Dragonfly Energy Holdings Corp.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2025

All references in this report to “Dragonfly,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” mean Dragonfly Energy Holdings Corp. and its subsidiaries unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise indicates.

Overview

We are a manufacturer of non-toxic deep cycle lithium-ion batteries that caters to customers in the consumer industry (including the recreational vehicle (“RV”), marine vessel, industrial, and trucking markets), with proprietary, patented and disruptive battery cell manufacturing and non-flammable solid-state cell technology currently under development. Our goal is to develop technology to deliver environmentally impactful solutions for energy storage to everyone globally. We believe that the innovative design of our lithium-ion batteries is ideally suited for the demands of modern customers who rely on consumer electronics, connected devices and smart appliances that require continuous, reliable electricity, regardless of location.

Our deep cycle lithium iron phosphate (“LFP”) batteries provide numerous advantages compared to incumbent products, such as lead-acid batteries. LFP batteries are non-toxic and environmentally friendly, do not rely on scarce or controversial metals and are a highly cost-effective storage solution. LFP batteries use lithium iron phosphate (“LiFePO4”) as the cathode material for lithium-ion cells rather than nickel or cobalt. Although the energy density of LFP batteries is lower, they have a longer cycle life and experience a slower rate of capacity loss. LFP is also intrinsically safer than sulfide gases due to its thermal and chemical stability, meaning our LFP batteries are less flammable than alternative products. As we develop our proprietary solid-state cell technology, we believe our use of LFP will continue to provide significant advantages over the lithium-ion technology in development by most other companies that still incorporate less stable components in their chemistries (such as sulfide gases, which are chemically unstable and form hydrogen sulfide when exposed to air).

Recently, we have moved away from our dual-brand strategy for battery products, Dragonfly Energy (“Dragonfly Energy”) and Battle Born® Batteries (“Battle Born”). Moving forward, Battle Born is the brand under which we sell our energy storage products and related power system components. Battle Born products are sold across multiple channels, including original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”), distributor, dealer, fleet, and direct-to-consumer relationships, depending on the application and customer requirements. As adoption of lithium-based energy storage has expanded, Battle Born products have been increasingly integrated into factory-installed and system-level applications across a range of end markets. Our product portfolio includes LFP battery packs, integrated battery management systems, integrated heating capability for cold-temperature operation, and system-level communication and monitoring enabled through our Dragonfly IntelLigence® technology. We source LFP cells from a limited number of carefully selected suppliers that meet our quality and performance requirements, and we design, assemble, and test the majority of our battery products in the United States, supported by long-term supplier relationships that promote consistent supply and product reliability.

Reflecting the strength of our Battle Born brand, we signed a brand licensing contract in July of 2024 with Stryten Energy for the Battle Born brand to be deployed in B2B sales within Stryten’s target market. The contract is expected to bring $30 million of licensing revenues within a seven year period. Additionally, we signed a contract manufacturing agreement that allows for us to assemble battery packs to be sold by Stryten under the Battle Born label. Both licensing and contract manufacturing revenues from these contracts began in 2025 and are expected to continue into 2026.

Founded as an aftermarket-focused company, we initially targeted direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) sales within the recreational vehicle (“RV”) market. Since 2020, we have successfully sold over 370,000 batteries. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we sold 43,129 and 42,447 batteries, respectively, generating revenues of $58.6 million and $50.6 million for each year.

Our innovative battery products have contributed to the ongoing transition from traditional lead-acid batteries to lithium-based energy storage solutions. Historically, demand from our DTC channel, combined with our efforts to educate and engage original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), supported our initial market penetration and brand development.

As our business has evolved, our growth strategy has increasingly shifted toward OEM, fleet, and industrial channels, where we can deliver integrated energy storage solutions at scale. While DTC continues to support brand awareness and aftermarket demand, it is no longer the primary driver of our growth strategy.

Historically and currently, we have driven total sales growth through the following strategies:

1. Expansion of OEM and Fleet Partnerships: Increasing adoption of our battery systems in factory-installed and commercial applications across RV, trucking, and industrial markets.

2. Market Diversification: Expanding into adjacent markets, including marine, industrial, and heavy-duty trucking applications, where demand for reliable, long-life energy storage continues to grow.

3. Distributor and Dealer Engagement: Strengthening relationships with distributors and dealers to support broader market access and customer reach across both consumer and commercial segments.

4. System-Level Product Expansion: Expanding our portfolio of integrated power system components, including power conversion, monitoring, and control solutions, to deliver complete energy storage systems.

5. DTC Channel Optimization: Maintaining a targeted DTC presence to support brand visibility, customer education, and aftermarket sales, while reducing reliance on this channel as a primary growth driver.

Our valued RV OEM partners currently include industry leaders such as Airstream, Tiffin Motorhomes, Forest River, Triple E RV, REV Group, Keystone RV Company (“Keystone”), Ember, nuCamp RV, ATC, and THOR Industries (“THOR”).

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we experienced a return to revenue growth following the market correction that affected our end markets in 2024. This improvement was driven primarily by increased adoption of our products by OEM customers, supported by modest growth in underlying RV market activity and expanded integration of our products across additional OEM models and configurations. OEM adoption continued to shift toward higher-content, non-entry-level platforms, which are more closely aligned with our product offerings.

Macroeconomic factors, including persistent inflation, elevated interest rates, and reduced consumer confidence, continued to impact discretionary spending and direct-to-consumer demand during 2025. As a result, demand within our DTC channels remained pressured, particularly within price-sensitive segments. Despite these headwinds, OEM sales represented a growing portion of our revenue mix, reflecting deeper penetration within existing OEM relationships and continued program expansion.

In addition to RV OEM growth, we continued to expand our presence in industrial applications and the heavy-duty trucking market. Within these markets, customers progressed from initial evaluations and pilot programs toward broader adoption, contributing to increased system deployments and revenue diversification.

In 2026, we expect continued growth to be driven by expanded adoption within our existing customer base, with a focus on OEM customers, including increased system content per unit, broader deployment of complementary power system components, and continued penetration of premium product platforms. We also anticipate further growth in our industrial and heavy-duty trucking markets as customer adoption expands and additional use cases transition from evaluation to commercial deployment.

We offer a growing portfolio of energy storage products and power system components under the Battle Born brand, with battery product lines differentiated by form factor, capacity, and application requirements. Our battery systems incorporate advanced features such as advanced battery management, integrated heating capability for cold-temperature operation, and system-level communication and monitoring enabled through our Dragonfly IntelLigence technology.

In addition to our battery products, we offer a range of complementary power system components, including charging, power conversion, monitoring, and control solutions, which enable customers to deploy complete and integrated energy storage systems. These components include both Battle Born-branded products and select third-party components that meet our performance and quality standards.

We also continue to leverage our expertise in alternator charging and power management as a result of our prior acquisition of the Wakespeed assets, which enables us to integrate advanced alternator regulation and charging control into the systems we design and support. This system-level capability allows us to address more complex power requirements across mobile and industrial applications.

Our battery packs are designed and assembled in-house in the United States. In November 2024, we relocated from our 99,000 square foot facility in Reno, Nevada to our new 390,240 square foot facility also in Reno, Nevada, which has allowed us to increase our production capacity and gives us the ability to increase sales to existing customers and penetrate new markets. Our 390,240 square foot facility provides a streamlined, partially autonomous production process for our current batteries, which comprises module assembly and battery assembly, with the availability to expand the number of lines to handle increased volumes and the additional battery modules we intend to introduce in the near future.

Through our Battle Born and Wakespeed brands, we serve several core end markets, including recreational vehicles, marine vessels, and other mobile and stationary power applications. In addition to these core markets, we are expanding our presence in trucking, including heavy-duty trucks and work truck applications, as well as industrial markets such as oil and gas and other infrastructure-related uses.

Across these markets, our products are designed to replace traditional lead-acid batteries with lithium-based energy storage solutions that deliver longer service life, improved safety, and more consistent power performance. Our Battle Born portfolio is engineered to support reliable, long-duration power in applications requiring dependable operation under demanding conditions.

We execute a multi-channel go-to-market strategy that leverages OEM relationships, industry education, and system-level expertise to support both consumer and commercial sales. Our OEM presence and longstanding partnerships serve as a foundational channel for product adoption, while thought leadership and technical education help drive broader market awareness and demand.

We maintain an extensive digital presence focused on education and system design, including technical documentation, instructional content, and search-optimized resources intended to inform customers and support purchasing decisions across both e-commerce and B2B channels. These efforts are complemented by targeted digital advertising initiatives designed to reach high-intent customers and support demand generation in priority markets.

We also work closely with dealer and distributor partners to extend market reach through in-store point-of-sale materials, product training, and technical support. Our sales organization is relationship-focused, emphasizing long-term customer engagement built around product quality, system integration expertise, and high levels of technical and post-sale support. We believe this approach results in more durable customer relationships and supports repeat adoption across applications and platforms.

Drawing upon our success in collaborating with RV and marine OEMs, we have begun expanding into the heavy-duty trucking market. We are leveraging our expertise in designing and supporting lithium-ion storage systems to tailor solutions meeting specific requirements for fleets. These solutions have been adopted as factory options, demonstrating their value proposition for truck fleets seeking to:

• Reduce diesel fuel costs: our technology delivers significant fuel savings, offering a rapid return on investment.
• Comply with anti-idling regulations: Lithium-ion batteries enable efficient power management eliminating the need for long haul truck drivers to idle, thus aligning with increasingly stringent regulations.
• Enhance sustainability efforts: Transitioning to long lasting and greener lithium-ion solutions contributes to improved environmental impact.

This strategic approach has led to expanded adoption of our products by large fleet operators, including Highway Transport, Stevens Transport, and Werner Enterprises, as these customers have progressed from initial evaluations to broader system deployments. In parallel, we continue to engage in pilot programs with additional fleets, which remain an important driver of future customer adoption and expansion opportunities. We also support fleet adoption through industry collaboration and thought leadership, including co-authoring a technical whitepaper with PACCAR focused on electrification and energy storage applications in heavy-duty trucking.

To augment our core lithium-ion battery pack business, we rely on our research and development department. The team has successfully developed innovative manufacturing processes for dry-electrode manufacturing of lithium-ion cells, and continues development efforts relating to next-generation solid-state technology. Since our inception, we have built a comprehensive patent portfolio around our proprietary dry-electrode battery manufacturing process, which eliminates the use of harmful solvents and energy-intensive drying ovens compared to traditional methods. This translates to significant environmental and cost benefits, including reduced energy consumption, smaller space requirements, and a lower carbon footprint.

Moreover, our solid-state technology in development removes the need for a liquid electrolyte, thereby addressing safety concerns related to flammability. Our unique competitive edge lies in the combination of solid-state technology with its scalable dry-electrode manufacturing process. This enables the rapid production of cells having an intercalation anode (like graphite or silicon), unlike many competitors reliant on less stable lithium metal anodes. We believe this design offers superior cyclability and safety, serving as a key differentiator in the energy storage market. Furthermore, internal production of both conventional and solid-state cells streamlines our supply chain and enables vertical integration, ultimately driving down production costs.

Industry Background

For decades, lead-acid batteries have been the dominant player in power and energy markets worldwide. Since the introduction of the absorbed glass mat (“AGM”) lead-acid battery in the mid-1970s, the technological advancements in lead-acid battery technology have been limited. LFP batteries have numerous advantages over the incumbent lead-acid batteries used in today’s markets:

• Environmentally Friendly, Socially Responsible and Safer. Lead-acid batteries that are not recycled or disposed of properly are extremely toxic and can cause areas of poisonous groundwater and lead buildups, impacting both humans and the environment. Research by EcoMENA shows that a single lead-acid battery disposed of incorrectly into a municipal solid waste collection system could contaminate 25 tonnes of municipal solid waste and prevent recovery of organic resources due to high lead levels. Lithium-ion batteries, specifically LFP batteries, have no toxic elements, offering a much safer environmental alternative to lead-acid batteries. LFP batteries also do not rely on controversial elements such as cobalt as part of their chemistry. Compared to lead-acid batteries, there is no concern of “off-gassing,” or the emission of noxious gases, for lithium-ion batteries, and therefore no need to take into consideration required ventilation or off-gas related fire risk when installing or recharging our LFP batteries.
• Longer Lifespan. Lithium-ion batteries have longer lifecycles compared to lead-acid batteries. LFP batteries are able to cycle (i.e., discharge and charge) 3,000 to 5,000 times before hitting the 80% capacity mark. Comparatively, lead-acid batteries degrade quickly, only cycling 300-500 times before hitting 50% of their original capacity. Our third-party validated internal research suggests that if a typical AGM lead-acid battery and our LFP battery were cycled once every day, the AGM battery and our LFP battery would have a respective lifespan of 1.98 years and 19.18 years before reaching 80% depth of discharge (i.e., 80% of our battery would have been discharged relative to the overall capacity of the battery in that lifespan). In many storage applications, lithium-ion batteries have a lifespan exceeding the lifetime of the project with very limited maintenance requirements, compared to lead-acid batteries, which have a one- to two-year useful life in most applications.
• Power and Performance. As new technologies evolve and people consume more electricity, the importance of battery power and performance increases. Compared to lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries can discharge power at a higher voltage and more consistently through the discharge cycle (i.e., until they are 100% discharged) while utilizing a smaller physical space and weighing less. In addition, unlike lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries can be discharged below 50% capacity without causing irreparable harm to the battery. Lithium-ion batteries also provide the same energy capacity with one-fifth the weight of a standard lead-acid battery. Lithium-ion batteries are also significantly more reliable and efficient, especially in cold temperatures, allowing for year-round all-climate usage.

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• Charging. Lead-acid batteries were the first rechargeable batteries on the market. However, due to new advancements in energy density (i.e., the amount of energy stored by mass volume) and charge/discharge rates, lithium-ion batteries now significantly outperform traditional lead-acid batteries. LFP batteries currently charge five times faster than their lead-acid counterparts, with even faster charging rates expected for the next generation of lithium-ion cells. With the appropriate battery management system, lithium-ion batteries can be charged in cold temperatures, something lead-acid batteries are unable to do, resulting in two to three times more power delivered.
• Maintenance-Free. LFP batteries provide the benefit of being a maintenance-free option compared to lead-acid batteries. Unlike lead-acid batteries which have no battery management system to regulate current flow and charging rates, all our LFP battery packs include a proprietary battery management system that regulates current and provides temperature, short circuit and cold charging protection. Our LFP batteries also do not require cleaning or water, eliminating the need for periodic maintenance found in today’s lead-acid batteries. While our LFP batteries are generally designed to replace and physically fit into racks made for existing lead-acid batteries, our batteries can be installed in any position and without the need for venting.

End Markets

Current Markets

We operate across multiple end markets that are undergoing a transition from traditional lead-acid batteries to lithium-based energy storage solutions, driven by increasing power demands, space and weight constraints, and a growing need for reliable, maintenance-free energy storage.

• Recreational Vehicles. The recreational vehicle market continues to be an important driver of demand for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) energy storage batteries as RV designs and usage patterns evolve. According to data published by the RV Industry Association (“RVIA”), approximately 342,000 RV units were shipped in the United States during 2025, with towable RVs representing the substantial majority of total wholesale shipments. RV ownership and usage trends continue to support increased onboard power requirements, as RV interiors become more electrically intensive with the addition of appliances, electronics, and connectivity features associated with extended-stay and full-time RV use. The need for greater onboard power generation and energy storage is contributing to a shift away from incumbent lead-acid batteries toward LFP batteries. Traditional lead-acid batteries are heavy, occupy significant space, exhibit inefficient discharge characteristics, and require ventilation. LFP batteries address these limitations by enabling faster charging, significantly reduced weight, consistent power delivery, and maintenance-free operation. Historically, our RV market focus has been concentrated on motorized RVs; however, OEMs have increasingly integrated advanced electrical systems and energy storage solutions into towable RVs. The continued dominance of towable RV shipments, combined with increasing electrification across RV platforms, represents a growing opportunity for LFP battery adoption.
• Marine Vessels. As boating becomes more popular in North America, the need for a reliable, non-flammable energy storage system is becoming increasingly apparent. According to the 2020 Recreational Boating Statistics and the 2020 National Recreational Boating Safety Survey, in 2018 over 84 million Americans participated in some form of boating activity. There were a total of over 11.6 million registered boats on the water as of 2023. Similar to the RV market, customers are becoming more technologically advanced and are adding more electronics to their vessels, in turn driving demand for larger and more reliable energy storage, such as LFP batteries. Tightening marina regulations are also driving the need for electric docking motors on more vessels and increasing the focus on safety, which LFP batteries are well-suited to address.

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• Industrial. We serve a growing range of industrial and commercial applications that require reliable, stationary energy storage in both grid-connected and remote environments. These applications include power systems supporting municipalities, energy and infrastructure operators, transportation networks, and communications providers, where dependable power is required to support monitoring equipment, communications systems, control and relay equipment, safety and security systems, lighting, and other critical electrical loads. Demand in these applications is driven by the need for long service life, low maintenance requirements, and consistent performance across a wide range of operating conditions. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are well-suited to these use cases due to their safety profile, durability, and ability to deliver reliable power in environments where traditional lead-acid batteries are constrained by weight, maintenance, or performance limitations. As electrification and remote monitoring continue to expand across industrial and commercial infrastructure, these stationary energy storage applications represent an increasingly important component of our current end markets.
• Heavy Duty Truck. The heavy-duty truck market encompasses a broad range of vehicles designed for extensive commercial and industrial use, such as long-haul transport, construction, and logistics. Even in the midst of a historic freight recession, more than 200,000 Class 8 units sold in 2025. A surge in Class 8 units at the end of 2025 indicates a recovery in the market for vehicles that are integral to the backbone of global commerce and infrastructure projects. As the demand for more efficient, sustainable, and reliable transportation solutions grows, the use of Auxiliary Power Units (“APUs”) in heavy duty trucks is becoming increasingly significant. APUs provide an alternative energy source for powering onboard systems and maintaining cabin comfort during rest periods, without the need for the main engine to run-thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, the market opportunity extends to the electrification of Transport Refrigeration Units (“TRUs”) on trailers and smaller class refrigerated vehicles, which are crucial for the cold chain logistics sector. This shift towards electrification is driven by the need for more sustainable and efficient cooling solutions, reducing the carbon footprint of refrigerated transport. The expansion of global trade and the continuous push for lower emissions standards are driving the demand for heavy duty trucks equipped with APUs, as well as for the electrification of TRUs, highlighting a considerable market opportunity. This trend emphasizes the potential for advanced battery technologies not only as an environmental solution but also as a competitive advantage in the heavy-duty truck and refrigerated transport markets, offering a substantial retrofitting and market penetration opportunity for battery manufacturers and suppliers with the requisite expertise and product offerings.
• Industrial Vehicles and Work Trucks. The industrial vehicle market includes work trucks, service and utility vehicles, material handling and warehousing equipment, and other specialty fleet vehicles that support commercial, municipal, and industrial operations. These vehicles increasingly rely on onboard electrical systems to power tools, monitoring and communications equipment, safety systems, lighting, and other auxiliary loads. Demand in this market is driven by increased automation, electrification of onboard equipment, and the need for reliable power in duty-cycle intensive environments. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are well-suited for these applications due to their long service life, safety profile, and ability to deliver consistent power with minimal maintenance compared to traditional lead-acid batteries. As fleet operators seek to improve reliability, reduce maintenance requirements, and support expanded electrical functionality, adoption of LFP-based energy storage solutions across industrial vehicles and work truck platforms continues to expand.

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Addressable Adjacent Markets

Our addressable markets are areas with significant growth potential that we will be positioned to penetrate as customers turn towards LFP and other lithium-ion batteries as replacements for traditional lead-acid batteries. As these medium- and long-term markets mature, we intend to deploy our solid-state technology, once developed, while concurrently continuing to further displace the incumbent lead-acid technology.

• Emergency and Standby Power. Demand for reliable emergency and standby power sources is expected to continue to drive demand for effective power storage for residential, commercial and industrial uses. Power outages in the United States cost an estimated $150 billion per year, according to the Department of Energy, increasing the demand for uninterrupted power sources. The need for reliable emergency and standby power exists in both hazardous and non-hazardous environments and is particularly acute in areas where the existing grid service is subject to intermittencies or is otherwise inefficient (including as a result high peak electricity usage, grid and related equipment age or severe weather and other environmental factors). LFP batteries are able to offset grid-related intermittencies and inefficiencies and assist in providing grid stabilization. Importantly, LFP batteries achieve these benefits in a clean, reliable and safe manner by supplanting or reducing the use of fossil fuel backup generators.
• Data Centers. Data centers have seen strong growth in recent years, with over 5,000 data centers in the United States as of September 2023 according to Statista. Constant technological advancements and larger amounts of data generated and stored by companies for increasingly longer periods of time are driving growth in the importance, and the amount, of physical space dedicated to data centers. As software companies, such as Google and Oracle, continue to develop new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, data centers where the computer and storage functions are co-located also continue to grow. As the industry seeks to cut operating costs, become more efficient and minimize dedicated physical space, we expect there to be a shift towards light, compact lithium-ion batteries that can reduce overall costs and provide a reliable power supply without sacrificing performance. Lithium-ion batteries are designed to operate in environments with higher ambient temperatures than incumbent energy storage methods (such as lead-acid batteries). This ability for lithium-ion batteries to withstand and operate at higher temperatures can also reduce cooling costs.
• On-grid Storage. On-grid energy storage is used on a large-scale platform within an electrical power grid in conjunction with variable renewable energy sources such as solar and wind projects. These storage units (including large-scale stationary batteries) store energy when electricity is plentiful, and discharge energy at peak times when electricity is scarce. Because of the low cost of fossil fuels, the adoption of large-scale batteries has been slow. However, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration 2021 report on battery storage in the United States, lithium-ion battery installations in large-scale storage grew from less than 50 MWh of energy capacity annual additions in 2010 to approximately 400 MWh in 2019. As lithium-ion battery production scales, the related cost of storage for all lithium-ion batteries will decline and the cost of renewable energy (including associated storage costs) is expected to approach $0.05 per kWh, which is the amount required to be cost competitive with the price of power from the electrical grid. We believe our ability to cost-effectively develop and manufacture LFP solid-state batteries will position renewable energy projects deploying these batteries to reach “grid parity” sooner.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that we possess the largest share in the markets we operate in due to our following business strengths, which distinguish us in this competitive landscape and position us to capitalize on the anticipated continued growth in the energy storage market:

• Premier Lithium-Ion Battery Technology. Each of our innovative batteries features custom designed components to enhance power and performance in any application or setting. Our batteries feature LFP chemistry that is environmentally friendly, does not heat up or swell when charging or discharging, and generates more power in less physical space than competing lead-acid batteries. Unlike our competitors, our internal heating technology keeps our batteries within optimal internal conditions without drawing unnecessary energy and sustaining minimal energy drain. To protect our products, our batteries possess a proprietary battery management system that shuts off the ability to charge at 24 degrees Fahrenheit. This technology increases performance in cold weather conditions while possessing a unique heating solution that does not require an external energy source.
• Extensive, Growing Patent Portfolio. We have developed and filed patent applications on commercially relevant aspects of our business including chemical compositions systems and production processes. To date, we have owned 50 issued patents, with an additional 38 patent applications pending, in the United States, Canada, Australia, Korea, Japan, India, China, and Europe (with individual patents in Germany, France and the United Kingdom).

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• Proven Go-To-Market Strategy. We have developed strong working relationships with major OEMs and fleets across the RV, marine, and heavy-duty trucking markets, which represent the primary focus of our commercial strategy. We custom design and engineer storage systems for new and existing applications and continue to expand relationships with leading OEMs, fleets, and distributors. Our established DTC platform supports brand awareness, customer education, and aftermarket demand. Extensive informational content and customer support resources provide technical guidance and facilitate customer transition from traditional lead-acid or incumbent lithium-ion batteries to our products.
• Established Customer Base with Brand Recognition. We have established a broad and diversified customer base that includes OEMs, distributors, upfitters, fleet operators, and end consumers across multiple end markets. Our products are deployed in a wide range of applications, including recreational vehicles, marine vessels, industrial and commercial power systems, and other mobile and stationary energy storage use cases. Brand recognition developed through our aftermarket presence has supported increased adoption by OEMs and fleet customers, many of whom integrate our products into factory-installed or system-level solutions. We believe this combination of channel diversity, repeat customer engagement, and expanding OEM and fleet relationships provides visibility into future growth opportunities as we continue to deepen existing partnerships and broaden system-level offerings
• High Quality Manufacturing Process. Unlike competitors that outsource their manufacturing processes, our batteries are designed, assembled and tested in the United States, ensuring that our manufacturing process is thoroughly tested and our batteries are of the highest quality as a result of governmental regulations for performance and safety.
• Drop-in Replacement. Our battery modules are largely designed to be “drop-in replacements” for traditional lead-acid batteries, which means that they are designed to fit standard RV or marine vessel configurations without any adjustments. Our target applications are powering devices and appliances in larger vehicles and low speed industrial vehicles. We offer a full line of compatible components and accessories to simplify the replacement process and provide consumers with customer service to ensure a seamless transition to our significantly safer and environmentally friendly battery. Over their lifetime, our batteries are significantly cheaper from both an absolute cost and a cost per energy perspective. These lifetime costs, at current costs and capacity, will naturally drop as we continue to take advantage of economies of scale.

Our Growth Strategy

We intend to leverage our competitive strengths, technology leadership and market share position to pursue our growth strategy through the following:

• Expand Product Offerings. In the near term, our strategy is to expand and deepen our product offerings by providing customers with integrated power solutions rather than standalone components. We continue to broaden our portfolio of LFP batteries across existing voltage platforms and capacities while expanding the complementary components that enable complete power systems. These components include power management, monitoring, and communication technologies that support seamless system integration across a range of applications. In 2024, we began selling batteries equipped with Dragonfly IntelLigence, a proprietary monitoring and communication platform that enables system-level visibility, optimization, and data collection across battery banks. Building on this foundation, we are focused on delivering a more comprehensive and interoperable power ecosystem that simplifies system design, installation, and operation for OEMs, distributors, and end customers. We believe this system-oriented approach enhances customer value, supports repeat adoption across applications, and expands our opportunity within our existing customer base.
• Expand End Markets. We have identified additional end markets that we believe will increasingly adopt lithium-based energy storage solutions, including LFP batteries, as demand for reliable and efficient power grows. These markets include industrial and heavy-duty trucking applications, where adoption has progressed from pilot programs to early commercial deployments. While revenue contribution remains in the early stages, we have seen initial validation through production orders and expanding customer engagement. We aim to build on this momentum by continuing to develop products tailored to these end users.
• Commercialize our Dry Electrode Cell Manufacturing Technology. We have developed and continue to advance our proprietary and patented dry electrode cell manufacturing technology, which is designed to enable the production of lithium-based battery cells across multiple chemistries using a less capital-intensive and more energy-efficient process than conventional wet coating methods. The dry deposition process is chemistry agnostic and supports manufacturing in a smaller physical footprint, contributing to lower total production costs. An independent third-party assessment found that this dry electrode manufacturing approach has the potential to be more scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable than conventional slurry-based processes. We have demonstrated the ability to manufacture both anode and cathode materials using this process and have produced sample cells incorporating PFAS-free binders and automotive-grade electrode loadings. Ongoing development efforts are focused on process optimization and equipment scaling to support future commercial deployment
• Develop and Commercialize Solid-State Technology. We believe solid-state technology presents a significant advantage to all products currently on the market, with the potential to be lighter, smaller, safer and cheaper. Once we have optimized the chemistry of our LFP solid-state batteries to enhance conductivity and power, we intend to scale up for mass production of separate solid-state batteries for various applications and use cases.

Our Products and Technology

Chemistry Comparison

Lead-acid batteries were the first form of rechargeable battery to be developed and modified across different platforms for a variety of uses, from powering small electronics to use for energy storage in back-up power supplies in cell phone towers. Since the development in the 1970s of AGM lead-acid batteries, a form of sealed lead-acid battery that enables operation in any position, there has been limited innovation in lead-acid battery technology. The push to develop longer-lasting, lower-cost, more environmentally-friendly and faster-charging batteries has led to the development of lithium-ion batteries and, within the lithium-ion battery market, different chemistries.

There are several dominant battery chemistries in the lithium-ion market that can be used for different purposes. Two widely adopted chemistries found in the market today are nickel manganese cobalt (“NMC”), and nickel cobalt aluminum (“NCA”). The higher energy density and shorter cycle life found in NMC and NCA batteries are suitable for markets where fast charging and high energy density are required, such as electric vehicle (“EV”) powertrains and consumer electronics. LFP batteries are best suited for energy storage markets where long life and affordability are paramount, such as RV, marine vessel, off-grid storage, onboard tools, material handling, utility-grade storage, telecom, rail and data center markets.

NMC batteries are highly dependent on two metals that present significant constraints - nickel, which is facing an industry-wide shortage, and cobalt, a large percentage of which comes from conflict-ridden countries. As a result, a growing number of companies are expected to transition to LFP batteries. Both of these elements are also subject to commodity price fluctuations, making NMC and NCA batteries less cost-effective than LFP batteries. LFP batteries do not contain these elements and materials can be sourced domestically, and are therefore not subject to these shortages, geopolitical concerns or commodity price fluctuations. In fact, LFP batteries have no toxic elements, offering a much safer environmental alternative. The temperature threshold for thermal runaway (i.e., lithium-ion battery overheating that can result in an internal chemical reaction) is higher for LFP batteries as compared to NMC and NCA batteries, making LFP batteries less flammable and safer.

LFP batteries have a useful life of approximately 10 to 15 years compared to one to two years for lead-acid batteries, and typically charge up to five times faster. LFP batteries are also not constrained by weight (having the same energy capacity at one-fifth of the weight) or temperature (having the ability to generate power even in low temperatures and to not swell or heat up when charging or discharging) and are generally maintenance free.

In the electric vehicle market, the race to provide the highest energy density facilitating frequent, rapid acceleration, greatest range and fastest charging battery - all while competing on cost - is where many new battery companies are prioritizing their efforts. Success in the electric vehicle market requires use of chemistries capable of optimization to these requirements. In our targeted stationary storage markets, the ideal solution requires a safe, long-lasting battery in terms of discharge/charge cycles with a focus on providing a steady power stream. LFP batteries are better suited for the stationary storage market compared to NMC and NCA batteries, as LFP batteries are safer and have a significantly longer life cycle making them more cost-effective. The market for utility grade storage, particularly for clean energy projects, and the related adoption of lithium-ion batteries (including LFP batteries) is expected to increase as the fully loaded cost of energy (production and storage) approaches cost parity with inexpensive fossil fuel energy provided through the electric grid. Compared to NMC and NCA batteries, LFP batteries are at or much closer to grid parity.

Dry Electrode Cell Manufacturing Technology

Since our inception, we have been developing proprietary dry-electrode manufacturing processes for which we have issued patents and pending patent applications, where appropriate. Dry-electrode manufacturing eliminates the use of toxic and expensive solvents and energy-intensive drying ovens in the cell manufacturing process. This in turn reduces the energy usage, space requirements, carbon footprint, and overall cost as compared to conventional slurry-based methods. Furthermore, the manufacturing technology is chemistry agnostic - meaning it can produce battery cells across a variety of different chemistries and application use cases. In 2023, we completed the construction of our dry-electrode manufacturing pilot line, demonstrated the ability to produce Anode and Cathode electrode tapes at scale using this manufacturing process. We have developed sample cells for prospective customers across a variety of chemistries and end-markets and are designing equipment for scaled production of full cells.

Solid-State Cells

LFP batteries are not without their disadvantages. While less flammable than other chemistries, the existence of a flammable liquid electrolyte still poses safety risks. Like all liquid-based lithium-ion batteries, LFP batteries have a potential to produce solid lithium dendrites, icicle-like formations which can pierce the physical separators in LFP batteries, which are necessary in LFP batteries to separate the positively charged liquid electrolyte from the negatively charged liquid electrolyte, and which, over time, will degrade the performance of LFP batteries and potentially result in fire-related risks. The next phase in the development of lithium-ion batteries is solid-state cell development, which contains a solid, rather than a liquid, electrolyte, eliminating many of the current disadvantages to LFP batteries while increasing the safety of the battery cells. We believe that the development of our solid-state technology will provide us with a unique competitive advantage.

Compared to current lithium-ion technology, where lithium-ions cross a liquid electrolyte barrier between a battery’s anode (negative electrode) and cathode (positive electrode), solid-state batteries aim to use a solid electrolyte to regulate the lithium-ions. As a battery charges and discharges, an electrochemical reaction occurs creating a flow of electrical energy between the cathode, electrolyte and anode as the electrodes lose and reacquire electrons. In addition to the use of non-toxic electrode components, the removal of a liquid electrolyte will eliminate the risk of fire, making solid-state cells inherently safe. The move to a non-liquid electrolyte also means that solid-state batteries will be, on average, smaller and lighter than existing lithium-ion batteries. The process for manufacturing our solid-state cells is described below under “- Research and Development”.

Our Products

We provide various industries with clean, reliable, and efficient power solutions through our comprehensive product portfolio. These products and solutions are sold to both OEMs and aftermarket customers.

Our lead product line is Battle Born Batteries product line, respected for its exceptional performance and durability. When compared to traditional lead-acid options, Battle Born Batteries deliver two to three times the power in the same physical space, one-fifth the weight for equal usable power, and up to five times faster charging. Additionally, these batteries have extended lifespans of 3,000-5,000 cycles, translating to ten to fifteen years of reliable use under typical conditions. This longevity is backed by our 10-year warranty, showcasing our commitment to quality. The Battle Born Batteries product line currently features various sizes and configurations including models with proprietary built-in heating for cold weather charging and Dragonfly IntelLigence®, a communication technology that unlocks real-time monitoring, instant notifications, various protocol integration and superior battery protection. A focus on safety is central to our products, and all Battle Born Battery products utilize LiFePO4 chemistry, the safest lithium-ion chemistry available on the market. Additionally, our battery products undergo rigorous testing under stringent industry standards like UL Standard 2054, IEC 62133, UN 38.3 and IP65 to ensure safety and reliability.

Looking beyond batteries, we also offer a diverse range of power products.

• Battle Born Inverters and Inverter/Chargers. Our inverter and inverter/charger products provide pure sine wave AC power from DC battery systems and are designed for use in mobile, off-grid, and industrial applications. These systems support reliable power delivery for onboard electronics, appliances, and critical loads, and include features such as integrated transfer switching, configurable charging profiles, and compatibility with lithium and lead-acid battery chemistries. These products are designed to integrate with our battery systems as part of complete energy storage solutions.
• Wakespeed Power Management Solutions. Our Wakespeed product line includes advanced power management and charging solutions designed to optimize battery system performance in mobile and industrial applications. The WS500 Advanced Alternator Regulator and WS500 Pro utilize real-time current, voltage, and temperature inputs to precisely control alternator output and battery charging. These systems support both lithium and lead-acid battery chemistries and are designed to improve charging efficiency, protect system components, and simplify installation and operation. In addition, we offer a 48V–12V bi-directional converter, which enables power transfer between voltage systems to support integrated, multi-voltage energy storage architectures.
• Battle Born All-Electric APU and DualFlow Power Pack. Designed for heavy-duty trucking applications, our lithium-powered auxiliary power solutions provide stored energy to support hotel loads, including HVAC systems, appliances, and onboard electronics during driver rest periods. These systems are designed to reduce engine idling, lower fuel consumption, and improve driver comfort. Our DualFlow Power Pack integrates battery storage with vehicle power systems to enable efficient energy management while maintaining battery charge during operation. These solutions are pre-assembled and designed for streamlined integration into commercial vehicle platforms.

Additionally, as a distributor of leading brands like Victron, Rich Solar, and REDARC, we act as a one-stop shop for full system integration, catering to both OEMs and retail customers. Our complete offering allows customers to benefit from clean and sustainable power, extended lifespans, reduced costs, increased efficiency, and seamless integration - all backed by expert service and support.

Battery Management System

Our proprietary battery management system is developed and tested in-house. It offers a complete solution for monitoring and controlling our complex battery systems and is designed to protect battery cells from damage in various scenarios. We believe our battery management system is industry-leading as it:

• enables batteries to draw power under 135 degrees Fahrenheit, and is designed to cut off charging at 24 degrees Fahrenheit to protect cells;
• actively monitors the rate of change of currents to detect and prevent short circuiting, and also protects against potential ground faults;
• allows for up to an average of 300 amps continuously, 500 amp surges for 30 seconds, and momentary, half second maximum capacity surges;
• enables batteries to recharge even if completely drained;
• utilizes larger resistors to ensure balanced loads to improve performance and extend useful life; and
• facilitates scalability by enabling batteries to be combined in parallel and in series.

Battery Communication System

We have developed a complete communication system branded Dragonfly IntelLigence, for which a U.S. non-provisional patent application and an international PCT patent application have been filed, to be used with Dragonfly Energy OEM systems and Battle Born batteries and bundles. This communication system will enable end customers to monitor each battery in real time, providing information on energy input and output and current or voltage imbalances. The communication system will be able to communicate with up to 24 batteries in a bank at one time and aggregate the data received from these batteries into a central system such as a phone or tablet. We began offering the Dragonfly IntelLigence product line to OEMs in the third quarter of 2024, and to retail consumers in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Alternator Regulation

Charging batteries in a vehicle, such as a boat or RV, often requires pulling electrical current off of the vehicle’s alternator. Alternator regulation is important to ensure that the alternator does not get unduly stressed during the current delivery to the batteries, and that the current delivery remains within the operating limits of the onboard battery bank. The acquisition of the assets of Wakespeed has allowed us to deliver our own proprietary solution to alternator regulation while also leveraging an established brand name. Wakespeed is especially popular in the marine industry, and our ability to offer this complete solution sets the stage for further penetration into marine markets.

Product Pipeline

Beyond our current battery modules, we have several LFP products in development that will enable us to access additional end markets.

• New Products. Our current offerings feature battery products that serve the RV, marine vessel and off-grid markets. Although manufacturing operations were previously capacity constrained the expansion into our new manufacturing facility will allow us to add production capacity and increase product offerings and scale based on demand.
• The majority of our current batteries are 12 volt batteries, which provide 100 amp hours of energy and are an affordable solution to customers utilizing smaller or lower power applications. The smaller stature and drop-in replacement nature of these batteries have made these popular within the RV and marine vessel markets. Through the expansion of our 12 voltage battery product offerings, we will be able to penetrate further into additional applications including towable RVs, truck campers and trolling motors for small boats.

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• We also offer 24 voltage batteries, which currently deliver 50 amp hours, and plan to further expand our 24 voltage battery offerings to provide additional drop-in replacements for AGM batteries. A single 24 voltage battery is more efficient than two 12 voltage batteries due to the ability to power directly from the source without sacrificing power through cables and connectors. This attractive power source is ideal for off-grid housing, telecommunication, solar, marine and motorized home markets, providing enhanced power to larger scale applications. A vast majority of telecommunication cell sites utilize 24 voltage batteries, greatly expanding our addressable market.
• We intend to expand our portfolio of 48 volt battery systems designed to improve efficiency and support larger-scale energy storage applications. These systems are expected to incorporate our Dragonfly IntelLigence platform to enable system monitoring, control, and performance optimization. These higher-voltage solutions are well-suited for applications requiring greater power capacity, including mobile, off-grid, and industrial use cases.
• System Integrator. A natural evolution of our business is to offer customers a system integration solution providing more efficient power solutions at a cost-effective price point. We currently offer components and accessories necessary to build out complete lithium power systems, including solar panels, chargers and inverters, system monitoring, Wakespeed’s alternator regulators, accessories, and more. We have an in-house expert customer service team that assists customers in fully integrating their applications to our technologies for a seamless transition to lithium-based energy storage systems. Through our evolving technology and the customized architecture and application of our products, we are able to offer customers a seamless transition to creating a centralized coordinated system.

Research and Development

Our research and development team has built up its efforts to support two main initiatives - (1) scale up of our patented dry electrode process for cell manufacturing and (2) the advanced manufacturing of solid-state lithium-ion batteries. We believe the dry electrode process can be leveraged to help us vertically integrate from a pack supplier to a cell supplier - positioning ourselves for long-term competitiveness in the given geopolitical, economic, and technological landscapes. Our innovations in dry electrode processing result in reduced manufacturing costs, CO2 equivalents, and factory footprint while eliminating the need for solvents like N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (“NMP”). A third-party assessment conducted by Sphere Energy confirming these benefits has been completed in the first quarter of 2024 relating to cost effectiveness and sustainability of our dry electrode battery manufacturing process (the “Sphere Energy Assessment”).

The Sphere Energy Assessment concluded that our dry electrode battery manufacturing process resulted in a 9% reduced carbon footprint of cell manufacturing with no toxic NMP solvent required, resulting in a significantly more sustainable process. This sustainability advantage is further augmented by a 71% reduction in energy usage during electrode manufacturing using our process (spray drying, coating, calendaring) compared to standard cell manufacturing operations (slurry casting, drying, calendaring). By removing the need for large and expensive drying ovens, our manufacturing process requires 22% less square footage. The culmination of these advantages results in a 25% reduction in emissions from energy use, making our manufacturing process more sustainable and much more environmentally friendly as compared to conventional manufacturing methods.

In addition to the energy savings, the cost assessment found our process to be highly cost-effective with an estimated 5% savings (depending on cell chemistry) on process-related costs compared to conventional methods. Importantly, these savings were calculated without the additional cost benefits provided by domestically manufacturing battery cells such as Inflation Reduction Act tax credits (issued by the IRS), tariffs, and shipping.

The dry electrode battery manufacturing process we employ uses a patented spray coating technology to adhere the anode and cathode electrodes, eliminating the need for large, energy-intensive equipment such as slurry coaters, conveyor dryers, and NMP processing equipment. This process is chemistry agnostic, allowing for the various applications, such as electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and energy storage, which is expected to enable us to expand into new markets and to achieve our goal of domestically producing nonflammable all-solid-state battery cells.

We have successfully produced anode and cathode electrode reels at scale using the dry electrode process and are now qualifying prototype cells for the core business and potential partners. When compared to slurry cast electrode tapes, which is the conventional manufacturing method, electrode tapes produced using the dry electrode process match or surpass mechanical integrity and electrochemical performance. We are considering joint development agreements, licensing agreements, and offtake agreements as instruments of partnership with interested parties.

In comparison with traditional manufacturing methods, our patented process leverages two off-the-shelf technologies to deliver the stated cell manufacturing benefits - spray drying and electrostatic powder coating. Technical risk is reduced by using off-the-shelf equipment and both unit operations continue to be optimized in 2025. A new set of spray dryers have arrived at our facility in the second quarter of 2024, enabling us to produce larger volumes of material for the electrode coating lines. However, we have delayed the deployment of these spray dryers until at least the third quarter of 2027 as we focus on designing larger-scale electrode coating equipment.

We have developed our patented to be chemistry agnostic and capable of producing current cell chemistries (graphite, LCO, LFP, LTO, NCA, NMC, LTO, silicon, etc.) and next generation cell chemistries (sodium-ion, solid-state, ionic liquid electrolytes, etc.). We believe this flexibility and our robust intellectual property protection internationally positions us well for potential partnerships with cell manufacturers, EV companies, and other pack suppliers in need of cell capacity. The next stage in technical development is to produce larger volumes of sample cells for qualification. These production runs will be completed with partners in the United States and at our own facilities. We have invested significant resources into developing an in-house comprehensive understanding of cell manufacturing - raw material qualification, quality control such as, cell failure diagnostics, aging, and formation processes. Our research and development Lab is equipped with over $20 million in research infrastructure to support the development of new cell chemistries, process quality control, failure diagnostics, and more. This equipment includes quality control instruments (ex. moisture analysis, particle size analysis, peel testing and titrations) and cutting-edge research instrumentation such as en operando nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”), electron microscopes with lithium-tracking capabilities, and en operando x-ray diffraction. This infrastructure has allowed us to optimize the dry-electrode process, allowing our team to match or surpass traditional electrode tape performance and mechanical integrity. Because our process is dry and the active material is coated directly onto the current collector, interfacial and composite resistivity of the electrode tapes often surpass the quality of slurry cast equivalents.

Our solid-state technology continues to progress as we qualify new chemistries and refine the dry electrode process for solid-state applications. Currently, we are cycling solid-state coin cells, although we have delayed the production of prototype pouch cells until at least the beginning of 2027. These cell chemistries are nonflammable, solid-state, and an LFP/graphite cell chemistry. We believe these cells will be a pivotal technology in grid storage applications once fully deployed. We intend to integrate our conventional and solid-state cells produced using our dry-electrode process into the existing Dragonfly Energy and Battle Born Batteries product portfolios.

Headquarters, Manufacturing, and Production

On February 8, 2022, we entered into a 124-month lease for an additional 390,240 square foot warehouse. In November 2024, we relocated our headquarters from our 99,000 square foot facility in Reno, Nevada to our new 390,240 square foot facility also in Reno, Nevada, which has allowed us to increase our production capacity and gives us the ability to increase sales to existing customers and penetrate new markets. Our 390,240 square foot facility provides a streamlined, partially autonomous production process for our current batteries, which comprises module assembly and battery assembly, with the availability to expand the number of lines to handle increased volumes and the additional battery modules we intend to introduce in the near future. We do not own any real estate property. We currently have four production lines. We continue to have the capability to expand our production volumes and line quantities to support increased volumes of new products we intend to introduce soon.

Our manufacturing process is divided into two aspects - (1) module assembly and (2) battery assembly. We use a combination of trained employees and automated processes to increase production capacity and lower costs while maintaining the same level of quality our customers expect from our products. Module assembly is a significantly automated process, implementing custom-designed equipment and systems to suit our production needs. This includes cycling of individual cells to detect faulty components and to enable sorting by capacity. Our custom-designed automated welders spot weld individual cells that are assembled into specified module jigs based on the desired amp hour. Completed modules are then fully discharged, recharged fully, and sorted by capacity. Battery assembly is performed largely by hand by our trained employees, although we continue to look for innovative ways to integrate automation into this process. Our proprietary battery management system is thoroughly tested for quality cutoffs, then mounted onto individual modules, before the modules are bolted into its casing. We aim to automate the battery management system testing and installation process, which we expect could increase production capacity fourfold. We are currently implementing an automated process for the gluing and sealing process, which would incorporate a two-robot system for gluing and epoxying, as well as a glue pallet system to move finished batteries. After the assembled batteries are tested and sealed, they are processed for outbound distribution.

Supplier Relationships

We have a well-established, global supply chain that underlies the sourcing of the components for our products, although we source domestically wherever possible. We aim to maintain approximately six months’ worth of all components, other than cells, which we pre-order in advance for the year to ensure adequate supply. For nearly all of our components, other than our battery management system, we ensure that we have alternative suppliers available. Our battery management system is sourced from a single supplier based in China who we have a nearly 10-year relationship with and who manufactures this component exclusively for us based on our proprietary design. Our cells are sourced from two different, carefully selected cell manufacturers in China who are able to meet our demanding quality standards. As a result of our long-standing relationships with these suppliers, we are able to source LFP cells on favorable terms and within reasonable lead-times.

As we look toward the production of our traditional and solid-state cells, we have signed a Commercial Offtake Agreement with a lithium mining company and a lithium recycling company, both located in Nevada for the supply of lithium.

Customers; RV OEM Strategic Arrangements

We currently serve more than 23,000 customers in North America. Our existing customers consist of leading OEMs (such as Keystone, THOR, REV Group and Airstream); distributors (who purchase large quantities of batteries from us and sell to consumers); upfitters (who augment or customize vehicles for specific needs); and retail customers (who purchase from us directly). For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, OEM sales represented 63.0% and 54.5% of our total revenues, respectively.

We have deep, long-standing relationships with many of our customers. We also have a diverse customer base, with our top 10 customers accounting for 57.5% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2025, in which only two customers accounted for more than 10% of our revenue. Our customers primarily utilize our products for RVs, marine vessels and off-grid residences. We work directly with OEMs to ensure compatibility with existing designs and also collaborate on custom designs for new applications.

The RV market is characterized by low barriers to entry. In North America, there are two large publicly traded RV companies, THOR Industries and REV Group, in addition to a number of independent RV OEMs. THOR and REV each own a number well-known RV OEM brands and their related companies. These brands compete on a number of factors such as format (e.g., motorized or towable), price, design, value, quality and service. On November 19, 2021, we entered into a long-term Manufacturing Supply Agreement with Keystone, a member of the THOR group and the largest towable RV OEM in North America (the “Supply Agreement”). Under the Supply Agreement, we will be the exclusive supplier to Keystone for certain of its future LFP battery requirements, solidifying our long standing relationship with Keystone.

In July 2022, we strengthened our ties with the THOR group of RV OEMs when (i) THOR Industries made a $15,000,000 strategic investment in us and (ii) we agreed to enter into a future, mutually agreed distribution arrangement and joint IP development arrangement. This arrangement helps facilitate our ongoing efforts to drive adoption of our products (leveraging the trend of LFP batteries increasingly replacing lead-acid batteries) by, among other things, increasing the number of RV OEMs that “design in” our batteries as original equipment and entering into arrangements with members of the various OEM dealer networks to stock our batteries for service and for aftermarket replacement sales. Once the distribution agreement has been negotiated and signed, during a to-be-agreed transition period, we will use commercially reasonable efforts to cease marketing and selling our products to other RV OEMs and suppliers to RV OEMs in North America. Although the full distribution agreement with THOR has not been executed and is subject to negotiation in the future, its terms are expected to include: (i) an initial term of 24 months, which THOR may renew for successive one-year periods; (ii) a requirement that we be the sole provider of lithium-ion batteries to the US-based THOR family of companies for THOR sales in the United States, subject to agreed exceptions; (iii) favored pricing for products and negotiated rebates or other incentives; (iv) a requirement that THOR and its North American OEMs be our exclusive RV OEM customers for our products in North America, subject to agreed exceptions; and (v) agreeable terms with respect to registered and unregistered intellectual property rights and technology rights (which do not include our existing intellectual property, including our solid-state battery technologies and related IP rights), including necessary licenses between the parties, third party licenses, and allocation of ownership of any intellectual property rights and/or technology rights developed as a result of development efforts jointly undertaken between THOR and us, subject to certain limitations.

We continue to seek to grow our customer base within our existing segments; however, we also believe that our products are well suited to address the needs in additional segments, including residential, commercial and/or industrial standby power, long-haul trucking, industrial vehicles (such as forklifts, material handling equipment and compact construction equipment) and specialty vehicles (such as emergency vehicles, utility vehicles and municipal vehicles) and we will seek to expand our market share in these segments in the future.

Sales and Marketing

Our proven sales and marketing strategy has allowed us to penetrate our current end markets efficiently. We have established a highly efficient sales and marketing strategy, to penetrate targeted end markets and ensuring prominent visibility for our Battle Born Batteries and Wakespeed brands. We prioritize educating our customer base about the benefits of LFP batteries as a superior investment compared to traditional lead-acid options. Informational videos published on our website and social media platforms highlight these advantages, complemented by written guides that assist customers in configuring, installing, and utilizing battery systems and accessories. This messaging is further reinforced through our active presence at tradeshows, live webinars, and other in-person training events with dealers and customers, fostering direct engagement and ensuring comprehensive product understanding. Participation in these events fosters strong relationships with both OEMs and retail customers, keeping us attuned to evolving preferences. By leveraging this customer feedback, we collaborate with major OEMs to design solutions tailored to new and existing applications.

Additionally, we foster relationships with key industry publications, securing valuable editorial coverage that showcases our innovative power solutions and how they are used. We believe these strategic collaborations position our brands as industry leaders within our markets and to the general public as a whole, further strengthening brand awareness and consumer confidence.

We also leverage targeted pay-per-click advertising campaigns across various platforms, including search engines, and social media. This data driven approach ensures efficient conversion of high-intent customers at the bottom of the purchase funnel, maximizing return on investment and driving targeted brand awareness among potential buyers.

Direct relationships with retail customers remain a core value. Our user-friendly website facilitates direct purchases of Battle Born Batteries and Wakespeed products, along with well-known third-party components, allowing customers to explore and acquire complete system solutions in one convenient location. Furthermore, a dedicated team of in-house experts provides comprehensive sales, technical, and service support to ensure our valued customers receive exceptional care and expertise.

Competition

The energy storage market is highly competitive, with traditional lead-acid batteries still dominating. However, lithium-ion adoption continues to grow as customers seek better performance and longer lifespans. We compete with traditional lead-acid manufacturers and distributers, such as East Penn, Trojan, and Interstate and companies importing and white-labeling low-cost lithium products. This influx of inexpensive overseas batteries has intensified price competition. We believe our products stand out through American design and assembly, premium components, superior customer service, and full system design capabilities. Our batteries are lighter and longer-lasting compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, and easy to install as direct replacements for lead-acid batteries. Proprietary technologies, including advanced battery management systems, integrated heat capabilities, and intelligent battery communication, ensure reliable, high-performance energy storage as compared to traditional lead-acid batteries and other lithium-ion products.

With regard to solid-state technology, we have two main competitors, QuantumScape and Solid Power. While both of these competitors are focused on the development of solid-state technology for use in the propulsion of electric vehicles, we are focused on power storage applications, which has different requirements. We believe that our proprietary processes, systems and materials provide us with a significant competitive advantage in developing a fully solid-state, non-toxic and highly cost-effective energy solution.

As our solid-state technology comes to fruition and we begin to commercialize this product, we intend to become a vertically integrated battery company, internalizing all aspects of the manufacturing and assembly process. This is comparable to companies such as Tesla, BYD Limited and Li-Cycle. Our solid-state technology will also enable us to further penetrate the energy storage market, and we expect to compete with technology-focused energy storage companies such as EOS Energy, ESS and STEM.

Intellectual Property

The success of our business and our technology leadership is supported by our proprietary battery technology. We have received patents and filed patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions to provide protection for our technology. We rely upon a combination of patent, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements and other contractual protections, to establish, maintain and enforce rights in our proprietary technologies. In addition, we seek to protect our intellectual property rights through non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and through non-disclosure agreements with business partners and other third parties.

As of December 31, 2025, we owned 50 issued patents and 38 filed and pending patent applications. The pending patent applications are down from prior year since we abandoned 9 that were no longer useful. The patents and patent applications cover the United States, Canada, Australia, Korea, Japan, India, China, and Europe (with individual patents in Germany, France and the United Kingdom). We periodically review and update our patent portfolio to protect our products and newly developed technologies. Currently, we have a combination of issued patents and pending patent applications covering the ornamental design of our GC2 and GC3 batteries, a device and method for monitoring battery systems, pre-coated solid-state electrolyte and electroactive powders and their methods of manufacture, methods and systems for the dry spray deposition of materials in an electrochemical cell; a thermal fuse; battery systems implementing a mesh network communication protocol; a power charging system for use during towing of a vehicle; and a power charging system with temperature based charging control. These patents are expected to have expired or expire between May 2033 and 2043, absent any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We periodically review our development efforts to assess the existence and patentability of new intellectual property. We pursue the registration of our domain names and trademarks and service marks in the United States and other jurisdictions.

In an effort to protect our brand, as of December 31, 2025, we owned 41 trademarks globally. Dragonfly owns 18 trademark registrations to cover our house marks in the United States, including 8 registered trademarks for our design marks in the United States and we have 23 registered trademarks internationally.

Government Regulation and Compliance

We currently operate from a dedicated leased manufacturing facility located in Reno, Nevada as well as a leased R&D facility in Sparks, Nevada. We have never owned any facility at which we operated. Operations at our facilities are subject to a variety of environmental, health and safety regulations, including those governing the generation, handling, storage, use, transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials. To conduct our operations, we have to obtain environmental, health, and safety permits and registrations and prepare plans. We are subject to inspections and possible citations by federal, state, and local environmental, health, and safety regulators. In transit, lithium-ion batteries are subject to rules governing the transportation of “dangerous goods.” We have policies and programs in place to assure compliance with our obligations, such as policies relating to workplace safety, fire prevention, hazardous material management and other emergency action plans. We train our employees and conduct audits of our operations to assess our fulfillment of these policies.

We are also subject to laws imposing liability for the cleanup of releases of hazardous substances. Under the law, we can be liable even if we did not cause a release on real property that we lease. We believe we have taken commercially reasonable steps to avoid such liability with respect to our current leased facilities.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, we had 141 employees: 137 full-time, 1 part-time and 3 interns. We have adopted our Code of Ethics to support and protect our culture, and we strive to create a workplace culture in line with our values: “Tell the Truth,” “Be Fair,” “Keep Your Promises,” “Respect Individuals,” and “Encourage Intellectual Curiosity.” As part of our initiative to retain and develop our talent, we focus on these key areas:

• Safety - Employees are regularly educated in safety around their workspaces, and employees participate in volunteer roles on a safety committee, and in emergency readiness roles. We have a dedicated safety coordinator who tracks and measures our performance, and helps us benchmark our safety programs against our peers.
• Diversity, Equity & Inclusion - Our culture has benefitted from the diversity of our workforce from the very beginning. Inclusion and equity are “baked into the bricks” of our values, which our employees demonstrate every day. Our human resources department and all our corporate officers and directors have an open door policy, and are able to constructively communicate with employees to resolve issues when they arise.
• Collaboration - As we grow, opportunities for cross-functional collaboration are not as organic as they used to be. We have responded to that change by staying mindful and acting intentionally to gather cross-functional input on new initiatives and continuous improvement efforts.
• Continuous Improvement - We apply continuous improvement measures to processes as well as people. We encourage professional development of our employees, through ongoing learning, credentialing, and collaboration with their industry peers.

Attracting and retaining high quality talent at every level of our business is crucial to our continuing success. We have developed relationships with the University of Nevada Reno and the Nevada System of Higher Education to further our recruitment reach. We provide competitive compensation and benefits packages, including performance-based compensation that rewards individual and organizational achievements.

Recent Developments

In March 2026, we implemented a strategic cost realignment designed to reduce operating expenses, better align incentives with shareholders and sharpen our focus on our commercial channels, including OEM, trucking, and industrial end markets. We expect the initiative to generate approximately $8.9 million in annualized savings. Key elements of the initiative include:

• Board and Executive Leadership Compensation Adjustments: Each member of our executive leadership team and Board of Directors has agreed to reduce their cash compensation by approximately 20% for the remainder of fiscal 2026, effective April 1, 2026. In lieu of cash compensation, they have received equity-based incentives, aligning incentives with long-term shareholder value.
• Workforce and Compensation Adjustments: We have implemented a 20% reduction in total payroll expense through a combination of targeted workforce reductions and salary adjustments. Non-executive employees participating in salary reductions have received equity-based compensation.
• Reduction in Discretionary Spending: We are reducing discretionary spending, including a reduction in DTC-focused marketing expenses, as we shifts resources towards growing commercial revenues.
• Facility Consolidation: We are consolidating our rental space, which is expected to result in a $4.0 million reduction in expenses.

Corporate Information

In October 2022, we completed the merger in connection with our business combination. On March 31, 2023, we changed our state of incorporation from the State of Delaware to the State of Nevada (the “Reincorporation”) pursuant to a plan of conversion dated March 30, 2023.The mailing address of our principal executive office is 12915 Old Virginia Road, Reno, Nevada 89521, and our telephone number is (775) 622-3448.

On December 18, 2025, we effected a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock at a ratio of 1-for-10 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Shares of common stock underlying outstanding stock options and other equity instruments convertible into common stock were proportionately reduced and the respective exercise prices, if applicable, were proportionately increased in accordance with the terms of the agreements governing such securities in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. The Company paid cash in lieu of any fractional shares to which a stockholder of record was otherwise entitled as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All of our historical share and per share information related to issued and outstanding common stock and outstanding options and warrants exercisable for common stock included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus have been adjusted, on a retroactive basis, to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.

We file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports, proxy statements and other information may be obtained, free of charge, by visiting the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov) that contains all of the reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that we electronically file or furnish to the SEC. We also maintain a website at www.dragonflyenergy.com (http://www.dragonflyenergy.com) where we make available the proxy statements, press releases, registration statements and reports on Forms 3, 4, 8-K, 10-K and 10-Q that we (and in the case of Section 16 reports, our insiders) file with the SEC. These forms are made available as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Press releases are also issued via electronic transmission to provide access to our financial and product news, and we provide notification of and access to voice and internet broadcasts of our quarterly and annual results. Our website also includes investor presentations and corporate governance materials.

An investment in our common stock is speculative and illiquid and involves a high degree of risk including the risk of a loss of your entire investment. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information contained in this report and our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The risks set forth below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties may exist that could also adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually materialize, our business, financial condition and/or operations could suffer. In such event, the value of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or a substantial portion of the money that you pay for our common stock.

Summary of Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Existing Lithium-Ion Battery Operations

• Our business and future growth depends on the needs and success of our customers.
• We operate in a competitive industry. We expect that the level of competition will increase and the nature of our competitors will change as we develop new LFP battery products for, and enter into, new markets, and as the competitive landscape evolves.
• We may not succeed in our medium- and long-term strategy of entering into new end markets for LFP batteries and our success depends, in part, on our ability to successfully develop and manufacture new products for, and acquire customers in, these new markets and successfully grow our operations and production capabilities (including, in time, our ability to manufacture solid-state cells in-house).
• We currently rely on two suppliers to provide our LFP cells and a single supplier for the manufacture of our battery management system. Any disruption in the operations of these key suppliers could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
• We are currently, and likely will continue to be, dependent on a single manufacturing facility. If our facility becomes inoperable for any reason, or our automation and expansion plans do not yield the desired effects, our ability to produce our products could be negatively impacted.

Risks Related to Our Solid-State Technology Development

• We face significant engineering challenges in our attempts to develop and manufacture solid-state battery cells and these efforts may be delayed or fail which could negatively impact our business.
• We expect to make significant investments in our continued research and development of solid-state battery technology development, and we may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with manufacturing our solid-state battery cells.
• If our solid-state batteries fail to perform as expected, our ability to further develop, market and sell our solid-state batteries could be harmed.

Risks Related to Supply chain and Third-Party Vendors

• We rely on components and other inputs that are sourced from a variety of domestic and international vendors.
• We rely on long-term relationships with our suppliers but have not significant long-term contracts with such suppliers.
• Our future success will depend in large measure upon our ability to maintain our existing supplier relationships and/or develop new ones.
• This reliance exposes us to the risk of inadequate and untimely supplies of various products due to political, economic, social, health, or environmental conditions, transportation delays, or changes in laws and regulations affecting distribution.
• Our vendors may be forced to reduce their production, shut down their operations or file for bankruptcy protection, which could make it difficult for us to serve the market needs and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

• We rely heavily upon our intellectual property portfolio. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
• We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.

General Risk Factors

• The uncertainty in global and macroeconomic conditions, including economic, political and socials instability, could reduce consumer spending and disrupt our supply chain which could negatively affect our results of operations.
• The loss of one or more members of our senior management team, other key personnel or our failure to attract additional qualified personnel may adversely affect our business and our ability to achieve our anticipated level of growth.
• If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of customer service, or adequately address competitive challenges.
• Changes in applicable laws or regulations could impact our operations, including changes in the rates of tariffs or any adjustments to the amounts payable by us to customs as a result of improperly identifying the applicable tariff rate payable on our products.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

• We will continue to incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
• Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements related our ability to continue as a going concern

• We, as well as our independent registered public accounting firm, have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
• Our business is capital intensive, and we may not be able to raise additional capital on attractive terms, if at all. Any further indebtedness we incur may limit our operational flexibility in the future.
• Our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness and comply with the financial covenants in our loan agreement, the failure of which could allow our lenders to accelerate payment under our loan agreement, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate and could require us, among other things, to reduce operations, sell off our assets, seek the protection of bankruptcy courts or shut down our operations and dissolve.
• Restrictions imposed by our outstanding indebtedness and any future indebtedness may limit our ability to operate our business and to finance our future operations or capital needs or to engage in acquisitions or other business activities necessary to achieve growth.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

• If we do not continue to meet the Nasdaq Stock Market continued listing standards our common stock and Public Warrants may be delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market;
• Future issuances of debt securities and equity securities may adversely affect us and may be dilutive to existing stockholders.
• We may issue additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of your shares.

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Risks Related to Our Existing Lithium-Ion Battery Operations

Our business and future growth depends on the needs and success of our OEM’s and similar customers.

The demand for our products, including sales to OEMs, ultimately depends on consumers in our current end markets (primarily owners of RVs, marine vessels and off-grid residences). The performance and growth of these markets is impacted by numerous factors, including macro-economic conditions, consumer spending, travel restrictions, fuel costs and energy demands (including an increasing trend towards the use of green energy). Increases or decreases in these variables may significantly impact the demand for our products. If we fail to accurately predict demand, we may be unable to meet our customers’ needs, resulting in the loss of potential sales, or we may produce excess products, resulting in increased inventory and overcapacity in our production facilities, increasing our unit production cost and decreasing our operating margins.

An increasing proportion of our revenue has been and is expected to continue to be derived from sales to RV OEMs. Our RV OEM sales have been on a purchase order basis, without firm revenue commitments, and we expect that this will likely continue to be the case. For example, under our Supply Agreement with Keystone RV Company, or Keystone, the largest manufacturer of towable RVs in North America, Keystone has agreed to fulfill certain of its LFP battery requirements exclusively through us for at least one year, with automatic annual renewals. However, although in time we expect Keystone to be significant contributor to our projected growth in RV OEM battery sales, this arrangement may not deliver the anticipated benefits, as there are no firm purchase commitments, sales will continue to be made on a purchase order basis, Keystone is permitted to purchase other LFP batteries from third parties and this arrangement may not be renewed. Increased overall RV OEM sales in the future may not materialize as expected or at all and we may fail to achieve our targeted sales levels. Future RV OEM sales are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the number of RVs that these OEMs manufacture and sell (which can be impacted by a variety of events including those disrupting our OEM customers’ operations due to supply chain disruptions or labor constraints); the degree to which our OEM customers incorporate/design-in our batteries into their RV product lines and renew our supply agreements; the extent to which RV owners, if applicable, opt to purchase our batteries upon initial purchase of their RV or in the aftermarket; and our continued ability to successfully develop and introduce reliable and cost-effective batteries meeting evolving industry standards and customer specifications and preferences. Our failure to adequately address any of these risks may result in lost sales which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our near-term growth depends, in part, on the continued growth of the end markets in which we currently operate. According to third-party industry data, the global recreational vehicle market was approximately $62.9 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to approximately $168.3 billion by 2033. However, these markets may not grow as expected or at all, and we may be unable to maintain existing customers and/or attract new customers in these markets. Our failure to maintain or expand our share of these markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to engage target customers successfully and convert these customers into meaningful orders in the future.

Our success, and our ability to increase sales and operate profitably, depends on our ability to identify target customers and convert these customers into meaningful orders, as well as our continued development of existing customer relationships. Although we have developed a multi-pronged sales and marketing strategy to penetrate our end markets and reach a range of customers, this strategy may not continue to be effective in reaching or converting target customers into orders, or as we expand into additional markets. Recently, we have also dedicated more resources to developing relationships with certain key RV OEMs, such as Keystone, which we aim to convert into collaborations on custom designs and/or long-term contractual arrangements. We may be unable to convert these relationships into meaningful orders or renew these arrangements going forward, which may require us to expend additional cost and management resources to engage other target customers.

Our sales to any future or current customers may decrease for reasons outside our control, including loss of market share by customers to whom we supply products, reduced or delayed customer requirements, supply and/or manufacturing issues affecting production, reputational harm or continued price reductions. Furthermore, in order to attract and convert customers we must continue to develop batteries that address our current and future customers’ needs. Our failure to achieve any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a competitive industry. We expect that the level of competition will increase and the nature of our competitors will change as we develop new LFP battery products for, and enter into, new markets, and as the competitive landscape evolves. These competitive and other factors could result in lost potential sales and lower average selling prices and profitability for our products.

We compete with traditional lead-acid battery manufacturers and lithium-ion battery manufacturers, who primarily either import their products or components or manufacture products under a private label. As we continue to expand into new markets, develop new products and move towards production of our solid-state cells, we will experience competition with a wider range of companies. These include companies focused on solid-state cell production, vertically integrated energy companies and other technology-focused energy storage companies. We believe our main competitive advantage in displacing incumbent lead-acid batteries is that we produce a lighter, safer, higher performing, cost-effective battery with a longer lifespan. We believe our go-to-market strategy, established brands, proven reliability and relationships with OEMs and end consumers both (i) enable us to compete effectively against other battery manufacturers and (ii) position us favorably to expand into new addressable markets. However, OEM sales typically result in lower average selling prices and related margins, which could result in overall margin erosion, affect our growth or require us to raise our prices. As a result, we may be unable to maintain this competitive advantage given the rapidly developing nature of the industry in which we operate.

Our current competitors have, and future competitors may have, greater resources than we do. Our competitors may be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies. These competitors may also be able to devote greater resources to sales and marketing efforts, affording them greater access to customers, and may be able to establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their competitive positioning. In addition, foreign producers may be able to employ labor at significantly lower costs than producers in the United States, expand their export capacity and increase their marketing presence in our major end markets. We expect actual and potential competitors to continue their efforts to develop alternative battery technologies and introduce new products with more desirable, attractive features. These new technologies and products may be introduced sooner than our offerings and could gain greater market acceptance. Although we believe we are a leader in developing solid-state battery technology (particularly for energy storage applications) new competitors may emerge, alternative approaches to solid-state battery technology may be developed and competitors may seek to market solid-state battery technologies better suited for other applications such as EV’s to our target markets.

Additional competitive and other factors may result in lost sales opportunities and declines in average sales prices and overall product profitability. These include rapidly evolving technologies, industry standards, economic conditions and end-customer preferences. Our failure to adapt to or address these factors as they arise could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not succeed in our medium- and long-term strategy of entering into new end markets for LFP batteries and our success depends, in part, on our ability to successfully develop and manufacture new products for, and acquire customers in, these new markets and successfully grow our operations and production capabilities (including, in time, our ability to manufacture solid-state cells in-house).

Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to expand into additional end markets identified by us as opportunities for our LFP batteries. These markets include heavy-duty trucking, industrial solar integration, specialty and work vehicles, material handling, rail, and emergency and standby power in the medium term, and data centers, telecom and distributed on-grid storage in the longer term. Our ability to expand into these markets depends on a number of factors, including the continued growth of these markets, having sufficient capital to expand our product offerings (including in the longer term batteries incorporating, once developed, our solid-state cells) and manufacturing capacity, developing products adapted to customer needs and preferences in these markets, our successful expansion of our manufacturing capabilities in order to meet customer demand, our ability to identify and convert potential customers within these markets and our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to assist in these efforts. Although we intend to devote resources and management time to understanding these new markets, we may face difficulties in understanding and accurately predicting the demographics, preferences and purchasing habits of customers and consumers in these markets. If we fail to execute on our growth strategies in accordance with our expectations, our sales growth would be limited to the growth of existing products and existing end markets, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, if we are unable to manage the growth of our operations effectively to match the growth in sales, we may incur unexpected expenses and be unable to meet our customers’ requirements, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. A key component of our growth strategy is the expansion and automation of our manufacturing sales capacity to address expected growing product demand and to accommodate our production of solid-state cells at scale. We have experienced supply delays in obtaining the necessary components to implement our automated adhesive application systems, as well as our pilot production line for our solid-state cells, and we may continue to experience component shortages in the future, which may negatively impact our ability to achieve these aspects of our growth strategy on time or at all. The costs of our expansion and automation efforts may be greater than expected, and we may fail to achieve anticipated cost efficiencies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We must also attract, train and retain a significant number of skilled employees, including engineers, sales and marketing personnel, customer support personnel and management, and the availability of such personnel may be constrained. Failure to effectively manage our growth could also lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development and operations; result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems or controls; give rise to operational mistakes, financial losses, loss of productivity or business opportunities; and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently rely on two suppliers to provide our LFP cells and a single supplier for the manufacture of our battery management system. Any disruption in the operations of these key suppliers could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We currently rely on two carefully selected cell manufacturers located in China, and a single supplier, also located in China, to manufacture our proprietary battery management system, and we intend to continue to rely on these suppliers going forward.

Our dependence on a limited number of key third-party suppliers exposes us to challenges and risks in ensuring that we maintain adequate supplies required to produce our LFP batteries. Although we carefully manage our inventory and lead-times, we may experience a delay or disruption in our supply chain and/or our current suppliers may not continue to provide us with LFP cells or our battery management systems in our required quantities or to our required specifications and quality levels or at attractive prices. Our close working relationships with our China-based LFP cell suppliers to-date, reflected in our ability to increase our purchase order volumes (qualifying us for related volume-based discounts) and to order and receive delivery of cells in advance of required demand, has helped us moderate or offset increased supply-related costs associated with inflation, currency fluctuations and tariffs imposed on our battery cell imports by the U.S. government and avoid potential shipment delays. If we are unable to enter into or maintain commercial agreements with these suppliers on favorable terms, or if any of these suppliers experience unanticipated delays, disruptions or shutdowns or other difficulties ramping up their supply of products or materials to meet our requirements, our manufacturing operations and customer deliveries would be seriously impacted, potentially resulting in liquidated damages and harm to our customer relationships. Although we believe we could locate alternative suppliers to fulfill our needs, we may be unable to find a sufficient alternative supply in a reasonable time or on commercially reasonable terms.

Further, our dependence on these third-party suppliers entails additional risks, including:

• inability, failure or unwillingness of third-party suppliers to comply with regulatory requirements;
• breach of supply agreements by the third-party suppliers;
• misappropriation or disclosure of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how;
• relationships that third-party suppliers may have with others, which may include our competitors, and failure of third-party suppliers to adequately fulfill contractual duties, resulting in the need to enter into alternative arrangements, which may not be available, desirable or cost-effective; and
• termination or nonrenewal of agreements by third-party suppliers at times that are costly or inconvenient for us.

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We may not be able to accurately estimate future demand for our LFP batteries, and our failure to accurately predict our production requirements could result in additional costs or delays.

We seek to maintain approximately a six-month supply of LFP cells and other critical components by pre-ordering in advance of expected demand. However, our business and customer product demand is impacted by trends and factors that may be outside our control. Therefore, our ability to predict our manufacturing requirements is subject to inherent uncertainty. Lead times for materials and components that our suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of our batteries to our customers could be delayed, would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

To meet our delivery deadlines, we generally make significant decisions on our production level and timing, procurement, facility requirements, personnel needs and other resources requirements based on our estimate of demand, our past dealings with such customers, economic conditions and other relevant factors. Although we monitor our slow-moving inventory, if customer demand declines significantly, we may have excess inventory which could result in unprofitable sales or write-offs. Expediting additional material to make up for any shortages within a short time frame could result in increased costs and a delay in meeting orders, which would result in lower profits and negatively impact our reputation. In either case, our results of operations would fluctuate from period to period.

In addition, certain of our competitors may have long-standing relationships with suppliers, which may provide them with a competitive pricing advantage for components and reduce their exposure to volatile raw material costs, including due to inflation. As a result, we may face market-driven downward pricing pressures in the future, which may run counter to the cost of the components required to produce our products. During 2022 in particular, we experienced rising materials costs due to inflation, which we partially mitigated through increases in our product prices, where we thought it to be prudent. Our customers may not view this favorably and expect us to cut our costs further and/or to lower the price of our products. We may be unable to increase our sales volumes to offset lower prices (if we choose to implement lower prices), develop new or enhanced products with higher selling prices or margins, or reduce our costs to levels enabling us to remain competitive. Our failure to accomplish any of the foregoing could have a negative impact on our profitability and our business, financial condition and results of operations may ultimately be materially adversely affected.

We are currently dependent on one manufacturing facility. If our facility becomes inoperable for any reason, or our automation and expansion plans do not yield the desired effects, our ability to produce our products could be negatively impacted.

All of our battery assembly currently takes place at our 390,240 square foot headquarters and manufacturing facility located in Reno, Nevada. We currently operate three LFP battery production lines, which has been sufficient to meet customer demand. If one or several production lines were to become inoperable for any period of time, we would face delays in meeting orders, which could prevent us from meeting demand or require us to incur unplanned costs, including capital expenditures.

Our facilities may be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including earthquakes, flooding, fire and power outages, utility and transportation infrastructure disruptions, acts of war or terrorism, or by public health crises, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to manufacture our products for an extended period of time. The inability to produce our products or the backlog that could develop if our manufacturing facility is inoperable for even a short period of time may result in increased costs, harm to our reputation, a loss of customers or a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Although we maintain property damage and business interruption insurance, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

Over the next several years we plan to automate additional aspects of existing LFP battery production lines, add additional LFP battery production lines (as required) and construct and operate a pilot production line for our solid-state cells, all designed to maximize the capacity of our manufacturing facility. In November 2024, we relocated our headquarters and production lines to a 390,240 square foot facility. Our plans for automation and expansion may experience delays, incur additional costs or cause disruption to our existing production lines. For example, we have experienced supply delays in obtaining the necessary components to implement our automated adhesive application systems, as well as our pilot production line for our solid-state cells, and we may continue to experience component shortages in the future. The costs to successfully achieve our expansion and automation goals may be greater than we expect, and we may fail to achieve our anticipated cost efficiencies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, while we are generally responsible for delivering products to the customer, we do not maintain our own fleet of delivery vehicles and outsource this function to third parties. Any shortages in trucking capacity, any increase in the cost thereof or any other disruption to the highway systems could limit our ability to deliver our products in a timely manner or at all.

Lithium-ion battery cells have been observed to catch fire or release smoke and flame, which may have a negative impact on our reputation and business.

Our LFP batteries use lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material for lithium-ion cells. LFP is intrinsically safer than other battery technologies due to its thermal and chemical stability and LFP batteries are less flammable than lead-acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries using different chemistries. On rare occasions, however, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by releasing smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials and other lithium-ion cells. This faulty result could subject us to lawsuits, product recalls, or redesign efforts, all of which would be time consuming and expensive. Further, negative public perceptions regarding the suitability or safety of lithium-ion cells or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells, such as a vehicle or other fire, even if such incident does not involve our products, could seriously harm our business and reputation.

To facilitate an uninterrupted supply of battery cells, we store a significant number of lithium-ion cells at our facility. While we have implemented enhanced safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, any mishandling, other safety issue or fire related to the cells could disrupt our operations. In addition, any accident, whether occurring at our manufacturing facility or from the use of our batteries, may result in significant production interruption, delays or claims for substantial damages caused by personal injuries or property damage. Such damage or injury could lead to adverse publicity and potentially a product recall, which could have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently are and may in the future be subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

Product liability claims, even those without merit or that do not involve our products, could result in adverse publicity or damage to our brand, decreased partner and end-customer demand, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The occurrence of any defects in our products could make us liable for damages and legal claims. In addition, we could incur significant costs to correct such issues, potentially including product recalls. We face an inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event that our products do not perform or are claimed not to have performed as expected. We also face risk of exposure to claims because our products may be installed on vehicles (including RVs and marine vessels) that may be involved in crashes or may not perform as expected resulting in death, personal injury or property damage. Liability claims may result in litigation, the occurrence of which could be costly, lengthy and distracting and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the future, we may voluntarily or involuntarily initiate a recall if any products prove to be defective or non-compliant with then-applicable safety standards. Such recalls may involve significant expense and diversion of management attention and other resources, which could damage our brand image in our target end markets, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. While we maintain product liability insurance, the insurance that we carry may not be sufficient or it may not apply to all situations. Moreover, a product liability claim against us or our competitors could generate substantial negative publicity about our products and business and could have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently rely on software and hardware that is complex and technical, and we expect that our reliance will increase in the future with the introduction of future products. If we are unable to manage the risks inherent in these complex technologies, or if we are unable to address or mitigate technical limitations in our systems, our business could be adversely affected.

Each of our batteries include our proprietary battery management system, which relies on software and hardware manufactured by third parties that is complex and technical. In addition, Dragonfly IntelLigence, our battery communications system which we launched in the first quarter 2023, utilizes third-party software and hardware to store, retrieve, process and manage data. The software and hardware utilized in these systems may contain errors, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects, which may be difficult to detect and/or manage. Although we attempt to remedy any issues that we observe in our products as effectively and rapidly as possible, such efforts may not be timely, may hamper production, or may not be to the satisfaction of our customers. If we are unable to prevent or effectively remedy errors, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects in the software and hardware that we use, we may suffer damage to our brand, loss of customers, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Solid-State Technology Development

We face significant engineering challenges in our attempts to develop and manufacture solid-state battery cells and these efforts may be delayed or fail which could reduce consumer spending which could negatively impact our business.

Our solid-state battery development efforts are still ongoing, and we may fail to meet our goal of commercially selling LFP batteries incorporating our manufactured solid-state cells, or at all. We may encounter delays in the design, manufacture and launch of our solid-state battery cells, and in increasing production to scale.

Development and engineering challenges could delay or prevent our production of solid-state battery cells. These difficulties may arise in connection with current and future efforts to optimize the chemistry or physical structure of our solid-state batteries with the goal of enhancing conductivity and power; maximizing cycling capabilities and power results; reducing costs; and developing related mass production manufacturing processes. If we are unable to overcome developmental and engineering challenges, our solid-state battery efforts could fail.

We currently purchase the battery cells incorporated into our LFP batteries and have limited experience in manufacturing battery cells at a commercial scale. To cost-effectively and rapidly manufacture our solid-state cells at scale for incorporation into our LFP batteries, we plan to utilize currently available spray powder deposition equipment and other commercially available equipment modified to utilize our proprietary dry spray deposition and other technologies and processes. We may experience delays or additional costs in adapting our facility, existing production equipment and LFP battery manufacturing processes (for example, designing a dry room to accommodate our dry spraying processes) to manufacture solid-state cells. Even if we achieve the development and volume production of our solid-state battery that we anticipate, if the cost, cycling and power results or other technology or performance characteristics of the solid-state battery fall short of our targets, our business and results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected.

We expect to make significant investments in our continued research and development of solid-state battery technology development, and we may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with manufacturing our solid-state battery cells.

We will require significant capital to fund our solid-state cell research and development activities, pilot line construction and expansion of our manufacturing capabilities to accommodate large-scale production of solid-state cells. We have not yet produced any solid-state battery cells at volume and our forecasted cost advantage for the production of these cells at scale, compared to conventional lithium-ion cells, will require us to achieve rates of throughput, use of electricity and consumables, yield, and rate of automation demonstrated for mature battery, battery material, and ceramic manufacturing processes, that we have not yet achieved. We may not be able to achieve our desired cost benefits and, in turn, we may not be able to provide our solid-state cells at a cost that is attractive to customers. If we are unable to cost-efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell and distribute our solid-state batteries and services, our margins, profitability and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

If our solid-state batteries fail to perform as expected, our ability to further develop, market and sell our solid-state batteries could be harmed.

Our solid-state battery cells may contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them to not perform as expected or that may require repairs, recalls and design changes. Our solid-state batteries will incorporate components that have not been used individually or in combination in the same manner as the design of our solid-state cells, and that may result in defects and errors, particularly when produced at scale. We may be unable to detect and fix any defects in our solid-state battery cells prior to their incorporation into our solid-state LFP batteries and sale to potential consumers. If our solid-state batteries fail to perform as expected, we could lose customers, or be forced to delay deliveries, terminate orders or initiate product recalls, each of which could adversely affect our sales and brand and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect to rely on machinery used in other large-scale commercial applications, modified to incorporate our proprietary technologies and processes, in order to mass produce solid-state battery cells, which exposes us to a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of scaling production, operational performance and costs.

We expect to rely on machinery used in other large-scale commercial applications to mass produce our solid-state battery cells. Doing so will require us to work closely with the equipment provider to modify this machinery to effectively integrate our proprietary solid-state technology and processes in order to create the equipment we need for the production of solid-state cells. This integration work will involve a significant degree of uncertainty and risk and may result in delays in scaling up production of our solid-state cells or result in additional cost to us.

Such machinery is likely to suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will require repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency of, and therefore expected cost-efficiency associated with, our production equipment. In addition, because this machinery has not been used to manufacture and assemble solid-state battery cells, the operational performance and costs associated with repairing and maintaining this equipment can be difficult to predict and may be influenced by factors outside of our control, including failures by suppliers to deliver necessary components of our products in a timely manner and at prices acceptable to us, the risk of environmental hazards and the cost of any required remediation and damages or defects already present in the machinery.

Operational problems with our manufacturing equipment could result in personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment or damage to our manufacturing facility, which could result in monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production. In addition, we may be subject to administrative fines, increased insurance costs or potential legal liabilities. Any of these operational problems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Supply Chain and Third-Party Vendors

We face risks associated with vendors from whom our products are sourced.

The products we sell rely on components and other inputs that are sourced from a variety of domestic and international vendors. We rely on long-term relationships with our suppliers but have no significant long-term contracts with such suppliers. Our future success will depend in large measure upon our ability to maintain our existing supplier relationships and/or to develop new ones. This reliance exposes us to the risk of inadequate and untimely supplies of various products due to political, economic, social, health, or environmental conditions, transportation delays, or changes in laws and regulations affecting distribution. Our vendors may be forced to reduce their production, shut down their operations or file for bankruptcy protection, which could make it difficult for us to serve the market needs and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

While we select these third-party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions or the manufacture of their products. Any problems caused by these third parties, or issues associated with their products or workforce, including customer or governmental complaints, breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher volumes, and cyber-attacks or security breaches at a vendor could subject us to litigation and adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to its customers and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on foreign manufacturers for various products that are incorporated into the products we sell. In addition, many of our domestic suppliers purchase a portion of their products from foreign sources. As an importer, our business is subject to the risks generally associated with doing business internationally, such as domestic and foreign governmental regulations, economic disruptions, global or regional health epidemics, delays in shipments, transportation capacity and costs, currency exchange rates, and changes in political or economic conditions in countries from which we purchase products. If any such factors were to render the conduct of business in particular countries undesirable or impractical or if additional U.S. quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes, or other charges or restrictions were imposed upon the importation of our products in the future, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The political landscape in the U.S. contains uncertainty with respect to tax and trade policies, tariffs and regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries. We source a portion of our merchandise from manufacturers located outside the U.S., primarily in Asia. Major developments in tax policy or trade relations, such as the disallowance of tax deductions for imported merchandise or the imposition of tariffs on imported products, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We rely on manufacturers located in foreign countries, including China, for merchandise. Additionally, a portion of our domestically purchased merchandise is manufactured abroad. Our business may be materially adversely affected by risks associated with international trade, including the impact of current or potential tariffs by the U.S. with respect to certain consumer goods imported from China.

Changes in U.S. trade policy, including recently announced tariffs, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We source a portion of our merchandise from manufacturers located outside the U.S., primarily in Asia, and many of our domestic vendors have a global supply chain. The U.S. has imposed tariffs on certain products imported into the U.S. from China and could propose additional tariffs. The imposition of tariffs on imported products could result in reduced sales and profits. It remains unclear how tax or trade policies, tariffs or trade relations may further evolve under the current U.S. administration, and how such policies could adversely affect our business, results of operations, effective income tax rate, liquidity, and net income.

In addition, the imposition of tariffs by the U.S. has resulted in the adoption of retaliatory tariffs by China on U.S. exports and could result in the adoption of tariffs by other countries as well. A resulting trade war could have a significant adverse effect on world trade and the global economy.

We continue to evaluate the impact of the effective and potential tariffs on our supply chain, costs, sales, and profitability as well as our strategies to mitigate any negative impact, including negotiating with our vendors, and seeking alternative sourcing options. Given the uncertainty regarding the scope and duration of the current and potential tariffs, as well as the potential for additional trade actions by the U.S. or other countries, the impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition is uncertain but could be significant. Thus, we can provide no assurance that any strategies we implement to mitigate the impact of such tariffs or other trade actions will be successful in whole or in part. To the extent that our supply chain, costs, sales, or profitability are negatively affected by the tariffs or other trade actions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In 2024, we identified an underpayment of tariffs to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) in the amount of approximately $1.58 million in the aggregate, related to the improper classification and valuation of certain of the products used in our batteries. The underpayment related to years 2021 through 2023. We have reported the underpayment to CBP. In the event CBP determines that we owe additional amounts or any penalties or determines in the future that we have not paid the correct duties, our results of operations could be materially impacted.

Changes in geopolitical conditions, U.S.-China trade relations and other factors beyond our control may adversely impact our business and operating results.

Our operations and performance depend, in part, on global and regional economic and geopolitical conditions, given that we have suppliers located in China. Changes in U.S.-China trade policies, and a number of other economic and geopolitical factors both in China and abroad could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. Such factors may include:

• instability in political or economic conditions, such as inflation, recession, foreign currency exchange restrictions and devaluations, restrictive governmental controls on the movement and repatriation of earnings and capital, and actual or anticipated military or political conflicts, particularly in emerging markets;
• expanded jurisdiction of the Committee for Foreign Investment in the U.S.; and
• intergovernmental conflicts or actions, such as the armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, in Iran and elsewhere in the Middle East, trade wars, retaliatory tariffs, and acts of terrorism or war.

As a result of these events, our ability to obtain supplies from our China-based suppliers may be limited or adversely affected, and we may incur operational constraints.

A significant disruption to the timely receipt of inventory could adversely impact sales or increase our transportation costs, which would decrease our profits.

We rely on our distribution and transportation network, including third-party logistics providers, to provide goods in a timely and cost-effective manner through deliveries to our distribution facilities from vendors and then from the distribution facilities or direct ship vendors to our stores or customers by various means of transportation, including shipments by sea, air, rail, and truck. Any disruption, unanticipated expense, or operational failure related to this process could negatively affect our operations. For example, unexpected delivery delays (including delays due to weather, fuel shortages, work stoppages, global or regional health epidemics, product shortages from vendors, or other reasons) or increases in transportation costs (including increased fuel costs or a decrease in transportation capacity for overseas shipments) could significantly decrease our ability to provide adequate products to meet increased customer demand. In addition, labor shortages or work stoppages in the transportation industry or long-term disruptions to the national and international transportation infrastructure that lead to delays or interruptions of deliveries could negatively affect our business. Also, a fire, tornado, or other disaster at one of our distribution facilities could disrupt our timely receiving, processing, and shipment of merchandise to our stores which could adversely affect our business. While we believe there are adequate reserve quantities and alternative suppliers available, shortages or interruptions in the receipt or supply of products caused by unanticipated demand, problems in production or distribution, financial or other difficulties of supplies, inclement weather or other economic conditions, including the availability of qualified drivers and distribution center team members, could adversely affect the availability, quality and cost of products, and our operating results.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We rely heavily upon our intellectual property portfolio. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position. We rely upon a combination of the intellectual property protections afforded by patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions to establish, maintain and enforce rights in our proprietary technologies. In addition, we seek to protect our intellectual property rights through non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants, and through non-disclosure and joint development agreements with business partners and other third parties. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken or will take to prevent unauthorized use may not be sufficient. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive and could divert management’s attention, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, available intellectual property laws and contractual remedies in some jurisdictions may afford less protection than needed to safeguard our intellectual property portfolio. Intellectual property laws vary significantly throughout the world. The laws of a number of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong, or as easily enforced, outside of the United States, and efforts to protect against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, technology and other proprietary rights may be more expensive and difficult to undertake outside of the United States. In addition, while we have filed for and obtained certain intellectual property rights in commercially relevant jurisdictions, we have not sought protection for our intellectual property rights in every possible jurisdiction. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in competitors using our intellectual property to make, have made, use, import, develop, have developed, sell or have sold their own products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.

Companies, organizations or individuals, including our current and future competitors, may hold or obtain intellectual property rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, have made, use, import, develop, have developed, sell or have sold our products, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive inquiries from holders of intellectual property rights inquiring whether we are infringing their rights and/or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Entities holding intellectual property rights relating to our technology, including, but not limited to, batteries, battery materials, encapsulated powders, spray deposition of battery materials, and alternator regulators, may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise asserting their rights and seeking licenses. For example, patents and patent applications owned by third parties may present freedom to operate (“FTO”) questions with regards to the precoated feedstock materials for the spray deposition process depending on the final material selections that are used, although we own a patent application that pre-dates their patents and patent applications of interest such that our patent application may act as a basis for an invalidity position. However, it is possible that a court may not agree that our patent application invalidates the patents and patent applications of interest. Any such litigation or claims, whether or not valid or successful, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and our management’s attention. In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

• cease using, making, having made, selling, having sold, developing, having developed or importing products that incorporate the infringed intellectual property rights;
• pay substantial damages;
• obtain a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property rights, which license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or
• redesign our processes or products, which may result in inferior products or processes.

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to or design around the infringed intellectual property rights, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our current and future patent applications may not result in issued patents or our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

Our current and future patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products or technology similar to ours. The outcome of patent applications involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth of claims that will be allowed is uncertain. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will result in patents being issued, or that our current issued patents, and any patents that may be issued to us in the future, will afford protection that covers our commercial processes, systems and products or that will afford protection against competitors with similar products or technology. Numerous prior art patents and pending patent applications owned by others, as well as prior art non-patent literature, exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology, which may preclude our ability to obtain a desired scope of protection in the desired fields. In addition to potential prior art concerns, any of our existing patents, pending patent applications, or future issued patents or patent applications may also be challenged on the basis that they are invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, patent applications filed in foreign countries are subject to laws, rules, and procedures that differ from those of the United States, and thus we cannot be certain that foreign patent applications related to issued U.S. patents will be issued.

Even if our current or future patent applications succeed and patents are issued, it is still uncertain whether our current or future patents will be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope in the future. The rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages, and some foreign countries provide significantly less effective patent enforcement than the United States. In addition, the claims under our current or future patents may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. The intellectual property rights of others could also bar us from licensing and exploiting our current or future patents. In addition, our current or future patents may be infringed upon or designed around by others and others may obtain patents that we need to license or design around, either of which would increase costs and may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

General Risk Factors

The uncertainty in global and macroeconomic conditions, including economic, political and social instability, including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the India-Pakistan conflict, Hamas’ attack on Israel and the Iranian conflict, could reduce consumer spending and disrupt our supply chain which could negatively affect our results of operations.

The global credit and financial markets have recently experienced extreme volatility and disruptions including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, disruptions in access to bank deposits and lending commitments due to bank failures, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, supply chain disruptions, heightened interest rates and inflation, stock volatility and uncertainty about economic stability. Such conditions may continue or worsen in the future. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the conflict between Hamas and Israel and the Iranian conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events. Sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other countries in response to such conflicts, including sanctions imposed in connection with the war in Ukraine, the India-Pakistan conflict, and the conflict between Hamas and Israel, the effect of tariffs and/or any resulting trade wars, increasing interest rates, or other factors may also adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy and any economic countermeasures by affected countries and others could exacerbate market and economic instability. For example, in late 2024 and early 2025, the United States, China, and the European Union each announced either new tariffs, non-tariff barriers, or export controls. Any of these risks, ensuing retaliation, or the further deterioration of trade relations between countries could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Additional tariffs or further retaliatory trade measures taken by China or other countries in response could affect the demand for any of our products, impact the competitive position of our products, prevent us from being able to sell products in certain countries or otherwise adversely impact our results of operations. Growing tensions, protectionist trade policies, and tariffs may also lead to a fragmentation of the global economy, a general reduction of international trade in goods and services, and a reduction in the integration of financial markets, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, or prospects. There can be no assurance that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur.

As a result of sanctions imposed in relation to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, gas prices in the United States have become much more volatile and, in some cases, risen to historic levels. This rise in price may cause a decrease in RV travel, which could ultimately negatively impact sales of our batteries for RVs. Further escalation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the subsequent response, including further sanctions or other restrictive actions, by the United States and/or other countries could also adversely impact our supply chain, partners or customers. The extent and duration of the situation in Ukraine, resulting sanctions and resulting future market disruptions are impossible to predict but could be significant. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or other actions (including cyberattacks and espionage) or resulting actual and threatened responses to such activity, boycotts or changes in consumer or purchaser preferences, sanctions, tariffs or cyberattacks, may impact the global economy and adversely affect commodity prices.

Our general business strategy as well as our suppliers’ ability to provide us with raw materials and components, may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget, including requiring us to delay or abandon certain development plans and could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and stock price. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current suppliers may not survive an economic downturn, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and within budget.

Changes in trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions, could materially impact our ability to obtain the raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other components necessary for the manufacturing of our product candidates used in our clinical development activities. Some of these materials may be sourced from foreign suppliers, and any increase in tariffs or duties on imported goods could significantly raise the cost of doing business. Additionally, retaliatory tariffs, trade disputes, trade wars, or changes in international trade agreements may lead to supply chain disruptions, including delays in obtaining critical components or the need to seek alternative suppliers. If we are unable to mitigate the impact of increased costs or supply chain disruptions, our financial condition, and ability to develop our product candidates in a timely manner, could be adversely affected.

The cost of our components is a key element in the cost of our products. Increases in the prices of our components, including if our suppliers choose to pass through their increased costs to us, would result in increased production costs, which may result in a decrease in our margins and may have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition and results of operations. We have historically offset cost increases through careful management of our inventory of supplies, ordering six months to a year in advance, and increasing our purchase order volumes to qualify for volume-based discounts, rather than increase prices to customers. However, we may increase prices from time to time, which may not be sufficient to offset material price inflation and which may result in loss of customers if they believe our products are no longer competitively priced. In addition, if we are required to spend a prolonged period of time negotiating price increases with our suppliers, we may be further delayed in receiving the components necessary to manufacture our products and/or implement aspects of our growth strategy.

Adverse global conditions, including economic uncertainty, may negatively impact our financial results.

Global conditions, dislocations in the financial markets, any negative financial impacts affecting U.S. as a result of tax reform or changes to existing trade agreements or tax conventions, may adversely impact our business.

In addition, the global macroeconomic environment has been and may continue to be negatively affected by, among other things, instability in global economic markets, increased U.S. trade tariffs and trade disputes with other countries, instability in the global credit markets, supply chain weaknesses, instability in the geopolitical environment and political tensions, and foreign governmental debt concerns. Such challenges have caused, and may continue to cause, uncertainty and instability in local economies and in global financial markets, which may adversely affect our business.

The loss of one or more members of our senior management team, other key personnel or our failure to attract additional qualified personnel may adversely affect our business and our ability to achieve our anticipated level of growth.

We are highly dependent on the talent and services of Denis Phares, our Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, and other senior technical and management personnel, including our executive officers, who would be difficult to replace. The loss of Dr. Phares or other key personnel could disrupt our business and harm our results of operations, and we may not be able to successfully attract and retain senior leadership necessary to grow our business.

Our future success also depends on our ability to attract and retain other key employees and qualified personnel, and our operations may be severely disrupted if we lost their services. As we become more well known, there is increased risk that competitors or other companies will seek to hire our personnel. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate, and retain these personnel could impact our ability to successfully grow our operations and execute our strategy.

Our website, systems, and the data we maintain may be subject to intentional disruption, security incidents, or alleged violations of laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to data handling that could result in liability and adversely impact our reputation and future sales.

We expect to face significant challenges with respect to information security and maintaining the security and integrity of our systems, as well as with respect to the data stored on or processed by these systems. Advances in technology, and an increase in the level of sophistication, expertise and resources of hackers, could result in a compromise or breach of our systems or of security measures used in our business to protect confidential information, personal information, and other data.

The availability and effectiveness of our batteries, and our ability to conduct our business and operations, depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems, some of which we have yet to develop or otherwise obtain the ability to use. Systems used in our business (including third-party data centers and other information technology systems provided by third parties) are and will be vulnerable to damage or interruption. Such systems could also be subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, as well as disruptions and security incidents as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent acts or omissions by employees, service providers, or others. Some of the systems used in our business will not be fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any data security incidents or other disruptions to any data centers or other systems used in our business could result in lengthy interruptions in our service.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of customer service, or adequately address competitive challenges.

We have experienced significant growth in our business, and our future success depends, in part, on our ability to manage our business as it continues to expand. We have dedicated resources to expanding our manufacturing capabilities, exploring adjacent addressable markets and our solid-state cell research and development. If not managed effectively, this growth could result in the over-extension of our operating infrastructure, management systems and information technology systems. Internal controls and procedures may not be adequate to support this growth. Failure to adequately manage growth in our business may cause damage to our brand or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may expand our business through acquisitions in the future, and any future acquisition may not be accretive and may negatively affect our business.

As part of our growth strategy, we may make future investments in businesses, new technologies, services and other assets that complement our business. We could fail to realize the anticipated benefits from these activities or experience delays or inefficiencies in realizing such benefits. Moreover, an acquisition, investment or business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, including disruption to our ongoing operations, management distraction, exposure to additional liabilities and increased expenses, any of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to make these acquisitions and investments could be restricted by the terms of our current and future indebtedness and to pay for these investments we may use cash on hand, incur additional debt or issue equity securities, each of which may affect our financial condition or the value of our stock and could result in dilution to our stockholders. Additional debt would result in increased fixed obligations and could also subject us to covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.

Our operations are subject to a variety of environmental, health and safety rules that can bring scrutiny from regulatory agencies and increase our costs.

Our operations are subject to environmental, health and safety rules, laws and regulations and we may be subject to additional regulations as our operations develop and expand. There are significant capital, operating and other costs associated with compliance with these environmental laws and regulations. While we believe that the policies and programs we have in place are reasonably designed and implemented to assure compliance with these requirements and to avoid hazardous substance release liability with respect to our manufacturing facility, we may be faced with new or more stringent compliance obligations that could impose substantial costs.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws and regulations in various jurisdictions in which we conduct or in the future may conduct activities, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). The FCPA prohibits us and our officers, directors, employees and business partners acting on our behalf, including agents, from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing or providing anything of value to a “foreign official” for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. The FCPA also requires companies to make and keep books, records, and accounts that accurately reflect transactions and dispositions of assets and to maintain a system of adequate internal accounting controls. A violation of these laws or regulations could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. Our policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these regulations may not be sufficient and our directors, officers, employees, representatives, consultants, agents and business partners could engage in improper conduct for which we may be held responsible.

Non-compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering or financial and economic sanctions laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, and severe administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes, which could have an adverse impact on our profitability and consolidated financial position.

We may be involved in legal proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes that, from time to time, are significant and which may harm our reputation. These are typically claims that arise in the normal course of business including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes, including warranty claims and other disputes with customers and suppliers; intellectual property matters; personal injury claims; environmental issues; tax matters; and employment matters. It is difficult to predict the outcome or ultimate financial exposure, if any, represented by these matters, and any such exposure may be material. Regardless of outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Environmental, social and governance matters may cause us to incur additional costs.

Some legislatures, government agencies and listing exchanges have mandated or proposed, and others may in the future further mandate, certain environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) disclosure or performance. For example, the Securities and Exchange Commission has enacted rules that will mandate certain companies to provide certain climate-related disclosures. In addition, we may face reputational damage in the event our corporate responsibility initiatives or objectives do not meet the standards or expectations of shareholders, prospective investors, lawmakers, listing exchanges or other stakeholders. Failure to comply with ESG-related laws, exchange policies or stakeholder expectations could materially and adversely impact the value of our stock and related cost of capital, and limit our ability to fund future growth, or result in increased investigations and litigation.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

We incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

We face significant legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company, and these expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the PCAOB and the securities exchanges and the listing standards of Nasdaq, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements is costly and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements require us to carry out activities we have not done previously. For example, we have created new board committees, entered into new insurance policies and adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we incur expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if management or our independent registered public accounting firm identifies additional material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it and it may be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. In addition, as a public company, we may be subject to stockholder activism, which can lead to substantial costs, distract management and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. As a result of disclosure of information in this Annual Report and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition is more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims and the time and resources necessary to resolve them could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and results of operations. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

Our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Most of the members of our management team have limited experience managing and operating a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our role as a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors.

These obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

Our business is capital intensive, and we may not be able to raise additional capital on attractive terms, if at all. Any further indebtedness we incur may limit our operational flexibility in the future.

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash totaling $18.3 million. Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $69.9 million and our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $40.6 million. We will need to raise additional funds, including through the issuance of equity, equity-related or debt securities or by obtaining credit from financial institutions to fund, together with our principal sources of liquidity, ongoing costs, such as research and development relating to our solid-state batteries, expansion of our facilities, and new strategic investments. We cannot be certain that additional capital will be available on attractive terms, if at all, when needed, which could be dilutive to stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities, our existing stockholders could experience significant dilution. Any equity securities issued may provide for rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of common stockholders. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of common stockholders. We intend to use the Term Loan and our at-the-market (ATM) facility with Canaccord to provide additional capital to us. However, market conditions and certain restrictions contained in the agreements governing the Term Loan and ATM facility may limit our ability to access equity and debt under such agreements.

The incurrence of additional debt could adversely impact our business, including limiting our operational flexibility by:

• making it difficult for us to pay other obligations;
• increasing our cost of borrowing from other sources;
• making it difficult to obtain favorable terms for any necessary future financing for working capital, capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions, debt service requirements, or other purposes;
• restricting us from making acquisitions or causing us to make divestitures or similar transactions;
• requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service and repay our indebtedness, reducing the amount of cash flow available for other purposes;
• placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveraged competitors; and
• limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in our business.

Failure to service our outstanding debt or comply with the financial covenants in our loan agreement could allow our lenders to accelerate payment under our loan agreement, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of obligations and financial position and raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. This could require us, to among other things, reduce operations, sell off our assets, seek the protection of bankruptcy courts or shut down our operations and dissolve.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we incurred losses and had a negative cash flow from operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $18.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and working capital of $30.4 million. As of December 31, 2025, we had $19.3 million in principal outstanding under our Term Loan Agreement.

On October 20, 2025, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the Term Loan Agreement, pursuant to which we (i) prepaid $45.0 million of principal using proceeds from the Second October 2025 Offering (as defined below), (ii) exchanged $25.0 million of principal for Series B Preferred Stock (convertible at $31.50 per share, with 8% cash and 2% “in kind” dividends), and (iii) had $5.0 million of principal forgiven by the Term Loan Lenders. Following these transactions, approximately $19.4 million of principal remained outstanding under the Term Loan, bearing 12% interest payable monthly and maturing in October 2027. We paid $0.9 million in fees (half in cash, half added to principal) and obtained covenant waivers through December 2026, subject to maintaining $5.0 million of minimum liquidity.

The Sixth Amendment significantly improved our liquidity by reducing total debt from $93.1 million to approximately $19.4 million and deferring near-term cash interest requirements through the preferred stock exchange and covenant waivers. However, our ability to achieve profitability and positive cash flow continues to depend on our ability to increase revenue, contain our expenses and maintain compliance with the financial covenants in our outstanding indebtedness agreements once the convent waivers expire.

In addition, we will need to raise additional debt and/or equity financing to fund our operations and strategic plans and meet our financial covenants. We have historically been able to raise additional capital through issuance of equity and/or debt financing and we intend to use the ATM (as defined herein) with Canaccord Genuity, LLC and raise additional capital as needed. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to raise additional equity, contain expenses, or increase revenue, and comply with the financial covenants under the Term Loan. If such financings are not available, or if the terms of such financings are less desirable than we expect, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, including by not seeking potential acquisition opportunities, eliminating redundancies, or reducing or delaying our production facility expansions, which may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. Further, any future debt or equity financings may adversely affect us, including the market price of our common stock and may be dilutive to our current stockholders. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities as well as preferred stock that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional capital or service our debt, we may be forced to reduce operations, seek the protection of bankruptcy courts or shut down our operations and dissolve. If we liquidate our assets and the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements.

Restrictions imposed by our outstanding indebtedness and any future indebtedness may limit our ability to operate our business and to finance our future operations or capital needs or to engage in acquisitions or other business activities necessary to achieve growth.

The agreements governing our indebtedness restrict us from engaging in specified types of transactions. These restrictive covenants restrict our ability to, among other things:

• incur additional indebtedness;
• create or incur encumbrances or liens;
• engage in consolidations, amalgamations, mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, dissolutions or dispositions;
• sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets; and
• pay dividends and distributions on, or purchase, redeem, defease, or otherwise acquire or retire for value, our stock.

Under the agreements governing our indebtedness, we are also subject to certain financial covenants, including maintaining minimum levels of Adjusted EBITDA, minimum liquidity, maximum capital expenditure levels and a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants or, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the applicable lender(s) and/or amend the covenants. Even if we comply with all of the applicable covenants, the restrictions on the conduct of our business could adversely affect our business by, among other things, limiting our ability to take advantage of financing opportunities, mergers, acquisitions, investments, and other corporate opportunities that may be beneficial to our business.

A breach of any of the covenants in the agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could trigger acceleration of our indebtedness, and may result in the acceleration of or default under any other debt we may incur in the future to which a cross- acceleration or cross-default provision applies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the event of any default under our existing or future credit facilities, the applicable lenders could elect to terminate borrowing commitments and declare all borrowings and loans outstanding, together with accrued and unpaid interest and any fees and other obligations, to be immediately due and payable. In addition, our obligations under our indebtedness are secured by, among other things, a security interest in our intellectual property. During the existence of an event of default under our credit agreements, the applicable lender could exercise its rights and remedies thereunder, including by way of initiating foreclosure proceedings against any assets constituting collateral for our obligations under such credit facility.

We have in the past identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. These material weaknesses in the future could adversely affect our ability to report our results of operations and financial condition accurately and in a timely manner

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). As a public company, we are required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and to disclose any changes and material weaknesses identified through such evaluation in those internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Our efforts to remediate these material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting may not be successful, and may not prevent additional material weaknesses from being identified in the future. Failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our consolidated financial statements that could result in a restatement of our consolidated financial statements, and could cause it to fail to meet our reporting obligations, any of which could diminish investor confidence in us and cause a decline in our equity value. Additionally, ineffective internal controls could expose us to an increased risk of financial reporting fraud and the misappropriation of assets, and may further subject us to potential delisting from Nasdaq, or to other regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

As a public company, we are required pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for each annual report on Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in internal control over financial reporting. If in the future we are no longer classified under the definition of an “emerging growth company,” and/or a “non-accelerated filer”, our independent registered public accounting firm will also be required, pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in each annual report on Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC. We will be required to disclose material changes made in our internal control over financial reporting on a quarterly basis. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, Nasdaq, or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

If we do not continue to meet the continued listing requirements for The Nasdaq Capital Market, our common stock may be delisted, which could affect the market price and liquidity for our common stock and reduce our ability to raise additional capital.

Our common stock and Public Warrants are currently listed for trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market. Continued listing of a security on the Nasdaq Capital Market is conditioned upon compliance with various continued listing standards. In the past, we have received notices from Nasdaq’s Listing Qualifications Department indicating that we had not complied with certain of the Nasdaq Capital Market’s continued listing standards, including compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price for our common stock (the “Minimum Bid Price”) and market value of listed securities. While we have regained compliance for each instance, there can be no assurance that we will continue to maintain compliance with the Nasdaq listing requirements, including the Minimum Bid Price, market value of listed securities and stockholder equity standards. A delisting could substantially decrease trading in our common stock, adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock as a result of the loss of market efficiencies associated with Nasdaq and the loss of federal pre-emption of state securities laws, result in a default under the terms of our outstanding indebtedness, adversely affect its ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms, if at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, customers and employees and fewer business development opportunities. Additionally, the market price of our common stock may decline further and stockholders may lose some or all of their investment. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain compliance with the continued listing standards of the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Future resales of our outstanding securities may cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

We have filed registration statements registering the resale of up to approximately 0.2 million shares of common stock underlying outstanding warrants that may be sold and/or issued into the public markets by certain securityholders. The shares being registered for resale into the public markets represent a significant number of shares in respect to our outstanding common stock. The securityholders selling pursuant to the registration statements will determine the timing, pricing and rate at which they sell such shares into the public market and such sales could have a significant negative impact on the trading price of our common stock. As such, while sales by the securityholders selling pursuant to such registration statements may experience a positive rate of return based on the trading price at the time they sell their shares, public securityholders may not experience a similar rate of return on the securities they purchased due to differences in the prices at which such public securityholders purchased their shares and the trading price. Given the substantial number of shares of common stock being registered for potential resale by the securityholders selling pursuant to such registration statements, the sale of shares by such securityholders, or the perception in the market that the securityholders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, may increase the volatility of the market price of our common stock, and may cause the trading prices of our securities to experience a decline.

Further, we have registered up to $50.0 million of shares of common stock to be issued and sold from time to time through Canaccord Genuity LLC, acting as sales agent, in connection with the ATM. Any sales of such shares into the public market could have a significant negative impact on the trading price of our common stock. If the trading price of our common stock does not recover or experiences a further decline, sales of shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM may be a less attractive source of capital and/or may not allow us to raise capital at rates that would be possible if the trading price of our common stock were higher.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or publish negative reports, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us. We will not have any control over these analysts. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or change their opinion, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If we do not meet the expectations of investors, stockholders or securities analysts, the market price of our securities may decline. In addition, fluctuations in the price of our securities could contribute to the loss of all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially and may be lower than its current price. This may be especially true for companies like ours with a small public float. If an active market for our securities develops and continues, the trading price of our securities could be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. The trading price of our common stock depends on many factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on your investment in our securities and our securities may trade at prices significantly below the price you paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of our securities may not recover and may experience a further decline.

Factors affecting the trading price of our securities may include:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to ours;
• changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results;
• the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
• speculation in the press or investment community;
• actual or anticipated developments in our business, competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;
• innovations or new products developed by us or our competitors;
• manufacturing, supply or distribution delays or shortages;
• any changes to our relationship with any manufacturers, suppliers, licensors, future collaborators, or other strategic partners;
• the operating results failing to meet the expectation of securities analysts or investors in a particular period;
• changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts concerning us or the market in general;
• operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to ours;
• changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
• commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;
• changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;
• the volume of our common stock available for public sale;
• any major change in our board of directors or management;
• sales of substantial amounts of our common stock by our directors, officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur; and
• general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, “trade wars,” pandemics (such as COVID-19) and acts of war or terrorism (including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the India-Pakistan conflict, Hamas’ attack on Israel and the Iranian conflict).

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Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our securities irrespective of our operating performance. The stock market in general and Nasdaq have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of our securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress our stock price regardless of our business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. Broad market and industry factors, including the impact of global pandemics, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions or interest rate changes, may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. A decline in the market price of our securities also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of particular companies’ securities, securities class action litigations have often been instituted against these companies. Litigation of this type, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. Any adverse determination in any such litigation or any amounts paid to settle any such actual or threatened litigation could require that we make significant payments.

An active trading market for our securities may not be available on a consistent basis to provide stockholders with adequate liquidity.

We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will be sustained. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the liquidity of any trading market, your ability to sell your shares of our common stock when desired or the prices that you may obtain for your shares.

The exercise of outstanding warrants or conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock to acquire our common stock would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

The exercise of outstanding warrants or conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock to acquire our common stock will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders. As of March 26, 2026, there are currently (i) 104,695 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding public warrants at an exercise price of $180.00 per share (the “Public Warrants”); (ii) 16,083 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding private warrants at an exercise price of $180.00 per share (the “Private Warrants”); (iii) 103,947 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding Penny Warrants at an exercise price of $0.01 per share; (iv) 500,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding pre-funded warrants at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share. As of March 26, 2026, there are currently 799,835 share of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding Series B Preferred Stock.

In addition, the Penny Warrants have price-based anti-dilution protection against certain subsequent equity sales or distributions at below $900.00 per share of common stock, subject to exclusions including for issuances upon conversion exercise or exchange of securities outstanding as of October 7, 2022, the closing date of the Business Combination, issuances pursuant to agreements in effect as of the closing date of the Business Combination, issuances pursuant to employee benefit plans and similar arrangements, issuances in joint ventures, strategic arrangements or other non-financing type transactions and issuances pursuant to any public equity offerings. Depending on the nature and price of any equity issuances by us, the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of such Penny Warrants could be increased and the exercise price of the Penny Warrants could be adjusted down. Under the terms of the Penny Warrants, no adjustment will be made in connection with any sale of shares of up to $150.0 million in gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement (or any replacement thereof) if the sales price is higher than $450.00 (appropriately adjusted for stock splits, combinations and the like). The Sponsor has agreed that the Private Warrants may not be exercised to the extent the Sponsor and any affiliate of the Sponsor is deemed to beneficially own, or it would cause the Sponsor and such affiliates to be deemed to beneficially own, more than 7.5% of our common stock.

The rights of holders of our Series B Preferred Stock rank senior to the rights of the holders of our common stock.

The rights of the holders of shares of our Series B Preferred Stock, while such shares remain outstanding, rank senior to the rights of the holders of shares of our common stock as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of shares of our Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive a liquidation preference of one thousand dollars ($1,000), plus (2) the aggregate amount of all PIK Dividends (as defined below) paid since the date of issuance of the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Initial Issuance Date”), plus (3) the aggregate amount of all Cash Dividends and PIK Dividends that have accrued and remain unpaid since the Initial Issuance Date (the “B”). In addition, the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends, which will accrue at 10% per annum, commencing from the Initial Issuance Date, payable (i) 80% in cash (the “Cash Dividends”) and (i) 20% “in kind” and added the Liquidation Preference of such holder’s Series B Preferred Stock (“PIK Dividends”). Such dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on the first trading day of each fiscal quarter commencing on the first trading day of the initial fiscal quarter after the date of issuance. Upon the occurrence of certain events, the dividend rate may automatically increase, as described in the Certificate of Designation of the Powers, Preferences and Relative, Participating, Optional and Other Restrictions of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company (the “Certificate of Designation”).

These dividend payment obligations could impact our liquidity and reduce the amount of cash available to us for our working capital needs, capital expenditures, funding growth opportunities, acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes. Our obligations to the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock could also limit our ability to obtain additional financing or increase our borrowing costs, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. The preferential rights could also result in divergent interests between the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock and holders of our common stock.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

• our ability to engage target customers and successfully convert these customers into meaningful orders in the future;
• our reliance on two suppliers for LFP cells and a single supplier for the manufacture of our battery management system;
• the size and growth of the potential markets for our batteries and its ability to serve those markets;
• challenges in our attempts to develop and produce solid state battery cells;
• the level of demand for any products, which may vary significantly;
• future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies;
• macroeconomic conditions, both nationally and locally; and
• any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners.

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The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on its past results as an indication of our future performance.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when it has met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance it may provide.

Changes in laws, regulations or rules, or a failure to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations.

We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our Articles of Incorporation designates specific courts as the exclusive forum for substantially all stockholder litigation matters, which could limit the ability of our stockholders to obtain a favorable forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our Articles of Incorporation provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law the Second Judicial District Court of Washoe County, Nevada is the sole and exclusive forum for any or all actions, suits or proceedings, whether civil, administrative or investigative or that asserts any claim or counterclaim: (a) brought in our name or right or on our behalf; (b) asserting a claim for breach of any fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders; (c) arising or asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Nevada Revised Statutes (the “NRS”) Chapters 78 or 92A or any provision of our Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws; (d) to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws; or (e) asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Articles of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Articles of Incorporation also provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us and our directors, officers or other employees and may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers and other employees. Furthermore, stockholders may be subject to increased costs to bring these claims, and the exclusive forum provision could have the effect of discouraging claims or limiting investors’ ability to bring claims in a judicial forum that they find favorable.

Our Articles of Incorporation could discourage another company from acquiring us and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management.

Provisions in our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws may discourage, delay, or prevent, a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. As our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. These provisions provide, among other things, that:

• our board of directors will be divided into three classes, with each class serving staggered three-year terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;
• our board of directors has the exclusive right to expand the size of its board of directors and to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;
• our stockholders may not act by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders;
• a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by a majority of our board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;
• our Articles of Incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;
• our board of directors may alter certain provisions of our Bylaws without obtaining stockholder approval;
• the approval of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2⁄3%) of our common shares entitled to vote at an election of our board of directors is required to adopt, amend, alter or repeal our Bylaws or amend, alter, change or repeal or adopt any provision of our Articles of Incorporation inconsistent with the provisions of our Articles of Incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors;
• stockholders must provide advance notice and additional disclosures to nominate individuals for election to our board of directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain voting control of our common stock; and
• our board of directors is authorized to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer.

We are an emerging growth company and any decision to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to “emerging growth companies,” including:

• not being required to have an independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
• reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and annual report on Form 10-K; and
• exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

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As a result, the stockholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. Our status as an emerging growth company will end as soon as any of the following takes place:

• the last day of the fiscal year in which we have at least $1.235 billion in annual revenue;
• the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700.0 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates;
• the date on which we have issued, in any three-year period, more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or
• the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of our IPO.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We may elect to take advantage of this extended transition period and as a result, our financial statements may not be comparable with similarly situated public companies.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on any of the exemptions afforded emerging growth companies. If some investors find our common stock less attractive because we rely on any of these exemptions, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the market price of our common stock may be more volatile and may decline.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the market price of our common stock.

As a public company, we will be required to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers.

We must continue to improve our internal control over financial reporting. We will be required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with these requirements within the prescribed time period, we will be engaging in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. There is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed time period or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal additional deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses.

Any failure to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, including the identification of one or more material weaknesses, could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements and reports, which would likely adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In addition, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC and other regulatory authorities.

Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We will be subject to income taxes in the United States, and our tax liabilities will be subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

• changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities;
• expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances;
• tax effects of stock-based compensation;
• costs related to intercompany restructurings;
• changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof; or
• lower than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates.

In addition, we may be subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by taxing authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Cybersecurity Risk Management

We, like other companies in our industry, face several cybersecurity risks in connection with our business. Our business strategy, results of operations, and financial condition have not, to date, been affected by risks from cybersecurity threats. During the reporting period, we have not experienced any material cyber incidents, nor have we experienced a series of immaterial incidents, which would require disclosure.

In the ordinary course of our business, we use, store and process data including data of our employees, partners, collaborators, and vendors. To effectively prevent, detect, and respond to cybersecurity threats, we maintain a cyber risk management program, which is comprised of a wide array of policies, standards, architecture, and processes. The cyber risk management program falls under the responsibility of our Chief Executive Officer, who in turn, manages our outsourced experts in information technology (“IT”) and cybersecurity. Under the guidance of our Chief Executive Officer, we task reputable third-party IT experts that utilize a wide variety of software to secure the environment. We also utilize a variety of cybersecurity software from reputable vendors in the industry.

We have implemented a cybersecurity risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risks from cybersecurity threats against our data and systems and ensure the effectiveness of our security controls. Our cybersecurity risk management program incorporates several components, including information security program assessments, continuous monitoring of critical risks from cybersecurity threats using automated tools, restoration testing, periodic threat testing, and documented standards, policies, and procedures. We deploy a wide range of security tools across the environment, require multifactor authentication across all critical systems, and implement access control policies to further limit protect the data within the systems.

We periodically engage third parties to conduct risk assessments and other system vulnerability analyses. As a result of these assessments, we have not identified any material cybersecurity risks. We also maintain documentation of our system hardening progress and plans. Additionally, our program requires cybersecurity training, which includes social engineering and phishing training, on a quarterly basis, for all employees with access to our internal network.

The underlying processes and controls of our cyber risk management program incorporate recognized best practices and standards for cybersecurity and IT, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST, Cybersecurity Framework, or CSF, and processes and controls supporting data protection requirements under applicable law. The NIST CSF offers a thorough set of guidelines and best practices to help establish a strong cybersecurity posture. Utilizing NIST CSF enables us to systemically identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks most relevant and impactful to our business operations. It is important to note that using the NIST CSF as a guide does not imply our cybersecurity program meets any specific technical standards or requirements.

Governance

Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) is responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity risk management. The Chief Executive Officer reports to our Board. The Chief Executive Officer provides updates to the Board on our cybersecurity risk management program, including any critical cybersecurity risks, ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies, and applicable regulatory requirements and industry standards on a regular basis. The Chief Executive Officer also notifies the Board of any cybersecurity incidents (suspected or actual) and provides updates on the incidents as well as cybersecurity risk mitigation activities as appropriate.

On February 8, 2022, we entered into a 124-month lease for an additional 390,240 square foot warehouse. In November, 2024, we relocated our headquarters to our new 390,240 square foot warehouse at 12915 Old Virginia Road in Reno, Nevada 89521. The current monthly rent is $237,149 payable monthly.

We are currently leasing a 99,000 square foot facility at 1190 Trademark Drive #108, Reno, Nevada, which was the prior location of our headquarters until November 2024. The lease for this building was entered into on March 1, 2021 and expires on April 30, 2026. As of September 30, 2025, management has determined to further consolidate our warehousing and operations into our headquarters location, which resulted in the full impairment of the Trademark Drive lease agreement. Subsequent to December 31, 2025 the lease termination agreement was executed and no further monthly rents are due.

We are also currently leasing a 59,500 square foot warehouse facility at 12815 Old Virginia Road in Reno, Nevada. The lease for this space was entered into on December 1, 2021, and expires December 31, 2026; the current monthly rent is $45,244. As of December 31, 2025, management has determined to further consolidate our warehousing and operations into our headquarters location, which resulted in the full impairment of the Old Virginia Road lease agreement.

On April 12, 2024, we entered into a lease agreement, effective April 1, 2024, for the approximately 64,000 square foot premises located at 2275 East Newlands Road, Fernley, Nevada (the “Fernley Lease Agreement”). As of December 31, 2025, management has determined to further consolidate our warehousing and operations into our headquarters location, which resulted in the full impairment of the Fernley Lease Agreement. The current monthly rent is $46,144.

Our Research & Development lab is a 9,600 square foot facility located in Sparks, Nevada. The lease for these premises was entered into on July 27, 2020 and expires on July 31, 2025. On May 8, 2025, we entered into a sixth lease amendment with our landlord to extend the lease term for an additional sixty-four (64) month period. Under the terms of the amended lease, the base rent due shall be fully abated for the four (4) month period commencing on August 1, 2025, and ending on November 30, 2025. The lease is set to expire on November 30, 2030. The current monthly rent is $12,480.

Our podcast studio was a 1,772 square foot facility located in Sparks, Nevada. The lease for this space expired on September 20, 2024.

On February 13, 2026, a putative consumer class action captioned Berdner et al v. Dragonfly Energy Holdings Corp. d/b/a Battle Born, was filed against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of California, County of Sonoma, Case No. 26CV01247, however, the Company has yet to be served with the complaint. The plaintiffs purport to represent four classes of purchasers of certain “Battle Born” branded 100 amp-hour 12V LiFePo4 batteries. They allege that the products share a uniform design defect related to the positive terminal connection that can result in overheating, premature failure, and safety risk. The complaint asserts violations of various state consumer protection statutes, breach of express and implied warranties (including under California law), and false advertising, and seeks damages, restitution, injunctive relief, punitive damages, and attorneys’ fees.

The Company believes that the claims are without merit and intends to vigorously defend this matter. No trial date has been set as of the date of this report. The Company is unable at this time to reasonably estimate a range of possible loss or determine whether an adverse outcome is probable; accordingly, no liability has been recorded related to this matter as of the date of this report.

All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this section regarding our financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward- looking statements. When used in this section, words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and similar expressions, as they relate to our management, identify forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those contemplated by the forward- looking statements as a result of certain factors detailed herein. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are qualified in their entirety by this paragraph.

Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business include forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. You should read the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

On December 18, 2025, we effected a reverse stock split for our issued and outstanding Common Stock at a ratio of 1-for-10. All of our historical share and per share information related to issued and outstanding Common Stock and outstanding options and warrants exercisable for Common Stock included in this prospectus have been adjusted, on a retroactive basis, to reflect the reverse stock splits. See “Corporate Information.”

Overview

We are a manufacturer of non-toxic deep cycle lithium-ion batteries that caters to customers in the consumer industry (including the RV, marine vessel, solar and off-grid residence industries), and trucking, industrial and energy storage markets, with proprietary, patented and disruptive battery cell manufacturing and non-flammable solid-state cell technology currently under development.

Since 2020, we have sold over 370,000 batteries. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we sold 43,129 and 42,447 batteries, respectively, and had $58.6 million and $50.6 million in net sales, respectively. We currently offer several lines of batteries across our two brands, each differentiated by size, power and capacity, consisting of seven different models, which come with an option for internal heat for cold temperature operation or an option for wireless communication using our Dragonfly IntelLigence feature. As a result of changes to our marketing focus and corporate objectives, we our focusing our selling efforts of “Battle Born” branded batteries primarily to OEMs as well as DTC customers.

Our increase in sales is a reflection of a slight recovery in the motorized RV market and increased market penetration as compared to the prior year. Although our existing RV OEM customers have only slightly increased their year-over-year production rates, the incorporation of lithium storage systems has accelerated faster than the increase in RV units shipped. This is in contrast to the de-contenting trend that had occurred over the previous 18 months. DTC sales remained relatively flat, indicating generally constant consumer sentiment in the space. During the second half of 2025, we continued to implement our corporate optimization initiative, prioritizing product development to drive near term revenue and profit. For instance, this strategic shift is accelerating our development of purpose-built solutions for the trucking and industrial markets, resulting in the recent launch of our Battle Born DualFlow Power Pack, a practical, cost-effective hybrid electrification solution for the trucking industry.

We currently source the LFP cells incorporated into our batteries from a limited number of carefully selected suppliers that can meet our demanding quality standards and with whom we have developed long-term relationships.

To supplement our battery offerings, we are also a reseller of accessories for battery systems. These include chargers, inverters, monitors, controllers and other system accessories from brands such as Victron Energy, Progressive Dynamics, Magnum Energy and Sterling Power. Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement dated April 22, 2022 by and among us and Thomason Jones and the other parties thereto, we also acquired the assets, including Wakespeed of Thomason Jones, allowing us to include our own alternator regulator in systems that we sell.

In addition to our conventional LFP batteries, we have been developing proprietary dry electrode cell manufacturing processes and solid-state cell technology. We believe that our solid-state technology design allows for a much safer, more efficient battery cell that we believe will be a key differentiator in the energy storage market.

In July 2023, we completed the construction of our proprietary and patented cell electrode manufacturing pilot line. Our patented dry deposition process is chemistry agnostic - meaning it can produce battery cells across a variety of chemistries - and is less capital intensive, uses less energy, and can produce cells in a smaller manufacturing footprint, leading to a lower total cost of manufacturing. In August 2023, we successfully demonstrated the ability to produce anode material at scale using this manufacturing process and did the same with cathode material in October 2023. We have since produced sample cells using PFAS-free binders and automotive-grade electrode loadings and C-rates and are now working on the design and deployment of scaled-up coating equipment that can be applied to a GWh-scale factory, reflecting the shift in industry priorities from cell performance to cost-effective scalability.

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash totaling $18.3 million. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were $69.9 million and $40.6 million, respectively. In the year ended December 31, 2025, we raised an aggregate of $90.9 million in net proceeds in connection with our various financings, as described below. As discussed under “-Liquidity and Capital Resources” below we expect that we will need to raise additional funds, including through the issuance of equity, equity-related or debt securities or by obtaining additional credit from financial institutions to fund, together with our principal sources of liquidity, ongoing costs. If such financings are not available, or if the terms of such financings are less desirable than we expect, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, including not seeking potential acquisition opportunities, eliminating redundancies, or reducing or delaying our production facility expansions, reduce operations, sell off our assets, seek the protection of bankruptcy courts or shut down our operations and dissolve.

License Agreement with Stryten

On July 29, 2024, Legacy Dragonfly and Battle Born Battery Products, LLC (“Battle Born LLC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legacy Dragonfly, entered into a License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Stryten. Pursuant to the License Agreement, Battle Born LLC granted Stryten an exclusive, worldwide license to use certain trademarks relating to Legacy Dragonfly’s lithium-ion battery brand, Battle Born Batteries® (the “Licensed Trademarks”) for business-to-business sales of batteries to customers within the following markets: (i) automative, (ii) marine, (iii) powersports, (iv) lawn and garden, (v) golf cart, and (vi) military and defense (such industries, the “Stryten Market”). In exchange for the licensing rights, Stryten agreed to pay Battle Born LLC an initial licensing fee of five million dollars ($5,000,000) (the “Initial Licensing Fee”), which was paid on August 29, 2024.

The License Agreement provides for mid-single digit royalty payments based on net sales using the Licensed Trademarks, with a tiered structure reaching up to twenty-five million dollars ($25,000,000), at which point Stryten will be required to pay a nominal annual license fee. Additional fees will apply for battery design and contract manufacturing services outside of the License Agreement. The License Agreement is perpetual in term, unless terminated by: (i) Battle Born LLC if Stryten fails to pay the royalty payments required by the License Agreement and such royalty payments remain unpaid thirty (30) days after notice of such overdue payments (provided that Battle Born LLC uses reasonable efforts to discuss such overdue payments with Stryten), or (ii) either party (x) if the other party materially breaches the License Agreement and fails to cure such material breach within thirty (30) days of notice of such breach, (y) upon the occurrence of certain bankruptcy-related events, or (z) under certain circumstances, if the aggregate royalty payments received by Battle Born LLC under the License Agreement are less than fifteen million dollars ($15,000,000) after five (5) years.

Earnout Merger Consideration

In addition to the initial merger consideration in connection with our business combination in October of 2022, up to 444,445 additional shares of common stock (“Earnout Shares”) may be issued based on achieving specified milestones in three tranches:

1. First Tranche (166,667 shares): Issuable if 2023 total audited revenue is at least $250 million and audited operating income is at least $35 million. This milestone was not achieved for 2023.

2. Second Tranche (138,889 shares): Issuable if the volume-weighted average trading price of common stock reaches $2,025.00 over any 20 trading days within a 30-day period, on or before December 31, 2026.

3. Third Tranche (138,889 shares): Issuable if the volume-weighted average trading price of common stock reaches $2,925.00 over any 20 trading days within a 30-day period, on or before December 31, 2028.

If a change of control occurs during the second or third earnout periods, unachieved milestones will be automatically deemed satisfied if the share price at the time of the transaction meets or exceeds $2,025.00 for the second period or $2,925.00 for the third period.

ChEF Equity Facility

We and Chardan Capital Markets LLC, a New York limited liability company (“CCM LLC”) entered into a purchase agreement (as amended, the “ChEF Purchase Agreement”) and a Registration Rights Agreement in connection with our merger in October 2022 (the “Business Combination”). Pursuant to the Original Purchase Agreement, we had the right to sell to CCM LLC an amount of shares of common stock, up to a maximum aggregate purchase price of $150 million, pursuant to the terms of the ChEF Purchase Agreement (the “ChEF Equity Facility”), subject to certain restrictions set forth in the Term Loan Agreement (as defined below). The ChEF Purchase Agreement terminated in December 2025.

February 2025 Registered Direct Offering and Concurrent Private Placement, Fifth Amendment to Term Loan Agreement and April 2025 Private Placement

On February 26, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with a single institutional investor, pursuant to which we sold in a registered direct offering (the “Registered Direct Offering”) 18 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), at a price of $100,000 per share, initially convertible into shares of our common stock, at a conversion price of $23.32 per share of common stock. The Series A Preferred Stock was also convertible by the investor at an adjusted conversion price, subject to the applicable floor price.

Concurrently with the sale of the Series A Preferred Stock in the Registered Direct Offering, in a private placement offering pursuant to the Purchase Agreement (the “Private Placement” and, together with the Registered Direct Offering, the “Offerings”), we sold, at the initial closing of the Private Placement (the “Initial Closing” and, together with the Registered Direct Offering, the “Initial Offerings”), (i) an additional 17 shares of Series A Preferred Stock at the same offering price as the Series A Preferred Stock offered in the Registered Direct Offering, initially convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $23.32 per share, and (ii) warrants (the “Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 400 shares of Series A Preferred Stock (the “Private Placement Warrant Shares”), with an exercise price of $100,000 per share of Series A Preferred Stock, and a term as described below.

The exercise price under each Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrant was $100,000 per share of Series A Preferred Stock. Each Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrant was exercisable for 20 shares of Series A Preferred Stock in minimum increments of $500,000. The Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrants had a term beginning on the issuance date and ending on or prior to the earlier of (i) the thirty-three (33) month anniversary of the date the shares of common stock issued or issuable upon the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock issued in the concurrent Private Placement were registered for resale (“Registration Effectiveness”) pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”) (such date, the “Registration Effectiveness Date”) and (ii) (A) the consummation of a Change of Control (as defined in the certificate of designation) and (B) the consummation of a redemption of the then outstanding Series A Preferred Stock in full. The exercise price and number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise was subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting shares of our common stock.

On April 28, 2025, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we sold to the Purchaser, in the second closing of the Private Placement (the “Second Closing”) 45 Preferred Shares at a price of $100,000 per share, initially convertible into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $5.95 per share, subject to adjustment.

The net proceeds to us from the Initial Offerings and the Second Offering, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and expenses and estimated offering expenses, were approximately $3.2 million and $4.2 million, respectively, excluding the net proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrants.

As a condition precedent to the closing of the Initial Offerings, on February 26, 2025, we entered into the Fifth Amendment (the “Fifth Amendment”) to the Term Loan Agreement with the Term Loan Lenders. Under the Fifth Amendment, the Term Loan Lenders agreed to, among other matters (i) receive no principal or interest payments under the Term Loan Agreement through March 31, 2026, and (ii) remove certain financial covenant tests under the Term Loan, provided that we maintain cash and cash equivalents equal to at least $2.5 million through such date.

On June 23, 2025, we and the holder of Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrants agreed to cancel such holder’s Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 400 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, with an exercise price of $100,000 per share of Series A Preferred Stock. As a result, the Private Placement Convertible Preferred Warrants are no longer outstanding.

On July 20, 2025, we entered into a Settlement and Release Agreement (the “Release Agreement”) with the holder of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Pursuant to the terms of the Release Agreement, we issued and delivered 210,000 shares of common stock to the holder and the holder surrendered to the Company all of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, under the Release Agreement, upon the issuance of the shares of common stock, our obligations under the Purchase Agreement, the Certificate of Designation governing the Series A Preferred Stock and the other agreements entered into in connection with the offering of the Series A Preferred Stock were satisfied in full and the Purchase Agreement and the other agreements were deemed terminated and any remaining shares of Series A Preferred Stock that were outstanding or deemed to be outstanding were deemed cancelled and no longer outstanding. We have no further obligation to issue any shares of common stock or Series A Preferred Stock to the holder under the Purchase Agreement or otherwise. Under the Release Agreement, each party also provided a full release to the other party.

July 2025 Offering

On July 30, 2025, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”), as representative of the several underwriters named in the certain underwriting agreement, relating to an underwritten public offering (the “July 2025 Public Offering”) of 2,198,000 shares of common stock, at a price to the public of $2.50 per share. On July 31, 2025, we completed the July 2025 Public Offering raising gross proceeds of approximately $5.5 million and net proceeds of $4.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by us.

October 2025 Offerings

On October 6, 2025, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Canaccord, as representative of the several underwriters (the “First Offering Underwriters”) named in the underwriting agreement dated October 6, 2025, relating to an underwritten public offering (the “First October 2025 Offering”) of 2,000,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $12.50 per share, which includes the First Offering Underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 300,000 shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $12.50 per share. On October 8, 2025, we completed the First October 2025 Offering, including the full exercise of the additional 300,000 shares of common stock, raising gross proceeds of approximately $28.8 million and net proceeds of $26.9 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses payable by us. On October 8, 2025 upon a request from our Term Loan Lenders under the term loan agreement, we repaid $4.0 million of principal to satisfy a portion of its outstanding principal under the Term Loan Agreement.

On October 16, 2025, we entered into an additional underwriting agreement with Canaccord, as representative of the several underwriters (the “Second Offering Underwriters”) named in the underwriting agreement, dated October 17, 2025 (the “Second Offering Underwriting Agreement”), relating to an underwritten public offering (the “Second October 2025 Offering”) of 3,600,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $13.50 per share, and (ii) prefunded warrants (the “October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 500,000 shares of common stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrant Shares”) at a price to the public of $13.50 per October 2025 Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share public offering price for the Shares (as defined below) less the $0.001 per share exercise price for each such Pre-Funded Warrant.

Sixth Amendment to Term Loan, Series B Preferred Stock Issuance and 2025 Debt Restructuring

On October 20, 2025, we entered into the Sixth Amendment to the Term Loan Agreement with the Term Loan Lenders to, among other matters, (i) adjust the fixed interest rate of the remaining outstanding principal amount under the Term Loan Agreement to a fixed interest rate of 12% per annum, payable monthly commencing December 31, 2025 that will mature in October 2027, and (ii) waive any applicable financial covenants (except for a financial covenant requiring us to maintain cash and cash equivalents equal to or greater than $5.0 million) through December 31, 2026. In connection with the Sixth Amendment, (i) we made a prepayment of $45.0 million of outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan Agreement from the net proceeds from the Second October 2025 Offering (the “Loan Prepayment”), (ii) the Term Loan Lenders forgave the repayment of $5.0 million of the outstanding principal under the Term Loan Agreement, (iii) we paid a fee to the Term Loan Lenders equal to approximately $450,000 in cash and $450,000 added to principal outstanding amount of the loan under the Term Loan Agreement; and (iv) we issued 25,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in exchange for $25.0 million outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan. The remaining outstanding principal amount under the Term Loan Agreement of approximately $19.0 million, after the repayment and forgiveness disclosed above, will have a fixed interest rate of 12% per annum, payable monthly commencing December 31, 2025 and will mature in October 2027. In addition, certain covenants under the Term Loan Agreement have been waived through December 31, 2026, and we have agreed to a minimum liquidity covenant of $5.0 million calculated on a monthly basis.

On November 4, 2025, we filed a Certificate of Designation of the Powers, Preferences and Relative, Participating, Optional and Other Restrictions of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to establish the rights, privileges, preferences, and restrictions of the Series B Preferred Stock. As set forth in the Certificate of Designation, we designated 25,000 shares of preferred stock as Series B Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1,000 per share. The Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of common stock at the option of the Term Lenders at a conversion price of $31.50 per share, or an aggregate of 793,651 shares of common stock.

On November 4, 2025, we entered into the Exchange Agreement with the Term Loan Lenders pursuant to we issued 25,000 shares of newly created Series B Preferred Stock in exchange for $25.0 million outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan. The Series B Preferred Stock (i) is convertible into shares of common stock at the option of the Term Loan Lenders at a conversion price of $31.50 per share, or an aggregate of 793,651 shares of common stock, (ii) has a dividend of 8% per annum payable quarterly in cash and (iii) has a dividend of 2% per annum payable quarterly in kind (“PIK Dividends”), which includes the aggregate amount of all paid PIK Dividends and any accrued and unpaid PIK Dividends on the applicable dividend date. In addition, we have a right to redeem any outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock at our option at the greater of (i) the stated value plus any outstanding dividends and (ii) the as-converted value of the shares of common stock underlying the Series B Preferred Stock (the “Optional Redemption Price”). The Term Loan Lenders have also agreed not to convert any shares of the Series B Preferred Stock for a period of six months following the issuance of the Series B Preferred Stock. In connection with any future equity offerings, we will be required to use 50% of the net proceeds from such offering to redeem outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock at the Optional Redemption Price. In the event we have not redeemed the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock by October 7, 2027 or upon the occurrence of a Non-Payment Event (as defined in the Series B Certificate of Designation), the holders will have the right to require us to redeem the Series B Preferred Stock at the Optional Redemption Price.

Equity Distribution Agreement

In January 2026, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC (“Canaccord”) under which we may offer and sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock through an at-the-market equity offering program (the “ATM”) for up to $50.0 million in gross proceeds. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, we did not sell any shares of our common stock pursuant to the ATM.

Key Factors Affecting Our Operating Results

Our financial position and results of operations depend to a significant extent on the following factors:

End Market Consumers

The demand for our products ultimately depends on demand from consumers in our current end markets. We generate sales through (1) direct-to-customer and (2) through OEMs, particularly in the RV market. As our business has evolved, our growth strategy has increasingly shifted toward OEM, fleet, and industrial channels, where we can deliver integrated energy storage solutions at scale.

An increasing proportion of our sales has been and is expected to continue to be derived from sales to RV OEMs, driven by continued efforts to develop and expand sales to RV OEMs with whom we have longstanding relationships. Our RV OEM sales have been on a purchase order basis, without firm revenue commitments, and we expect that this will likely continue to be the case. Therefore, future RV OEM sales will be subject to risks and uncertainties, including the number of RVs these OEMs manufacture and sell, which in turn may be driven by the expectations these OEMs have around end market consumer demand.

Demand from end market consumers is impacted by a number of factors, including travel restrictions, fuel costs and energy demands (including an increasing trend towards the use of green energy), as well as overall macro-economic conditions and inflation. Sales of our batteries have benefited from the increased adoption of the RV lifestyle, the demand for and inclusion of additional appliances and electronics in RVs, and the accelerating trend of solar power adoption among RV customers. However, macro-economic conditions and increased competition from imported battery packs have led to a decrease in direct to consumer sales. We have focused on product diversification, including the introduction of batteries equipped with our Dragonfly IntelLigence technology and the expansion of complementary system components that support integrated power solutions across our end markets. We expect that direct to consumer sales will remain relatively flat through 2026. However, we expect growth among our existing RV OEM customers to be driven by expanded adoption of our products across additional models and configurations, as well as increased system content per unit, rather than solely by changes in overall RV shipment volumes. In addition, we anticipate increased revenue from continued expansion within existing customer relationships across other end markets, including industrial and commercial energy storage applications and the heavy-duty trucking market, where fleet customers have begun to adopt our systems and expand deployments following initial pilot programs

Supply

We currently rely on two carefully selected cell manufacturers located in China, and a single supplier, also located in China, to manufacture our proprietary battery management system. Our close working relationships with our China-based LFP cell suppliers, reflected in our ability to increase our purchase order volumes (qualifying us for related volume-based discounts) and order and receive delivery of cells in anticipation of required demand, has helped us moderate increased supply-related costs associated with inflation, currency fluctuations and U.S. government tariffs imposed on our imported battery cells and to avoid potential shipment delays. To mitigate against potential adverse production events, we opted to build our inventory of key components, such as battery cells. However, as many of the supply chain challenges and delays that were prevalent over the last several years have eased, we are actively working down our inventory to more appropriate safety stock levels.

As a result of our battery chemistry and active steps we have taken to manage our inventory levels, we have not been subject to the shortages or price impacts that have been present for manufacturers of nickel manganese cobalt and nickel cobalt aluminum batteries. As we look toward the production of our solid-state cells, we have signed a Commercial Offtake Agreement with a lithium mining company located in Nevada for the supply of lithium, which we expect will enable us to further manage our cost of goods over time.

Product and Customer Mix

Our product sales consist of sales of numerous models of LFP batteries, along with accessories for battery systems (individually or bundled). These products are sold to different customer types (e.g., consumers, OEMs and distributors) and at different prices and involve varying levels of costs. In any particular period, changes in the mix and volume of particular products sold and the prices of those products relative to other products will impact our average selling price and our cost of goods sold. Despite our work to moderate increased supply-related costs, the price of our products may also increase as a result of increases in the cost of components due to inflation, currency fluctuations and tariffs. OEM sales typically result in lower average selling prices and related margins, which could result in margin erosion, negatively impact our growth or require us to raise our prices. However, this reduction is typically offset by the benefits of increased sales volumes. Sales of third-party sourced accessories typically have lower related margin. We expect accessory sales to increase as we further develop full-system design expertise and product offerings and consumers increasingly demand more sophisticated systems, rather than simple drop-in replacements. In addition to the impacts attributable to the general sales mix across our products and accessories, our results of operations are impacted by the relative margins of products sold. As we continue to introduce new products at varying price points, our overall gross margin may vary from period to period as a result of changes in product and customer mix.

Production Capacity

All of our battery assembly currently takes place at our 390,240 square foot headquarters and manufacturing facility located in Reno, Nevada. We currently operate four LFP battery production lines. Consistent with our operating history, we plan to continue to automate additional aspects of our battery production lines. Our existing facility has the capacity to add up to four additional LFP battery production lines and construct and operate a pilot production line for our solid-state cells, all designed to maximize the capacity of our manufacturing facility. Although our automation efforts are expected to reduce our costs of goods, we may not fully recognize the anticipated savings when planned and could experience additional costs or disruptions to our production activities. We have also focused on optimizing our manufacturing efficiency and throughput, enabling us to increase our production capacity without the need for increased headcount.

Competition

We compete with traditional lead-acid battery manufacturers and lithium-ion battery manufacturers, who primarily either import their products or components or manufacture products under a private label. As we continue to expand into new markets, develop new products and move towards production of our own conventional LFP cells and, in the longer term, solid state cells, we will experience competition with a wider range of companies. These competitors may have greater resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies. Our competitors may be able to source materials and components at lower costs, which may require us to evaluate measures to reduce our own costs, lower the price of our products or increase sales volumes in order to maintain our expected levels of profitability.

Research and Development

Our research and development is currently primarily focused on the scaling our proprietary dry electrode process for domestic production of full LFP cells. Although we have reallocated resources from the advanced manufacturing of solid-state lithium-ion batteries in order to focus on conventional cells, we expect to return to the solid-state chemistry as capital becomes more available for these longer term projects.

Components of Results of Operations

Net Sales

Net sales are primarily generated from the sale of our LFP batteries to OEMs and directly to consumers, as well as chargers and other accessories, either individually or bundled, and recognition of deferred licensing revenue.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold includes the cost of cells and other components of our LFP batteries, labor and overhead, logistics and freight costs, and depreciation of manufacturing equipment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit, calculated as net sales less cost of goods sold, may vary between periods and is primarily affected by various factors including average selling prices, product costs, product mix and customer mix.

Operating Expenses

Research and development

Research and development costs include personnel-related expenses for scientists, experienced engineers and technicians as well as the material and supplies to support the development of new products and our solid-state technology.

General and administrative

General and administrative costs include personnel-related expenses attributable to our executive, finance, human resources, engineering and product development organizations, certain facility and information technology costs, and fees for professional services.

Selling and marketing

Selling and marketing costs include outbound freight, personnel-related expenses, as well as trade show, industry event, marketing, customer support, and other indirect costs. We expect to continue to make the necessary sales and marketing investments to enable the execution of our strategy, which includes expanding into additional end markets.

Total Other Expense

Other expense consist primarily of debt extinguishment, interest expense, the change in fair value of the warrant liability and amortization of debt issuance costs.

Results of Operations

Comparisons for the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. This data should be read together with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to such financial statements and related notes.

(in thousands)

(in thousands)

Net Sales

Net sales increased by $8.0 million, or 15.8%, to $58.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $50.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to higher OEM battery and accessory sales of new models to existing customers and licensing revenue which is part of the Stryten Licensing Agreement entered into the second half of 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2025, DTC revenue decreased by $1.9 million as a result of decreased customer demand for our products due to rising interest rates and inflation. We expect our sales to increase in the next 12 months as our customers expand the number of models they include our battery systems in for the new model year and our entrance into new markets, trucking and industrials, with new product offerings.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold increased by $4.0 million, or 10.2%, to $43.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was to higher unit volume of batteries and accessories. Overhead increased due to allocation of expense related to the new building and lease. We expect our cost of goods sold to increase over the next 12 months in conjunction with the anticipated increase in revenue and higher tariffs but will be slightly offset with some automation initiatives in the second quarter of 2026.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased by $4.0 million, or 34.6%, to $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to a higher unit volume of battery and accessory sales. Gross Profit percentage increased by 3.7% to 26.7% primarily due to sales of higher margin accessory units and assemblies.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased by $2.5 million, or 45.3%, to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily a result of lower employee related expenses in the amount of $1.5 million due to reduced headcount along with lower rent, travel and supplies. We expect Research and Development expenses to be relatively stable over the next year.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $3.8 million, or 17.1%, to $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to $3.2 million in expenses for the debt restructure and preferred stock financing along with $1.6 million in higher personnel costs related to increase in engineering and product development staffing. Additionally, we saw an increase in the allocation of building and depreciation expense of $1.7 million on our properties and impairment of three leases and related leasehold improvements of $2.9 million. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in legal, investor relations, insurance, board, audit and accounting support fees of $1.8 million. Prior year included non-recurring costs for patent litigation and settlement costs of $3.1 million and asset impairment of $0.9 million. We expect General and Administrative Expenses, as a percentage of revenue, to decrease over the next 12 months as a result of cost reduction measures beginning in the second quarter of 2026.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $0.2 million, or 1.5%, to $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to higher shipping costs due to higher unit sales volume. We expect our Selling and Marketing Expenses to decrease as a result of cost reduction measures beginning in the second quarter of 2026.

Total Other Income (Expense)

Other expense totaled $46.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to total other expense of $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Other expense in 2025 is comprised primarily of debt extinguishment expense of $31.8 million related to our debt restructure and $20.3 million in interest expense related to our debt securities. The $31.8 million loss on debt extinguishment is comprised of a (i) pro rata debt discount of $26.2 million, (ii) Series B Preferred shares issued in settlement of $25.0 million of principal, with a fair value of $21.7 million netting a $3.3 gain, and a pro rata debt discount reduction of $13.0 million, resulting in a net loss of $9.7 million, (iii) amendment fees of $0.9 million, (iv) offset by a gain on the debt principal forgiven of $5.0 million. These increases are partially offset by a change in fair market value of warrant liability in the amount of $5.1 million. Other expense in 2024 is comprised primarily of interest expense of $21.5 million related to our debt securities partially offset by a change in fair market value of warrant liability in the amount of $6.7 million.

Income Tax Benefit

The income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025 were immaterial. The income tax benefit reflects our expected use of losses in the period against future tax obligations. Management evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of its deferred tax assets and determined that it is more likely than not that we will not recognize the benefits of the deferred tax assets primarily due to us entering into a 3-year cumulative loss position. As a result, a full valuation allowance totaling $29.4 million was recorded as of December 31, 2024 revalued at $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025

Net Loss

We generated a net loss of $69.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to a net loss of $40.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As described above, this result was mainly due to debt extinguishment, partially offset by higher sales of higher margin accessory sales.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources, and actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On a recurring basis, we evaluate our judgments and estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. The effects of material revisions in an estimate, if any, are reflected in the consolidated financial statements prospectively from the date of the change in the estimate.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that involve a significant degree of estimation uncertainty at the time the estimate is made; and (2) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or the use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. In addition to the estimates described below, there are other items within our financial statements that require estimation, but that we do not consider critical under the definition above. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our financial statements.

We believe that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to the judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements because they involve significant estimation uncertainty and have had, or are reasonably likely to have, a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Inventory Valuation

We maintain reserves for excess and obsolete inventory and for inventory that is carried at amounts in excess of its estimated realizable value. These reserves are inherently judgmental and involve significant estimates regarding expected future demand, product life cycles, pricing, and the recoverability of costs through future sales. In estimating these reserves, we consider factors such as recent sales experience, forecasted demand, the aging of inventories and specific identification of items that may be obsolete or slow-moving.

Changes in these assumptions, including adverse changes in customer demand, technological developments, or pricing pressures, could result in materially different reserve levels and related cost of goods sold in future periods. For example, a decrease in expected demand or sales prices, or an increase in the aging of inventory, could require us to increase our reserves, which would negatively affect our gross margin. Conversely, if actual demand is higher than currently estimated, our reserves could prove to be overstated, resulting in lower cost of goods sold in future periods.

Warrants

We issue warrants to purchase our common stock in connection with certain financing and other transactions. We apply the relevant guidance in ASC 480 and ASC 815 in determining whether warrants should be classified as liabilities or equity. Warrants that are classified as liabilities are initially recorded at fair value and remeasured at fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

The fair value of liability-classified warrants involves significant judgment, as it is based on valuation models that incorporate various inputs, including our common stock price, expected stock price volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rates and, as applicable, other market-based or contractual features. These inputs are subject to estimation uncertainty and can change over time in response to our operating performance, changes in our capital structure, market conditions or other factors.

Because changes in these inputs directly affect the fair value of the warrants, they can result in material volatility in our reported earnings from period to period. For example, an increase in the price or volatility of our common stock generally increases the fair value of liability-classified warrants and may result in a loss recognized in our statement of operations, whereas decreases in stock price or volatility may result in a gain.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

We recognize the financial statement effect of an uncertain tax position when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. Recognized tax positions are measured at the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We also establish a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

The assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets and the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions involve significant judgment and estimation, including projections of future taxable income, the timing and character of that income, the reversal of existing temporary differences, the outcome of tax examinations and the interpretation of tax laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions. Our projections of future taxable income are inherently uncertain and subject to change due to changes in our business, our industry, and the overall economic environment.

If actual results differ from our estimates, or if we adjust our estimates in future periods, we may need to increase or decrease our valuation allowance or adjust our uncertain tax positions, which could have a material impact on our effective tax rate, income tax expense and results of operations. For example, evidence of sustained profitability in one or more jurisdictions could result in a reduction of the valuation allowance and a related decrease in income tax expense, whereas evidence of sustained losses or unfavorable changes in tax law could result in an increase in the valuation allowance and higher income tax expense.

Leases

We recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for our operating leases based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. Because our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate, we estimate an incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rate is derived from market data, including current borrowing rates available to us for similar terms and collateral, as well as broader market interest rate information. We also make judgments regarding the lease term, including renewal and termination options, when it is reasonably certain that such options will be exercised.

These estimates are subjective and can significantly affect the measurement of our right-of-use assets, lease liabilities and related lease cost recognized in the statement of operations. Changes in our assessment of the incremental borrowing rate, or our expectations about exercising renewal or termination options, could result in material changes to the recorded lease liabilities and right-of-use assets and affect the pattern of lease expense recognition over time.

License Arrangement

We have entered into license arrangements under which we receive upfront compensation. We recognize this compensation as revenue over a five-year period, which we believe reflects the pattern in which control of the licensed rights and related services is transferred and the period over which we expect to realize the economic benefits of the arrangement.

The determination of the appropriate recognition pattern involves significant judgment, including our assessment of the nature and timing of performance obligations, the expected duration and level of customer engagement, and the likelihood of renewal or modification of the arrangement. These factors are inherently uncertain and may change over time as we gain more experience with the arrangements or as customer behavior evolves.

If our expectations regarding the timing or amount of the benefits to be provided under these arrangements change, or if we modify or renew the arrangements on terms different from those originally anticipated, we may be required to adjust the recognition pattern, which could result in a material increase or decrease in revenue in one or more reporting periods.

Tariffs

We import certain components used in the manufacturing of our products and are responsible for calculating and paying applicable tariffs and customs duties. Determining the appropriate tariffs involves judgment, including the interpretation and application of customs classifications, trade agreements and dutiable values.

Changes in customs regulations, interpretations by authorities, trade policies, or our sourcing and supply chain strategies could affect the applicable tariff rates or classifications and result in additional assessments, refunds or penalties. To the extent that we are required to pay higher tariffs or duties than currently estimated, or if we are unable to effectively mitigate increases through pricing or supply chain actions, our cost of goods sold and gross margin could be materially affected.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Annual Report includes a non-GAAP measure that we use to supplement our results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest and other income (expenses), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation, change in fair market value of warrant liabilities, non-recurring costs associated with strategic financing, reverse stock split, litigation and loss on settlement. Adjusted EBITDA is a performance measure that we believe is useful to investors and analysts because it illustrates the underlying financial and business trends relating to our core, recurring results of operations and enhances comparability between periods.

Adjusted EBITDA is not a recognized measure under U.S. GAAP and is not intended to be a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial measure and, as calculated, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of performance of other companies in other industries or within the same industry. Investors should exercise caution in comparing our non-GAAP measure to any similarly titled measure used by other companies. This non-GAAP measure excludes certain items required by U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to information reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The table below presents our adjusted EBITDA, reconciled to net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(in thousands)

(1) Stock-Based Compensation is comprised of costs associated with option and RSU grants made to our employees, consultants and Board members.

(2) Change in fair market value of warrant liabilities represents the change in fair value from the date the warrants were issued through December 31, 2025.

(3) Litigation Fees and Loss on Settlement includes legal fees and expenses and settlement related to the International Trade Commission ‘ITC’ LithiumHub patent infringement case and others.

(4) Reverse Stock Split are transfer agent and legal expenses and fees related to the reverse stock split with the SEC.

(5) Debt discount expensed as part of the restructuring.

(6) Debt Restructure expenses including legal and professional services.

(7) Termination fee related to the ChEF Equity Facility.

(8) Preferred Stock Financing is comprised of the expense relating to the Offerings.

(9) In 2025, impairment of ROU assets and leasehold improvements from our previous main office, as well as Fernley location and prior storage warehouse. In 2024, impairment of asset previously classified as held for sale.

(10) Revision to estimate of prior year tariff underpayment.

(11) Series B Preferred Stock Dividend.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity describes the ability of a company to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the cash requirements of its business operations, including working capital needs, debt service, acquisitions, contractual obligations and other commitments. We assess liquidity in terms of our cash flows from operations and their sufficiency to fund our operating and investing activities. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash totaling $18.3 million. We believe that our cash at December 31, 2025 will fund our operations through the end of 2026.

In the year ended December 31, 2025, we raised an aggregate of $90.9 million in net proceeds in connection with our various financings and capital raises throughout the year, as described per raise in the “Overview” section above.

In connection with increased sales year over year, we increased our purchase activities in 2025. As a result, our inventory balance at December 31, 2025 increased by $2.5 million to $24.2 million, compared to $21.7 million at December 31, 2024.

We expect that we will need to raise additional funds, including through the issuance of equity, equity-related or debt securities or by obtaining additional credit from financial institutions to fund, together with our principal sources of liquidity, ongoing costs, such as research and development relating to our solid-state batteries, expansion of our facilities, and new strategic investments. If such financings are not available, or if the terms of such financings are less desirable than we expect, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, including by not seeking potential acquisition opportunities, eliminating redundancies, or reducing or delaying our production facility expansions, reduce operations, sell off our assets, seek the protection of bankruptcy courts or shut down our operations and dissolve. Further, any future debt or equity financings may be dilutive to our current stockholders.

Financing Obligations and Requirements

On November 24, 2021, we issued $45.0 million of fixed rate senior notes, secured by among other things, a security interest in our intellectual property. As part of the Business Combination, we entered into a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $75 million (the “Term Loan”) pursuant to the Term Loan, Guarantee and Security Agreement (the “Original Term Loan Agreement” and, as amended, the “Term Loan Agreement”) by and among, us, Legacy Dragonfly, Alter Domus (US) LLC, as the Agent to the lenders time-to-time party thereto (such lenders, the “Term Loan Lenders”), the proceeds of which were used to repay the $45.0 million fixed rate senior notes, and ChEF Equity Facility.

As described in “-Liquidity and Capital Resources” above, under the Sixth Amendment, we (i) prepaid $45.0 million of principal using proceeds from the Second October 2025 Offering, (ii) exchanged $25.0 million of principal for redeemable Series B Preferred Stock (convertible at $31.50 per share, with 8% cash and 2% “in kind” dividends), which is redeemable in October 2027 unless otherwise converted by the holder, and (iii) had $5.0 million of principal forgiven by the Term Loan Lenders. Following these transactions, approximately $19.4 million of principal remained outstanding under the Term Loan, bearing 12% interest payable monthly and maturing in October 2027. We paid $0.9 million in fees (half in cash, half added to principal) and obtained covenant waivers through December 2026, subject to maintaining $5.0 million of minimum liquidity.

The Sixth Amendment significantly improved our liquidity by reducing total debt from $93.1 million to approximately $19.4 million and deferring near-term cash interest requirements through the preferred stock exchange and covenant waivers.

The Term Loan proceeds were used to: (i) support the Business Combination, (ii) prepay the fixed rate senior notes at closing of the Business Combination, (iii) pay fees and expenses in connection with the foregoing, (iv) to provide additional growth capital and (v) for other general/corporate purposes. The Term Loan will mature on October 7, 2027, or the Maturity Date, and will be subject to quarterly amortization of 5% per annum beginning 24 months after issuance. The definitive documents for the Term Loan incorporate certain mandatory prepayment events and certain affirmative and negative covenants and exceptions hereto. The financial covenants for the Term Loan include a maximum senior leverage ratio covenant, a minimum liquidity covenant, a springing fixed charge coverage ratio covenant, and a maximum capital expenditures covenant. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we reclassified our notes payable from a long-term liability to a current liability. The Term Loan accrues interest as follows: (i) until April 1, 2024, at a per annum rate equal to adjusted secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus 7% payable in cash plus an amount ranging from 4.5% to 6.5%, depending on our senior leverage ratio; (ii) effective April 1, 2024 and thereafter, interest payable to certain lenders subject to regulations of the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) with outstanding principal on that date of $30,846 will be limited to 14.0% per annum (except for default interest permitted under SBA regulations, as applicable); and (iii) the other outstanding principal will accrue interest from April 1, 2024 thereafter until October 1, 2024, at a per annum rate equal to adjusted SOFR plus 7% payable in cash plus an amount ranging from 4.5% to 6.5%, depending on the senior leverage ratio of the consolidated company, and at all times thereafter, at a per annum rate equal to adjusted SOFR plus a margin ranging from 11.5% to 13.5%, depending on our senior leverage ratio.

The Term Loan is secured by substantially all assets of the Company, Battle Born LLC and Legacy Dragonfly, and we pledged our equity interests in Battle Born LLC and Legacy Dragonfly as additional collateral. In connection with the Business Combination, the Term Loan Lenders also received Penny Warrants and $10 Warrants.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we issued 2,316 shares pursuant to the ChEF Purchase Agreement with CCM LLC for aggregate proceeds to us of $0.06 million. The ChEF Purchase Agreement terminated in December 2025. In connection with the July 2025 Offering, we agreed not to sell shares of our common stock for a period of 90 days following the closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions

In 2024, we identified an underpayment of tariffs to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) in the amount of approximately $1.66 million in the aggregate, related to the improper classification and valuation of certain of the products used in our batteries. We have reported the underpayment to CBP. In June 2025, after a comprehensive review of this tariff calculation, an additional $0.29 million was discovered and also reported to CBP and a payment plan of $0.05 million per week was put into place and as of December 31, 2025, the remaining balance due is $0.6 million.

Going Concern

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we incurred losses and had a negative cash flow from operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $18.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and a working capital of $ 30.4 million. The Company’s ability to achieve profitability and positive cash flow depends on its ability to increase revenue, contain its expenses and maintain compliance with the financial covenants in its outstanding indebtedness agreements.

Under the Term Loan Agreement, we are obligated to comply with certain financial covenants, which include maintaining a maximum senior leverage ratio, minimum liquidity, a springing fixed charge coverage ratio, and maximum capital expenditures. On March 31, 2024, April 29, 2024, May, 30, 2024, June 28, 2024, July 31, 2024, August 31, 2024, September 30, 2024, October 31, 2024, November 30, 2024 and December 31, 2024, we obtained waivers from the Term Loan administrative agent and lenders of its failures to satisfy the liquidity requirement under the Term Loan for the quarters ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024, September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2024 and the fiscal months ended April 30, 2024, May 31, 2024, July 31, 2024, August 31, 2024, October 31, 2024, and November 30, 2024, as applicable. In connection with the License Agreement, on July 29, 2024, us, Legacy Dragonfly and Battle Born LLC entered into the Second Amendment. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Term Loan Lenders (i) consented to the transactions contemplated by the License Agreement and the Trademark Transfer Agreement and (ii) agreed to waive the mandatory prepayment under the Loan Agreement that would have been due to the Lenders under the Term Loan upon Battle Born LLC’s receipt of the Initial Licensing Fee. In connection with the Second Amendment, Battle Born LLC entered into the Joinder.

On September 30, 2024, we entered into the Third Amendment, which: (i) reduced the liquidity requirement under the Term Loan to be $7.0 million as of the last day of the month ended September 30, 2024, and $10.0 million as of the last day of each fiscal month thereafter commencing with the fiscal month ended July 31, 2024 and (ii) on October 1, 2024, interest is payable (a) $1,500,000 in cash for the pro rata benefit of the Lenders and (b) the remaining interest in-kind, to be capitalized and added to the principal. For Payment Dates occurring on or after January 1, 2025 (including interest accruing from October 1, 2024, through December 31, 2024), all interest shall be paid in cash at a rate equal to Adjusted Term SOFR plus the Applicable Margin.

On December 31, 2024, we entered into the Fourth Amendment, which: (i) reduced the liquidity requirement under the Term Loan to be $3.5 million as of the last day of the month ended December 31, 2024, and $10.0 million as of the last day of each fiscal month thereafter commencing with the fiscal month ended January 31, 2025 and (ii) on January 1, 2025, interest is payable in-kind, to be capitalized and added to the principal. For Payment Dates occurring on or after April 1, 2025 (including interest accruing from January 1, 2025, through March 31, 2025), all interest shall be paid in cash at a rate equal to Adjusted Term SOFR plus the Applicable Margin.

On February 26, 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase agreement (“Purchase Agreement”). The Purchase Agreement called for us to authorize a new series of convertible preferred stock of the Company designated as the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), which shall be convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, and sell to each Buyer an aggregate number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 20 warrants, to each buyer, that are convertible to common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we received proceeds of $8,000 less $670 in costs for net proceeds of $7,330 due to the conversion of for the conversion of 800 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for 3,231,462 shares of common stock which we have been using for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2025, all Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has been converted into common stock.

In addition to the Purchase Agreement, the Term Loan was amended on February 26, 2025 to (i) extend the maturity date by one (1) year to October 2027, (ii) defer all principal and interest payments to April 2026 and (iii) remove any applicable financial covenants (except for a financial covenant requiring us to maintain cash and cash equivalents equal to or greater than $2,500) through June 30, 2026.

In addition, investors received warrants to purchase up to 4,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock at $10,000 per share, potentially providing up to $40 million in future capital, however, these warrants were cancelled on June 23, 2025.

On July 30, 2025, we received proceeds of $5,495 less $811 in costs, which we have been using for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including the repayment of indebtedness in the ordinary course. Investors received an aggregate of 2,198,000 shares of common stock.

On October 6, 2025, we received proceeds of $26,925, net of costs, in connection with the issuance of 2,300,000 shares of common stock and option to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock. On October 17, 2025, we received additional proceeds of $51,928, net of costs, from the issuance of 3,600,000 shares of common stock and 500,000 pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock. We used the aggregate net proceeds for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including the repayment of indebtedness in the ordinary course of business. Additionally, on October 20, 2025, the Term Loan was restructured and we entered into the Sixth Amendment (the “Sixth Amendment”) with the Term Loan lenders, which included new interest payment terms, $45,000 prepayment in October, and $5,000 debt cancellation. Lastly, as part of the restructuring, on November 4, 2025, we and the lenders entered into an exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) pursuant to which we issued 25,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock in exchange for $25,000 outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan. Please see Notes 6 & 10 in our accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the offerings, term loan amendment, and exchange agreement that occurred in October and November 2025.

Subsequent to year end, on January 30, 2026, weentered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Canaccord Genuity LLC, as lead agent and representative of the other sales agents, establishing an at-the-market equity offering program under which we may, at our discretion, offer and sell from time to time up to $50 million of its common stock. While we are not obligated to issue any shares under the agreement and retain full control over the timing, amount, pricing, and terms of any sales effected through the lead agent, this agreement provides us with a flexible, readily accessible source of capital to support its liquidity needs, subject to customary closing conditions, a 3% sales commission and reimbursement of specified expenses payable to the agents, and standard indemnification and contribution provisions.

As presented above, strategic initiatives were executed in 2025 and early 2026 in order to alleviate the substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. These initiatives include multiple capital raises totaling a net cash increase of $90.0 million and Term Loan restructuring to reduce principal and interest owed, including a significant principal paydown, partial debt cancellation, and partial principal conversion into preferred shares, along with the at-the-market equity offering program entered into January 2026. With these strong initiatives, along with continued revenue generation anticipated in the next twelve months and our ability to maintain covenant compliance with a monthly liquidity minimum of $5,000, management has concluded that the substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern has been mitigated.

In addition, we may need to raise additional debt and/or equity financing to fund our operations, strategic plans, meet our financial covenants under the Term Loan and our redemption obligations under the Series B Preferred Stock and repay our outstanding indebtedness under the Term Loan. We have historically been able to raise additional capital through issuance of equity and/or debt financing and we intend to raise additional capital as needed. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to raise additional equity, contain expenses, or increase revenue, and comply with the financial covenants under the Term Loan.

Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

(in thousands)

64

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $26.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to a net loss of during the period and the change in fair market value of the warrant liability, partially offset by a loss on extinguishment of debt and a payment in-kind interest accrued on the Term Loan.

Net cash used in operating activities was $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to a net loss during the period and the change in fair market value of the warrant liability, partially offset by a decrease in inventory as a result of management’s decision to lower overall stocking levels to adjust for more modest demand.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The cash used in investing activities was primarily due to capital expenses to support our core battery business.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $41.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily as a result of net proceeds of $26.9 million from the First October 2025 Offering, $51.9 million from the Second Offering Underwriting Agreement, $7.3 million as part of the Purchase Agreement entered into in February 2025 and $4.7 million as part of the public offering in July 2025 partially offset by $49.1 million partial repayment of the Term Loan.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily as a result of proceeds $2.0 million from the utilization of the ChEF Equity Facility.

Contractual Obligations

Our estimated future obligations consist of short-term and long-term operating and financing lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, we had $2.6 million in short-term operating and financing lease liabilities and $20.5 million in long-term operating and financing lease liabilities.

As disclosed above, we have a Term Loan and as of December 31, 2025, the principal amount outstanding under the Term Loan was $19.3 million.

Additionally, we are required to pay to the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock dividends, which will accrue at 10% per annum, commencing from the Initial Issuance Date, payable (i) 80% in cash and (i) 20% “in kind” and added the Liquidation Preference of such holder’s Series B Preferred Stock. Such dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on the first trading day of each fiscal quarter commencing on the first trading day of the initial fiscal quarter after the date of issuance. Upon the occurrence of certain events, the dividend rate may automatically increase, as described in the Certificate of Designation. Additionally, in connection with any future equity offerings, we are required to use 50% of the net proceeds from such offering to redeem outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock at the Optional Redemption Price. In the event we have not redeemed the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock by October 7, 2027 or upon the occurrence of a Non-Payment Event (as defined in the Certificate of Designation), the holders will have the right to require us to redeem the Series B Preferred Stock at the Optional Redemption Price.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

As an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period. Accordingly, when an accounting standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, will adopt the new or revised accounting standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised accounting standard, unless early adoption is permitted by the accounting standard, and we elect early adoption. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and implementation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2025. Based on that evaluation, management concluded that as of December 31, 2025, the Company did maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and, even when determined to be effective, can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate as a result of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, who is also acting as our Interim Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) issued in May 2013 and related COSO guidance. Based on our evaluation under this framework, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was considered effective.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm on our internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for “emerging growth companies.” In addition, we are currently a non-accelerated filer and are therefore not required to provide an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting until such time as we are an accelerated filer or large accelerated filer.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined by Rules 13a015(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.