Aptera Motors Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

Overview

Aptera Motors Corp. was formed on March 4, 2019 under the laws of the state of Delaware, and is headquartered in Carlsbad, California. Our principal business is the development, production, and distribution of energy efficient solar-powered, battery-electric vehicles. Our mission is to create the most efficient transportation on the planet, where every journey is powered by the sun.

We have designed the Aptera vehicle to provide up to an estimated 40 miles per day by collecting energy from the sun and storing it in our proprietary battery pack. In optimal sunny locations, our solar, based on internal tests, has the potential to generate over 10,000 miles a year of driving power (with over 1,000 miles generated per month during the summer months). Each vehicle is designed to have over three square meters of embedded solar panels. In addition, we have designed the Aptera vehicle to charge from either a standard home electrical outlet or by using the North American Charging Standard “NACS” connector.

We have designed a Launch Edition Aptera with a targeted range of up to 400 miles of driving on a single charge. Kelley Blue Book reports that the average U.S. driver travels 37 miles daily, with Aptera’s solar charging capability, we expect that many Aptera owners may never need to plug in to charge their vehicle for daily driving.

Since its inception in 2019, the Company has reached numerous key milestones:

Product Execution Milestones:

• Substantially completed production-intent vehicle design;
• Established a network of suppliers for future production parts and capital equipment, including strategic relationships for battery pack manufacturing and the supply of battery cells;
• Built nine drivable prototype vehicles and completed the assembly of our first of several validation vehicles using production-intent parts, which is currently undergoing testing and certification to confirm the reliability of our design prior to entering low-volume production;
• Initiated our validation vehicle assembly line in Carlsbad, California, validating our “Body in Carbon” (BinC) assembly fixtures and bonding processes;
• Conducted initial coast-down and aerodynamic testing to gather preliminary real-world data for correlation with our internal simulation models.

Financial and Operational Milestones:

• Amassed over 49,000 vehicle reservations;
• Completed a direct listing of our Class B Common Stock on Nasdaq in October 2025;
• Instituted an Equity Line of Credit (ELOC) allowing us to raise up to $75 million based on certain stock price and volume restrictions;
• Completed our first follow-on capital raise as a publicly traded company, raising approximately $9 million in gross proceeds in January 2026 followed by an additional $8.1 million from subsequent warrant exercises, including a warrant inducement transaction completed in March 2026;
• Prior to our direct listing, raised over $147 million in funding from over 19,000 investors;
• Implemented a variety of internal control and corporate governance protocols as we prepared for our public listing and to scale our business to start of production;

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• Secured grant funding commitments from the California Energy Commission (CEC) to accelerate the development of our solar manufacturing processes, subject to milestone achievement and certain conditions;
• Created a robust intellectual property portfolio.

Our Advantages

Unlike legacy vehicle manufacturers that are vertically integrated into capital-intensive fabrication—such as steel stamping, engine machining, and complex painting—we have adopted a systems integration approach focused on efficiency. By leveraging validated Tier 1 and Tier 2 automotive components within our proprietary ultra-efficient architecture, we believe we achieve a level of energy efficiency that is difficult to match with traditional vehicle platforms.

Our primary advantage lies in our asset-light assembly strategy. We focus our internal resources on high-value proprietary integration rather than commodity part manufacturing. We believe this provides us with a significant competitive edge in:

• Reduced Capital Expenditure: By sourcing major sub-assemblies (such as the drivetrain and structural safety cell) from specialized global leaders, we avoid the massive capital expenditures associated with heavy industrial fabrication.
• Speed to Market: Our modular assembly process, utilizing precision bonding fixtures, allows us to scale production in smaller, flexible increments rather than building monolithic, single-purpose factories.
• Risk Mitigation: Using “off-the-shelf” automotive-grade components that have already undergone millions of miles of validation allows us to focus our testing and certification resources on our core differentiators: solar and aerodynamics.

While we utilize a global supply chain for physical components, we maintain deep internal expertise and proprietary intellectual property in the key areas that define the Aptera experience:

• Integrated Solar Technology: Our proprietary automotive-grade solar integration allows for high-efficiency energy capture directly into the high-voltage battery system, providing up to 40 miles of daily range without a grid connection.
• Advanced Power Electronics: Our in-house developed power conversion systems and Battery Management System logic are specifically optimized for our unique ultra-low-drag vehicle dynamics.
• Proprietary Vehicle Software: Our centralized vehicle control software manages the unique drive-by-wire and torque-vectoring requirements of our three-wheeled, all-wheel-drive platform.

We believe our “Efficiency First” architecture creates a superior value proposition for the consumer through:

• Energy Independence: The potential for many owners to satisfy daily driving needs through solar alone, significantly reducing or eliminating fuel and electricity costs.
• Reduced Maintenance: Our three-wheel design and simplified assembly (using approximately 90% fewer parts than a traditional internal combustion engine vehicle) are expected to result in lower long-term maintenance costs and increased vehicle longevity.

Our Product

We have designed the Launch Edition Aptera to serve as our initial market entry vehicle, featuring a unique combination of ultra-aerodynamics and integrated solar charging. We are targeting the following technical specifications for the Launch Edition:

• Range: Up to 400-mile range on a single charge.
• Solar Integration: Approximately 700 watts of embedded solar cells, designed to provide up to 40 miles of solar-generated range per day in optimal conditions.
• Charging: Equipped for Level 1 and Level 2 AC charging, and compatible with Level 3 DC fast charging via the North American Charging Standard connector.
• Configuration: Two-passenger seating with 32.5 cubic feet of rear storage capacity.

In addition to these features, our target vehicle specifications include an energy consumption rate of approximately 100 watt-hours per mile. This efficiency is approximately one-third of the current industry average (Source: ev-database.org). We have achieved this through a target curb weight of approximately 2,200 pounds and a specialized “Body in Carbon” (BinC) structural safety cell.

While we previously anticipated completing vehicle validation and commencing low-volume production by the end of 2024, we did not achieve this timeline. This delay was primarily due to the timing of securing necessary capital to fund our supply chain commitments and tooling requirements.

Following our listing on Nasdaq in October 2025 and subsequent capital raises, our current operational focus is on the completion of our validation vehicle program. As of early 2026, we have initiated the assembly of our production-intent validation vehicles. This phase is critical for:

• Finalizing durability and crash testing;
• Completing FMVSS, DOT, and EPA certifications; and
• Refining our final assembly sequences in our Carlsbad, California facility.

We remain committed to commencing low-volume production as soon as possible, with a current goal of delivering the first customer vehicles in 2026. However, our ability to meet this timeline remains strictly dependent on our ability to secure additional financing to transition from the validation phase to full-scale production readiness.

For a detailed discussion of our capital requirements, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business.

Distribution and Service Plan

We intend to utilize a direct-to-consumer distribution model, a strategy pioneered by other successful electric vehicle manufacturers to maintain brand control, optimize the customer experience, and reduce the capital requirements associated with traditional third-party dealership networks.

Our sales process is designed to be digitally native and community-driven.

• Direct Sales: We intend to sell our vehicles directly to customers through our website and mobile application, eliminating the inventory holding costs and sales commissions associated with independent dealers.
• Customer Engagement: We plan to promote our brand through targeted online marketing, community events, and a network of brand ambassadors. Customers will be able to schedule test drives and manage their vehicle configurations directly through our digital platform.
• Geographic Rollout: We intend to focus many of our initial deliveries within the Southern California market to ensure high levels of customer support and logistical efficiency. We plan to expand into other major U.S. metropolitan areas as we scale our production and service infrastructure.

To support the delivery of our vehicles while minimizing fixed-asset investment, we intend to utilize:

• Regional Pre-Delivery Warehousing: We plan to utilize leased, capital-light regional fulfillment centers for vehicle final preparation, detailing, and delivery. This approach allows us to scale our footprint dynamically as reservation density increases in specific regions.
• On Site Pickup and Home Delivery: We intend to allow Launch Edition customers to take possession of their vehicle at our Carlsbad facility. We are also exploring direct-to-home vehicle delivery for our customers, reducing the need for expensive “prime” real estate for traditional showrooms.

Maintaining our vehicles in an efficient, customer-centric manner is a core component of our brand promise.

• Mobile Service Model: We plan to conduct the majority of routine maintenance and repairs through mobile service technicians who perform “house calls” at the customer’s home or place of business.
• Over-the-Air Updates: Our vehicle software is designed to receive OTA updates, allowing us to diagnose issues remotely and deploy performance enhancements or bug fixes without requiring a physical service visit.
• Service Partnerships: For complex repairs or structural work, we intend to establish a network of authorized third-party service partners who meet our specific training and quality standards.

Our Market

The global electric vehicle market has experienced significant growth in recent years. According to Fortune Business Insights, the global EV market was valued at approximately $892 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach $2.1 trillion by 2032.

In the United States, 2025 was the second-best year on record for EV sales, with approximately 1.28 million electric vehicles sold, representing 7.8% of all new vehicle sales. The domestic market experienced significant volatility during the second half of the year; U.S. EV market share reached a record 10.5% in the third quarter as consumers moved forward purchases to utilize federal tax credits prior to their expiration in September. This was followed by a contraction to 5.8% market share in the fourth quarter. Cox Automotive projects EV share to stabilize near 8% in 2026 as infrastructure improves and new, more affordable models enter the market.

Globally, electric vehicle adoption continued to expand in 2025. According to the International Energy Agency, global EV sales surpassed 20 million units in 2025, accounting for approximately one-quarter of all new car sales worldwide. The IEA projects that EV market share will surpass 40% of global car sales by 2030 under current policy settings.

We believe the most successful entities in the U.S. EV market are those that have developed vehicles from the ground up, as opposed to modifying existing vehicle models. We differentiate our product by advancing this methodology, conducting a thorough re-examination of vehicle design to optimize solar energy utilization. This strategic initiative positions our vehicles to address a wider spectrum of the EV market, as they are not contingent on costly charging infrastructure.

Suppliers

Strategic Collaboration with Chery New Energy

We have signed an agreement with Chery New Energy Automobile Co. Ltd. (“Chery”) to form a collaborative relationship for supplying production parts and certain vehicle platforms.

The agreement with Chery provides us access to their established supply chain, which helps streamline our procurement and production process. In addition, we plan to incorporate certain Chery technologies and parts, such as components of their HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system, into our vehicles. This collaboration aims to accelerate our lead-up to production and drive the advancement of solar mobility. As consideration, we agreed to pay Chery $1 million cash and $5 million in Class B common stock. Additionally, we have a technical services agreement with Chery to assist us with feasibility studies and technical services related to certain vehicle components.

We rely on a network of suppliers for various components of our vehicles, including battery cells, battery management systems, motors, chassis, suspension parts, electrical connectors, sensors, solar cells, and thermal management systems.

Core Propulsion and Battery Partners

To ensure the performance and reliability of our Launch Edition, we have secured relationships with leading global providers for our drivetrain and energy storage systems:

• High-Efficiency Propulsion: We utilize an integrated “3-in-1” propulsion system sourced from established Tier 1 suppliers. This approach reduces our internal development risk and ensures our drivetrain meets the durability standards of the passenger vehicle market while maintaining the flexibility to optimize component sourcing as we scale.
• LG Energy Solution and battery Assembly Partners: In early 2025, we entered into a non-binding memorandum of understanding with LG Energy Solution and a third-party engineering partner regarding our future battery supply chain. Under this exploratory framework, we are working toward an arrangement where LG Energy Solution would supply 2170 cylindrical battery cells, while we collaborate with external partners to assist in establishing the battery module and pack production lines within our Carlsbad facility.

Advanced Structural Systems

The Aptera vehicle is built upon a proprietary, ultra-lightweight structural safety cell known as the Body in Carbon (BinC). Our BinC architecture was developed through a strategic engineering collaboration with Mitsubishi Chemical Group, a global leader in advanced carbon fiber and composite materials.

• Asset Ownership: Aptera retains ownership of the production tooling for its specialized carbon fiber body structure, which supports asset protection and long-term manufacturing continuity.
• Manufacturing and Validation: We currently utilize a carbon fiber sheet molding compound process to produce our validation vehicle program. We believe this process is ideal for high-precision, production-intent components. As we move toward high-volume production, we continue to evaluate advanced material processes to ensure we meet our targets for scalability, quality, and cost-efficiency.

Electrical Systems and Logistics

• Yazaki North America: We maintain a relationship with Yazaki, a global Tier 1 supplier, for the engineering and supply of our high-voltage and low-voltage electrical harnesses and connectivity solutions.
• Foreign-Trade Zone Designation: In February 2026, our Carlsbad assembly facility received foreign-trade zone designation. This allows us to defer, reduce, or eliminate certain customs duties on imported components, significantly improving our long-term gross margin potential and operational efficiency.

Environmental Impact

We operate in an industry that is subject to extensive environmental regulation, which has become more stringent over time. The laws and regulations to which we are or may become subject govern, among other things, water use; air emissions; use of recycled materials; energy sources; the storage, handling, treatment, transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials; the protection of the environment, natural resources, and endangered species; and the remediation of environmental contamination. Compliance with such laws and regulations at an international, regional, national, state, provincial and local level is and will be an important aspect of our ability to continue our operations.

Environmental standards applicable to us are established by United States laws and regulations and those of other jurisdictions in which we operate, standards adopted by regulatory agencies and the permits and licenses we are required to obtain. Each of these sources is subject to periodic modifications and what we anticipate will be increasingly stringent requirements. Violations of these laws, regulations or permits and licenses may result in substantial civil and criminal fines, penalties and orders to cease the violating operations or to conduct or pay for corrective works. In some instances, violations may also result in the suspension or revocation of permits and licenses.

Many countries and U.S. states have announced a requirement for the sale of zero-emission vehicles only within proscribed timeframes, some as early as 2030, and we as an EV manufacturer are already able to comply with these requirements across our entire product portfolio as we expand.

When produced at scale, we believe our vehicle will have positive environmental impacts. With the efficiency that we have designed into our vehicle, if one out of every 20 internal combustion engine (“ICE”) vehicles on the road today were replaced with an Aptera vehicle, Americans would save 18 million gallons of gasoline every day or six billion gallons per year (assuming 20mpg ICE vehicle).

Competition

We compete primarily with vehicle manufacturers of passenger vehicles and motorcycles. However, vehicle manufacturers of all types are increasingly devoting more resources to developing hybrid and EVs and some manufacturers are also beginning to include solar components, which could compete directly with us.

Legal and Regulatory Environment

Various aspects of our business and service areas are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local regulation, as well as regulation outside the United States.

In August 2024, *Zaptera USA, Inc. (“*Zaptera”) filed a complaint against Aptera Motors Corp. in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, which was amended in February 2025. In June 2025, the Court dismissed a subset of claims and Zaptera filed a Second Amended Complaint on June 26, 2025. The Second Amended Complaint asserts the following claims against Aptera Motors Corp. and a group of individuals associated with Aptera Motors Corp.: design patent infringement; misappropriation of trade secrets; and declaratory judgment of patent ownership. Zaptera also asserts breach of contract against individuals associated with Aptera Motors Corp., but not the company itself. Aptera Motors Corp. and the individual defendants have moved to dismiss the claims for trade secret misappropriation and all claims against the individual defendants.

Zaptera seeks various remedies, including damages and injunctive relief. Aptera Motors Corp. intends to vigorously defend this litigation, believes the claims are without merit. However, litigation is inherently uncertain, and an unfavorable outcome could materially harm our business.

In January 2025, we received a subpoena for documents from the staff of the SEC related to our securities offerings and the production, design, and manufacture of our vehicles. This subpoena is part of the ongoing SEC Investigation. We are cooperating fully with the investigation and are producing documents in response to the subpoena.

The SEC has informed us that the investigation does not mean that it has concluded that anyone has violated the law and that the receipt of the subpoena does not mean that the SEC has a negative opinion of any person, entity, or security. However, we cannot provide any assurances as to the outcome of this investigation or its potential effect, if any, on our Company.

We are not aware of any other pending or threatened legal actions that we believe would have a material impact on our business.

Vehicle Safety Standards and Certification Status

Federal Safety Standards and Self-Certification (NHTSA): The Aptera vehicle is classified as a three-wheeled motorcycle under 49 CFR § 571.3 of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration regulatory framework. Consequently, the vehicle is designed to comply with all applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for motorcycles.

In accordance with the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, we utilize a self-certification process. We expect to certify that each vehicle complies with all applicable FMVSS in effect on the date of manufacture by affixing a permanent certification label prior to delivery. We are a registered manufacturer with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and maintain the authority to issue 17-digit vehicle identification numbers.

Environmental and Efficiency Certification (EPA): The Aptera vehicle produces zero tailpipe emissions. In accordance with Environmental Protection Agency guidance for battery-electric vehicles in our class, we are registering the vehicle with the agency as applicable to our vehicle category. Under this classification, the vehicles are expected to be exempt from certification requirements for exhaust, evaporative, and onboard emissions testing.

State-Level “Autocycle” Classification: While federally regulated as a motorcycle, the majority of U.S. states have adopted “autocycle” classifications for three-wheeled vehicles equipped with a steering wheel and bucket seats. We monitor state-level legislative changes to ensure our distribution strategy aligns with local registration requirements, which typically allow the Aptera to be operated with a standard Class C driver’s license.

Advanced Safety Engineering: We have engineered the Aptera vehicle with the goal of providing safety performance that exceeds federal requirements for its class. Our safety development program, currently being executed with our validation vehicle fleet, focuses on verifying the integrity of our carbon fiber structural safety cell and three-point seatbelt systems. While initial validation vehicles are focused on structural and efficiency testing, production vehicles may incorporate additional automotive-grade safety features as we scale toward high-volume manufacturing.

Employees/Consultants

As of December 31, 2025, we had 46 full-time employees. We currently have an employee stock option plan but no pension, annuity, profit sharing, or similar employee benefit plans, although we may choose to adopt such plans in the future. Our employees are not represented by a labor union and we consider our relationship with them to be satisfactory.

We engage contractors from time to time on an as-needed basis to consult with us on specific corporate affairs, or to perform specific tasks in connection with our business development activities.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property is critical to our business, and we rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, and trademarks to protect our core technologies. Our patent portfolio covers key innovations including our electrical CAN/LIN Bus system, aerodynamic shape, solar integration, suspension, battery, HVAC, Body in Carbon, thermal management, and manufacturing techniques.

As of February 28, 2026, our global patent portfolio consists of:

• Granted Utility Patents: 5 United States utility patents, which are expected to expire between 2042 and 2043.
• Granted Design Patents: 58 design patents (8 in the U.S. and 50 internationally, including WIPO, Canada, Europe, Japan, and the U.K.), which are expected to expire between 2036 and 2050.
• Pending Applications: 67 pending patent applications worldwide, of which 32 are pending in the United States.

(Note: Patent expiration dates represent a term of 15 to 25 years from their respective grant or effective filing dates, plus any applicable extensions, and are subject to the payment of ongoing maintenance fees).

Beyond our patent portfolio, we establish and protect our intellectual property rights—including our vehicle cooling methods, process technologies, and vehicle designs—through confidentiality procedures, licensing arrangements, and trade secret laws. We typically require employees, consultants, consumers, and vendors to execute confidentiality and invention assignment agreements to control access to, and establish ownership of, our proprietary technology, software, documentation, and other confidential information.

Properties

Our principal executive offices and primary operational facility are located at 5818 El Camino Real, Carlsbad, California 92008. This facility consists of approximately 77,000 square feet of leased space. The current lease agreement for this facility, as amended in March 2026, expires on March 31, 2028.

This Carlsbad facility currently houses our corporate headquarters, research and development activities, engineering operations, and vehicle prototyping and validation activities. We believe this facility is currently adequate for these ongoing purposes.

A significant portion of this facility is also designated for our planned initial low-volume manufacturing and assembly of the Aptera vehicle. We are in the process of preparing this area with the intention of accommodating initial production runs. We believe this space, once fully equipped and operational, will be suitable for commencing low-volume production and meeting our initial market demand.

As we scale our production to meet broader market demand and our longer-term production targets, we anticipate that we will require additional manufacturing capacity, which may involve expanding our current facility if feasible, or securing or constructing additional manufacturing facilities in the future. Our ability to secure or develop such additional facilities will depend on various factors, including our success in raising future capital.

We do not own any real property.

Our future operating results could differ materially from the results described in this annual report due to the risks and uncertainties described below. You should consider carefully the following information about risks in evaluating our business. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations in these circumstances, the market price of our securities would likely decline. In addition, we cannot assure investors that our assumptions and expectations will prove to be correct. Important factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated or implied by forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” for a discussion of some of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those factors discussed below.

Summary of Risks

The following summarizes key risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect us. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

• We have not yet generated revenue or profits from continuing operations and may not generate significant revenue or become profitable in the near future.
• We will require substantial additional capital through equity and debt financings to support our operations, which may be on terms more favorable to new investors and may significantly dilute existing stockholders.
• We anticipate that revenue will initially be generated from a single vehicle model, creating significant concentration risk if development, production, or market reception is unsuccessful.
• We rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers, many of which are single-source for custom-designed components, exposing the Company to delivery failures, component shortages, and cost increases, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
• Tariffs and trade barriers affecting key components and materials could significantly increase costs, disrupt the supply chain, delay production, and impair our ability to meet contractual obligations.
• Because we have not yet commenced production and have limited experience in high-volume manufacturing, we cannot provide assurance we can develop efficient, low-cost production capabilities.

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• Vehicles may contain defects in design or manufacture, and software may contain errors, which could result in recalls, product liability claims, warranty expenses, and reputational harm.
• Vehicle reservations are fully refundable and do not constitute binding purchase orders, meaning forecasted revenues may not materialize.
• Future indebtedness could reduce financial flexibility, require dedication of cash flow to debt service, and subject us to restrictive covenants.
• We compete with passenger vehicle manufacturers with substantially greater resources, which may impair our ability to compete effectively or obtain necessary capital to fund our operations.
• We face significant regulatory barriers, including those related to vehicle safety, fuel economy, emissions, and noise control, and any Potential changes to such regulations could impact vehicle design.
• Our success depends on consumer willingness to adopt energy-efficient, solar-powered vehicles, which is subject to factors including perceptions about performance, alternative technologies, gasoline prices, and government incentives.
• Changes to federal or state purchase incentive programs could affect market demand at the time vehicles become available for sale.
• Limited intellectual property protection may cause competitive disadvantage, and ongoing patent infringement litigation may divert resources from business operations.
• We depend on a small management team of three executives, and the loss of key personnel or inability to hire qualified individuals could materially harm operations.
• Global recession, inflation, interest rate changes, bank failures, geopolitical events, or other downturns may adversely affect demand and our ability to obtain financing.
• As a Delaware public benefit corporation, we must balance stockholder financial interests against specific public benefits and other stakeholder interests, which may result in actions that do not maximize stockholder value.
• We are subject to increased derivative litigation as stockholders owning at least 2% of outstanding stock (or shares worth at least $2 million) may file derivative lawsuits claiming directors failed to balance stockholder and public benefit interests.
• We do not intend to pay dividends, and investor returns depend entirely on stock price appreciation.
• Class B common stock carries no voting rights on most matters, limiting investors’ ability to influence corporate decisions.
• Directors, executive officers, and 5% stockholders hold 83% of voting power through Class A common stock, which limits or precludes Class B stockholders from influencing corporate matters, including elections of directors and change-of-control transactions.
• Our stock price may be subject to significant fluctuations due to various factors, and securities class action litigation may result.
• Requirements of the Exchange Act, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and Nasdaq listing standards impose significant legal and financial compliance costs.
• Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a public company.
• We do not currently comply with Nasdaq requirements for a majority-independent board or an audit committee of three independent directors, relying on phase-in provisions.

Risk Related to Our Business

We have a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our performance, and have not yet generated any profits. Accordingly, our prospects must be considered in light of the risks that any new company encounters.

The Company was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 4, 2019, and we have not yet generated any revenue or profits from continuing operations. To date, we have not commenced production of our SEVs. The likelihood of our creation of a viable business must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications, and delays frequently encountered in connection with the growth of a business, operation in a competitive industry, and the continued development of our technology and platform. We anticipate that our operating expenses will increase in the near future, and there is no assurance that we will generate significant revenue or become profitable in the near future. You should consider our business, operations and prospects in light of the risks, expenses and challenges faced as an emerging growth company.

Our auditor has issued a “going concern” opinion.

The Company lacks significant working capital and has only recently commenced operations. We expect to incur significant additional costs before significant revenue is achieved. These matters raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern and our existing cash resources are not sufficient to meet our anticipated needs over the next 12 months from the date hereof. During the next 12 months, the Company intends to fund its operations with funds received from public offerings, and additional debt and/or equity financing as determined to be necessary. There are no assurances that management will be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to the Company. If we are unable to obtain sufficient amounts of additional capital, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned development, which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from these uncertainties.

The Company plans to raise significantly more capital and future fundraising rounds, which may include offering equity at a significant discount to the price offered in this offering, which could result in dilution to investors in this offering.

Aptera will need to raise additional funds to finance its operations or fund its business plan. Even if the Company manages to raise subsequent financing or borrowing rounds, the terms of those borrowing rounds might be more favorable to new investors or creditors than to existing investors such as you. New equity investors or lenders could have greater rights to the Company’s financial resources (such as liens over its assets) compared to existing shareholders. Additional financings could also dilute your ownership stake, potentially drastically. See“Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for more information.

We will require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

We have funded our operations since inception primarily through equity and debt financings. We anticipate that we will continue to need to raise additional funds through public offerings of equity or debt, equity, private placements, and strategic partnerships. Our business is capital-intensive, and we expect the costs and expenses associated with our planned operations will continue to increase in the near term. We do not expect to achieve positive cash flow from operations for several years, and may not achieve positive cash flow at all.

Our plan to commence the production of our vehicles and grow our business is dependent upon the timely availability of funds and further investment in design, engineering, component procurement, testing, and the build-out of manufacturing capabilities. In addition, the fact that we have a limited operating history means that we have limited historical data on the demand for our vehicles. As a result, our future capital requirements are uncertain, and actual capital requirements may be greater than what we currently anticipate.

If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or equity-linked securities, our stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.

We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. Our ability to obtain such financing could be adversely affected by a number of factors, including general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets, including recent volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets, including as a result of inflation, government closures of banks and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions, interest rate changes, global conflicts or other geopolitical events, or investor acceptance of our business model. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms and conditions of such financing unattractive or unavailable to us.

We anticipate that we will initially depend on revenue generated from a single vehicle model and in the foreseeable future will be significantly dependent on a limited number of models.

Similar to other passenger vehicle startups, we anticipate that revenue will initially be generated from a single vehicle model and in the foreseeable future will be significantly dependent on a single or limited number of models. We expect to rely on sales from our vehicles, among other sources of financing, for the capital that will be required to develop and commercialize subsequent models. There is no guarantee that the development of any vehicle model will be successful or that we will ever commence production. In the event of any such failure of development or production, or to the extent that production is delayed or reduced, or is not well-received by the market for any reason, our revenue and cash flow would be adversely affected, we may need to seek additional financing earlier than we expect, and such financing may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

We are dependent on a few suppliers for vehicle components, some of which are single-source due to their unique attributes. The inability or unwillingness of these suppliers to deliver necessary components of our products according to our schedule and at prices, quality levels and volumes acceptable to us, or our inability to efficiently manage these components or to implement or maintain effective inventory management and other systems, processes and personnel to support ongoing and increased production, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We rely and intend to rely on a few third-party suppliers for the provision and development of many of the key components and materials used in our vehicles. While we plan to obtain components from multiple sources whenever possible, many of the components used in our vehicles will be custom and purchased by us from a single source. Our limited, and in some cases single-source, supply chain exposes us to multiple potential sources of delivery failure or component shortages for our production. Our third-party suppliers may not be able to meet our required product specifications and performance characteristics, which would impact our ability to achieve our product specifications and performance characteristics as well. Additionally, our third-party suppliers may be unable to obtain required certifications or provide necessary warranties for their products that are necessary for use in our vehicles. Further we are still in the process of negotiating with many of our suppliers, and we have not formalized many of those relationships with binding agreements. Our ability to negotiate these contracts or termination of such relationships could have detrimental effects on our business and slow down our production schedule.

We have been affected by ongoing, industry-wide challenges in logistics and supply chains, such as increased supplier lead times and ongoing constraints of semiconductor supply. We expect that these industry-wide trends may continue to affect the ability of us and our suppliers to obtain parts, components and manufacturing equipment on a timely basis for the foreseeable future, and may result in increased costs. Changes in our supply chain or production needs in order to meet our quality targets and development timelines as well as due to design changes have resulted in cost increases from our suppliers.

Any significant increases in our production may in the future require us to procure additional components in a short amount of time and our suppliers may not ultimately be able to sustainably and timely meet our cost, quality and volume needs, requiring us to replace them with other sources. In many cases, our suppliers provide us with custom-designed parts that would require significant lead time to obtain from alternative suppliers, or may not be available from alternative suppliers at all. If we are unable to obtain suitable components and materials used in our vehicles from our suppliers or if our suppliers decide to create or supply a competing product, our business could be adversely affected. Further, if we are unsuccessful in our efforts to control and reduce supplier costs, our results of operations will suffer. Alternatively, if our production decreases significantly below our projections for any reason, we may not meet all of our purchase commitments with suppliers with whom we have non-cancelable long-term purchase commitments. If we are unable to fully utilize our purchase commitments, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Furthermore, as the scale of our vehicle production increases, we will need to accurately forecast, purchase, warehouse and transport components to our manufacturing facilities and servicing locations and at much higher volumes. In addition, we have not yet begun mass production and servicing vehicles. Accordingly, our ability to scale production and initiate vehicle servicing and mitigate risks associated with these activities has not been thoroughly tested. If we experience logistics challenges, are unable to accurately match the timing and quantities of component purchases to our actual needs, successfully recruit and retain personnel with relevant experience, timely comply with applicable regulations, or successfully implement automation, inventory management and other systems or processes to accommodate the increased complexity in our supply chain and manufacturing operations, it could impair our ability to produce our vehicles on our anticipate timeframe (or at all), which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Tariffs and related trade barriers could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business is exposed to risks arising from the imposition, expansion, or modification of tariffs and other trade barriers affecting the import or export of key components and materials used in our vehicles. Many of these components and materials are sourced from, or contain content originating in, countries that are currently, or may in the future be, subject to tariffs or other trade restrictions. The global trade environment is highly unpredictable, with tariffs often announced or changed with little advance notice and subject to further modification, suspension, or escalation due to evolving geopolitical factors.

Tariffs can significantly increase our costs, disrupt our supply chain, and create uncertainty in our ability to forecast material requirements or negotiate supply agreements on favorable terms. If tariffs materially increase the cost or limit the availability of components and materials, we may be required to seek alternative suppliers, redesign certain aspects of our vehicles, or absorb higher costs. These actions could be capital-intensive, time-consuming, and operationally disruptive, potentially delaying product launches, disrupting ongoing production, or impairing our ability to meet contractual obligations. Any of these outcomes could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We cannot predict future changes in tariff policies or their impact, and our ability to mitigate these risks may be limited.

We have not yet commenced production of our vehicles and have limited experience in high volume manufacture of our vehicles.

To date, we have not yet commenced production of the Aptera, our initial vehicle model. Given the limited experience, we cannot provide assurance in our capability to develop and implement efficient, automated, low-cost logistics and production capabilities and processes and reliable sources of component supply that will enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully mass market our vehicles. Even if we are successful in developing our high volume production capability and processes and reliably source our component supply, no assurance can be given as to whether we will be able to do so in a manner that avoids significant delays and cost overruns, including as a result of factors beyond our control such as problems with suppliers and vendors, or force majeure events, or in time to meet our commercialization schedules, or to store and deliver parts in sufficient quantities to the manufacturing lines in a manner that enables us to maintain our production ramp curve and rates, or to satisfy the requirements of customers and potential customers. Any failure to develop and implement such logistics, production, quality control, and inventory management processes and capabilities within our projected costs and timelines could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, prospects and financial condition. We have experienced delays in our timeline for getting to production in the past due to financial constraints, supply chain issues and disruptions, technological challenges and certain regulatory certifications. Such bottlenecks and other unexpected challenges have and may continue to arise as we ramp production of Aptera, and it will be important that we address them promptly while continuing to control our logistics and manufacturing costs. If we are not successful in doing so, or if we experience issues with our logistics and manufacturing process improvements, we could face further delays in establishing and/or sustaining our production ramps or be unable to meet our related cost and profitability targets.

If our vehicles fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell or lease our products could be harmed.

Our vehicles or the components installed therein may contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them not to perform as expected or that may require repairs, recalls, and design changes, any of which would require significant financial and other resources to successfully navigate and resolve. Our vehicles will use a substantial amount of software code to operate, and software products are inherently complex and may contain defects and errors when first introduced. If our vehicles contain defects in design and manufacture that cause them not to perform as expected or that require repair, or certain features of our vehicles such as bi-directional charging or ADAS features take longer than expected to become available, are legally restricted or become subject to additional regulation, our ability to develop, market and sell our products and services could be harmed. Although we will attempt to remedy any issues we observe in our products as effectively and rapidly as possible, such efforts could significantly distract management’s attention from other important business objectives, may not be timely, may hamper production or may not be to the satisfaction of our customers. Further, our limited operating history and limited field data reduce our ability to evaluate and predict the long-term quality, reliability, durability and performance characteristics of our battery packs, powertrains and vehicles. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects in our products prior to their sale or lease to customers.

Any defects, delays or legal restrictions on vehicle features, or other failure of our vehicles to perform as expected, could harm our reputation and result in delivery delays, product recalls, product liability claims, breach of warranty claims and significant warranty and other expenses, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, prospects and financial condition. Any such defects or noncompliance with legal requirements could also result in safety recalls. As a new entrant to the industry attempting to build customer relationships and earn trust, these effects could be significantly detrimental to us. Additionally, problems and defects experienced by other electric consumer vehicles could by association have a negative impact on perception and customer demand for our vehicles.

In addition, even if our vehicles function as designed, we expect that the battery efficiency, and hence the range, of our electric vehicles, like other electric vehicles that use current battery technology, will decline over time. Other factors, such as usage, time and stress patterns, may also impact the battery’s ability to hold a charge, or could require us to limit vehicles’ battery charging capacity, including via over-the-air or other software updates, for safety reasons or to protect battery capacity, which could further decrease our vehicles’ range between charges. Such decreases in or limitations of battery capacity and therefore range, whether imposed by deterioration, software limitations or otherwise, could also lead to consumer complaints or warranty claims, including claims that prior knowledge of such decreases or limitations would have affected consumers’ purchasing decisions. Further, there can be no assurance that we will be able to improve the performance of our battery packs, or increase our vehicles’ range, in the future. Any such battery deterioration or capacity limitations and related decreases in range may negatively influence potential customers’ willingness to purchase our vehicles and negatively impact our brand and reputation, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Vehicle reservations may not result in actual sales, and because all reservations are fully refundable, our forecasted revenues and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We accept refundable vehicle reservations from prospective customers as an expression of interest in purchasing a vehicle. These reservations do not constitute binding purchase orders or other commitments to buy, and each reservation is fully refundable. As a result, the aggregate number of reservations should not be interpreted as an indicator of demand that will ultimately translate into completed vehicle sales. If a significant number of reservation holders elect not to purchase a vehicle, our forecasted revenues and cash flows could be material lower than we currently anticipate.

The Company operates in a capital-intensive industry.

The design, manufacture, sale and servicing of vehicles is a capital-intensive business. We will need to raise additional capital. We will need to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-related, or debt securities or through obtaining credit from government or financial institutions. This capital will be necessary to fund ongoing operations, continue research, development and design efforts, establish sales centers, improve infrastructure, and make the investments in tooling and manufacturing equipment required to launch our vehicle. We cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional funds when needed, in which case we will cease operating and you may lose your entire investment. Additional financings could also dilute your ownership stake, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to our Business - The Company plans to raise significantly more capital and future fundraising rounds, which may include offering equity at a significant discount to the price offered in this offering, which could result in dilution to investors in this offering.”

We may incur indebtedness in the future which could reduce our financial flexibility and adversely impact our operations and our costs.

We may incur debt in the future, which could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition. A high level of indebtedness could require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to service principal and interest payments, thereby reducing the funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, and other general corporate purposes. This could limit our financial flexibility and our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions.

Our indebtedness may also subject us to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to incur additional debt, grant liens, pay dividends, make investments, or dispose of assets. These restrictions could impair our ability to pursue business opportunities, respond to market conditions, or execute our strategic objectives.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service obligations, we may be forced to seek additional financing, refinance existing debt, or sell assets, any of which may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. In the event of a default under any loan agreement, the lender could declare all outstanding principal, accrued interest and fees immediately due and payable and could foreclose on any collateral pledged to secure the indebtedness. An acceleration of indebtedness could force us to seek bankruptcy protection, consummate a restructuring on terms that are dilutive or otherwise unfavorable to stockholders, liquidate our assets at distressed prices or undertake other actions that could have material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Aptera operates in a highly competitive market.

The Company competes with many other passenger vehicle manufacturers that have substantially greater resources than the Company. Such competition may result in the Company being unable to compete effectively, recruit or retain qualified employees or obtain the capital necessary to fund the Company’s operations and develop its vehicles. The Company’s inability to compete with other passenger vehicle manufacturers for a share of the energy efficient vehicle market or the traditional passenger-vehicle market would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and business.

We face significant technological and legal barriers to entry.

We face significant barriers as we attempt to produce our vehicle. Our vehicle specifications - including estimated range, acceleration, charging time, solar charging capacity, and other performance metrics - are based on a combination of simulated computer and other models and prototype testing. As we progress through testing and validation of our vehicle design, we may identify design changes necessary for safety, manufacturability, cost, or other reasons that could negatively impact these expected performance metrics.

Until validation and testing are complete, there is significant uncertainty as to whether our vehicles will meet the performance specifications we have disclosed. Any failure to achieve these metrics in our final production models could harm our reputation, affect customer satisfaction and demand, and have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

The Company is in the process of validating its vehicle design, and purchasing the tools and equipment needed to convert into the production stage. Our start date for production is uncertain and highly dependent on our ability to raise capital; however, we expect there will often be significant changes required from the prototypes to a vehicle that can be mass produced. Further, we operate in a capital intensive business and will need adequate funding to accomplish our goals. For instance, we have experienced production delays in the past due to: financial constraints, specifically we have not raised capital in the large blocks of capital required to fully fund our tooling, validation program and manufacturing facility; supply chain issues and disruptions, particularly during the time of the COVID pandemic and immediately thereafter; technological challenges which, in prototype testing, have caused us to redesign or find alternate suppliers for certain components of our vehicle; and certain regulatory requirements that we must meet for our vehicle to obtain safety certifications. For these reasons, though we originally anticipated production would begin in 2021, and we have had to reset our expectations several times, and there can be no assurance that we will ever advance into production. The automobile industry has traditionally been characterized by significant barriers to entry, including large capital requirements, investment costs of designing and manufacturing vehicles, long lead times to bring vehicles to market from the concept and design stage, the need for specialized design and development expertise, regulatory requirements and establishing a brand name and image and the need to establish sales and service locations. We must successfully overcome these and other manufacturing and legal barriers to be successful.

Our success is dependent upon consumers’ willingness to adopt energy-efficient, solar-powered vehicles.

If we cannot develop sufficient market demand for energy-efficient, solar powered vehicles, we will not be successful. Factors that may influence the acceptance of three-wheeled vehicles include:

• perceptions about battery life, range and other performance factors;
• the availability of alternative fuel vehicles, including plug-in hybrid electric and all-electric vehicles;
• improvements in the fuel economy of the internal combustion engine;
• the environmental consciousness of consumers;
• volatility in the cost of oil and gasoline; and
• government regulations and economic incentives promoting fuel efficiency and alternate forms of transportation.

Developments and improvements in alternative technologies such as hybrid engine or full electric vehicles, or in the internal combustion engine, or continued low retail gasoline prices may materially and adversely affect the demand for our energy-efficient, solar-powered vehicles.

Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as advanced diesel, ethanol, fuel cells or compressed natural gas, or improvements in the fuel economy of the internal combustion engine, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects in ways that we do not currently anticipate. If alternative energy engines or low gasoline prices make existing vehicles less expensive to operate, we may not be able to compete with manufacturers of such vehicles.

Our vehicles face several regulatory hurdles.

Our vehicles will need to comply with many governmental standards and regulations relating to vehicle safety, fuel economy, emissions control, noise control, and vehicle recycling, among others. In addition, manufacturing facilities are subject to stringent standards regulating air emissions, water discharges, and the handling and disposal of hazardous substances. Compliance with all of these requirements, though most are self-certified, may delay our production launch, thereby adversely affecting our business and financial condition.

Passenger vehicles, like those produced by the Company, are highly regulated and are subject to regulatory changes.

The Company is aware that the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration is reviewing whether to adopt new safety regulations pertaining to three-wheeled passenger vehicles. Currently, US motorcycle regulations apply to such vehicles. New regulations could impact the design of our vehicles and our ability to produce those vehicles, possibly negatively affecting our financial results. Additionally, state level regulations are inconsistent with regard to whether a helmet is required to operate one of our vehicles. While the vast majority of states today would not require a helmet or motorcycle license to operate our vehicle, states could adopt regulations in the future to require helmets to operate our vehicle, which could negatively impact our sales prospects.

Demand in the passenger vehicle industry is highly volatile.

Volatility of demand in the passenger vehicle industry may materially and adversely affect our business prospects, operating results and financial condition. The markets in which we will be competing have been subject to considerable volatility in demand in recent periods. Demand for automobile sales depends to a large extent on general, economic, political and social conditions in a given market and the introduction of new vehicles and technologies. As a new start-up manufacturer, we will have fewer financial resources than more established vehicle manufacturers to withstand changes in the market and disruptions in demand.

We may be affected by uncertainty over government purchase incentives.

Various state and federal programs offer purchase incentives for electric vehicles, such as tax credits or rebates, that could influence customer adoption of our products. Although we do not currently benefit from such incentives, changes to existing programs or the failure to implement new ones could affect market demand at the point at which our vehicles are available for sale. Our inability to capitalize on purchase incentives may slow adoption and negatively impact our potential for revenue growth.

We may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

After we begin selling products, we may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. The passenger vehicle industry experiences significant product liability claims and we face an inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our vehicles do not perform as expected or malfunction resulting in personal injury or death. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our vehicles and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of other future vehicle candidates, which could have material adverse effect on our brand, business, prospects and operating results. Any lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our liability coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition. We may not be able to secure product liability insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed, particularly if we do face liability for our products and are forced to make a claim under our policy.

Limited intellectual property protection may cause us to lose our competitive advantage and adversely affect our business.

While we rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, confidentiality procedures, and licensing arrangements to protect our core technologies—including our electrical CAN/LIN Bus system, aerodynamic shape, solar integration, and manufacturing techniques—these measures may not be sufficient. We typically enter into confidentiality or license agreements with employees, consultants, consumers and vendors to control access to and distribution of technology, software, documentation and other information.

However, policing unauthorized use of this technology is difficult, and the steps taken may not prevent misappropriation of the technology. In addition, effective protection may be unavailable or limited in some jurisdictions outside the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or protect our rights or to determine the validity and scope of the rights of others. Such litigation could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert resources away from daily business, which in turn could materially adversely affect the business.

There is currently pending litigation against the Company.

We are subject to a patent infringement suit filed in August 2024, see “Item 1. Business- Legal and Regulatory Environment.” The Company intends to vigorously defend these claims. While the Company believes these claims to be without merit, the Company’s obligation to litigate or otherwise fight these matters may take time, effort, and resources away from the Company that might otherwise be used in pursuit of furthering its business plan. Such a diversion of our limited resources could result in further delays to commencing production and our production goals. Further, if the Company were to lose on the merits, in addition to the financial and resource costs of litigation, the Company may be subjected to monetary damages, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and business.

The Company is aware that it is the subject of an investigation from the Securities and Exchange Commission.

In January 2025, the Company received a subpoena for documents from the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission related to the Company’s securities offerings and production, design, and manufacture of its vehicle relevant to an ongoing investigation (the “SEC Investigation”). The Company is cooperating with the investigation and intends to produce documents in response. The Securities and Exchange Commission informed the Company that its investigation does not mean that it has concluded that anyone has violated the law and that receipt of the subpoena does not mean that the Securities and Exchange Commission has a negative opinion of any person, entity, or security. The Company, however, can offer no assurances as to the outcome of this investigation or its potential effect, if any, on the Company.

Responding to the subpoena, and any subsequent inquiries or legal proceedings, will require the dedication of management’s time and attention and may result in the incurrence of significant expenses, including legal, accounting, and other professional services fees. The Company cannot predict the outcome of the investigation. While the Company is cooperating fully, the possibility exists that the investigation could lead to legal proceedings. Such proceedings, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our failure to obtain or maintain the right to use certain intellectual property may negatively affect our business.

Our future success and competitive position depends in part upon our ability to obtain or maintain certain proprietary intellectual property used in our principal products. This may be achieved, in part, by prosecuting claims against others who we believe are infringing our rights and by defending claims of intellectual property infringement brought by others. While we are not currently engaged in any material intellectual property litigation, in the future we may commence lawsuits against others if we believe they have infringed our rights, or we may become subject to lawsuits alleging that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others. For example, to the extent that we have previously incorporated third-party technology and/or know-how into certain products for which we do not have sufficient license rights, we could incur substantial litigation costs, be forced to pay substantial damages or royalties, or even be forced to cease sales in the event any owner of such technology or know-how were to challenge our subsequent sale of such products (and any progeny thereof). In addition, to the extent that we discover or have discovered third-party patents that may be applicable to products or processes in development, we may need to take steps to avoid claims of possible infringement, including obtaining non-infringement or invalidity opinions and, when necessary, re-designing or re-engineering products. However, we cannot assure you that these precautions will allow us to successfully avoid infringement claims. Our involvement in intellectual property litigation could result in significant expense to us, adversely affect the development of sales of the challenged product or intellectual property and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not such litigation is resolved in our favor. In the event of an adverse outcome in any such litigation, we may, among other things, be required to:

• pay substantial damages;
• cease the development, manufacture, use, sale or importation of products that infringe upon other patented intellectual property;
• expend significant resources to develop or acquire non-infringing intellectual property;
• discontinue processes incorporating infringing technology; or
• obtain licenses to the infringing intellectual property.

We cannot assure you that we would be successful in any such development or acquisition or that any such licenses would be available upon reasonable terms, if at all. Any such development, acquisition or license could require the expenditure of substantial time and other resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company’s insurance may not be sufficient.

There can be no assurance that the Company’s insurance is sufficient to cover the full extent of all of its losses or liabilities for which the Company is insured. Further, insurance policies expire annually, and the Company cannot guarantee that it will be able to renew insurance policies on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, if the Company sustains significant losses or makes significant insurance claims, or if other entities in its industry or the geographic regions in which it operates sustain significant losses or make substantial claims that impact the insurance market, the Company’s ability to obtain future insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates could be materially adversely affected. If the Company’s insurance coverage is not adequate, or it becomes subject to damages that cannot by law be insured against, such as punitive damages or certain intentional misconduct by their employees, this could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Aptera depends on a small management team and may need to hire more people to be successful.

The success of the Company will greatly depend on the skills, connections and experiences of its executive team. As of the date of this annual report, the Company’s executive team is comprised of three executives, Chris Anthony (Co-CEO), Steve Fambro (Co-CEO) and Tom DaPolito (Interim CFO). Should any of them discontinue working for the Company, there is no assurance that the Company will continue. Additionally, Mr. DaPolito’s engagement agreement as Interim CFO has a term of one year and will expire in October 2026. There is no guarantee he will continue as Interim CFO of the Company after this term concludes. Further, as the Company grows, the Company will need to build out its management team and hire individuals to perform certain functions. There is no assurance that the Company will be able to identify, hire and retain the right people for the various key positions.

The Company relies on outside parties to provide technological and manufacturing expertise.

The Company has relied upon consultants, engineers and others and intends to rely on these parties for technological and manufacturing expertise. Substantial expenditures are required to develop and produce energy efficient, solar-powered automobiles. If such parties’ work is deficient or negligent or is not completed in a timely manner, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

A global economic recession, government closures of banks and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions, or other downturn may have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

A global economic recession or other downturn, whether due to inflation, global conflicts or other geopolitical events including public health crises, interest rate increases or other policy actions by major central banks, government closures of banks and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions, or other factors, may have an adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Adverse economic conditions as well as uncertainty about the current and future global economic conditions may cause our customers to defer purchases or cancel their reservations and orders in response to higher interest rates, availability of consumer credit, decreased cash availability, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and weakened consumer confidence. Reduced demand for our products may result in difficulty in selling our securities, which has been our primary source of funding to date, which in turn would have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. An economic downturn is likely to have a heightened adverse effect on us compared to many of our electric vehicle, motorcycle and traditional automotive industry competitors, to the extent that consumer demand is reduced in favor of lower-priced alternatives. In addition, any economic recession or other downturn could also cause logistical challenges and other operational risks if any of our suppliers, sub-suppliers or partners become insolvent or are otherwise unable to continue their operations, fulfill their obligations to us, or meet our future demand.

In addition, the deterioration of conditions in global credit markets may limit our ability to obtain external financing to fund our operations and capital expenditures on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, we will have to significantly reduce our spending, delay or cancel our planned activities or substantially change our corporate structure, and we might not have sufficient resources to conduct or support our business as projected, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Existence as Public Benefit Corporation

Our status as a public benefit corporation may not result in the benefits that we anticipate.

We have elected to be classified as a public benefit corporation under Delaware law. As a public benefit corporation, we will be required to balance the financial interests of our stockholders, the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct, and the specific public benefits set forth in our Amended Charter. In addition, there is no assurance that the expected positive impact from being a public benefit corporation will be realized.

Accordingly, being a public benefit corporation and complying with our related obligations could negatively impact our ability to provide the highest possible return to our stockholders.

As a public benefit corporation, we will be required to disclose to stockholders a statement at least biennially as to our promotion of the public benefit identified in our Amended Charter and of the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct and such statement shall include, among other things, our assessment of our success in achieving our specific public benefit purpose. If we are not timely or are unable to provide this statement, or if the report is not viewed favorably by parties doing business with us or regulators or others reviewing our credentials, or we fail to make progress towards our specific public benefit purpose, our reputation and status as a public benefit corporation may be harmed.

As a public benefit corporation, our duty to balance a variety of interests may result in actions that do not maximize stockholder value.

As a public benefit corporation, our board of directors has a duty to balance (i) the pecuniary interest of our stockholders, (ii) the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct, and (iii) specific public benefits identified in our charter documents. While we believe our public benefit designation and obligation will benefit our stockholders, in balancing these interests, our board of directors may take actions that do not maximize stockholder value. Any benefits to stockholders resulting from our public benefit purposes may not materialize within the timeframe we expect or at all and may have negative effects. For example:

• we may choose to revise or implement policies in ways that we believe will be beneficial to our stakeholders, including suppliers, employees, and local communities, even though the changes may be costly;
• we may be influenced to pursue programs and services to demonstrate our commitment to the communities to which we serve even though there is no immediate return to our stockholders; and
• in responding to a possible proposal to acquire the Company, our board of directors may be influenced by the interests of our stakeholders, including suppliers, employees, and local communities, whose interests may be different from the interests of our stockholders.

Our directors have a fiduciary duty to consider not only our stockholders’ pecuniary interests, but also our specific public benefit and the best interests of stakeholders materially affected by our actions. If a conflict between such interests arises, there is no guarantee such a conflict would be resolved in favor of our stockholders.

While directors of traditional corporations are required to make decisions they believe to be in the best interests of their stockholders, directors of a public benefit corporation have a fiduciary duty to consider not only the stockholders’ pecuniary interests, but also the Company’s specific public benefit and the best interests of stakeholders materially affected by the Company’s actions. Under Delaware law, directors are shielded from liability for breach of these obligations if they make informed and disinterested decisions that are not such that no person of ordinary, sound judgment would approve. Thus, unlike traditional corporations which must focus exclusively on stockholder value, our directors are not merely permitted, but obligated, to consider our specific public benefit and the interests of other stakeholders. In the event of a conflict between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of our specific public benefit or our other stakeholders, our directors must only make informed and disinterested decisions that are not such that no person of ordinary, sound judgment would approve; thus, there is no guarantee such a conflict would be resolved in favor of our stockholders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

As a public benefit corporation, we may be subject to increased derivative litigation concerning our duty to balance stockholder and public benefit interests, the occurrence of which may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Stockholders of a Delaware public benefit corporation (if they, individually or collectively, own at least 2% of its outstanding capital stock or, upon the completion of our listing, the lesser of such percentage or shares of at least $2 million in market value) are entitled to file a derivative lawsuit claiming that its directors failed to balance stockholder and public benefit interests. This potential liability does not exist for traditional corporations. Therefore, we may be subject to the possibility of increased derivative litigation, which would require the attention of management and, as a result, may adversely impact management’s ability to effectively execute our strategy. Such derivative actions would be subject to the Company’s exclusive forum provision requiring derivative lawsuits to be heard in the Delaware Chancery Court or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, the federal district court of the State of Delaware. Any such derivative litigation may be costly and have an adverse impact on our business operations, financial conditions, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Class B Common Stock

We do not intend to pay dividends on our capital stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our Class B common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock and do not currently intend to do so in the foreseeable future. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the success of an investment in the Class B common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that the Class B common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased them or have any value at all.

The Class B common stock has no voting rights.

We are registering for resale shares of our Class B common stock, which are non-voting and do not carry any voting rights on matters submitted to stockholders, except as required by Delaware law. Only holders of our Class A common stock have voting rights. As a result, investors purchasing Class B common stock in this offering will have no ability to influence most corporate decisions and will have significantly less influence over our affairs compared to holders of our Class A common stock.

The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our capital stock prior to our listing, including our directors, executive officers, and 5% stockholders who hold in the aggregate 83% of the voting power of our capital stock following the registration and listing of our Class B common stock on Nasdaq, which will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.

Our Class B common stock is non-voting. As of December 31, 2025, our directors, executive officers, and holders of more than 5% of our common stock, and their respective affiliates, held 97% of the voting power of our capital stock. Because of dual class structure, the holders of our Class A common stock collectively control a substantial majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore are able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until such time as there are no longer any outstanding shares of Class A common stock and/or holders of our voting stock amend our certificate of incorporation to allow for a vote. This concentrated control limits or precludes your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Future transfers by holders of Class A common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class B common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain permitted transfers, including certain transfers to family members, trusts solely for the benefit of the stockholder or their family members, affiliates under common control with the stockholder, and partnerships, corporations, and other entities exclusively owned by the stockholder or their family members, or permitted by our Board, in each case as fully described in our Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation (our “Amended Charter”). The conversion of Class A common stock to Class B common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class A common stock who retain their shares in the long term.

Our Amended Charter contains exclusive forum provisions for certain claims, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Amended Charter, to the fullest extent permitted by law, provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or to the extent the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court of the District of Delaware, will be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our Amended Charter; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Moreover, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and our Amended Charter will provide that the U.S. federal district courts will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or a federal forum provision”. Our decision to adopt a federal forum provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While there can be no assurance that federal or state courts will follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or determine that the federal forum provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of the federal forum provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and neither the exclusive forum provision nor the federal forum provision applies to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities will be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the federal forum provision. These provisions may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Amended Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Delaware law and provisions in our Amended Charter and Bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult or more expensive, thereby negatively impacting the trading price of our Class B common stock.

Provisions in our Amended Charter and our Bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a merger, acquisition, or other change of control of our Company that the stockholders may consider favorable. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, our Amended Charter and Bylaws include provisions that:

• our Amended Charter provides for a dual class capital structure. As a result of this structure, our Co-CEOs, Chris Anthony and Steve Fambro have the ability to control all stockholder decisions. This includes the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our Company or our assets. This concentrated control could discourage others from initiating any potential merger, takeover, or other change-of-control transaction that other stockholders may view as beneficial;
• our board of directors has the right to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or the resignation, death, or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;
• our Amended Charter prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors. This limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect directors; and
• our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval, shares of undesignated preferred stock. The ability to issue undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us.

Any provision of our Amended Charter, Bylaws, or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class B common stock.

The uncertainty associated with the fact that few companies have undertaken direct listings to date may lead to increased volatility and pricing challenges for our Class B common stock.

Few companies have conducted direct listings, and the direct listing process we undertook is relatively novel. The absence of a traditional underwritten offering may contribute to a less orderly market for our Class B common stock, resulting in increased volatility in the trading price and potential difficulties in achieving a stable market price. Unlike a traditional initial public offering, there was no firm-commitment underwritten offering to help inform efficient and sufficient price discovery. Consequently, the public price of our Class B common stock may be more volatile than it would be if shares were initially listed in connection with a firm-commitment underwritten initial public offering. In addition, the trading volume and price of shares of our Class B common stock may be more volatile and subject to greater fluctuations due to the direct listing method.

Market volatility may affect the value of an investment in our Class B common stock and could subject us to litigation.

Electric vehicle companies have historically experienced high levels of stock price volatility. The price of our Class B common stock also could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to the risk factors described in this annual report and others beyond our control, including:

• the number of shares of our Class B common stock and Class A common stock publicly owned and available for trading;
• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition, operating results and other operating and non-GAAP metrics;
• our actual or anticipated operating performance and the operating performance of our competitors;
• changes in the projected operational and financial results we provide to the public or our failure to meet those projections;
• any major change in our board of directors, management, or key personnel;
• the economy as a whole and market conditions in our industry;
• rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;
• announcements by us or our competitors of significant innovations, new products, services, features, integrations or capabilities, acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;
• lawsuits threatened or filed against us;
• other events or factors, including pandemics, war, incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events; and
• sales or expected sales of our Class B common stock by us, and our officers, directors, and principal stockholders.

Moreover, to the extent the trading value of our Class B common stock diverge, holders of our Class B common stock may engage in hedging and other activities which could result in additional volatility in the price of our Class B common stock and could result in significant declines in the price of our Class B common stock. There will likely be more ability for such investors to short our Class B common stock in early trading than is typical for a traditional underwritten public offering given increased availability of our Class B common stock on the trading markets in part due to the lack of contractual lock-up agreements or other restrictions on transfer. To the extent that there is a lack of awareness among retail investors, such lack of awareness could reduce the value of our Class B common stock and cause volatility in the public trading price of our Class B common stock.

Furthermore, the stock market has recently experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies and financial services and technology companies in particular. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes, or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our Class B common stock. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business.

None of our stockholders are party to any contractual lock-up agreement or other contractual restrictions on transfer. Sales of substantial amounts of our Class B common stock in the public markets, or the perception that sales might occur, could cause the trading price of our Class B common stock to decline.

In addition to the supply and demand and volatility factors discussed above, sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class B common stock into the public market, particularly sales by our Co-CEOs, directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders, or the perception that these sales might occur in large quantities, could cause the trading price of our Class B common stock to decline. None of our securityholders are subject to any contractual lock-up or other contractual restriction on the transfer or sale of their shares.

The dual class structure of our common stock may adversely affect the trading market for our Class B common stock.

Certain stock index providers, such as S&P Dow Jones, exclude companies with multiple classes of shares of common stock from being added to certain stock indices, including the S&P 500. In addition, several stockholder advisory firms and large institutional investors oppose the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our common stock may prevent the inclusion of our Class B common stock in such indices, may cause stockholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure, and may result in large institutional investors not purchasing shares of our Class B common stock. Any exclusion from stock indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class B common stock. Any actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms or institutional investors critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our Class B common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our Class B common stock and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class B common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, our market, and our competitors. We do not have control over these securities analysts. If industry analysts do not cover us or cease coverage of us, the trading price for our Class B common stock would be negatively affected. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Class B common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Class B common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or cannot publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Class B common stock could decrease, which might cause our Class B common stock price and trading volume to decline.

We are an “emerging growth company” and intend to take advantage of the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies which may make our Class B common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more; (2) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first public equity sale; (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; and (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including:

• not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
• reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and
• exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We currently intend to take advantage of the available exemptions described above. We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this annual report. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class B common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class B common stock less attractive as a result of these decisions, there may be a less active trading market for our Class B common stock and the price of our Class B common stock may be more volatile.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

The requirements of being a public company, including maintaining adequate internal control over our financial and management systems, may strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, the rules and regulations of the listing standards of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased our legal and financial compliance costs and strains our financial and management systems, internal controls, and employees.

The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. Moreover, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures, and internal control over financial reporting. We will be required to make a formal assessment and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, and continuing into 2024, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting (ICFR).

The first material weakness relates to accounting for stock-based compensation, primarily regarding 2023 stock option modifications. This led to a restatement of our 2023 financial statements. This weakness stemmed from deficient controls over accounting, review, and approval of equity modifications. Our remediation plan includes formalizing review and approval policies for all option modifications by senior management and our board of directors, and requiring timely review and approval of related accounting by qualified personnel.

The second material weakness relates to a lack of formalized accounting and financial reporting policies and procedures. This deficiency contributed to inconsistent policy application, error risk, and segregation of duties limitations. To remediate this, we are developing a comprehensive accounting and financial reporting policies and procedures manual to document policies, procedures, controls, and responsibilities.

We are undertaking these remediation efforts to improve our ICFR and disclosure controls and procedures to meet Sarbanes-Oxley Act standards. These efforts are expected to require significant financial resources and management oversight.

Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our business or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we may eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on our stock price.

The new rules and regulations applicable to public companies, as well as the documented increase in securities-related litigation brought against recently public entities, have made it more expensive for us to obtain and maintain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to incur substantially higher costs to obtain and maintain the same or similar coverage.

Management identified certain material weaknesses relating to stock-based compensation accounting and a lack of formalized accounting and financial reporting policies and procedures, resulting in the Company not maintaining effective internal controls over financial reporting as of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Management identified certain material weaknesses relating to stock-based compensation accounting and a lack of formalized accounting and financial reporting policies and procedures, resulting in the Company not maintaining effective internal controls over financial reporting as of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. As a result, the Company has not maintained effective internal controls over financial reporting as required for a public company. The resulting material weaknesses relate to deficient controls over accounting, review and approval of equity modifications. Additionally, it was concluded that we had inadequate controls over the management information systems related to program changes, segregation of duties, and access controls. As a result, it would be possible that the Company’s business process controls that depend on the accuracy and completeness of data or financial reports generated by these information technology systems could be adversely affected due to the lack of operating effectiveness of information technology controls. The failure to establish effective internal controls could result in improperly accounting for transactions accurately, reliability in compiling financial information, and could significantly impair our ability to prevent error and detect fraud.

We have previously restated our financial statements and may be required to restate our financial statements in the future, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our securities.

During the preparation of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, we identified certain errors in the accounting for stock-based compensation expense related to modifications of stock option awards granted to certain departing employees, executives, and board members in 2023 and 2024. Specifically, we had modified the post-termination exercise period for these awards, extending the period during which these individuals could exercise their options after leaving the Company. These modifications resulted in additional stock-based compensation expense that was not properly recorded in the prior periods. As a result, we restated our previously issued financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. We continue to refine our accounting policies, procedures and systems and there can be no assurance that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future or that previously issued financial statements will not require further correction. If we discover new accounting errors or determine that additional adjustments are necessary, we may be obligated to restate our historical financial statements.

Restatements frequently provoke heightened scrutiny from the SEC, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, other federal or state regulatory authorities and Nasdaq. Regulatory inquiries or investigations typically consume significant management attention, require substantial legal and accounting expenditures, and may result in enforcement proceedings, monetary penalties or mandated changes to our governance and controls. Restatements also may result in litigation, including class actions and stockholder derivative suits, which can be costly to defend and, if resolved unfavorably, impose damages or injunctive relief that could restrict our operations. The announcement of a restatement may erode investor confidence in the reporting financial information, reduce trading liquidity and increase stock price volatility and cause the trading price of our securities to decline. Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and the market price of our securities.

Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. We are subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity/deficit, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our operating results may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the price of our Class B common stock.

We are not currently in compliance with Nasdaq’s requirements for a majority-independent board and an audit committee composed of three independent directors, which could create additional risks until we achieve compliance.

Nasdaq listing standards require, among other things, that a majority of the members of our board of directors be independent and that our audit committee consist of at least three independent directors. Our board currently consists of four members, two of whom are independent under Nasdaq rules, and both of whom will serve on our audit committee. As a result, we do not currently comply with the Nasdaq requirement that a majority of our board be independent or that our audit committee be composed of three independent directors.

We are relying on the phase-in provisions of Nasdaq Rule 5615, which permit a company listing in connection with its initial public offering to have up to one year from the date of listing to achieve compliance with these requirements. During this period, our board and audit committee will not have the full complement of independent directors required by Nasdaq rules. Until we add an additional independent director, our board and audit committee may not provide the same degree of oversight as boards and committees that fully comply with Nasdaq’s independence requirements. This could make it more difficult for us to adequately oversee our management and accounting functions, and could adversely affect investor confidence in our corporate governance and financial reporting. In addition, failure to timely comply with Nasdaq’s independence requirements within the allowed phase-in period could result in Nasdaq delisting our securities, which would adversely affect the liquidity and market price of our common stock.

Risk Management and Strategy

We utilize a primarily outsourced information technology and cybersecurity model, engaging specialized third-party service providers to manage our digital infrastructure, network security, and cloud-based engineering environments. Our cybersecurity risk management strategy is focused on the oversight of these partners and is integrated into our broader enterprise risk management framework through the following processes:

• Third-Party Managed Services Oversight: We rely on established Managed Service Providers (MSPs) to monitor and administer our technical defenses, including firewalls, encryption, and multi-factor authentication. We maintain regular communication with these providers to review system health, vulnerability scans, and potential threat intelligence. In addition, our team implements and maintains an internally managed on-premises network environment that supports secure and reliable operations. This includes the configuration, monitoring, and ongoing management of core network infrastructure such as firewalls, routers, and switches. All core business systems are cloud-hosted SaaS platforms, and no business-critical applications or material corporate data reside in on-premises infrastructure. This approach reduces cyber risk exposure by maintaining corporate data and business systems within enterprise-grade cloud environments rather than on local infrastructure. We exercise vendor-management oversight of these cloud service providers, including diligence of their cybersecurity controls, contractual requirements relating to security and data protection, and ongoing performance monitoring.

As of December 31, 2025, we have not identified any cybersecurity threats or previous incidents that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Governance

Executive Team Oversight

The executive team, maintains oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee receives periodic updates from management regarding the performance and security posture of our primary IT service providers and the results of any high-level risk assessments or third-party audits.

Management’s Role and Expertise

Management is responsible for the ongoing oversight of our outsourced cybersecurity functions.

• Accountability: The Head of Employee Experience serves as the primary executive responsible for the oversight of our third-party IT and cybersecurity relationships. In this capacity, the Head of Employee Experience monitors service-level agreements and ensures that cybersecurity risks are considered in our financial and operational planning.
• Monitoring Processes: Our management team meets regularly with our outsourced IT partners to discuss network security, system updates, and any identified vulnerabilities. We utilize these briefings to assess the effectiveness of our providers’ prevention and detection efforts.

Our principal executive offices and primary operational facility are located at 5818 El Camino Real, Carlsbad, California 92008. This facility consists of approximately 77,000 square feet of leased space. The current lease agreement for this facility, as amended in March 2026, expires on March 31, 2028.

This Carlsbad facility currently houses our corporate headquarters, research and development activities, engineering operations, and vehicle prototyping and validation activities. We believe this facility is currently adequate for these ongoing purposes.

A significant portion of this facility is also designated for our planned initial low-volume manufacturing and assembly of the Aptera vehicle. We are in the process of preparing this area with the intention of accommodating initial production runs. We believe this space, once fully equipped and operational, will be suitable for commencing low-volume production and meeting our initial market demand.

As we scale our production to meet broader market demand and our longer-term production targets, we anticipate that we will require additional manufacturing capacity, which may involve expanding our current facility if feasible, or securing or constructing additional manufacturing facilities in the future. Our ability to secure or develop such additional facilities will depend on various factors, including our success in raising future capital.

We do not own any real property.

In August 2024, *Zaptera USA, Inc. (“*Zaptera”) filed a complaint against Aptera Motors Corp. in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. Following amendments and motions to dismiss, Zaptera presently asserts claims against Aptera Motors Corp. and certain associated individuals for design patent infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets, and declaratory judgment of patent ownership. It also asserts breach of contract claims against the individuals, but not the Company itself. Zaptera seeks various remedies, including damages and injunctive relief.

On October 10, 2025, Aptera Motors Corp. and the individual defendants filed their answers and affirmative defenses to Zaptera’s amended complaint. Aptera Motors Corp. intends to vigorously defend this litigation and continues to believe the claims are without merit. However, litigation is inherently uncertain, and an unfavorable outcome could materially harm our business.

In January 2025, we received a subpoena for documents from the staff of the SEC related to our securities offerings and the production, design, and manufacture of our vehicles (the “SEC Investigation”). This subpoena is part of the ongoing SEC Investigation. We are cooperating fully with the investigation and are producing documents in response to the subpoena.

The SEC has informed us that the investigation does not mean that it has concluded that anyone has violated the law and that the receipt of the subpoena does not mean that the SEC has a negative opinion of any person, entity, or security. However, we cannot provide any assurances as to the outcome of this investigation or its potential effect, if any, on our Company.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this annual report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

OVERVIEW

Aptera Motors Corp. is a public benefit corporation and development stage company focused on the development and commercialization of solar electric vehicles. In October 2025, the Company completed a direct listing of its Class B common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market.

The Company has not commenced production or generated any revenue from the sale of its products. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which is dependent upon the Company obtaining additional financing and ultimately achieving profitable operations. To that end, in November 2025, we established an equity line of credit (“ELOC”) as a mechanism to incrementally access capital. We successfully utilized this ELOC between mid-November 2025 and January 2026 to raise approximately $3.0 million. Furthermore, during the first quarter of 2026, we successfully raised an aggregate of approximately $17.1 million in gross proceeds, consisting of $9.0 million from a follow-on public offering in January 2026 and an additional $8.1 million from subsequent warrant exercises, including a warrant inducement transaction completed in March 2026. This management’s discussion and analysis discusses the Company’s progress to date, its challenges, and its plans for the future, but should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

Aptera was formed as a Delaware corporation on March 4, 2019, and transitioned to a Delaware public benefit corporation in October 2025, for the purpose of engaging in the production of energy-efficient, solar-powered vehicles. We first began accepting $100 reservations for our vehicle in December 2020 and as of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 49,000 reservation holders. We conducted two promotional programs that allowed investors to reserve priority reservations for initial customer vehicles. Under the first program, which ran from January 2023 through January 2024, the initial 2,000 delivery positions were offered through an auction process, resulting in an average investment exceeding $20,000 per position. Under the second program, which was conducted from April to August 2025, an additional 1,000 delivery positions were made available to investors making minimum investments of $5,000. We have not delivered any products to customers and have not recognized any revenue from the sale of vehicles.

During the past three years, we engaged with strategic partners to supply validated production parts, and we are currently executing our validation vehicle program. While we require substantial capital to commence commercial production, core physical assets—including our proprietary Body in Carbon (BinC) structural tooling and automated transport systems—are physically on-site and undergoing final engineering assessments. Alongside efforts to secure necessary financing, our current operational focus remains on completing this validation and durability testing process to ensure the reliability of our production-intent design. Our marketing team is expected to engage with the public to educate them on our brand proposition, expand our reservation backlog, and optimize our initial production mix. As a result of these activities, the Company expects to continue to experience increased spending on production equipment and tooling.

Our production timeline has evolved and remains heavily dependent on our ability to secure sufficient capital in substantial tranches. This shift to larger funding rounds is necessary to allow us to place large-scale purchase orders and fulfill supplier commitments for our finalized production tooling. Our production plan for our Carlsbad facility is phased. The initial “low-volume” production phase requires an estimated $45 million to 50 million in capital to fund the remaining necessary tooling and validation programs. Following the initiation of low-volume production, a second phase to ramp to high-volume production (a target rate of approximately 20,000 vehicles per year, which we believe is our current facility’s maximum capacity based on consultations with Munro & Associates) would require an estimated additional $140 million to $160 million. Until the necessary funding for a given production phase is secured, we are unable to predict if and when that phase of production will commence, and our previously anticipated timelines are no longer indicative of our current expectations.

Commencing production also depends on key factors beyond funding, including:

• Availability of resources: Production is contingent on the availability of materials, components, manufacturing facilities, and an uninterrupted supply chain.
• Addressing technical challenges: We may encounter further technical challenges during our validation programs that require redesign, mechanical modification, or alternative sourcing of components.
• Meeting regulatory requirements: We must meet all necessary safety and regulatory requirements to certify our vehicles.

Historically, we have experienced challenges in raising capital in the amounts needed to fully fund our operations, and we have faced production delays due to financial constraints, supply chain disruptions, technological challenges, and regulatory requirements. While we currently do not anticipate any major supply chain disruptions, changes in global trade policies, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes to existing tariffs, could impact the cost and availability of components and materials, potentially affecting our production timelines and profitability. We have experienced price fluctuations for vehicle components and labor in the past, which have led to increased costs and negatively affected our results of operations.

We are actively working to address these challenges through our direct listing, recent capital raises, and utilization of our ELOC (subject to lock-up periods and facility limitations). We will provide further updates on our progress as we achieve significant milestones. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in securing the remaining necessary funding, overcoming technical challenges, or meeting regulatory requirements on a timely basis, or at all.

Operating Expenses

General, Selling and Administrative

General, selling and administrative expenses consist of administrative, compliance, legal, investor relations, financial operations, and information technology services. They include related department salaries, office expenses, meals and entertainment costs, software/applications for operational use, and other general and administrative expenses, including but not limited to technology subscriptions and travel expenses. These expenses account for a significant portion of our operating expenses.

Research and Development

We spend significant resources on engineering, tooling and design capabilities, which are classified as research and development expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, materials to build prototype and validation vehicles, specialized out-sourced engineering services, facilities and software licenses.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024

General, Selling and Administrative Expenses

(in thousands)

The increase in selling, general and administrative costs compared to the prior year was primarily driven by higher stock-based compensation, increased legal and regulatory costs associated with our transition to a public company, partially offset by reduced advertising expenses and employee-related costs.

The increase in share-based compensation was primarily driven by $10.7 million in expense recognized in 2025 for advisory services provided by third-party consultants. This increase was partially offset by the non-recurrence of a $5.5 million charge recognized in 2024 related to the modification of stock options for certain former employees and executives.

Corporate and overhead expenses increased, primarily driven by a $2.2 million increase in legal, audit, and other advisory fees. Legal fees increased by $1.0 million compared to the prior year, with the majority of the increase related to regulatory matters initiated in 2025, as well as litigation and compliance costs associated with our October 2025 direct listing on Nasdaq. Additionally, we incurred $0.5 million of non-recurring advisory fees in connection with the direct listing. Outside consultant fees, primarily for executive and administrative staff, increased by $0.3 million, and audit fees increased by $0.1 million. These increases were partially offset by a $0.9 million reduction in advertising costs reflecting lower crowdfunding-related marketing activity, a $0.3 million decrease in travel and employee-related costs, and a $0.1 million decrease in property taxes.

We expect general and administrative expenses to remain elevated in the near term as we incur the incremental costs of operating as a publicly traded company, including higher legal, accounting, insurance, and investor relations expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

(in thousands)

Research and development expenses increased by $4.3 million, or 25%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by higher stock-based compensation expense, which increased by approximately $3.9 million. This was attributable to a series of option grants issued in April and December 2025 to recognize the engineering team’s contributions to ongoing vehicle development and validation activities.

Engineering, design, and development expenses increased slightly by $0.3 million. This variance was primarily driven by a $1.0 million increase in personnel costs resulting from engineering headcount additions to support our vehicle program, a $0.7 million net increase in materials and supplies expense related to validation vehicle builds and testing and $0.3 million increase in facilities and engineering software expenses. These increases were partially offset by a $0.8 million decrease in outside professional services, as the expansion of our in-house engineering team reduced our reliance on external consultants, as well as the non-recurrence of a $0.8 million impairment charge recorded in the prior year related to certain R&D assets.

Other Income

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $4.2 million, compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, representing an increase of $2.0 million.

The increase was primarily attributable to a $1.9 million increase in grant reimbursements recognized during 2025 and $0.4 million of research and development tax credits recognized in other income during 2025, which is due to an increase in qualified spend. Other income also increased $0.2 million due to a reduction in interest expense and an increase in interest income. Additionally, the Company recognized $0.1 million of foreign currency exchange gains during 2025.

These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in investment income compared to the prior year.

• Year ended December 31, 2025: Other income consisted of $3.2 million in grant funding from the California Energy Commission, $0.4 million in federal research and development payroll tax credits earned during the year, and $0.6 million from investment income and merchandise and event sales.
• Year ended December 31, 2024: Other income consisted of $1.3 million in grant funding from the California Energy Commission, $0.7 million in investment income, and $0.2 million in interest income

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, the Company’s net loss for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $43.9 million compared to $34.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $30.2 million in total assets. Our primary source of liquidity at that date was $9.6 million in cash and cash equivalents. Unlike prior periods, we did not have a recognized grant funds receivable balance as of December 31, 2025, as management recorded a full allowance against the remaining $0.7 million balance due to uncertainties regarding the timing of the capital raises required to trigger those reimbursements.

Our current operational cash burn rate, covering essential personnel, ongoing regulatory compliance, and fixed costs, is approximately $1.5 to $2.0 million per month. This baseline burn rate was elevated in the fourth quarter of 2025 and first quarter of 2026 by significant expenses associated with becoming and operating as a publicly traded company, fees associated with Class B common stock offerings and by substantial legal and other professional fees related to the SEC Investigation (as defined below). Such costs are difficult to predict with certainty but are expected to continue to be material in the near term.

Our existing cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund our baseline operations for the next twelve months, nor are they sufficient to advance our vehicle production business plan. These factors continue to raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Management’s plan to address the Company’s liquidity needs and fund operations over the next twelve months relies primarily on accessing capital through the ELOC and potentially through other public market financings.

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, we conducted two financing transactions. On January 26, 2026, we closed a registered public offering, issuing 4,500,000 shares of Class B common stock and accompanying warrants for gross proceeds of approximately $9.0 million. Furthermore, during the first quarter of 2026, we received an additional $8.1 million in aggregate gross proceeds from warrant exercises, including a $6.3 million warrant inducement transaction completed in March 2026.

We estimate that we will require an additional $45 million to $50 million to complete vehicle validation and prepare for low volume production—including increased spending on engineering, validation, testing, production tooling, and the hiring of additional sales, marketing, and administrative personnel. We expect that the associated work would take approximately 12 to 18 months to complete from the time such capital is fully secured. This capital must be secured in substantial tranches. The ELOC provides a potential mechanism to access capital incrementally, subject to the conditions and limitations previously described.

Our awarded $21.9 million grant from the CEC remains a component of our potential future liquidity. Through December 31, 2025, we have received approximately $3.2 million in cash disbursements. We anticipate receiving further portions of the grant only if we are able to secure sufficient financing to make the eligible expenditures and meet the project milestones.

Long-Term Cash Requirements

Beyond our immediate capital needs to commence low-volume production, our long-term business plan requires us to raise substantial additional capital for future growth and operational expansion. Our material cash requirements beyond the next 12 months are expected to include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Scaling to High-Volume Production: We estimate needing $140 million to $160 million to fully equip our current Carlsbad facility and scale our manufacturing process to achieve our high-volume production target of 20,000 vehicles per year. This includes significant investment in additional automation, assembly line equipment, and quality control systems and is in addition to the $45 million to $50 million necessary to fund the remaining tooling and validation programs mentioned above.
• Future Manufacturing Capacity: To meet our longer-term production targets that exceed the capacity of our current facility, we expect to require additional manufacturing capacity. This may involve securing or constructing new, larger facilities, which would represent a material future capital expenditure, the cost and timing of which has not yet been determined.
• Expansion of Sales and Service Infrastructure: Our anticipated direct-to-consumer model will require significant investment to scale nationally. We expect to need to fund the establishment of regional pre-delivery and service centers, as well as expand our fleet of mobile service vehicles to support our customers and/or form relationships with third party vendors to provide this level of service.
• Research and Development: To maintain our competitive advantage, we intend to continue investing in research and development. This includes developing future vehicle models, enhancing our proprietary solar and battery technology, and exploring other applications for our technology.
• Working Capital: As we begin and scale production, our need for working capital is expected to increase significantly. The cash required to fund raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods inventory is expected to increase substantially as our production volume grows.
• Public Company Costs: We expect to continue to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company.

Our ability to fund these long-term requirements is dependent upon our ability to successfully utilize the ELOC, raise substantial additional capital through future equity or debt financings, and there can be no assurance that the ELOC will provide sufficient capital or that other financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain sufficient funding would materially adversely affect our business plan and our ability to continue as a going concern.

Liabilities

As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s total liabilities were $9.8 million. Major existing liabilities include $2.5 million in accrued liabilities, $4.1 million in unearned reservation fees, and $1.5 million in operating lease liabilities (current and long-term). We also had approximately $2.1 million of purchase commitments as of December 31, 2025, which are generally cancellable. For further details on our commitments, see “Commitments and Contingencies” below.

Equity Issuances

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we issued 278,417 shares of Class B Common Stock in connection with Regulation A and Regulation D offerings for total consideration of approximately $11.3 million. Additionally, the Company utilized its Equity Line of Credit (ELOC) to raise capital during the period, issuing 565,000 shares of Class B Common Stock for total proceeds of approximately $3.0 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued 45,474 shares of Class B Common Stock to external consultants and service providers as compensation for services rendered. The aggregate grant-date fair value of these shares was approximately $0.4 million.

Subsequent to December 31, 2025, our capital structure and future liquidity profile were significantly altered by our January 2026 registered public offering and the subsequent warrant inducement transaction in March 2026. As a result of these transactions, we have a substantial number of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our Class B common stock at fixed exercise prices. To the extent that our market price of the Class B common stock exceeds the respective exercise prices of these warrants, such warrants represent a potential source of significant future cash flow. If the remaining warrants issued in these first quarter 2026 transactions are exercised in full for cash, we would receive material additional capital to fund our continued pre-production and vehicle validation efforts; however, there can be no assurance that any of these outstanding warrants will be exercised prior to their expiration.

Commitment and Contingencies

Leases

As of December 31, 2025, we leased approximately 77,000 square feet of office, manufacturing and assembly space at our principal facility in Carlsbad, California under an operating lease agreement that expires April 1, 2027. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded $1.0 million of lease expense.

Purchase Orders

We regularly enter into purchase obligations with vendors and service providers, which represent expected payments and commitments during the normal course of our business. These purchase obligations are generally cancellable with or without notice and without penalty, although certain vendor agreements provide for cancellation fees or penalties. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $2.1 million in open purchase orders.

Litigation and Regulation

Various aspects of our business and service areas are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local regulation, as well as regulation outside the United States.

As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company is a party to a lawsuit with Zaptera and the Company received subpoena related to the SEC Investigation, as described below.

Zaptera

In August 2024, *Zaptera USA, Inc. (“*Zaptera”) filed a complaint against Aptera Motors Corp. in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California. Following amendments and motions to dismiss, Zaptera presently asserts claims against Aptera Motors Corp. and certain associated individuals for design patent infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets, and declaratory judgment of patent ownership. It also asserts breach of contract claims against the individuals, but not the Company itself. Zaptera seeks various remedies, including damages and injunctive relief.

On October 10, 2025, Aptera Motors Corp. and the individual defendants filed their answers and affirmative defenses to Zaptera’s amended complaint. Aptera Motors Corp. intends to vigorously defend this litigation and continues to believe the claims are without merit. However, litigation is inherently uncertain, and an unfavorable outcome could materially harm our business.

SEC Investigation

In January 2025, we received a subpoena for documents from the staff of the SEC related to our securities offerings and the production, design, and manufacture of our vehicles (the “SEC Investigation”). This subpoena is part of the ongoing SEC Investigation. We are cooperating fully with the investigation and are producing documents in response to the subpoena.

The SEC has informed us that the investigation does not mean that it has concluded that anyone has violated the law and that the receipt of the subpoena does not mean that the SEC has a negative opinion of any person, entity, or security. However, we cannot provide any assurances as to the outcome of this investigation or its potential effect, if any, on our Company.

Trend Information

The Company’s operating environment in 2025 and early 2026 has been defined by shifting regulatory incentives and a strategic realignment of supply chains in response to heightened geopolitical instability. The September 2025 expiration of federal electric vehicle tax credits resulted in significant market volatility, including a surge in third-quarter demand followed by an industry-wide contraction in the fourth quarter. Furthermore, the initiation of military conflict in the Middle East in February 2026 has introduced renewed volatility to global energy markets and disrupted maritime logistics. We are addressing these trends by actively focusing our sourcing efforts on trade-friendly jurisdictions to mitigate supply chain exposure and by leveraging our solar-integrated design to serve a market increasingly focused on extreme efficiency independent of charging infrastructure. While elevated interest rates and global macroeconomic developments continue to influence capital availability, we believe our focus on operational resilience aligns with the current structural shifts in the global automotive industry.

Tariffs

Recent U.S. tariff measures on imported materials are not expected to materially impact our current vehicle development stage, as we have not yet built significant inventory. However, we are evaluating the potential effects on our future supply chain. Our sourcing strategy primarily prioritizes quality, availability, and price for unique components, with domestic procurement typically being a secondary consideration. This approach may increase our exposure to international trade disruptions and tariff-related cost volatility and we expect to adjust our approach accordingly.

Due to our current development stage, we believe we are well-positioned to react to potential future cost increases from suppliers. Furthermore, our long-standing plan to assemble vehicle components in the United States provides us with the flexibility to maintain competitive pricing.

However, recent proposals to change the international trade framework events have resulted in substantial regulatory uncertainty regarding international trade and trade policy, both in the United States and abroad. The U.S. government has also raised the possibility of other initiatives that may affect importation of goods including renegotiation of trade agreements with other countries and the introduction of new or increased import duties or tariffs with respect to products from a number of different countries. In light of this uncertainty and the unknown impact on the broader U.S. and global economy in the future, we do not have clarity at this point over the potential medium to long term impacts our business may face. The availability of certain goods could be affected if foreign suppliers choose to limit their exposure to U.S. markets in response to unfavorable trade policies, which could negatively impact the ability of our suppliers to deliver materials or manufacturing equipment to us and, therefore, delay or impede our deliveries. Furthermore, rising inflation, slower economic growth and increases in unemployment that may result from global trade disruptions could further deflate consumer demand, reducing demand for our products.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Long-Lived Assets

Our impairment assessment for the year ended December 31, 2025, involved significant judgment due to our pre-revenue status and the “going concern” conditions described in Note 1.

During the fourth quarter of 2025, we identified triggering events including continued operating losses and the requirement for substantial additional capital to reach commercial production. We performed a recoverability test (Step 1) by comparing the carrying value of our long-lived asset group—which includes our production tooling and construction-in-progress—to the probability-weighted undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the assets.

The recoverability of these assets is materially dependent on our ability to secure approximately $45 million to $50 million in additional capital to complete vehicle validation and initiate low-volume production. Based on our current projections and probability-weighted scenarios, which assume successful access to capital markets and the utilization of our Equity Line of Credit, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value of the asset group. Accordingly, no impairment was recorded in 2025.

However, if we are unable to obtain sufficient financing on a timely basis, or if there are significant further delays in our production timeline, we may be required to recognize a material impairment charge in future periods, which could result in a near-total write-down of our construction-in-progress assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded impairment charges of $0.8 million related to construction-in-progress assets, as further discussed in Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is a significant component of our operating expenses. We recognize the cost of stock-based awards granted to employees, directors, and consultants, including stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), based on the estimated grant-date fair value. The determination of the fair value of these awards, particularly stock options, requires management to make critical estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include the expected volatility of our stock price, the expected term of the awards, and the risk-free interest rate. We have elected to account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating a forfeiture rate at the time of grant.

Valuation Inputs:

• Stock Options: The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, which requires inputs that are subjective and may significantly impact the resulting valuation. These inputs include the expected volatility, which is estimated based on the historical volatility of a peer group of publicly traded companies due to our limited trading history; and the expected term, which is calculated using the “simplified method.” Prior to our direct listing in October 2025, the fair value of the underlying common stock was determined by active selling prices of our Class B Common Stock in our Regulation A and Regulation D offerings; subsequent to the listing, it is based on the closing market price of our Class B Common Stock.
• RSUs: The fair value of RSUs is determined based on the closing market price of our Class B Common Stock on the date of grant. While this valuation requires fewer subjective estimates than stock options, the timing of expense recognition remains dependent on the satisfaction of the requisite service periods.
• Option Modifications: We have a history of modifying the terms of stock options, including adjustments to exercise prices, vesting schedules, and other contractual provisions. These modifications can result in significant changes to the fair value of the awards and, therefore, have a substantial impact on the related stock-based compensation expense recognized in the period of modification. The determination of the incremental fair value resulting from these modifications requires complex calculations and assumptions, and any changes in these assumptions could materially affect the recognized expense.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

We meet the definition of an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act, which permits us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period until we are no longer an emerging growth company or until we affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period. As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 of the notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the date of this annual report.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (together, the “Certifying Officers”), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our Certifying Officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2025, due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.

As previously disclosed, during 2023 and continuing into 2024, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”):

1. Accounting for stock-based compensation - deficiencies in the review, approval, and accounting for stock option modifications, which resulted in a restatement of our 2023 financial statements; and

2. Lack of formalized accounting and financial reporting policies and procedures, which contributed to inconsistent policy application and limited segregation of duties.

We have continued implementing our remediation plans to address these material weaknesses. Actions taken to date include:

• formalizing management and Board-level review and approval controls for all stock-based compensation modifications;
• developing and beginning implementation of a comprehensive accounting policies and procedures manual;
• enhancing segregation of duties and management review processes within the finance function; and

While significant progress has been made, management has not yet completed testing of the operating effectiveness of these new and enhanced controls. Accordingly, the material weaknesses have not been fully remediated, and our disclosure controls and procedures remain not effective as of December 31, 2025. We expect remediation efforts to continue through 2026 as we prepare for management’s first required assessment of ICFR effectiveness under Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026.

We do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors or all instances of fraud. Disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of such controls and procedures are met. Further, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all disclosure controls and procedures, no system can provide absolute assurance that all control deficiencies and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of disclosure controls and procedures also is based partly on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

This annual report does not include a report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting or an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies.

Changes in Internal Control over Financing Reporting

Other than the remediation efforts described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.