precision-engineered, animal-free recombinant proteins and enzymes for applications in life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets. These products are produced using Dyadic’s proprietary microbial expression platforms, including the C1 and Dapibus™ systems, which enable scalable and cost-effective production of recombinant proteins used in research, diagnostics, cell culture, nutrition, and industrial biotechnology. The Company utilizes third-party consultants, contract research organizations, and manufacturing partners to support certain research, development, and commercial activities.

Dyadic’s commercialization strategy includes direct product sales, distribution partnerships, manufacturing collaborations, and technology licensing agreements, which may include annual licensing fees, milestone payments, development funding, product supply revenues, and revenue-sharing arrangements. Through these approaches, the Company seeks to expand its portfolio of recombinant proteins and enzymes while enabling partners to develop and commercialize products using Dyadic’s production technologies.

For more than two decades, the Company developed a gene expression platform for producing commercial quantities of industrial enzymes and other proteins. This technology is based on the Thermothelomyces heterothallica (formerly known as Myceliophthora thermophila) fungus, which the Company named the C1 platform. Historically, the Company licensed this technology to third parties, including Abengoa Bioenergy, BASF SE, Codexis, Inc., and others, for use in industrial (non-pharmaceutical) applications.

Following the Company’s sale of certain industrial technology assets to Danisco USA, the industrial biosciences business of DuPont, Dyadic retained important rights to its proprietary and patented C1 protein production platform for pharmaceutical applications. Under the terms of the transaction, Dyadic maintains rights to sublicense the C1 platform for use in human and animal pharmaceutical applications, subject to certain exceptions, and may receive royalty payments upon commercialization of products developed using the platform.

After the DuPont transaction, the Company directed significant efforts toward advancing the C1 platform for pharmaceutical applications, including vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. These efforts focused on improving the platform’s ability to eventually produce stable, properly folded, and functional proteins suitable for pharmaceutical use. The Company has supported this work through multiple fully funded development programs and research collaborations designed to validate the C1 platform for potential pharmaceutical protein production.

Recognizing the longer development timelines and regulatory requirements associated with pharmaceutical products, Dyadic has expanded its business strategy to include the commercialization of recombinant proteins and enzymes for non-pharmaceutical markets, including research, diagnostics, food and nutrition, and industrial biotechnology. To address these markets, the Company developed the Dapibus™ Protein Production Platform, which enables production of alternative proteins and enzymes for applications in Life Sciences, Food & Nutrition, and Bio-industrial markets.

Given the reduced development timelines and regulatory requirements associated with many non-pharmaceutical applications, we believe these markets provide opportunities to generate near-term recurring revenue while simultaneously continuing to advance the C1 platform for pharmaceutical applications. The Company has recently achieved commercialization of certain recombinant protein products through a combination of partner collaborations and internal production activities, including the launch of AlbuFree™ DX recombinant human albumin by Proliant Health and Biologicals and recombinant DNase I through Dyadic’s collaboration with Fermbox Bio (“Fermbox”), which is now available for research and molecular biology applications

Effective August 1, 2025, the Company began doing business as Dyadic Applied BioSolutions. This rebranding reflects the Company’s strategic transition toward a commercially focused biotechnology company delivering applied protein and enzyme solutions through its patented and proprietary Dapibus™ and C1 gene expression platforms.

Platform Capabilities

Dyadic’s Dapibus™ and C1 production platforms are engineered microbial expression systems designed to produce recombinant proteins optimized for high-yield, low-cost, and scalable protein production. These platforms combine advanced strain engineering, fermentation optimization, and downstream processing capabilities, including the use of modern genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9, to support efficient production of proteins across multiple markets. Building on Dyadic’s prior experience in large-scale microbial fermentation, these platforms support applications in:

• Cell culture media (e.g., albumin, transferrin, fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”))
• Diagnostics and research reagents (e.g., DNase1)
• Functional food ingredients (e.g., alpha-lactalbumin, caseins, lactoferrin)
• Sustainable industrial enzymes (e.g., biomass and pulp/paper enzymes)

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By targeting high-value proteins in expanding non-pharmaceutical markets, Dyadic is building a commercial pipeline that aligns with global trends in sustainability, animal-free manufacturing, and bio-based innovation. Simultaneously, we continue to explore partnering opportunities for the use of our platforms in pharmaceutical development where appropriate.

In 2025, Dyadic entered into a non-exclusive license agreement with ERS Genomics for the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to support strain engineering and production optimization across its microbial expression platforms. Access to CRISPR-based genome editing tools enables the Company to more efficiently modify host strains used in its protein production systems and may support improvements in strain productivity, product quality, and development timelines for recombinant proteins and enzymes developed internally or with partners.

Dapibus™ Protein Production Platform

To accelerate commercialization across its core sectors, Dyadic developed the Dapibus™ platform—a proprietary expression system designed to produce high-value, non-animal proteins and enzymes for non-pharmaceutical markets including life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial sectors.

Dapibus™ is expected to enable faster development, lower production costs, and simplified regulatory pathways compared to therapeutic biologics, which Dyadic believes will allow it to address growing demand for sustainable, functional ingredients across a range of industries. The Dapibus™ platform supports applications in life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial sectors.

Dyadic was able to commercialize multiple Dapibus™-enabled products starting in early 2026 through a combination of strategic partnerships and internal manufacturing initiatives.

C1 Protein Production Platform

Dyadic’s proprietary C1 expression system is a patented, thermophilic fungal platform (Thermothelomyces heterothallica fungus) developed for the cost-effective, large-scale production of proteins. Originally used to manufacture industrial enzymes, Dyadic has engineered C1 into a high-yield, scalable platform for biopharmaceutical applications.

Following the 2015 sale of its industrial enzyme business to Danisco USA (a DuPont subsidiary), Dyadic retained co-exclusive rights to the C1 platform for human and animal pharmaceutical use, including the exclusive ability to sub-license C1 for human and animal pharmaceutical use (subject to specific conditions). Danisco holds certain retained rights but is obligated to pay Dyadic royalties on any future pharmaceutical commercialization. Dyadic may owe downstream royalties to Danisco or its licensors depending on specific patent usage.

Strategic Advantages and Applications

C1 is designed to address key bottlenecks in biologics manufacturing, offering potential advantages over legacy systems (e.g., CHO, E. coli, and baculovirus), including:

• High-yield expression of secreted proteins with minimal viscosity and simplified downstream purification.
• Avoidance of viral and endotoxin removal processes required by mammalian or bacterial systems.
• Proven scalability across lab and industrial fermenters, with demonstrated success producing correctly folded monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) comparable to CHO-derived equivalents.

C1 is being applied to develop a range of therapeutic and Life Science proteins, including:

• Therapeutics: Vaccines, monoclonal and multi-specific antibodies.
• Life Sciences: Recombinant transferrin, albumin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), DNase I, RNase inhibitors, reagents, and enzymes for diagnostics, cell culture, and biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

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Dyadic is engaged in multiple funded collaborations with pharmaceutical and biotech partners exploring C1’s use in innovative diagnostic, vaccine and therapeutic development.

Dyadic believes the C1 platform’s combination of scalability, speed, and efficiency makes it a compelling alternative for global bioproduction—supporting near- and long-term opportunities in both commercial and strategic licensing partnerships.

Pipeline Overview

Dyadic is targeting high-growth, non-pharmaceutical markets with a focus on sustainable, animal-free proteins and enzymes. The Company’s Dapibus™ platform is engineered to deliver cost-effective, scalable production of high-quality proteins for use in life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial sectors. These markets are experiencing rapid growth driven by the demand for ethical, allergen-free, and environmentally sustainable alternatives to animal-derived ingredients.

Dapibus™ is generating revenue from non-pharma applications and continues to advance through a focused pipeline of commercial-stage and development-stage programs.

Life Sciences

Dyadic is developing and commercializing a portfolio of recombinant proteins and enzymes for life sciences applications, including cell culture media, diagnostics, molecular biology reagents, and bioprocessing inputs. Using its C1 and Dapibus™ protein production platforms, the Company is focused on producing animal-free alternatives to commonly used proteins and enzymes that support research, diagnostics, and biomanufacturing. Several of these products have recently entered commercial launch or early market introduction through partner collaborations and direct product offerings.

Cell Culture Media and Reagent Proteins

Dyadic is leveraging its microbial production platforms to produce high-value, animal-free growth media components used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, diagnostics, and emerging biotechnology applications.

Key programs include:

• Recombinant Serum Albumin: In partnership with Proliant Health and Biologicals, Dyadic supported development of AlbuFree™ DX, a recombinant human albumin product produced using Dyadic’s proprietary expression technology. Proliant announced the commercial launch of AlbuFree™ DX in 2026 for research and diagnostic applications. Under the terms of the agreement, Dyadic receives a share of profits from Proliant’s commercial sales of recombinant human albumin products and has received development and milestone payments associated with the program.
• Recombinant Transferrin: Dyadic has developed an animal-free transferrin designed for use in cell culture media, diagnostics, and research applications. Early testing has demonstrated performance comparable to commercially available recombinant reference standards. Dyadic is pursuing commercialization through direct sales and distribution partnerships.
• Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF): Dyadic has developed recombinant bovine FGF proteins used to support cell proliferation in cell culture systems. Initial evaluation and sampling activities are underway, with early commercial sales initiated in certain research applications.

DNA and RNA Enzymes

Dyadic is expanding its existing product portfolio to include additional enzymes used in molecular biology, diagnostics, and nucleic acid processing applications.

Key programs include:

• DNase I (RNase-free): Dyadic completed development and production validation of recombinant DNase I used for molecular biology and bioprocessing applications. In March 2026, Dyadic and Fermbox announced the launch of animal-origin-free recombinant DNase I (RNase-free), representing the first commercialized product under the companies’ expanded collaboration.
• RNA/DNA Enzyme Portfolio: Dyadic continues development of additional enzymes used for nucleic acid processing, including RNase inhibitors, T7 RNA polymerase, DNA ligase, and polymerases, with ongoing optimization and evaluation for research and diagnostic applications.

Food and Nutrition Applications

Dyadic is developing and supporting commercialization of animal-free dairy proteins and food enzymes through a combination of internal development programs and partner collaborations. Using its Dapibus™ protein production platform, the Company is pursuing opportunities in dairy alternatives, functional nutrition ingredients, and food processing enzymes.

Key programs include:

• Non-Animal Dairy Enzyme Program: Under a development and exclusive license agreement signed in 2023 with Inzymes ApS, Dyadic has received upfront payment and milestone payments totaling approximately $1.45 million related to development and commercialization achievements. Development activities have been completed, and Inzymes has announced plans to commercialize recombinant non-animal bovine chymosin, a key enzyme used in cheese production and dairy processing, in 2026. Dyadic remains eligible to receive royalties on future commercial sales.
• Recombinant Bovine Alpha-Lactalbumin: Dyadic developed an improved first-generation production strain in 2024. The protein has demonstrated comparability to commercial benchmarks and continues to undergo characterization and evaluation for potential applications in dairy alternatives and nutritional products.
• Recombinant Human Alpha-Lactalbumin: Development was initiated in 2024 for potential applications in infant formula, medical nutrition, nutraceuticals, and related nutritional products.
• Recombinant Human Lactoferrin: Dyadic developed a production cell line in 2024 for potential use in nutritional, antimicrobial, and immune-support applications. Additional optimization and characterization activities are ongoing.
• Casein Proteins: Dyadic has produced four recombinant casein variants and continues discussions with potential partners regarding development and commercialization opportunities.

In December 2025, Dyadic entered into a Development and Commercialization Agreement with The Protein Collective B.V. (“BRIG BIO”), a Netherlands-based developer of recombinant dairy ingredients, to jointly develop and commercialize recombinant bovine alpha-lactalbumin. Under the agreement, BRIG BIO will fund development activities and receive a global commercial license to production strains developed using Dyadic’s Dapibus™ expression system. Dyadic is eligible to receive development funding, milestone payments, and revenue participation tied to future commercial sales.

Also in December 2025, Dyadic announced the expansion of its strategic collaboration with Fermbox to support the development, manufacturing, and commercialization of animal-free proteins and enzymes across life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets.

Bio-Industrial Applications

Dyadic is developing and supporting commercialization of industrial enzymes and proteins used in biomass processing, biofuels, and other industrial biotechnology applications. Using its proprietary microbial production platforms, including Dapibus™, the Company collaborates with partners to develop and manufacture enzymes designed to improve process efficiency, reduce costs, and support sustainable industrial production.

A key focus of Dyadic’s bio-industrial efforts is the development and commercialization of enzyme products used to convert agricultural residues and other biomass feedstocks into fermentable sugars for downstream fermentation and bio-based production.

In collaboration with Fermbox, Dyadic developed EN3ZYME™, an enzyme cocktail produced using the Dapibus™ protein production platform that enables the conversion of agricultural residue into fermentable cellulosic sugars. Initial enzyme deliveries have been completed under Fermbox’s purchase orders, and Dyadic participates in commercial sales through a profit-sharing arrangement with Fermbox.

In December 2025, Dyadic and Fermbox announced an expanded strategic collaboration to support the development, manufacturing, and commercialization of additional animal-free proteins and enzymes across life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets. Under the expanded collaboration, the companies intend to leverage Dyadic’s microbial protein production technologies and Fermbox’s fermentation and scale-up capabilities to accelerate commercialization of new products.

Dyadic continues to evaluate additional opportunities for industrial enzymes and related applications, including biomass processing, biofuels, and other industrial biotechnology markets.

Biopharmaceutical Programs and Strategic Platform Validation

While Dyadic is primarily focused on non-therapeutic markets, its C1 platform remains a validated and differentiated solution for biopharmaceutical manufacturing, addressing key industry bottlenecks by reducing costs, shortening development timelines, and enabling high-yield production. The platform continues to attract interest from pharmaceutical companies, contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs,”), academic institutions, and government agencies for applications including recombinant vaccines and therapeutics (human and animal), biobetters and biosimilars, diagnostic reagents, and difficult-to-express proteins.

Dyadic advances selected biopharmaceutical programs through fully funded collaborations with global health organizations, government agencies, and research institutions. These programs provide non-dilutive funding while validating C1’s capabilities in vaccine and antibody production and supporting broader platform adoption.

Key programs include:

• The Gates Foundation (2024 award, ~$3.1 million): Development of C1-produced monoclonal antibodies targeting RSV and malaria for low- and middle-income countries. Dyadic has generated stable production strains, with third-party validation demonstrating binding and neutralization comparable to mammalian-expressed antibodies.
• Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) / Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena (FBS) – FAST Program (2025, up to ~$2.4 million to Dyadic): Pandemic preparedness initiative focused on rapid development of recombinant protein vaccine antigens, including influenza candidates aligned with CEPI’s 100 Days Mission.
• European Vaccine Hub (EVH): Participation in a multi-country initiative to strengthen pandemic preparedness and vaccine development infrastructure.
• NIAID/NIH (LMIV): Successful tech transfer of the C1 platform enabling development of malaria vaccine candidates advancing toward potential clinical selection, with joint engagement with BARDA supporting broader U.S. government adoption.
• The Scripps Research Institute: Demonstrated expression of structurally correct prefusion RSV antigens with observed immunogenicity in preclinical studies, supporting development of multivalent respiratory vaccine candidates (including RSV, hMPV, and PIV3).
• Avian Influenza Programs: Successful expression of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 trimeric antigen under the CEPI/FBS program, currently in preclinical evaluation as a pandemic influenza vaccine candidate, and development of a broad ELISA diagnostic for anti-H5 detection across multiple avian species.

Additional collaborations further expand evaluation of the C1 platform:

• Uvax Bio: Participation in a CEPI-supported Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine program.
• AdaptVac: Participation in a $12.4 million CEPI-supported filovirus vaccine program.
• Rabian (EUROSTARS RABIVA consortium): Development of a recombinant rabies vaccine candidate with partners Idevax and Artemis Bioservices; Dyadic holds a minority equity interest and may receive future milestones and royalties.

Through these programs, Dyadic continues to evaluate licensing, collaboration, and commercialization opportunities, positioning the C1 platform as a competitive alternative to traditional expression systems such as CHO, yeast, and insect cells for biologics manufacturing.

Prior Clinical and Platform Validation

Dyadic previously advanced DYAI-100, a C1-produced COVID-19 vaccine candidate, through a Phase 1 clinical trial, which demonstrated favorable safety and immunogenicity results. While further development of the candidate has been paused, the study provided important clinical validation of the C1 platform for the production of recombinant vaccine antigens.

In addition, multiple peer-reviewed publications and collaborative studies have demonstrated the ability of the C1 platform to produce complex glycoproteins, monoclonal antibodies, and viral antigens with structural and functional properties comparable to proteins produced using mammalian and insect expression systems.

While Dyadic’s near-term commercialization efforts are focused on life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets, these biopharmaceutical collaborations provide continued validation of the C1 platform and may support future pharmaceutical licensing opportunities.

Licensing and Strategic Collaborations

Rubic One Health (South Africa)

In April 2023, Dyadic expanded its license agreement with Rubic to include vaccines and therapeutic proteins for both human and animal health in underserved African markets. The C1 platform tech transfer is complete. Dyadic is eligible to receive milestone payments, royalties, and marketing rights under the agreement. In 2024, Rubic initiated development of several livestock vaccines.

Phibro Animal Health / Abic Biological Laboratories

Dyadic entered an exclusive sublicense agreement with Abic, an affiliate of Phibro Animal Health Corporation, in February 2022. The agreement was expanded in March 2024 to include additional vaccines and treatments for livestock diseases.

Research and Development

Dyadic conducts internal and collaborative R&D to advance its microbial platforms across both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical applications.

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Since 2016, Dyadic has partnered with VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (“VTT”), a leading European research institute, to enhance C1’s safety, productivity, and efficiency. VTT supports critical initiatives including glycoengineering, protease deletion, and therapeutic protein expression. Many projects at VTT are co-funded by Dyadic’s third-party collaborators.

Other CRO and CDMO Partnerships

Dyadic works with a global network of research providers and manufacturers, including 53Biologics (Spain), Fermbox (India), and Eleszto Genetika (Hungary). These partners support the Company’s R&D and scale-up activities across its platforms. While typically structured as work-for-hire engagements, disruptions to these collaborations could impact timelines or development outcomes.

Advancing the Dapibus™ Platform for Scalable Commercial Applications

Dyadic continues to enhance the Dapibus™ platform to meet growing demand for cost-effective, scalable protein production across non-pharmaceutical markets—including dairy, biofuels, biogas, biorefining, and alternative proteins. In collaboration with Eleszto Genetika and leading contract research organizations, key initiatives include:

• Engineering new Dapibus™ strains tailored to specific industrial applications.
• Improving genetic tools to accelerate development and boost protein expression.
• Reducing background protease activity to increase stability, yields and product quality.
• Optimizing fermentation and purification processes to lower cost of goods sold.
• Developing high-expression cell lines to support large-scale commercial production.

Demonstrating C1’s Biopharmaceutical Capabilities

In parallel, Dyadic continues to validate the C1 platform for biopharmaceutical applications with key partners such as VTT. Notable advancements include:

• The development of high-yield production strains of human and bovine serum albumin, vaccine antigens (i.e., SARS CoV-2, Spike HA, NA, Mpox), and a number of complex biologics (ferritin nanoparticle antigens, scFvs, mAbs, Fc-fusions).
• VTT developed the initial C1 cell line used in the successfully completed DYAI-100 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Phase 1 clinical study.
• mAbs produced in C1 showing comparable binding kinetics and glycosylation profiles to CHO cell-derived antibodies.
• Third-party validation of neutralizing and binding activities for C1-expressed antibodies and multi-specific biologics.

These efforts position Dyadic’s platforms as versatile, low-cost solutions for both industrial and therapeutic protein markets, expanding commercial potential across multiple verticals.

Our Market Opportunity

Given the versatility of our robust portfolio of recombinant proteins that we expect to launch in the next two years, we believe that we are well-positioned to pursue a combined total addressable market of approximately over $25 billion across life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio industrial segments. The estimated total addressable market for our current recombinant solutions portfolio is comprised of opportunities in the following areas:

Life Sciences

Our products are being commercialized through a combination of direct product sales, distribution agreements, and manufacturing collaborations with companies that have established market access and distribution capabilities.

Cell Culture Media: Approximately $5 billion global market. We define total addressable market as approximately $2 billion global revenue opportunity for our recombinant solutions within the albumin, transferrin and growth factors markets. This was calculated using publicly available third-party data to estimate the recombinant protein shares for these products within the global cell culture media market. We will seek to serve the Cell Culture Media market, direct sales and OEM supply agreements for our recombinant cell culture media solutions, such as transferrin and growth factors to third-party manufacturers, distributors, repackagers and strain/platform licensing agreements key strategic partnerships with companies operating within the cell culture media space such as our commercial agreement with Proliant Health and Biologics to produce and commercialize recombinant human albumin.

Molecular Biology Reagents: Approximately $2 billion. We define total addressable market as the global revenue opportunity for our molecular biology reagents and recombinant DNase solutions in life science research. This was calculated using publicly available third-party data to estimate the recombinant protein shares for these products within the molecular biology reagent market. We will seek to serve the molecular biology reagent market through strain/platform licensing agreements, direct sales and OEM supply agreements for our recombinant molecular biology reagent solutions, such as DNASE-1 and others to third-party manufacturers, distributors, and repackagers.

Food and Nutrition:

The Company is pursuing opportunities in proteins used in infant nutrition, dairy alternatives, and other nutritional applications, as well as enzymes used in dairy processing, baking, brewing, and other food manufacturing processes.

Certain collaborations may include development funding, milestone payments, annual licensing fees, and potential revenue participation from commercial product sales.

We define total addressable market of approximately $11 billion as the global revenue opportunity for our recombinant solutions within the dairy protein, alpha-lactalbumin and functional proteins and dairy enzymes markets. This was calculated using publicly available third-party data to estimate the recombinant protein shares for these products within the Food and Nutritional market. We will seek to serve the Food and Nutrition market through direct sales and OEM supply agreements for our non-animal dairy, research products and other solutions to third-party manufacturers, distributors, repackagers and key strain/platform licensing agreements with strategic companies operating within the Food and Nutrition segment, such as our commercialization agreement with Inzymes to produce non-animal dairy enzymes markets.

Bio-Industrial:

Dyadic collaborates with partners to develop and commercialize industrial enzymes used in applications such as biomass processing, biofuels production, and other industrial biotechnology markets. These collaborations may include manufacturing agreements, supply arrangements, or revenue-sharing structures for enzymes produced using Dyadic’s microbial production platforms. We define total addressable market of approximately $6 billion as the global revenue opportunity for our recombinant bio-industrial protein and enzyme solutions within, biofuels pulp, paper, textiles, cosmetics solutions and other applications. This was calculated using publicly available third-party data to estimate the recombinant protein shares for these products within the cellulosic Bio Industrial market. We will seek to serve the Bio-Industrial market through direct sales and OEM supply agreements for our biomass processing and other solutions to third-party manufacturers, distributors, repackagers and key strain/platform licensing agreements, with strategic companies operating within the Bio-Industrial markets, such as our commercialization agreement with Fermbox to produce cellulosic enzyme solutions for biomass processing. We believe we can leverage our proprietary microbial platforms, C1 and Dapibus™, as well as our growing portfolio of high-value input proteins to target these markets. For additional information, see “—Our Pipeline.”

Platform Strengths and Competitive Positioning

Dyadic’s proprietary C1 and Dapibus™ platforms are designed to offer a scalable, cost-effective alternative to traditional protein production systems across pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical applications. These platforms are engineered to produce vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and nutritional proteins with greater efficiency, shorter development timelines, and lower cost of goods.

Compared to legacy expression systems, Dyadic’s platforms offer the following potential advantages:

• CHO Cells (Mammalian): Industry standard for complex biologics but limited by long development cycles, high production costs, and complex purification requirements.
• E. coli (Bacterial): Fast and inexpensive, but often produces insoluble proteins requiring refolding and generates pyrogenic contaminants, limiting use in biologics and precision food applications.
• Yeast (e.g., Pichia pastoris): Lacks pyrogenic components and offers advanced genetic tools but can exhibit undesirable glycosylation and lower expression for certain targets .
• Insect Cells (Baculovirus): Used for vaccines and post-translational modifications but generally produce lower protein titers and require viral inactivation steps, adding time and cost.
• Filamentous Fungi: Aspergillus, Trichoderma which are commonly used in industrial enzyme production, less advanced for pharmaceutical proteins.

Dyadic believes C1 and Dapibus™ combine the scalability of microbial systems with the productivity and versatility needed to serve diverse end markets—positioning the Company as a next-generation platform provider in the global protein production landscape.

Competition

We operate in highly competitive and rapidly evolving sectors that include biotechnology, life sciences, food and nutrition, and industrial bioprocessing. Our proprietary C1 and Dapibus™ microbial expression platforms are designed to offer cost-effective, scalable alternatives to traditional protein production systems. While we believe our platforms provide certain unique advantages in terms of yield, speed, and versatility, we face competition from both established and emerging players across our target markets.

In life sciences applications such as cell culture media components (e.g., albumin, transferrin, and growth factors) and molecular biology reagents (e.g., DNase, RNase inhibitors, and polymerases), we compete with many companies using mammalian (CHO), bacterial (E. coli), yeast, and insect cell expression systems. These technologies are well established and supported by large, well-capitalized organizations, which may enable them to commercialize competing products more rapidly or at greater scale than we can achieve initially.

In food and nutrition markets—including functional dairy proteins and non-animal enzymes—competition is intensifying due to the rise of precision fermentation and synthetic biology platforms. Several companies are actively developing recombinant proteins such as caseins, whey components, and bioactive peptides for use in dairy alternatives, infant nutrition, and wellness applications. While these markets present significant growth opportunities, many participants benefit from strong funding, strategic partnerships, and first-mover advantages.

In the bio-industrial segment, we face competition from multinational enzyme producers and microbial fermentation companies developing enzymes for applications such as biomass conversion, pulp and paper, and biofuels. Our strategy to collaborate with commercial partners, such as Fermbox, is intended to accelerate market entry and reduce capital intensity, but competitors may leverage larger sales networks and existing customer relationships.

There are a number of companies commercializing a diversified portfolio of non-animal recombinant proteins using yeast (i.e., Pichia and Saccharomyces) and to a lesser extent filamentous fungal (i.e., Aspergillus & Trichoderma) platforms. Given the pace of innovation and increasing interest in sustainable bioproduction, it is likely that existing or new competitors could develop similar capabilities or adopt comparable strategies in the future.

Additionally, academic institutions, contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs), and government-funded initiatives may contribute to increased competition by advancing alternative production technologies or partnering with industry participants to bring new solutions to market.

Despite the competitive landscape, we believe our platforms offer certain compelling differentiation due to their scalability, productivity, cost efficiency and glycan profiles. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, or that advancements by others will not render our technologies or product candidates obsolete or non-competitive.

Government Regulation and Product Approval

As a small biotech company that operates in the United States, we are subject to extensive regulation. Government authorities in the United States (at the federal, state and local level) and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug products such as those we are developing. Product candidates that we develop must be approved by the FDA, before they may be legally marketed in the United States and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before they may be legally marketed in foreign countries. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the United States, although there can be important differences. For additional discussion on the effect of existing or probable governmental regulations on our business, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Government Regulations and Environmental, Social, and Governance Issues.”

Employees

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had 5 full-time employees, all of whom are located in the United States.

Intellectual Property

Patents are important to developing and protecting our competitive position. Our general policy is to seek patent protection in the United States, major European countries, and other jurisdictions as appropriate for our compounds and methods. U.S. patents, as well as most foreign patents, are generally effective for 20 years from the date the earliest patent application was filed. In some cases, the patent term may be extended to recapture a portion of the term lost during the U.S. FDA regulatory review or because of U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) delays in prosecuting the application. The duration of foreign patents varies similarly, in accordance with local law.

Currently, Dyadic owns or has exclusive rights to six (6) patent families, all of which have entered the national phase. There are currently two (2) patents and four (4) pending patent applications in the United States, one patent in Russia, one patent in South Africa, and twenty-eight (28) additional patent applications in a variety of jurisdictions including Europe and China.

Our success is significantly dependent on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for C1 and Dapibus™, both in the United States and abroad. Our patent position and proprietary rights are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Please read the “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Annual Report for information about certain risks and uncertainties that may affect our patent position and proprietary rights.

We also rely upon unpatented confidential information to remain competitive. We protect such information principally through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, and other advisers. In the case of our employees, these agreements also provide, in compliance with relevant law, that inventions and other intellectual property conceived by such employees during their employment shall be our exclusive property.

Available Information

Information that we furnish to or file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to, or exhibits included in, these reports are made available for download, free of charge, through the Company’s website at www.dyadic.com (http://www.dyadic.com) as soon as reasonably practicable. The Company’s SEC filings, including exhibits filed therewith, are also available directly on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

The Company may use its website as a distribution channel of material company information. Financial and other important information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible through the Company’s website. Accordingly, investors should monitor this channel, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. Information contained on the Company’s website is not part of this report.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following material risks, together with the other matters described in this Annual Report and in our financial statements and the related notes thereto in evaluating our current business and future performance. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed in the risk factors below will or will not occur. If we are not able to successfully address any of the following risks, we could experience significant changes in our business, operations and financial performance. In such circumstances, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and in some cases, such declines could be significant, and you could lose part or all of your investment. In addition to the risks described below, other unforeseeable risks that we currently believe are immaterial may arise that adversely affect our operating results. Certain statements contained in this Annual Report (including certain statements used in the discussion of our risk factors) constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for important information regarding reliance on forward-looking statements.

Risks Related to Our Business and Financial Condition

We may not succeed in implementing our business strategy.

We recently launched a strategic plan to transition from a research-driven organization to a commercially focused enterprise, with an emphasis on delivering applied biotechnology solutions through our C1 and Dapibus™ technologies for use in the biopharmaceutical and other markets. Our focus is to commercialize high-value, non-therapeutic proteins in the life sciences, food, nutrition and industrial bioprocessing sectors. This strategic shift involves significant risks and uncertainties. Our success will depend on our ability to further develop and scale our protein production platforms, establish manufacturing, quality and commercial capabilities, construct effective channels of distribution, achieve market acceptance, manage growth, and compete effectively against larger, better-capitalized companies. Although non-therapeutic proteins typically face fewer regulatory hurdles than therapeutic biologics, products incorporating our technologies may still be subject to regulatory review, quality standards, and customer qualification requirements, and market adoption of proteins produced using filamentous fungi such as the C1 fungus is not yet fully established.

Additionally, our business remains subject to the execution, integration, and research and development risks with respect to new technologies, products and markets. These risks relate to, among other things, our ability to successfully further develop our protein production platforms and our other technologies, products and processes, assemble and maintain adequate production and research and development (“R&D”) capabilities. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early-stage companies in expanding and upgrading our intellectual property, regulatory, marketing, sales and R&D capabilities, improving our accounting and financial reporting and internal controls infrastructure, and adapting to the rapidly evolving industries in which we operate.

The market for developing and manufacturing pharmaceutical proteins produced from a filamentous fungus, such as the C1 fungus, is a market that is not yet established and is subject to regulatory hurdles from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) and other governmental bodies, and there is a risk that such technologies will not be adopted by the pharmaceutical industry or governmental agencies and therefore not succeed and/or not grow at the rates projected or at all. Further, public perception may be influenced by claims that filamentous fungus is unsafe or ineffective, and these fungi may not gain the acceptance of the public or the medical community. More restrictive regulations or negative public perception could reduce certain of our customers’ use of our products, which could negatively affect our future revenues and performance.

We have not yet commercialized any products based on our platforms and technologies, and we may never be able to do so. We do not know when or if we and/or our current and/or future collaborators and licensees will complete any of our or their future product development efforts, obtain regulatory approval for any future product candidates incorporating our technologies or successfully commercialize any approved products. Even if we and/or our licensees and collaborators are successful in developing future products that are approved for marketing, we and they will still require that these products gain regulatory approval and market acceptance. The biopharmaceutical, life sciences, food, nutrition and industrial bioprocessing industries in which we or our collaborators operate are high-risk industries in that even if we are successful at expressing certain proteins, these proteins may fail to be advanced or approved for use or sale for many reasons including their characteristics, biological activity, biological comparability, biological similarity, stability, glycosylation structures, containments, purity, performance, safety and regulatory reasons. Relatedly, the U.S. government’s plans to regulate lab developed tests may impact the customers and industries we serve by increasing the cost of commercializing and/or limiting the profitability of commercialized products.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve certain technology, product and/or commercial milestones, access fees and royalties, launch products and/or processes, or achieve profitability. For instance, we cannot predict whether Danisco intends to or will pursue the use of the C1 platform to develop or manufacture pharmaceutical products or whether or when we might receive royalties from Danisco. In addition, if the FDA or other regulatory authorities impose additional requirements that may lead to delays or unfavorable results in completing required safety and regulatory submissions, including Generally Recognized as Safe (“GRAS”), determinations or similar filings, our business operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

A significant portion of our revenue is derived from a small number of customers.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated from 14 and 19 customers, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s accounts receivable was from four and nine customers, respectively. Significant customers are those that account for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenues. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, two significant customers accounted for approximately $1,859,000 or 60.1% and $1,915,000 or 54.8% of revenue, respectively. We cannot assure you that these customers will continue to contract with us on terms currently in effect or other terms which are favorable but not currently in effect, or whether they will elect to contract with our competitors or attempt to perform the services themselves. The loss of business from one or a combination of the Company’s customers, if not offset by revenue from new or other existing customers, or any inability of any customer to pay amounts as and when due, could adversely affect its operations.

We have a history of net losses, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.

As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $93.5 million. Our profitability has strongly relied on, and will be even more reliant going forward on, third-party industry and government research funding and grants, licensing partnerships and other forms of collaborations. We believe that it is likely that if we do not sign license agreements or other forms of collaborations, we will incur losses because of our planned levels of R&D and additional general and administrative expenditures that we believe are necessary to operate our business and further develop our microbial protein production platforms and other technologies for use in the pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical industries. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of increase in our expenses along with other potential costs of unforeseen circumstances, our ability to generate research funding, government grants, receipt of access fees, milestones, royalty and other payments, and whether we are able to generate revenues by entering into license agreements or other forms of collaborations, launch new products and/or processes from future licensees or collaborators, and our ability to raise additional capital. The net losses we anticipate incurring over the next several years will have an adverse effect on our working capital, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The strategic efforts as part of our rebranding and R&D efforts needed to enhance and leverage our microbial protein production platforms, including C1 and Dapibus™, for use in developing and manufacturing human and animal biopharmaceuticals and other non-pharmaceutical products will require significant funding and increased staffing. Therefore, we expect near-term operating and research expenses to continue, and maybe even accelerate, as we further develop our research and business plans, and our goals and objectives. Consequently, we will require significant additional revenue to achieve profitability. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to generate any revenues from our focus and efforts as we intend to apply our C1-cell and Dapibus™ into the biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical industries. If we fail to enter into new license agreements or other forms of collaborations or generate revenues and profit from additional research projects and government grants, the market price of our common stock will likely decrease. Further regulatory complications, competition from other technologies, or delays in our research programs and the adoption and use of the C1-cell and Dapibus™ protein production platforms and our other technologies by the biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical industries may force us to reduce our staffing and research and development efforts, which may further affect our ability to generate cash flow.

We may expend our resources to pursue particular product candidates and fail to capitalize on product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

As a result of our limited financial and managerial resources, we must make strategic decisions as to which targets and product candidates to pursue and may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other targets or product candidates that later prove to have greater commercial potential, including our transition to being a commercially driven enterprise. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Failure to properly assess potential product candidates could result in our focus on product candidates with low market potential, which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our spending on current and future R&D programs and product candidates may not yield any commercially viable products. Our and our collaborators’ and licensees’ understanding and evaluation of biological targets for the discovery and development of products expressed from our C1 and/or Dapibus platforms may prove to be incorrect or incomplete and may fail to identify risks, safety concerns, or other challenges that could arise during subsequent GRAS determinations or similar filings. If we or our collaborators or licensees do not accurately assess the likelihood of clinical trial success, regulatory approval, commercial potential, or target market for a particular product candidate our business operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

We could fail to manage our growth.

We will need to take the following steps, among others, to manage our growth. If we fail to achieve one or more of these, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• Balance our cash burn with technology and product development;
• Maintain and add additional CROs, other third-party service providers or other technology collaborators;
• Maintain and add additional collaborators, strategic partners technology licensees or other forms of structures
• Recruit, hire, and maintain the required employees necessary to maintain and grow our business and to advance our technologies and products;
• Achieve technical and commercial success in our research and product development programs;
• Develop and scale our infrastructure;

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• Manage our internal development and operational efforts effectively while carrying out our contractual obligations to third parties;
• Manage unanticipated problems delays and expenses relating to the development and implementation of our new business plans;
• Access required manufacturing capacity;
• Access additional capital;
• Recruit and maintain consultants, board members, and scientific advisory board members; and
• Manage scientific risks and uncertainties that may arise during our R&D and regulatory programs.

Our revenue growth depends in part on market and regulatory acceptance of our microbial protein production platforms and other technologies to develop and manufacture animal and/or human biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products.

The success of our business will depend on our ability to develop, register, and introduce similar, new and improved technologies and products in a timely manner, at significantly lower manufacturing costs that address the evolving requirements of the relevant industries and potential customers. There is no assurance that the C1 platform or any product expressed from C1, or our other technologies, will perform the same or better or save our customers money relative to existing gene expression technologies or those of our competitors, obtain governmental safety and regulatory approvals, be registered or gain market acceptance. If we fail to develop similar, new and better performing technologies, products and processes at significantly lower manufacturing costs, make fermentation yield improvements on our existing production processes, generate the necessary safety and regulatory data or gain registration and market acceptance of the C1-cell and Dapibus™ protein production platforms, or our other technologies, products or processes, we could fail to recoup our R&D investments and fail to capitalize on potential opportunities or gain market share from our competitors. Any failure, for technological, quality, safety, regulatory, or other reasons, to develop and launch improved technologies and new products, could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operation.

The dynamic and conservative nature of the industries in which we operate, the unpredictable nature of the product development process and the time and cost of new technology adoption in the industries in which we operate may affect our ability to meet the requirements of the marketplace or achieve market and/or regulatory acceptance.

The expenses or losses associated with unsuccessful technology and product development activities or lack of market acceptance of our new technologies and products could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may fail to commercialize our microbial protein production platforms or other technologies for the expression of therapeutic proteins, antibodies, vaccines, and metabolites or other non-pharmaceutical biologic products.

We have not yet completed the necessary safety, efficacy, cost and regulatory studies, or the commercialization of any therapeutic proteins, antibodies and vaccines, and metabolites or other non-pharmaceutical biologic products based on C1 or Dapibus™.

To date, drug companies have developed and commercialized only a small number of gene-based products in comparison to the total number of drug molecules available in the marketplace. Our biopharmaceutical business should be evaluated as having the same risks as those inherent to early-stage biotechnology companies because the application of the C1 platform for the expression of pre-clinical and clinical quantities of therapeutic proteins, antibodies and vaccines is still in early development.

Successful development of our microbial protein production platforms, including C1 and Dapibus™, for biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical purposes will require significant research, development and capital investment, including testing, to prove its safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness. In general, our experience has been that each step in the process has been longer and costlier than originally projected, and we anticipate that this is likely to remain the case with respect to the continuing development efforts of our biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical business.

If our competitors develop technologies and products more quickly and market more effectively than our product candidates, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated.

The industries in which we operate are characterized by rapid technological change, and the area of gene and protein research and platform development is a rapidly evolving field. We believe that a significant number of products are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the issues and conditions for which we are developing product candidates. As such, any products we or our current collaborators or licensees develop through the C1 platform, or through our other technologies, will compete in highly competitive and regulated markets. For more information on our competition, see “Item 1. Business-Competition.” Many of these competitors for such products have more capital resources, larger R&D and marketing staff, facilities and capabilities, and greater experience in research and development, regulatory approval, manufacturing and commercialization of technology and products. Accordingly, our competitors may be able to develop technologies and products more rapidly. Our future success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances in terms of product and process quality, stability, safety, productivity and cost. If a competitor develops superior technology or products, or more cost-effective alternatives to our and our collaborators’ or licensees’ technologies, products or processes, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Well-known and highly competitive biotechnology companies offer comparable or alternative technologies for the same products and services as our biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical business. We anticipate that we and our current or future collaborators and licensees will continue to encounter increased competition as new companies enter these markets and as the development of biological processes and products evolves, and there is no guarantee that our product candidates will be able to compete with potential future products being developed by competitors.

Alternative technologies may not require microbial or other cell produced proteins, such as our proprietary C1 cells.

Research is being conducted with cell or gene-based therapies and other technologies that offer a possible alternative to producing non-therapeutic proteins as they are being produced today based on microbial, organic matter containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen or other organisms, such as our proprietary C1 cells or Dapibus™. Alternative methods may allow genes to be directly inserted into cells that can be implanted into animals and humans directly, displacing the need for the existing methods used for the development of our non-therapeutic technologies. If they are successful, these new methods may supplant or greatly reduce the need for microorganisms, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen or other organisms, including our C1 cells and Dapibus™, to produce these proteins externally as the injected cells in animals and humans may be able to do so internally.

The results of nonclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of future results.

The results of our nonclinical studies may not be predictive of the results of clinical trials, and the results of any early-stage clinical trials we commence may not be predictive of the results of the later-stage clinical trials. Vaccine and drug candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy despite having progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials. In addition, results from early development work may not be predictive of outcomes in subsequent regulatory processes, including GRAS determinations or similar notifications, or other domestic and foreign regulatory filings. There is a high failure rate for drugs proceeding through clinical trials, and a number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical development even after achieving promising results in earlier studies. There can be no assurance that any of our current or future clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our vaccine and drug candidates. Even if our clinical trials are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval of any products. Any such setbacks in our clinical development could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

We may need substantial additional capital in the future to fund our business.

Our future capital requirements may be substantial, particularly as we continue to further develop, engineer and optimize our microbial protein production platforms and other proprietary technologies, products and processes for licensing for research and development, and commercialization of potential animal and human pharmaceutical and other products.

We currently have very little leverage, and if our capital resources are insufficient to meet our capital requirements, we will have to raise additional funds to continue the development of our technologies and complete the development and commercialization of products, if any, resulting from our technologies. For example, in August 2025, we completed an underwritten offering of our common stock for net proceeds of $4.9 million. There can be no assurances that additional funds will be available, and if we engage in future equity financing, dilution to our existing stockholders may result, including as a result of our ATM Program (as defined below). If we raise capital through debt financing, we may be subject to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to conduct our business. Also, to the extent we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities in the future, there will be further dilution to investors, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. We may not be able to raise funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. Our ability to raise additional funds when needed and on acceptable terms will depend on financial, economic and market conditions and other factors, over which we may have no or limited control. See, for example, “-Changes in global economic and financial markets may have a negative effect on our business.” If we fail to raise sufficient funds and incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, develop products or technologies, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If this happens, we may be forced to delay or terminate research or development programs or the commercialization of products resulting from our technologies, curtail or cease operations or obtain funds through collaborative and licensing arrangements that may require us to relinquish commercial rights, sell certain assets of the company which will limit future opportunities, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Without sufficient funding or revenue, we may have to curtail, cease, or dispose of one or more of our operations, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and future prospects.

Changes in global economic and financial markets may have a negative effect on our business.

Our business is subject to a variety of market forces including, but not limited to, domestic and international economic, political and social conditions. Many of these forces are beyond our control, including generally weak or uncertain economic conditions, negative or uncertain political climates, changes in government and election results in jurisdictions in which we operate. Any change in market conditions that negatively impacts our operations or the demand of our current or prospective customers could adversely affect our business operations. For example, economic uncertainty and volatility, including as a result of high-interest rates and inflation, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on our business.

Changes in global financial, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and broader economic markets may make it difficult to accurately forecast our operating results and may adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

In addition, adverse market conditions may impair our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all, which could limit our ability to fund operations, execute our business strategy, or meet our obligations. Such conditions could also affect our ability to repay existing or future indebtedness, including secured loans, which could result in defaults, the loss of assets pledged as collateral, or other adverse consequences.

We are also limited in our ability to reduce costs to offset the results of a prolonged or severe economic downturn given certain fixed costs associated with our operations and difficulties if we over strain our resources. The timing and nature of a sustained recovery in the credit and financial markets remain uncertain, and there can be no assurance that market conditions will significantly improve in the near future or that our results will not continue to be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, geopolitical risks, including those arising from political turmoil, trade tension or the imposition of trade tariffs and “reciprocal” tariffs (including those relating to Canada, Mexico, and China) and/or sanctions, terrorist activity and acts of civil or international hostility, are increasing. For instance, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as well as conflicts in the Middle East have had negative impacts on the global economy and is expected to have further global economic consequences, and there could be similar impacts from ongoing tensions in Latin America and in Arctic regions. Any such events and responses, including regulatory developments, or the perception of instability may cause significant volatility and declines in the global markets, disproportionate impacts to certain industries or sectors, disruptions to commerce (including to economic activity, travel and supply chains), loss of life and property damage, and may materially and adversely affect the global economy or capital markets, as well as our business and results of operations. Should an economic slowdown occur in the U.S. or globally, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

We face risks related to widespread outbreaks of contagious disease or other biological threats, any of which could significantly disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, employees, directors, consultants, collaborators and other third parties, including business development activities and research and development projects conducted by third party contract research organizations parties.

Significant outbreaks of contagious diseases, and other adverse public health developments, have had and could have a material impact on our business operations, financial condition, and operating results. Pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious disease have in the past and could in the future significantly impact the operation of our business. For example, pandemics have adversely affected our ability to carry on certain business development activities, including as a result of restrictions in business-related travel, delays or disruptions in our on-going research projects, and unavailability of the employees of the Company or third-party organizations with whom we conduct business, due to illness or quarantines. In addition, pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious disease have in the past and may in the future exacerbate other risks disclosed in this Annual Report. See, for example, “-Changes in global economic and financial markets may have a negative effect on our business.” Whether and to what extent future pandemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases may impact our financial and operational performance will depend on developments that include the duration, spread and severity of the outbreak, the timetable for administering and efficacy of vaccines, the duration and geographic scope of related travel advisories and restrictions and the extent of the impact of the pandemic or outbreak on overall demand for our products, technologies and services, and other factors beyond our control, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Our sales and operations are subject to the risks of doing business internationally.

Our sales and operations are subject to the risks of doing business internationally, as we have customers and partners located outside of the United States. Conducting business internationally exposes us to a variety of risks, including:

• Changes in or interpretations of foreign regulations that may adversely affect our ability to sell our products, repatriate profits to the United States or operate our foreign-located facilities;
• The imposition of tariffs;
• Immigration enforcement or other limitations on cross-border travel;
• The imposition of limitations on, or increase of, withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by our foreign subsidiary or joint ventures;
• Uncertainties relating to foreign laws, regulations and legal proceedings including tax, import/export, anti-corruption and exchange control laws;
• The availability of government subsidies or other incentives that benefit competitors in their local markets that are not available to us;
• Increased demand on our limited resources created by our operations may constrain the capabilities of our administrative and operational resources and restrict our ability to attract, train, manage and retain qualified management, technicians, scientists and other personnel;
• Economic or political instability in foreign countries;
• Difficulties associated with staffing and managing foreign operations (including foreign currency exchange rates); and
• The need to comply with a variety of United States and foreign laws applicable to the conduct of international business, including import and export control laws and anti-corruption laws.

Any violations of international laws and regulations may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

If we lose key personnel, including key management or board members, or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel, it could delay our technology and product development programs and harm our R&D efforts, and we may be unable to pursue research funding, licenses and other forms of collaborations or develop our own products.

Our planned activities will require retention, and ongoing recruitment of additional expertise in specific areas applicable to our industries, technologies and products being developed. These activities will not only require the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel, but also the addition of new research and scientific, regulatory, licensing, sales, marketing, management, accounting and finance and other personnel. The inability to acquire or develop this expertise or the loss of principal members of our management, board of directors, consultants, accounting and finance, sales, and scientific staff could impair the growth, if any, of our business. However, competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology field is intense due to the limited number of individuals who possess the skills and experience required by our industry. As such, competition for experienced personnel from numerous companies, academic institutions and other research facilities may limit our ability to attract and retain qualified management, directors, consultants, and scientific personnel on acceptable terms. Failure to attract and retain qualified personnel would inhibit our ability to maintain and pursue collaborations and develop our products and core technologies. We may also face challenges in connection with designing and executing on succession plans regarding members of senior management, which are heightened by the highly specialized nature of our business.

Personnel changes may disrupt our operations. Hiring and training new personnel will entail costs and may divert our resources and attention from revenue-generating efforts. In addition, we periodically engage consultants to assist us in our business and operations. These consultants operate as independent contractors, and we therefore do not have as much control over their activities as we do over the activities of our employees. Our directors and consultants may be affiliated with or employed by other parties, and some may have consulting or other advisory arrangements with other entities that may conflict or compete with their obligations to us.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable and unforeseen side effects or have other properties impacting safety that could halt their clinical development, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt product development and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities and potential product liability claims. Many compounds developed in the biopharmaceutical industry that initially showed promise in early stages have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Any of these occurrences may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be sued for product liability.

We or our current and future collaborators and licenses may be held liable if any product we or they develop, or any product which is made with the use or incorporation of, any of our technologies, causes injury or is found otherwise unsuitable or unsafe during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. These claims could be brought by various parties, including other companies who purchase products from our current and future collaborators and licenses or by end users of the products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

• Decreased demand for our current or future product candidates;
• Injury to our reputation;
• Costs to defend the related litigation;
• Diversion of management’s time and our resources;
• Regulatory investigations, product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;
• Loss of revenue; and
• The inability to commercialize our current or any future product candidates.

While we maintain product liability insurance, it may not fully cover all of our potential liabilities and our liability could in some cases exceed our total assets, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, or cause us to go out of business. Further, insurance coverage is expensive and may be difficult to obtain and may not be available to us or to our collaborators and licensees in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. Inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products developed by us, or our collaborators and licensees.

Foreign currency fluctuations could adversely affect our results.

In the conduct of our business, in certain instances, we are required to receive payments or pay our obligations in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Especially since a large portion of our research and development is performed through our CROs in Europe, and certain consultants request payments in Euros. As a result, we are exposed to changes in currency exchange rates with respect to our business transactions denominated in non-US dollars. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates have in the past and may in the future negatively affect our revenue, expenses and our financial position and results of operations as expressed in U.S. dollars.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs, to offset future taxable income. If the Internal Revenue Service challenges our analysis that our existing NOLs are not subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, our ability to utilize NOLs could be limited by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations.

We may make acquisitions, investments and strategic alliances that may use significant resources, result in disruptions to our business or distractions of our management, may not proceed as planned, and could expose us to unforeseen liabilities.

We may seek to expand our business through the acquisition of, or investment in, strategic alliances with companies, technologies, products, and services. If we are able to identify suitable acquisition, investment or strategic alliance targets, we may be unable to successfully negotiate their acquisition at a price or on terms and conditions acceptable to us.

We cannot assure you that, following an acquisition, investment or strategic alliance, we will achieve expected research and development results, anticipated synergies, revenues, specific net income or loss levels that justify such transaction or that the transaction will result in increased earnings, or reduced losses, for the combined company in any future period. Moreover, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private debt or equity financing to acquire any businesses or to provide funding for such business, which would result in dilution for stockholders or the incurrence of indebtedness and may not be available on terms which would otherwise be acceptable to us. We may not be able to oversee such investments nor operate acquired businesses profitably or otherwise implement our growth strategy successfully.

We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract are vulnerable to damage from cybersecurity attacks, ransomware attacks, breaches, intentional or accidental mistakes or errors, or other technological failures, which can include, among other things, computer viruses, malware, exploit of unpatched product or service vulnerabilities, unauthorized access attempts (including third parties gaining access to systems using stolen or inferred credentials), denial-of-service attacks, phishing attempts, service disruptions, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. As the cyber-threat landscape evolves, these attacks are growing in frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, are becoming increasingly difficult to detect, and are being conducted by sophisticated groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. Resulting system failures, accidents, or security breaches could cause interruptions in our operations and could result in a material disruption of our research activities and business operations, in addition to possibly requiring substantial expenditures of resources to remedy. To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and delays in our research efforts and financial reporting compliance, as well as a significant increase in costs to recover or reproduce the data.

Of special note is our risk when implementing new capabilities. The implementation of new systems and information technology could adversely impact our operations by requiring substantial capital expenditures, diverting management’s attention, or causing delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems. As we implement new systems, many times both new and old systems run in parallel until all processes have successfully transferred to the new system and thorough testing has been performed. These events could impact our customers, suppliers, subcontractors, employees, our financial reporting and our reputation and lead to financial losses from remediation actions, loss of business or potential liability, or an increase in expenses, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business. Our systems implementations may also not result in productivity improvements at the levels anticipated. In addition, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of artificial intelligence technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks. See “-The use of new and evolving technologies, such as artificial intelligence (“AI”), in our business may result in reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability.” Likewise, cyber incidents, including malicious cyber-attacks perpetrated on our employees and cyber incidents caused by third parties surreptitiously accessing our systems by other means, are an on-going risk to the security of the systems, networks, information and data of ours, our customers, subcontractors and suppliers. While we have security, internal control and technology measures in place to protect our systems and networks, confidential business information, personal data of ours, our customers, employees, suppliers and subcontractors, our information technology systems and those of our third-party service providers have been and may in the future be subject to system breaches. System breaches can lead to disclosure, modification and destruction of proprietary business data, personally identifiable information, other sensitive information, production downtime or loss of business, and damage to our reputation, competitiveness and operations. In addition, flexible working arrangements and remote working for overseas consultants may adversely impact our ability to maintain the security, proper function and availability of our information technology and systems since remote working by our employees and consultants could strain our technology resources and introduce operational risk, including heightened cybersecurity risk. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to hacking attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts that have sought, and may seek, to exploit remote working environments. In addition, current and future laws and regulations governing data privacy and the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information may pose complex compliance challenges and result in additional costs. A failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in penalties or fines, legal liabilities or reputational harm. The continuing and evolving threat of cyber-attacks has also resulted in increased regulatory focus on risk management and prevention. New cyber-related regulations or other requirements could require significant additional resources and cause us to incur significant costs, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

The use of new and evolving technologies, such as artificial intelligence (“AI”), in our business may result in reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability.

We have in the past and will in the future integrate new and evolving technologies, such as AI, into our business. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption and, as a result, our business. Our implementation of AI in our business may have unintended consequences due to its inherent limitations or our failure to use it effectively. For example, AI algorithms may be flawed due to a lack of back-testing or datasets of poor quality or inappropriate bias, and analyses generated by AI may be deficient, offensive, or inaccurate, subjecting us to competitive or reputational harm. Additionally, AI entails significant legal risks. The regulatory landscape surrounding artificial intelligence is also evolving, and expanded use of machine learning technologies may become subject to regulation under new laws or new applications of existing laws. The intellectual property ownership and license rights of new technologies such as AI have not been fully addressed by U.S. or global courts, and the use or adoption of such technologies in our business may expose us to potential intellectual property claims, breach of a data or software license, website terms of service claims, claimed violations of privacy rights, consumer protection, anti-discrimination, employment, tort claims or other laws. Governmental regulation and laws related to AI may also increase the burden and cost of research and development or require increased transparency that makes it more difficult to protect our intellectual property and maintain compliance. Other jurisdictions may decide to adopt similar or more restrictive legislation rendering the use of such technologies challenging. Failure to comply with applicable AI-related regulations, or to adapt to new regulatory requirements as they emerge, could result in fines, penalties, litigation, or restrictions on our business operations. Social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies such as AI in our business could also harm our competitive position and brand, or create legal liability, and may cause us to incur additional research and development costs to resolve such issues. Lastly, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of AI technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks. For more information, see “-We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.”

Changes to our outsourced software or infrastructure vendors as well as any sudden loss, breach of security, disruption or unexpected data or vendor loss associated with our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on third-party software and infrastructure to run critical accounting, project management and financial information systems. If software or infrastructure vendors decide to discontinue further development, integration or long-term maintenance support for our information systems, or there is any system interruption, delay, breach of security, loss of data or loss of a vendor, we may need to migrate some or all of our accounting, project management and financial information to other systems. These disruptions could increase our operational expense as well as impact the management of our business operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity.

Risks Related to Dependence on Third Parties

We are dependent on collaborations with third parties, and if we fail to maintain or successfully manage existing, or enter into new, strategic collaborations, we may not be able to develop and commercialize many of our technologies and products and achieve profitability.

Our R&D revenue is generated from a small number of research collaborations. These collaborations could be delayed or discontinued, as they have in the past, at any time with little advance notice. If these research collaborations are lost or do not perform as expected, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our ability to enter into, maintain and manage collaborations in our target markets is fundamental to the success of our business. We currently rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, our current and future partners, in part, for research and development, manufacturing and distribution, sales and marketing services, and application and regulatory know how. In addition, we intend to enter into additional collaborations to conduct research, develop, produce, market, license and sell our technologies and products and processes we anticipate developing. However, we may not be successful in entering into collaborative arrangements with third parties. Any failure to enter into such arrangements on favorable terms could delay or hinder our ability to develop and commercialize our technologies, products and processes and could increase our costs of research and development and commercialization.

We have limited or no control over the resources that any collaborator or licensee may devote to our programs, and reductions in collaborators’ R&D budgets may affect our businesses.

Any of our current or future collaborators or licensees may breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to perform and conduct their required activities successfully and in a timely manner. Our collaborators or licensees may elect not to develop products arising out of our collaborative or license arrangements or may choose not to devote sufficient resources to the development, manufacture, market or sale of these products. If any of these events occur, we or our collaborators or licensees may not develop our technologies or commercialize our or their products.

Fluctuations in the R&D budgets of government agencies, our customers, licensees, collaborators and research partners could have a significant impact on the interest in and demand for our technology. Our businesses could be seriously damaged by significant decreases in life sciences and/or pharmaceutical R&D expenditures by government agencies and existing and potential partners.

We heavily rely on contracts with third-party CROs and other third-party service providers across all aspects of our business, including to conduct our research and development, pre-clinical, CMC and cGMP manufacturing, fill and finish, and potential clinical trials, which may not be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

We are dependent upon the performance and research capacity of a number of third-party CROs and other service providers to conduct our research and development projects, pre-clinical, CMC and cGMP manufacturing, fill and finish, and potential clinical trials, which include services and programs in connection with the modification and enhancement of the Company’s C1 platform and to support our business development efforts for C1’s use in biopharmaceutical and other applications. For the year ended December 31, 2025, two CROs accounted for approximately 90.9% of total research services we purchased and 67.0% of accounts payable. For more information, see “Item 1. Business-Our Research Partners and CROs.” The licensing and service arrangements with these third parties are not guaranteed to be obtained, renewed or continued on reasonable terms, if at all. The Company may be unable to obtain, maintain or expand its access to third party CROs and other service providers to conduct these services. Failure to obtain, maintain and expand access to certain third party CROs and other service providers could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s research projects, financial condition and operating results. In addition, from time to time there are disagreements with such third parties that if not resolved can have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. In conclusion, the loss of business from one of these CROs or a combination of them could in certain cases make it difficult to find a replacement and in turn adversely affect our operations.

We are also heavily dependent upon the availability and performance of third-party research organizations. If we require research capacity and/or capabilities and are unable to obtain it in sufficient quantity, and quality or at terms and conditions that are acceptable to the Company or our third party collaborators, we may not be able to offer our technologies or products for license, or sale, or we may be required to make substantial capital investments to build out that capacity or to contract with other research organizations on terms that may be less favorable than our current arrangements. In addition, if we contract with other research organizations, we may experience delays of several months in qualifying them or in starting up research programs at these facilities, which could harm our relationships with our licensees, collaborators or customers, and we may be required to make a capital investment in connection with these arrangements. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues or operating results.

Additionally, arrangements with these third parties and service providers may not be available or we may be unsuccessful in retaining a third party with the requisite experience and skills we require and were required to build our own research facility, it could take a year or longer before such owned research facility were able to be brought online to carry out the necessary technology and product development efforts of the Company. The loss of, or disruption in services from, one of our third parties could make it difficult to replace such a third party on a timely or cost-effective basis. If we are unable to secure these third parties, or if such services are available on commercially impracticable terms, we may experience delays in development, regulatory processes, and commercialization, all of which would adversely affect our business operations and financial condition.

Conflicts with the CROs, other service providers, collaborators and/or licensees could harm our business.

An important part of our strategy includes involvement in proprietary research programs. We may pursue opportunities in the pharmaceutical and other fields that could conflict with those of our collaborators and licensees. Moreover, disagreements with Danisco, our current and/or future CROs, other service providers, collaborators or licensees could develop over rights to our intellectual property, over further licensing of our technologies to other parties in certain pharmaceutical and other fields, or for other reasons. Any conflict with Danisco, our current and/or future CROs, other service providers, collaborators or licensees could reduce our ability to obtain future collaboration agreements and negatively impact our relationship with existing collaborators or licensees, which could reduce our revenues and profits. For more information, see “Risk Factors-We heavily rely on contracts with third-party CROs and other third-party service providers to conduct our research and development, pre-clinical, CMC and cGMP manufacturing, fill and finish, and potential clinical trials, which may not be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms or at all.”

Some of our current and/or future CROs, other service providers, collaborators and/or licensees could also become competitors in the future. Our current and/or future CROs, other service providers, collaborators and/or licensees could develop competing technologies or products, preclude us from entering into collaborations or license agreements with their customers, fail to obtain timely regulatory approvals, terminate their agreements with us prematurely or fail to devote sufficient resources to the development and commercialization of their technology and products and processes. Any of these developments could harm our technology development and value, product development efforts, revenue, profits and overall business.

We rely on our collaborators and other third parties to deliver timely and accurate information in order to accurately report our financial results as required by law.

We need to receive timely, accurate and complete information from a number of third parties in order to accurately and timely report our financial results. We rely on third parties to provide us with complete and accurate information regarding research developments and data, revenues, expenses and payments owed to or by us on a timely basis. We rely on the proper controls and procedures related to obtaining and reporting information from our CROs, licensees and collaborators related to research results and other data, when milestones are earned, if any, when royalties are earned, if any, as well as other types of potential revenues and expenses. If the information that we receive is not accurate, our consolidated financial statements may be materially incorrect and may require restatement. As a result, we may have difficulty in completing accurate and timely financial disclosures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Government Regulations and Sustainability Issues

Potential future regulations limiting our ability to sell genetically engineered products could harm our business.

We, our current and future collaborators and licensees expect to develop biologic products using genetically engineered microorganisms (“GMOs”). Products derived from GMOs may in some instances be subject to bans or additional or changing regulation by federal, state, local and foreign government agencies. These agencies may not allow us or our collaborators and licensees to produce and market products derived from GMOs in a timely manner or under technically or commercially feasible conditions.

Compliance with FDA, Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and EU regulations could result in expenses, delays or other impediments to our product development programs or the commercialization of resulting products. The FDA currently applies the same regulatory standards to products made through genetic engineering as those applied to products developed through traditional methodologies. Regardless of GMO status, a product may be subject to lengthy FDA reviews and unfavorable FDA determinations due to safety concerns or changes in the FDA’s regulatory policy. The EPA regulates biologically derived enzyme-related chemical substances not within the FDA’s jurisdiction. An unfavorable EPA ruling could delay commercialization or require modification of the production process or product in question, resulting in higher manufacturing costs, thereby making the product uneconomical. The EU and other countries also have regulations regarding the development, production and marketing of products from GMOs, which may be as or more restrictive than U.S. regulations.

Further, we, Danisco, and our current and future collaborators and licensees are subject to regulations in the other countries in which we operate outside of the U.S. and EU, which may have different rules and regulations depending on the jurisdiction. Different countries have different rules regarding which products qualify as GMOs. If any of these countries expand the definition of GMO and increase the regulatory burden on GMO products, our business could be harmed.

Other changes in regulatory requirements, laws and policies, or evolving interpretations of existing regulatory requirements, laws and policies, may result in increased compliance costs, delays, capital expenditures and other financial obligations that could adversely affect our business or financial results.

Our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, CROs, CDMOs, consultants, vendors, and other service providers, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with applicable laws, regulations, and our internal policies and procedures.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, CROs, CDMOs, consultants, vendors, and other service providers may intentionally or unintentionally violate our processes, engage in misconduct, or fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements. Such actions could violate the laws and regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign authorities, manufacturing requirements, including cGMP, data privacy and security laws, healthcare-related laws, or laws requiring accurate financial reporting. These risks also extend to activities related to GRAS determinations or similar filings and studies or trials.

In addition, misconduct could involve the improper use, misrepresentation, or fabrication of data, unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, or misappropriation of materials or products. Any such actions could result in regulatory enforcement actions, delays in development or commercialization, or significant reputational harm. It is not always possible to identify, prevent, or deter such misconduct, and the controls and procedures we have implemented may not be effective in mitigating all risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations, enforcement actions, or litigation.

We may also be subject to allegations of misconduct or noncompliance, including claims of fraud or regulatory violations. Defending against such claims can be costly and time-consuming and may divert management’s attention and resources. If we or our collaborators or licensees are found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations, our business operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Public views on ethical and social issues may limit use of our technologies.

Our success will depend in part upon our ability, and our current and future collaborators’ or licensees’ ability, to develop pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products discovered, developed and manufactured through the C1 platform, and our other technologies. Governmental authorities could, for social, ethical or other purposes, limit the use of genetic processes or prohibit the practice of using a modified C1 organism to produce biologic non-therapeutic products. Concerns about the C1 platform and our other technologies, and particularly about the expression of genes from C1 for pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical purposes, could adversely affect their market acceptance.

The commercial success of our current and future collaborations and our licensees’ potential products will depend in part on public acceptance of the use of genetically engineered products including enzymes, non-therapeutics, and other products produced in this manner. Claims that genetically engineered products are unsafe for consumption or pose a danger to the environment, animals or humans may influence public attitudes. Our and our licensees’ genetically engineered products may not gain public acceptance. Negative public reaction to GMOs and products could result in increased government regulation of genetic research and resulting products, including stricter labeling laws or other regulations, and could cause a decrease in the demand for our products. If we and/or our collaborators are not able to overcome the ethical, legal, and social concerns relating to genetic engineering, some or all of our products and processes may not gain public acceptance, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and liabilities.

We and the CROs, collaborators and licensees are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations relating to the discharge of materials into the air, water and ground, the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, and the health and safety of our employees. These laws, regulations and permits can often require expensive pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit actual or potential impacts on the environment. Even then, we cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. A violation of these laws and regulations or permit conditions could result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions, permit revocations and/or facility shutdowns.

In recent years, environmental, health and safety laws and regulations have become more prevalent. In addition, new laws, new interpretations of existing laws, or other developments could require us or our CROs or other service providers to make additional significant expenditures. Present and future environmental laws and regulations and interpretations thereof, more vigorous enforcement of policies and discovery of currently unknown conditions may impair our research, development or production efforts or require substantial expenditures that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position. Additionally, any such developments may have a negative impact on our contract manufacturers, which could harm our business.

Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our sustainability practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

Companies are facing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their sustainability practices. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, supply chain management, diversity and human rights. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation and the price of our common stock.

In addition, our customers may adopt policies that include sustainability requirements or may seek to include such provisions in their contract terms and conditions. These sustainability provisions and initiatives are subject to change and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and certain elements may be difficult and/or cost prohibitive for us to comply with given the inherent complexity and the global scope of our operations. In certain circumstances, in order to meet the requirements or standards of our customers, we may be obligated to modify our sourcing practices or make other operational choices which may require additional investment and increase our costs or result in inefficiencies.

Any of the factors mentioned above, or the perception that we or those with whom we conduct business have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for such issues, regardless of whether we are legally required to do so, may damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations cash flows and/or the price of our common stock.

We have no experience submitting applications to the FDA or similar regulatory authorities in the past and may not be able to obtain regulatory approval or may be subject to lengthy and/or unfavorable regulatory proceedings.

While we understand that many of our current and future collaborators or licensees may have a proven track record of experience submitting application to the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities, we have no such experience in the past. Neither we nor any collaborator or licensee has yet submitted any application with the FDA or any other regulatory authority for any product candidate generated through the use of the C1 platform as it relates to the development and manufacture of pharmaceutical and other products. The FDA may not have substantial experience with technology similar to ours, which could result in delays or regulatory action against us. We and our current and future collaborators and licensees may not be able to able to obtain regulatory approval for C1 expressed products, which would harm our business.

The C1 platform has been tested for use in the manufacturing of an enzyme in the production of wine, beer and fruit juices, and has generated promising safety and toxicity data for that enzyme. The C1 platform could produce non-therapeutic products that have safety, toxicity, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and other issues associated with them. The C1 platform and our other technologies may be subject to lengthy regulatory reviews and unfavorable regulatory determinations if they raise safety questions which cannot be satisfactorily answered or if results from studies do not meet regulatory requirements. An unfavorable regulatory ruling could be difficult to resolve and could delay or possibly prevent a product from being commercialized or even delay or prevent the use of the C1 platform or our other technologies to produce future products, which would have a material adverse effect on our growth and prospects. Additionally, future products produced by us or our current and future collaborators or licensees using the C1 platform, or our other technologies may not be approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies in the U.S. or worldwide. There is no assurance that safety, toxicity, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and other issues will not arise in current or future product development and manufacturing programs due to media, fermentation, inherent properties or genetic changes in the C1 and other strains and fermentation processes.

If these non-therapeutic protein products or other non-pharmaceutical products are not approved by regulators, we or our current and future customers or collaborators and licensees will not be able to commercialize them, and we may not receive research funding, upfront license fees, milestone and royalty payments, which are based upon the successful advancement of these products through the drug development and approval process. Even after investing significant time and expense, any regulatory approval may also impose limitations on the uses for which we can market a product, and any marketed product and its manufacturer are subject to continual review. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a product or manufacturer may result in new restrictions on the product, manufacturer and manufacturing facility, including withdrawal of the product from the market. In certain countries, regulatory agencies also set or approve prices, which may result in low or unprofitable margins and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to extensive regulation; failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business and financial results.

We and our collaborators are subject to a wide array of federal, state, local, and international regulations. These regulations govern, among other things, research and development, testing, manufacturing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, and post-approval monitoring and reporting requirements for pharmaceutical products. In the United States, the FDA imposes rigorous requirements for the approval and ongoing regulation of pharmaceutical products, including compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Similar regulatory regimes exist in other jurisdictions, including the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and other national authorities. Any failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or any significant change in such regulations, could delay or prevent the development, approval or commercialization of our products or product candidates, increase our costs, or reduce demand for our technologies. For example, changes in the FDA’s regulation of pharmaceutical products or increased scrutiny of manufacturing processes could adversely affect our ability or the ability of our collaborators, licensees and customers to bring products to market or to obtain or maintain product approvals where required. We may also be subject to FDA or other foreign regulatory authority inspections, audits or enforcement actions. Any failure to comply with regulatory requirements or any findings of non-compliance during regulatory authority inspections could result in warning letters, fines, product recalls, suspension of manufacturing options or delays in product approvals. Such actions could materially harm our reputation, business and financial results.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

Failure to protect our intellectual property and the intellectual property of certain third parties could harm our competitive position.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents and on our and Danisco’s (as part of the DuPont Transaction, patents were assigned to Danisco) and our current and future collaborators’, and licensees’ ability to maintain adequate protection of our and their intellectual property. If we, Danisco, or our current and future collaborators and licensees do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to practice our technologies and erode our competitive advantage. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting their proprietary rights in these foreign countries.

However, the patent positions of biotechnology companies, including our patent position, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our, and in certain instances the C1 patents assigned to Danisco, and our current and future collaborators’ and licensees’ proprietary technologies, are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. We intend, from time to time, to apply for patents covering both our technologies and our products, while at other times, we only maintain such knowledge as trade secrets without applying for patents, as we deem appropriate. However, existing and future patent applications may be challenged and are not guaranteed to result in the issuing of patents. Even if a patent is obtained, it may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products. Others, including Danisco and our current and future collaborators and licensees, may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design around our, Danisco’s or our current and future collaborators’ and licensees’ patented technologies. In addition, Danisco, our current and future collaborators, licensees, or other third parties may challenge or invalidate our patents, or our patents may fail to provide us with any competitive advantages. If any third party is able to gain intellectual property protections for technology similar to our own, they may be successful in blocking us and our licensees from using the C1 platform or our other technologies and/or commercializing products derived from them.

We cannot ensure that any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents, or even if issued, predict the breadth of the claims upheld in our and other companies’ patents. Given that the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, we cannot ensure that we were the first to invent the inventions covered by our pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions or the patents we have obtained.

In addition, Dyadic will continue to review its existing and potential patent positions and rights. Based on our analysis if and when the commercial opportunities and patent enforceability are questionable, we may abandon certain patents in some countries. There is a risk that we will abandon potentially valuable patents.

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and resources and could prevent us and our collaborators from commercializing our or their technologies and products or negatively impact our stock price.

Our commercial success depends in part on neither infringing patents and proprietary rights of third parties, nor breaching any licenses that we have entered into with regard to our technologies and products. Others have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering genes or gene fragments, genetic elements, screening, gene expression and fermentation processes and other intellectual property that we may wish to utilize with the C1 platform or our other technologies or products and systems that are similar to those developed with its use. If these patent applications result in issued patents and we wish to use the claimed technology, we may need to obtain a license from the appropriate third party.

Third parties do and may continue to assert that we and/or our current and future collaborators and licensees are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes these patents. We could incur substantial costs and diversion of management and technical personnel in defending ourselves against any of these claims or enforcing our patents and other intellectual property rights. Parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell products, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us. If a claim of infringement against us is successful, we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. In the event that we are unable to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, we and/or current and future collaborators and licensees could encounter delays in product commercialization while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could prevent us from commercializing available products.

In addition, unauthorized parties may attempt to steal, copy or otherwise obtain and use our C1 microbial strains, genetic elements, development and manufacturing processes, other technology or products. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technologies, particularly in certain foreign countries where the local laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Moreover, third parties could practice our inventions in territories where we do not have patent protection. Such third parties may then try to import into the United States or other territories products, or information leading to potentially competing products, made using our inventions in countries where we do not have patent protection for those inventions. If competitors are able to use our technologies, our ability and our current and future collaborators’ and licensees’ ability to compete effectively could be harmed. Moreover, others may independently develop and obtain patents for technologies that are similar to or superior to our technologies. If that happens, we may need to license these technologies, and we may not be able to obtain licenses on reasonable terms, if at all, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosures of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We rely in part on trade secret protection to protect our confidential and proprietary information and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We have taken measures to protect our trade secrets and proprietary information, but these measures may not be effective. We require employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of an employment or consulting arrangement with us. These agreements generally require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property. Nevertheless, our proprietary information may be disclosed, third parties could reverse engineer our biocatalysts and others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The price of our shares of common stock is likely to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile. Biotechnology company stocks generally tend to experience extreme price fluctuations. The valuations of many biotechnology companies without consistent product sales and earnings are extraordinarily high based on conventional valuation standards such as price-to-earnings and price-to-sales ratios. These trading prices and valuations may not be sustained. Factors that may result in fluctuations in our stock price include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Changes in the public’s perception of the prospects of biotechnology companies;
• The public’s perception of non-therapeutic interventions;
• Sales of our common stock in the public market by such stockholders or other significant stockholders, executive officers, or directors;
• Announcements of new technological innovations, patents or new products or processes by us, Danisco or our current or future collaborators, licensees and competitors;
• Announcements by us, Danisco or our collaborators and licensees relating to our relationships with third parties;
• Coverage of, or changes in financial estimates by us or securities and industry analysts;
• Conditions or trends in the biotechnology industry;
• Changes in investor interest in the areas in which we and/or our collaborators and licensees are applying our technologies;
• Access to outside research funding;
• Changes in the market valuations of other biotechnology companies;
• Limitations or expanded uses in the areas within the biopharmaceutical or other industries into which we can apply our technologies and products;
• Actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our new potential competitors;
• Developments in domestic and international governmental policy or regulations;
• Announcements by us, Danisco, our current and future collaborators and licensees, or our competitors of significant acquisitions, divestures, strategic partnerships, license agreements, joint ventures or capital commitments;
• The position of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;
• Any changes in our debt position as a result, in part, of our business transition;
• Developments in patent or other proprietary rights held by us, Danisco or by others;
• Negative effects related to the stock or business performance of Danisco, our current and future collaborators and licensees, or the abandonment of projects using our technology by our collaborators and/or licensees;
• Scientific risks inherent to emerging technologies such as the C1 platform or our other technologies;

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• Set-backs, and/or failures, and or delays in our or our current and future collaborators’ and licensees’ R&D and commercialization programs;
• Delays or failure to receive regulatory approvals by us, Danisco and/or our current and future collaborators and licensees;
• Loss or expiration of our or Danisco’s intellectual property rights;
• Theft, misappropriation or expiration of owned or licensed proprietary and intellectual property, genetic and biological material owned by us and/or Danisco US, Inc., and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd;
• Our inability to acquire new intellectual property, genetic and biological material owned by us and/or Danisco;
• Unanticipated risks as a result of our business transition;
• Lawsuits initiated by or against us, Danisco, or our current and future collaborators and licensees;
• Period-to-period fluctuations in our operating results;
• Future royalties from product sales, if any, by Danisco, our current or future strategic partners, collaborators or licensees;
• Future royalties may be owed to Danisco by us, our collaborators, licenses, or sub-licensees under certain circumstances related to our Danisco Pharma License;
• Short positions taken in our common stock;
• Sales of our common stock or other securities in the open market;
• Stock buy-back programs;
• Stock splits; and
• Decisions made by the board related to potential registration of Dyadic’s stock under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and/or up listing to another stock exchange.

If we were to become party to a securities class action suit, we could incur substantial legal fees and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted from operating our business to responding to litigation.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may be volatile.

Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future. These fluctuations could cause our stock price to vary significantly or decline. Some of the factors that could impact our operating results include:

• Expiration of or cancellations of our research contracts with current and future collaborators and/or licensees, which may not be renewed or replaced;
• Setbacks or failures in our and our current and future collaborators’ and licensees’ research, development and commercialization efforts;
• Setbacks, or delays in our research and development efforts to develop and produce biologics;

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• Setbacks, or delays in our research and development efforts to re-engineer the C1 platform or our other technologies for their applications and use in developing and producing biologics;
• The speed, and success rate of our discovery and research and development efforts leading to potential licenses, or other forms of collaborations, access fees, milestones and royalties;
• The timing and willingness of current and future collaborators and licensees to utilize C1 to develop and commercialize their products which would result in potential upfront fees, milestones and royalties;
• General and industry specific economic conditions, which may affect our current and future collaborators’ and licensees’ R&D expenditures;
• The adoption and acceptance of the C1 platform and our other technologies by biopharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies;
• The addition or loss of one or more of the collaborative partners, grants, research funding, or licensees we are working with to further develop and commercialize our technologies and products in the pharmaceutical industry;
• Our ability to file, maintain and defend our intellectual property and to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets;
• Our ability to develop technology, products and processes that do not infringe on the intellectual property of third parties;
• The improvement and advances made by our competitors to CHO, E.coli, yeast, inset cells, plant and other expression systems;
• The introduction by our competitors of new discovery and expression technologies competitive with the C1 platform;
• Our ability to enter into new research projects, grants, licenses or other forms of collaborations and generate revenue from such parties;
• Scientific risk associated with emerging technologies such as the C1 platform;
• Failure to bring on the necessary research and manufacturing capacity, e.g., CRO, CMO (contract manufacturing organization), and CDMO (contract development and manufacturing organization), if required;
• Uncertainty regarding the timing of research funding, grants or upfront license fees for new C1 platform, our other technologies, collaborations, license agreements or expanded license agreements; and
• Delays or failure to receive upfront fees, milestones and royalties and other payments.

Due to the possibility of fluctuations in our revenues and expenses, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily a good indication of our future performance. Our operating results in some quarters, or even in some years, may not meet the expectations of stock market analysts and investors, potentially causing our stock price to decline.

We do not expect to pay cash dividends in the future.

We have never paid cash dividends on our stock and do not anticipate paying any dividends for the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our stock, if ever, will depend on our earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors deemed relevant for consideration by our board of directors. If we do not pay dividends, our stock may be less valuable because a return on investment will only occur if and to the extent that our stock price appreciates.

Our anti-takeover defense provisions may deter potential acquirers and depress our stock price.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law, as well as certain agreements we have with our executives, could make it substantially more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us. These provisions include the following:

• We may issue preferred stock with rights senior to those of our common stock;
• We have a classified board of directors;
• Action by written consent by stockholders is not permitted;
• Our board of directors has the exclusive right to fill vacancies and set the number of directors;
• Cumulative voting by our stockholders is not allowed; and
• We require advance notice for nomination of directors by our stockholders and for stockholder proposals.

These provisions may discourage certain types of transactions involving an actual or potential change in control. These provisions may also limit our stockholders’ ability to approve transactions that they may deem to be in their best interests and discourage transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their stock over the current market price.

Concentration of ownership among our existing officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and depress our stock price.

Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders (5% stockholders) together control approximately 24.2% of our 36,187,798 shares of outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2025.

Our Founder and Chief Executive Officer Mark Emalfarb, through the Mark A. Emalfarb Trust U/A/D October 1, 1987, as amended (the “MAE Trust”) of which he is the trustee and beneficiary, owned approximately 13.1% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2025. Further, the Francisco Trust U/A/D February 28, 1996 (the “Francisco Trust”), whose beneficiaries are the descendants and spouse of Mr. Emalfarb, owned approximately 9.4% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2025. We have historically been partially controlled, managed and partially funded by Mr. Emalfarb, and affiliates of Mr. Emalfarb. Collectively, Mr. Emalfarb and stockholders affiliated with Mr. Emalfarb controlled approximately 22.5% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2025.

Mr. Emalfarb may be able to control or significantly influence all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. The interests of Mr. Emalfarb may not always coincide with the interests of other stockholders, and he may take actions that advance his personal interests and are contrary to the desires of our other stockholders.

If our existing officers, directors and principal stockholders act together, they will be able to exert a significant degree of influence over our management and affairs and over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. In addition, this concentration of ownership may delay or prevent a change in control and might affect the market price of our stock, even when a change may be in the best interests of all stockholders. Certain of our principal stockholders may elect to increase their holdings of our common stock, which may have the impact of delaying or preventing a change of control. Moreover, the interests of this concentration of ownership may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other stockholders, and, accordingly, they could cause us to enter into transactions or agreements, which we would not otherwise consider.

Future resales of shares of our common stock may negatively affect our stock price.

The resale of shares of our common stock, or the perception that such resales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

As of December 31, 2025, there were 36,187,798 shares of our common stock outstanding. Approximately 24.2% of these outstanding common shares are beneficially owned or controlled by our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders.

Our common stock has a relatively small public float. As a result, sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock, or even the potential for such sales, may materially and adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock. In addition, any adverse effect on the market price of our common stock could make it difficult for us to raise additional capital through sales of equity securities.

The Company is exposed to credit risk and fluctuations in the values of its investment portfolio.

The Company’s investments can be negatively affected by liquidity, credit deterioration, financial results, market and economic conditions, political risk, sovereign risk, interest rate fluctuations, tariffs or other trade restrictions, or other factors. As a result, the value and liquidity of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and marketable and non-marketable securities may fluctuate substantially, which could result in significant losses and could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and operating results.

We are a smaller reporting company, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a smaller reporting company and are therefore entitled to rely on certain reduced disclosure requirements, such as an exemption from providing selected financial data and executive compensation information. We are also exempt from the requirement to obtain an external audit on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting provided in Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These exemptions and reduced disclosures in our filings with the SEC due to our status as a smaller reporting company mean our auditors do not review our internal control over financial reporting and may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and our stock prices may be more volatile.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue adverse or misleading research or reports regarding us, our business or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business or our market. We currently have two securities analysts publishing research about our stock. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence or maintain coverage of us, the trading price for our stock would be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who cover us issue adverse or misleading research or reports regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property, our stock performance or our market, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If we fail to comply with listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), our common stock may be delisted, adversely affecting the liquidity and market price of our common stock, as well as our ability to obtain sufficient additional capital to fund our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern.

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed. These requirements include maintaining a minimum bid price of our common stock, which cannot fall below $1.00 for a period of more than 30 consecutive trading days (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). On December 19, 2025, we received a deficiency notice from the Staff of Nasdaq notifying us that for the last 30 consecutive business days our securities had not maintained the minimum bid price of at least $1.00 per share required by the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The Minimum Bid Price Notice had no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have 180 calendar days, or until June 17, 2026 (the “Minimum Bid Price Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement by having our bid price close at $.001 per share or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days before the Minimum Bid Price Compliance Date (subject to the Staff’s discretion to extend this period an additional 180-day period, provided that on the Minimum Bid Price Compliance Date, we meet the applicable market value of publicly held shares requirement for continued listing and all other applicable standards for initial listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market). There can be no assurance that we will be granted an extension.

If we do not regain compliance by the Minimum Bid Price Compliance Date or any extension date, the Staff will provide written notification that our common stock is subject to delisting. At that time, we may appeal the delisting determination to a hearings panel pursuant to the procedures set forth in the applicable Nasdaq listing rules. However, there can be no assurance that, if we receive a delisting notice and appeal the delisting determination by Nasdaq to the panel, such appeal would be successful. If our common stock is in turn delisted from Nasdaq as a result of our failure to comply with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement or any other requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq, trading of our common stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market established for unlisted securities such as the OTCQX, the OTCQB, the OTCID Basic Market or the Pink Limited Market, but there can be no assurance that our common stock will be eligible for trading on any such alternative market. Additionally, the liquidity of our common stock would be adversely affected, the market price of our common stock could decrease, our ability to obtain sufficient additional capital to fund our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern would be substantially impaired and transactions in our common stock could lose federal preemption of state securities laws. Furthermore, there could be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts, and broker-dealers may be deterred from making a market in or otherwise seeking or generating interest in our common stock, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. Moreover, delisting may also negatively affect our collaborators’, vendors’, suppliers’ and employees’ confidence in us and employee morale.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things, operational risks, the risk of intellectual property theft, fraud, harm to employees or third parties with which we conduct business and violation of data privacy or security laws.

Identifying and assessing cybersecurity risk is integrated into our overall risk management systems and processes. We have established policies and controls for assessing, identifying and managing material cybersecurity risks and responding to material cybersecurity incidents.

We routinely assess material cybersecurity risks, including potential unauthorized occurrences on, or conducted through, our information systems that may compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of those systems or information maintained in them. We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments when there is a material change in our business practices that we believe could affect information systems that are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. These risk assessments include identifying reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks and the potential harm if the risks were to materialize. We conduct these risk assessments directly and also periodically engage third-party providers to support these processes.

Following these risk assessments, we evaluate how to appropriately implement and maintain reasonable safeguards to mitigate identified risks; reasonably address any identified gaps in existing safeguards; and regularly monitor the effectiveness of our safeguards. We have implemented cybersecurity tools, conducted employee training, and monitored emerging laws and regulations related to data protection and information security. We may also obligate certain third-party business partners to certify that they can implement and maintain appropriate security measures, consistent with all applicable laws, in connection with their work for us, and to promptly report any suspected breach of their security measures that may affect the Company.

Cybersecurity events and data incidents are evaluated, assessed based on severity and prioritized for response and remediation. Under our incident response policies, incidents are evaluated to determine materiality as well as operational and business impact and reviewed for privacy impact.

We have not, to date, experienced a cybersecurity incident that was determined to be material, although, as a technology provider, we have experienced incidents in the past. Despite our cybersecurity efforts, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on our business. For additional information regarding whether any risks from cybersecurity threats are reasonably likely to materially affect our company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, please refer to “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cybersecurity Governance

Cybersecurity is an important part of our risk management processes and an area of focus for our board of directors and management team. Our board of directors has delegated responsibility to the Audit Committee for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. Members of the Audit Committee receive regular updates from senior management, including leaders from our information technology, legal and compliance teams regarding matters of cybersecurity. This includes existing and new cybersecurity risks, information on how management is addressing and/or mitigating those risks, cybersecurity incidents (if any) and the status on key information security initiatives.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are principally responsible for overseeing the cybersecurity risk management program, in partnership with outside consultants, as well as managing and responding to material cyber incidents if any occur. Our CFO also serves as a board member at a cybersecurity and mobile IT solutions company. Although our CEO and CFO do not otherwise have cybersecurity expertise, their many years in Company management and risk oversight more generally position them well to oversee the cybersecurity risk management program, which they do in partnership with outside consultants. They provide periodic briefings to the Audit Committee and to the Board of Directors about our cybersecurity risks and activities, including cybersecurity incidents and responses, cybersecurity systems testing, third-party activities and related topics. In addition, our policies for managing and responding to cybersecurity incidents include procedures for appropriate escalations to our Audit Committee Chair.

The Company maintains its corporate headquarters at 1044 N US 1, Jupiter, Florida under a lease expiring on August 31, 2026, with an option to extend for two (2) successive one (1) year terms. The Company occupies this space with an annual base rent is approximately $59,000, excluding common maintenance expenses. Rent is subject to three percent (3%) annual increases, and the Company is responsible for certain common area maintenance charges and taxes throughout the life of the lease.

The Company maintains a small satellite office in Wageningen, The Netherlands under a lease with an annual rental rate of approximately $5,000. The lease expires on January 31, 2027, and thereafter, the Company intends to reevaluate the need for the leased space to align with the future operations of the Company.

We believe that our current office spaces are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space is available to accommodate any expansion of our operations, but such space may not be available in the same building if and when such space is needed.

From time to time, the Company is subject to legal proceedings, asserted claims and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including commercial claims, employment and other matters, which management considers immaterial, individually and in the aggregate. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are not currently involved in any litigation that we believe could have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. For more information, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. There is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the executive officers of our Company or any of our subsidiaries, threatened against or affecting our Company, our common stock, any of our subsidiaries or of our Company’s or our subsidiaries’ officers or directors in their capacities as such, in which an adverse decision could have a material adverse effect.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements appearing in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, assumptions and uncertainties. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis include but are not limited to those set forth in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report are based on information available to us as of the time we file this Annual Report and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements.

Overview

Description of Business

Dyadic is a global biotechnology platform company based in Jupiter, Florida with operations in the United States and a satellite office in the Netherlands, and it utilizes several third-party consultants and contract research organizations to carry out the Company’s activities. Over the past two plus decades, the Company developed a gene expression platform for producing commercial quantities of industrial enzymes and other proteins, and previously licensed this technology to third parties, such as Abengoa Bioenergy SA, BASF SE, Codexis, Inc. and others, for use in industrial (non-pharmaceutical) applications. This technology is based on the Thermothelomyces heterothallica (formerly known as Myceliophthora thermophila) fungus, which the Company named C1.

Nasdaq Deficiency Notices and Remediation

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed. These requirements include maintaining a minimum Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) of $35 million, which MVLS cannot fall below $35 million for a period of more than 30 consecutive trading days (the “MVLS Requirement”), and a minimum bid price of at least $1 per share, which cannot fall below $1 for a period more than 30 consecutive trading days (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). In early 2025, we were notified that we did not comply with either of the MVLS Requirement or the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and could become subject to delisting if we did not cure these deficiencies during specified cure periods. In October 2025, we were notified by Nasdaq that we have since cured these deficiencies within the applicable cure periods and have regained compliance with the applicable continued listing requirements.

On December 19, 2025, the Company was notified that we did not comply the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and could become subject to delisting if we did not cure these deficiencies during specified cure period. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Common Stock— If we fail to comply with listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (‘Nasdaq’), our common stock may be delisted, adversely affecting the liquidity and market price of our common stock, as well as our ability to obtain sufficient additional capital to fund our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern.”

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the applicable period. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

We define critical accounting estimates as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties and which may potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. In applying these critical accounting estimates, our management uses its judgment to determine the appropriate assumptions to be used in making certain estimates. These estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Our critical accounting estimates include the following:

Revenue Recognition

The Company has no products approved for sale. All our revenue to date has been research revenue from third-party collaborations and grants, as well as revenue from sublicensing agreements and collaborative arrangements, which may include upfront payments, options to obtain a license, payment for research and development services, milestone payments and royalties, in the form of cash or non-cash considerations (e.g., minority equity interest).

Revenue related to research collaborations and agreements: The Company typically performs research and development services as specified in each respective agreement on a best-efforts basis, and recognizes revenue from research funding under collaboration agreements in accordance with the 5-step process outlined in ASC Topic 606 (“Topic 606”): (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive. Depending on how the performance obligation under our license and collaboration agreements is satisfied, we recognize the revenue either at a point in time or over time by using the input method under Topic 606 to measure the progress toward complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.

Under the input method, revenue will be recognized based on the entity’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (e.g., resources consumed, labor hours expended, costs incurred, or time elapsed) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. The Company believes that the cost-based input method is the best measure of progress to reflect how the Company transfers its performance obligation to a customer. In applying the cost-based input method of revenue recognition, the Company uses actual costs incurred relative to budgeted costs to fulfill the performance obligation. These costs consist primarily of full-time equivalent effort and third-party contract costs. Revenue will be recognized based on actual costs incurred as a percentage of total budgeted costs as the Company completes its performance obligations.

A cost-based input method of revenue recognition requires management to make estimates of costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to cost estimates. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimated costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations will be recorded in the period in which changes are identified, and amounts can be reasonably estimated. A significant change in these assumptions and estimates could have a material impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognized in future periods.

Revenue related to grants: The Company receives grants from governments, agencies, and other private and not-for-profit organizations. These grants are intended to be used to partially or fully fund the Company’s research collaborations. However, most, if not all, of such grant revenues, is expected to be earmarked for third parties to advance the research required, including preclinical and clinical trials. Revenue related to grants is presented on a gross basis on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue related to sublicensing agreements: If the sublicense to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue allocated to the license when technology is transferred to the customer and the customer can use and benefit from the license.

Customer options: If the sublicensing agreement includes customer options to purchase additional goods or services, the Company will evaluate if such options are considered material rights to be deemed as separate performance obligations at the inception of each arrangement.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development, commercialization, and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the achievement of the milestones is considered probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price. If the milestone payment is in exchange for a sublicense and is based on the sublicensee’s subsequent sale of the product, the Company recognizes milestone payment by applying the accounting guidance for royalties.

Royalties: With respect to licenses deemed to be the predominant item to which the sales-based royalties relate, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its sublicensing arrangements.

We invoice customers based on our contractual arrangements with each customer, which may not be consistent with the period that revenues are recognized. When there is a timing difference between when we invoice customers and when revenues are recognized, we record either a contract asset (unbilled accounts receivable) or a contract liability (deferred research and development obligations), as appropriate. If upfront fees or considerations related to a sublicensing agreement are received prior to the technology transfer, the Company will record the amount received as deferred revenue from the licensing agreement.

We are not required to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.

The Company adopted a practical expedient to expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

In order to properly record services that have been rendered but not yet billed to the Company, we review open contracts and purchase orders, communicate with our personnel and we estimate the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly or quarterly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and adjust if necessary. Examples of accrued research and development expenses include amounts owed to contract research organizations, to service providers in connection with research and development activities.

Stock-Based Compensation

We have granted stock options to employees, directors and consultants. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model considers volatility in the price of our stock, the risk-free interest rate, the estimated life of the option, the closing market price of our stock and the exercise price. For purposes of the calculation, we assumed that no dividends would be paid during the life of the options. We also used the weighted-average vesting period and contractual term of the option as the best estimate of the expected life of a new option. The expected stock price volatility was calculated based on the Company’s own volatility since the DuPont Transaction. The Company reviews its volatility assumption on an annual basis and has used the Company’s historical volatilities since 2016, as the DuPont Transaction resulted in significant changes in the Company’s business and capital structure.

The estimates utilized in the Black-Scholes calculation involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. These estimates are neither predictive nor indicative of the future performance of our stock. As a result, if other assumptions had been used, our recorded share-based compensation expense could have been materially different from that reported. In addition, because some of the performance-based options issued to employees, consultants and other third-parties vest upon the achievement of certain milestones, the total ultimate expense of share-based compensation is uncertain.

Accounting for Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”. Under this method, income tax expense/(benefit) is recognized for: (i) taxes payable or refundable for the current year and (ii) deferred tax consequences of temporary differences resulting from matters that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the deferred tax assets reported if based on the weight of the available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not some portion or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

In determining taxable income for the Company’s consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process requires the Company to make certain estimates of our actual current tax exposure and assessment of temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenue and expense. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company must consider all available positive and negative evidence including its past operating results, the existence of cumulative losses in the most recent years and its forecast of future taxable income. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets.

The Company is required to evaluate the provisions of ASC 740 related to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a company’s financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, present, and disclose uncertain positions that the company has taken or expects to take in its tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. Differences between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the net benefit recognized and measured pursuant to the interpretation are referred to as “unrecognized benefits.” A liability should be recognized (or amount of net operating loss carry forward or amount of tax refundable is reduced) for unrecognized tax benefits, because it represents a company’s potential future obligation to the taxing authority for a tax position that was not recognized because of applying the provision of ASC 740.

The Company classifies accrued interest and penalties related to its tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The Company currently is not subject to U.S. federal, state and local tax examinations by tax authorities for the years before 2022. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information about recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Revenue and Cost of Revenue

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenue and cost of research and development revenue for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

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The decrease in research and development revenue and cost of research and development revenue was primarily attributable to a decline in the number of active collaborations to 14, compared to 19 in the prior year.

Grant revenue and cost of grant revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025 were attributable to the Gates Foundation and CEPI grants. No grant revenue was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The license and milestone revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2025 was derived from the Inzymes and BRIG BIO license agreements, compared to the Inzymes and Proliant license agreements for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and primarily include salary and benefits of research personnel, third-party contract research organization services and supply costs.

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased to $2,155,000 compared to $2,044,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was driven by a higher number of active internal research initiatives undertaken to expedite product development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased to $5,762,000 from $6,135,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease reflected reductions in management incentive expenses of $225,000, share-based compensation expenses of $166,000, and insurance expenses of $51,000, partially offset by increases in professional service expenses of $51,000 and other expenses of $18,000.

Foreign Currency Exchange

Foreign currency exchange losses for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $47,000, compared to $23,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to fluctuations in the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar.

Loss from Operations

Loss from operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased to $7,193,000, compared to $5,901,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in loss from operations was primarily driven by a decrease in licensing and milestone revenue of $265,000 for 2025, compared to $1,890,000 in 2024, partially offset by a decrease in general and administrative expenses.

Other Income, Net

For the year ended December 31, 2025, total other expenses, net, were $172,000, compared to other income, net, of $92,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in other income was primarily due to an increase in interest expense related to the Convertible Notes, which totaled $456,000 in 2025 compared to $428,000 for the partial year in 2024, and the absence of a $63,000 gain on the sale of the Company’s equity interest in Alphazyme, LLC recognized in 2024. The decrease was also partially attributable to a reduction in interest income.

Income Taxes

The Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards available as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, in the amount of approximately $53,011,000 and $49,903,000, respectively. Approximately $50,073,000 of the federal net operating loss carryforwards will be carried forward indefinitely and will be available to offset 80% of taxable income. The remaining amount of the net operating loss carryforwards will expire at varying dates through 2037.

Net Loss

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $7,364,000, compared to a net loss of $5,809,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in net loss of $1,555,000 was primarily attributable to a decrease in license and milestone revenue of $1,625,000 and an increase in research and development expenses of $110,000, partially offset by a decrease in general and administrative expenses of $373,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (“Topic 205-40”), management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the issuance date of the Company’s financial statements. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

The Company expects to incur losses and have negative net cash flows from operating activities as it continues developing its DapibusTM and C1 microbial protein production platforms and related products, and as it expands its pipelines and engages in further research and development activities for internal products as well as for its third-party collaborators and licensees. The success of the Company depends on its ability to develop its technologies and products to the point of regulatory approval, commercialization, and subsequent revenue generation or through the sublicensing of the Company’s technologies and products, and its ability to raise capital to finance these developmental efforts.

On March 8, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million of its 8.0% Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement. The purchasers of the Convertible Notes included immediate family members and family trusts related to Mark Emalfarb, our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors, including The Francisco Trust, an existing holder of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock (collectively, the “Purchasers”). The net proceeds from the sale of Convertible Notes, after deducting offering expenses, were $5,824,326. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Convertible Notes are senior, secured obligations of Dyadic and its affiliates, and interest is payable quarterly in cash on the principal amount equal to 8% per annum. The Convertible Notes, as amended, will mature on December 31, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier converted, repurchased, or redeemed in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes can be converted into shares of common stock, at the option of the holders of the Convertible Notes (the “Noteholders”) at any time prior to the Maturity Date.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $910,000 of Convertible Notes were converted into 556,623 shares of common stock. For more information regarding the Convertible Notes, including the covenants related thereto, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On May 1, 2025, the Company amended the Convertible Notes to extend the Redemption Date (as defined in the Convertible Notes) to December 1, 2026.

On September 15, 2025, the Company amended the security agreement to reflect updates to the Secured Parties (as defined in the Security Agreement) thereunder, including the addition of a trust for the benefit of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Mark Emalfarb, as a result of his purchase and assignment to him of one of the Notes from an existing note holder in a principal amount of $1,000,000.

On December 23, 2025, the Company entered into an additional amendment to the Convertible Notes, pursuant to which (i) the Maturity Date (as defined in the Convertible Notes) was extended from March 8, 2027 to December 31, 2027, (ii) the conversion price at which the Convertible Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock was set at $1.05 per share of common stock, and (iii) except in the case of an Event of Default (as defined in the Convertible Notes), the holders no longer have the right to elect to have the Company redeem all, or any part, of the principal amount then remaining under the Convertible Note.

The Convertible Notes contain customary covenants, and the Securities Purchase Agreement relating to the Convertible Notes also contains certain affirmative and negative covenants (including, without limitation, restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, permit liens, make dividends or certain debt payments or consummate certain affiliate transactions). The Company was in compliance with its covenants with respect to the Convertible Notes as of December 31, 2025.

On November 16, 2024, Dyadic entered into an agreement with the Gates Foundation relating to a grant in the amount of $3,092,000 awarded from the Gates Foundation for the cell line development of monoclonal antibodies targeting respiratory syncytial virus and malaria utilizing the Company’s C1 platform to provide globally accessible treatment options for underserved populations (the “Gates Foundation Grant”). Funds received in advance that have not been spent are recorded as restricted cash in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

On March 20, 2025, the Company received a funding award (the “CEPI Grant”) from Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (“CEPI”) to advance Dyadic’s C1 platform through a $4.5 million grant through Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena (“FBS”) to accelerate recombinant protein vaccine development and manufacturing. The funding will support antigen design, cell line development, optimization, characterization, and scale-up to cGMP manufacturing. If successful, the next phase will focus on selecting a CEPI-priority pathogen antigen. Dyadic, as a subcontractor, will receive up to $2.4 million of the total grant funding.

On August 1, 2025, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 6,052,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Offering”) pursuant to an underwriting agreement, dated July 30, 2025, between the Company and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (“Craig-Hallum”). The public offering price in the Offering was $0.95 per share of common stock. The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were $4.9 million, after deducting legal expenses, underwriting discounts and commissions, and other offering expenses. The Company has been using the net proceeds of the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes, such as product development, sales and marketing.

On March 6, 2026, the Company entered into an At-The-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Craig-Hallum as sales agent (the “Sales Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell from time to time, at its option, shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $4,238,000 from time to time through the Sales Agent, including block trades and sales made in ordinary brokers’ transactions directly on Nasdaq or any other trading market for the Company’s common stock at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices (the “At-The-Market Equity Offering Program”). Subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, the Sales Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time, based upon the Company’s instructions (including any price, time or size limits or other parameters or conditions the Company may impose), in exchange for a commission of up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross sale proceeds. The Company is not obligated to sell any shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, and the Company or the Sales Agent may at any time suspend or terminate offerings of shares under the At-The-Market Equity Offering Program upon notice to the other party and subject to other conditions. As of the date of this Annual Report, no shares have been sold under the Sales Agreement.

The Company expects its existing cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and its investment securities, including accrued interest, totaling approximately $8.6 million as of December 31, 2025, will be sufficient to meet its operational, business, and other liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months from the date of issuance of the financial statements contained in this Annual Report. For more information on recent equity raises by the Company, see Notes 7 and 10. However, the Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and its operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to it. In the event our financing needs are not able to be met by our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, we would seek to raise additional capital through strategic financial opportunities that could include, but are not limited to, future public or private equity offerings, collaboration agreements, convertible notes or other debt instruments, and/or other means. Any amount raised may be used for the further development and commercialization of product candidates, and for other working capital purposes. There is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed or realized on favorable terms, if at all, and some could be dilutive to existing shareholders.

As of December 31, 2025, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $5,853,000 compared to $6,507,000 as of December 31, 2024. The carrying value of investment grade securities, including accrued interest as of December 31, 2025, was $2,734,000 compared to $2,781,000 as of December 31, 2024.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 of $5,702,000, resulting from a net loss of $7,365,000, adjusted for share-based compensation expenses of $930,000, and partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $661,000.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $3,975,000, resulting from a net loss of $5,809,000, adjusted for share-based compensation expenses of $1,126,000, and partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $755,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $82,000, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $1,876,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Cash flows from investing activities in both years were primarily related to proceeds from maturity, net of purchases of investment grade debt securities. Additionally, the Company received proceeds of $61,000 from the sale of investment in Alphazyme in 2024.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $4,965,000, primarily related to net proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes and proceeds from the exercise of stock options. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $5,849,000, similarly related to net proceeds from the issuance of convertible notes and proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 based on the criteria set forth in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the assessment, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report because we are a “smaller reporting company” and “non-accelerated filer.”

Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2025 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on Effectiveness of Controls

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or because the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.