Quanterix Corp: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

Overview

We are a life sciences company that develops and commercializes next-generation, ultra-sensitive digital immunoassay platforms that advance life sciences research and diagnostics. Our platforms are based on our proprietary digital “Simoa” detection technology and enable customers to reliably detect protein biomarkers at ultra-low concentrations in blood, serum and other fluids that, in many cases, are undetectable using conventional, analog immunoassay technologies. The ability of our Simoa platforms to detect proteins in the femtomolar range enables the development of novel therapies and diagnostics and has the potential to identify early-stage disease markers before symptoms appear to facilitate a paradigm shift in healthcare from an emphasis on later-stage treatment to a focus on earlier detection, monitoring, prognosis, and, ultimately, prevention. Our Simoa platforms have achieved significant commercial adoption with an installed base of over 1,000 instruments, and scientific validation with citations in more than 3,200 scientific publications in areas of high unmet medical need and research interest such as neurology, oncology and immunology, and inflammation.

We sell our proprietary instruments and related consumables worldwide to research laboratories, contract research organizations (“CROs”), academic institutions and bio-pharmaceutical companies. In addition, we provide assay development and sample testing services, including four Laboratory Developed Tests (“LDT”), using our proprietary technology through our Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (“CLIA”) certified Accelerator Laboratory (the “Accelerator Laboratory”) located in Billerica, Massachusetts.

Recent Developments

Acquisition of Emission, Inc.

On January 8, 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of Emission, Inc. (“Emission”) for an upfront payment of $10.0 million, with an additional $10.0 million payable upon completion of certain technical milestones. Additionally, the shareholders of Emission (collectively, the “Emission Shareholders”) may receive up to an additional $50.0 million in earnout payments through December 31, 2029, contingent upon the achievement of certain performance milestones. Emission is based in Georgetown, Texas and manufactures large-scale, highly-uniform dye-encapsulating magnetic beads designed for low and mid-plex assays and a mid-plex platform that reads its proprietary beads. In connection with the closing, the parties entered into a call option agreement (the “Option Agreement”), pursuant to which the Emission Shareholders have the right to repurchase all of the outstanding capital stock of Emission for $10.0 million after five years if Emission’s revenues do not exceed $5.0 million in any one year during such five-year period. If the Emission Shareholders exercise the right to repurchase Emission under the Option Agreement and consummate the repurchase, we will retain a perpetual, fully-paid, irrevocable license to all Emission intellectual property required to continue to manufacture and commercialize our products. The acquisition of Emission allows us to secure the supply of highly controlled beads for use in our next generation Simoa ONE instrument that we expect to launch by the end of 2025. It also allows us to develop a new multi-plex segment targeting third-party OEM customers for these beads, which we have branded as Nova Beads.

Agreement to Acquire Akoya Biosciences, Inc.

On January 9, 2025, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) to acquire Akoya Biosciences, Inc. (“Akoya”), a life sciences technology company delivering spatial biology solutions through the power of spatial phenotyping. Spatial phenotyping refers to a rapidly evolving technology that enables academic and biopharma scientists to detect and map the distribution of cell types and biomarkers across whole tissue samples at single-cell resolution, enabling advancements in their understanding of disease progression and patient response to therapy. Akoya commercializes proprietary instrument platforms, reagents, software, and services that offer end-to-end solutions to perform tissue analysis and spatial phenotyping from discovery through translational and clinical research and diagnostics.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, a newly formed, wholly owned subsidiary of Quanterix will merge with and into Akoya, with Akoya continuing as the surviving corporation and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Quanterix (the “Merger”). Upon completion of the Merger, each issued and outstanding share of common stock of Akoya will be converted into 0.318 of a share of our common stock. The closing of the Merger is subject to a number of conditions, including: (i) approval of the issuance of shares of our common stock in the Merger by our stockholders; (ii) approval of the Merger by Akoya stockholders; (iii) the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-4 filed with the SEC in connection with the Merger; (iv) the absence of any order issued or entered, or any law enacted or promulgated having the effect of restraining, enjoining, making illegal or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the Merger; (v) our submission to Nasdaq of a notification of shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with the Merger; (vi) performance by each party of its respective obligations under the Merger Agreement; and (vii) the absence of a material adverse effect with respect to each of Akoya and us. Subject to fulfillment or waiver of the closing conditions, we expect that the Merger will close in the second quarter of 2025.

We and Akoya have also agreed to use our respective reasonable best efforts to cooperate in good faith to enter into one or more agreements pursuant to which we would provide Akoya with bridge financing. Any such financing would be in the form of subordinated convertible note(s) in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $30.0 million, subject to Akoya having obtained any required consents and satisfied any other conditions under Akoya’s existing credit facility. As of the date of filing of this annual report, we are negotiating the potential terms of such financing.

Industry Background

Proteins are versatile macromolecules that serve critical functions in nearly all biological processes. Proteins are analytes that are highly relevant physiologically, providing real-time pictures of disease, and researchers and clinicians rely extensively on protein biomarkers for use in research and as clinical and diagnostic tools. However, normal physiological levels of many proteins are not detectable in easily accessible blood samples using conventional, analog immunoassay technologies, and many of these technologies can only detect proteins once they have reached levels that reflect more advanced disease or injury. For many other low abundance proteins, these technologies cannot detect proteins even at disease- or injury-elevated levels.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (“ELISA”) technology has been the most widely used method of sensitive detection of proteins for more than 50 years. In simple terms, ELISA involves using a plate coated with an antibody that binds to the target molecule. If the target is present in the sample, it attaches to the plate via the antibody. Then, a second molecule, often an enzyme-linked antibody, is added, binding to the target. The enzyme produces a detectable signal (like fluorescence or a color change) when a specific substrate is added, indicating the presence and quantity of the target molecule in the sample. Although ELISA is widely used in medical diagnostics and research, it has very significant limitations, including limited sensitivity and narrow dynamic range (i.e., the range of concentration of proteins being detected). Efforts to increase the sensitivity of conventional ELISA have had limited success due to procedural complexity and length.

Our Simoa Technology

Our Simoa bead-based and planar array technologies are based on traditional ELISA technology but significantly advance conventional ELISA technology and are capable of substantially greater protein detection sensitivity. We believe that our Simoa platforms are among the most sensitive commercially available multiplex protein detection platforms.

Simoa Bead-Based Technology

Simoa bead-based digital immunoassays utilize the basic principles of conventional bead-based sandwich ELISA. However, unlike ELISA, which runs the enzyme-substrate reaction on all molecules in one well, Simoa bead-based reactions are run on individual molecules in tiny microwells, 40 trillionths of a milliliter, that are 2.5 billion times smaller than traditional ELISA wells. In traditional analog ELISA measurements, the detected signal increases in intensity as the concentration of a sample increases. In Simoa bead-based digital technology measurements, however, the detected signal relies on a binary signal/no signal readout, enabling single molecule detection, and analytical sensitivity in the femtomolar range compared with nanomolar and picomolar levels of detection in conventional ELISA.

Simoa Planar Array Technology

Simoa planar array immunoassays utilize the basic principles of conventional microplate-based sandwich ELISA. However, unlike ELISA, which runs the enzyme-substrate reaction on all molecules coating the entire bottom surface in one well, Simoa planar array reactions are run on spatially segregated micro-spots within the bottom of microtiter plate wells that concentrate the signal to a surface area 1,000 times smaller than a traditional ELISA. The small spot size and spatial segregation of each spot enables multiplexing up to 12 different assays within a single sample well.

Our Strategy

Our commercial strategy is based on three core growth vectors: (i) Grow menu; (ii) Expand into adjacencies; and (iii) Translate into diagnostics. Our plans to achieve this GET strategy include:

• Growing through rapid internal menu expansion. In August 2022, we initiated an assay redevelopment program with the objective of improving our ability to manufacture and deliver high-quality assays at scale. This program was substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2023, and in 2024, we launched 20 new assays that were developed using improved protocols, manufacturing efficiencies and reagent improvements to provide more consistent results and improved lot-to-lot consistency. Following the assay redevelopment program, assay development time has been reduced from more than 18 months to less than six months.
• Continuing to grow our leadership position in the measurement of neuro-based biomarkers. We intend to leverage the growing importance of neurological biomarkers to advance the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease. The importance of neurological biomarkers, such as neurofilament light chain (“NfL”), p-Tau 181, p-Tau 217 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (“GFAP”), has increased significantly in recent years, and our ultra-sensitive Simoa platforms have allowed research of neurological disorders, previously limited primarily to cerebrospinal fluid (“CSF”), to expand significantly.
• Growing menu through strategic acquisitions. We intend to strategically acquire businesses and technologies to grow our operations and strengthen our market position, as evidenced by our recent acquisition of Emission and our proposed acquisition of Akoya. We expect that acquisitions may continue to be an important part of our strategy to increase scale, and we intend to strategically pursue acquisitions to expand product menu, add technologies, and/or provide access to complementary or strategic growth areas.
• Expanding further into indications beyond neurology. Although we intend to continue to extend our leadership position in measuring neuro-based biomarkers, the ability of our Simoa technology to detect and quantify low abundance proteins with exquisite sensitivity is a distinct advantage in detecting disease earlier in other indications, in particular oncology and immunology. There are over 950 scientific publications that reference Simoa technologies in non-neurology indications. We have announced our intent to launch Simoa ONE, a new instrument, by the end of 2025. Simoa ONE is expected to enable up to a 10-fold increase in sensitivity over current Simoa platforms and to allow a substantial increase in plexing and specificity. The Simoa ONE is also expected to have a simple and efficient workflow. We expect these attributes to be particularly attractive to researchers and clinicians in oncology and immunology. In addition, many cancers begin in tissue before they move and migrate to blood. With the proposed acquisition of Akoya, we believe we will be able to combine Akoya’s biomarker detection capability in tissue with our ultra-sensitive biomarker detection in blood to drive development of faster, better testing tools for monitoring and detection in oncology and immunology.
• Expanding our presence in diagnostics. Our ultra-sensitive Simoa platforms have enabled the development of a new category of less-invasive diagnostic tests and tools based on blood, serum, saliva and other fluids that could replace current invasive, expensive, and inconvenient diagnostic methods, including spinal tap, diagnostic imaging and biopsy. We currently offer four neurological LDTs through our Accelerator Laboratory.
• Helping to build the global infrastructure for Alzheimer’s disease testing and diagnosis. There are over 55 million people living with Alzheimer’s disease, a number that is expected to double by 2050. We believe our ultrasensitive technology can enable earlier detection. We are helping to build the global infrastructure for Alzheimer’s testing in two ways. First, we are enabling partners by providing Simoa technology to a number of the top prescribing hospital networks and reference labs globally. We entered into 12 of these partnerships in 2024 and intend to continue to grow this network in 2025. Second, through our Lucent Diagnostics brand, we are offering best-in-class diagnostic testing through our LucentAD Complete test, which was launched in November 2024.

Our Products and Services

Instruments

We currently offer the following three Simoa instruments, which we believe are among the most sensitive multiplex protein detection platforms commercially available today:

HD-X

We commercially launched our HD-X instrument in the second half of 2019. The HD-X is an upgraded version of the Simoa HD-1 (our first Simoa instrument, which was launched in January 2014) that was designed to deliver significant productivity and operational efficiency improvements, as well as greater user flexibility. The HD-X is based on our bead-based technology, and assays run on the HD-X are fully automated. By the end of 2024, approximately 84% of the HD installed base were HD-X instruments.

SR-X

We commercially launched our SR-X instrument in December 2017 as a compact benchtop instrument with a lower price point, more flexible assay preparation, and a wider range of applications. The SR-X utilizes the same Simoa bead-based technology and assay kits as the HD-X. In contrast to the fully automated workflow of the HD-X, the assay incubation and washing steps for the SR-X are performed outside of the instrument using conventional liquid handling methods. The offline sample prep provides additional flexibility to enable researchers to apply Simoa detection in an expanded range of applications.

SP-X

We commercially launched the SP-X instrument in April 2019. The SP-X uses the Simoa planar array technology developed initially by Aushon Biosystems (Aushon), which we acquired in 2018, for multiplex chemiluminescent immunoassay measurement, which we refined by leveraging our proprietary sophisticated Simoa image analysis and data analysis algorithms to provide sensitivity similar to that found in our Simoa bead-based platform.

Simoa Assays and Consumables

Recurring revenue is derived through the sale of consumables used to run assays on our instruments and from our growing menu of Simoa digital biomarker assays. The current menu of approximately 65 analyte-specific single-plex and multi-plex assay kits for our bead-based instruments includes assays for biomarkers in the areas of neurology, infectious disease, immunology and oncology for both human and mouse samples. The current menu of assay kits for the planar array instrument includes approximately 45 biomarkers ranging from 1-10 analytes per assay in the areas of immunology and oncology research.

In addition to the assays we have developed, the Simoa platforms allow ease and flexibility in assay design, enabling our customers to develop their own proprietary in-house assays, called homebrew assays, using our homebrew assay kits. These kits include all components required for customers to run tests using their own antibodies. Our consumables portfolio for our bead-based platform also includes our proprietary Simoa disks that are unique to our bead-based platform, as well as cuvettes and disposable tips.

Nova Beads

In January 2025, we acquired Emission, a manufacturer of large-scale, highly-uniform dye-encapsulating magnetic beads designed for low and mid-plex assays. These proprietary beads are engineered for consistency, scalability, and reliability. This acquisition allows us to secure the supply of these highly controlled beads for use in our next generation Simoa ONE instrument. It also allows us to develop a new multi-plex segment targeting third-party OEM customers for these beads, which we have branded as Nova Beads.

NfL Antibodies and NfL ELISA Kits

In August 2019, we acquired UmanDiagnostics AB (“Uman”), a company located in Umeå, Sweden, that commercializes proprietary NfL antibodies and NfL ELISA kits. Uman’s NfL antibodies are used by researchers and biopharmaceutical and diagnostics companies to detect NfL to advance the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for certain neurodegenerative conditions. Since we commercially launched the first assay that could reliably measure NfL in blood using Uman’s antibodies and our Simoa technology in 2017, NfL has seen dramatic growth as a neurological biomarker. Through Uman, we sell proprietary NfL capture and detection antibodies, as well as two NfL ELISA kits for CSF, one of which is CE-certified in Europe, and one RUO NfL ELISA kit for serum.

Services

Through our CLIA-certified Accelerator Laboratory, we provide customers a contract research option. The Accelerator Laboratory supports multiple projects and services, including:

• Sample Testing. Utilizing commercially available Simoa kits, we have run large studies for customers with thousands of specimens and small experiments with just a few samples. We have extensive experience testing many different sample types where biomarkers may be present at very low levels.
• Homebrew Assay Development. Utilizing proprietary or commercially available reagents in combination with our homebrew assay kits, we can rapidly develop a prototype assay exhibiting improved sensitivity compared to traditional ELISA. The Accelerator Laboratory can also be used to screen reagents to identify the optimal assay format or expand prototype efforts for further assay optimization to ultimately deliver the highest level of performance.
• Custom Assay Development. After identifying the optimal assay and conditions, the Accelerator Laboratory can be used to generate qualified bulk reagents or custom assay kits, providing customer access to kits for assays not yet commercially available on the Simoa platform.
• LDT Testing. We currently offer the following four LDTs through our Accelerator Laboratory:

1. LucentAD p-Tau 181: an LDT to quantitatively measure p-Tau 181 in plasma as an aid in diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.

2. Simoa NfL LDT: an LDT to quantitatively measure NfL in serum as an aid in the evaluation of individuals for possible neurodegenerative conditions or other causes of neuronal or central nervous system damage.

3. LucentAD p-Tau 217: an LDT to quantitatively measure p-Tau 217 in plasma to aid in diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.

4. LucentAD Complete: a multi-marker (p-Tau 217, amyloid β 42 (“Aβ42”), amyloid β 40 (“Aβ40”), NfL, and GFAP) algorithmic LDT for high accuracy plasma detection of amyloid pathology to aid in diagnostic evaluation of patients with cognitive issues who may have Alzheimer’s disease. By using a proprietary algorithm to score five AD-related biomarkers, LucentAD Complete provides significantly better amyloid classification compared to single-marker tests alone and has lowered the intermediate zone of a single-marker test from 30% to 10%, while maintaining high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.

• Lucent Diagnostics. In July 2023, we launched Lucent Diagnostics, a neurology healthcare provider-facing portal, with testing services initially focused on Alzheimer’s disease. To support a streamlined provider workflow, Lucent Diagnostics includes a web portal where healthcare providers can order sample collection materials, order a test, track the status of a test and retrieve the test report. The process for testing involves a healthcare provider drawing a blood sample from an individual and shipping the sample to our Accelerator Laboratory to analyze the sample and communicate the result back to the provider. Healthcare providers can currently order the following tests through Lucent Diagnostics: LucentAD p-Tau 181, LucentAD p-Tau 217 and LucentAD Complete.

Extended Warranty and Service Contracts

We also generate revenues through extended-warranty and service contracts for our installed base of instruments.

Research and Development

We continue to seek to improve our platform and technology to enable more sensitive detection and measurement of biological molecules. This evaluation includes examining new assay formats and instrumentation improvements and upgrades to increase the performance of our Simoa assays and instruments. We intend to expand our assay menu to extend the scope of applications for our platform to biomarkers of significant interest to the scientific community.

Simoa ONE

Using breakthrough technology licensed from the laboratory of our co-founder, David Walt, we are developing Simoa ONE, a new instrument that we expect to launch by the end of 2025. Simoa ONE is expected to enable up to a 10-fold increase in sensitivity over current Simoa platforms. The instrument is based on optically encoded barcodes and proprietary beads developed by Emission to allow a substantial increase in plexing and specificity of Simoa measurements. Simoa ONE is based on simple instrumentation and assay workflow to efficiently deliver high throughput, quantitative results.

Our Key Focus Areas

We have focused the application of our Simoa technology on areas of high growth and high unmet need and where existing platforms have significant shortcomings that our technology addresses, including neurology, oncology and immunology, as well as inflammation.

Neurology

The ability of Simoa technology to detect neurological biomarkers in blood at ultra-low levels, combined with our multiplexing capability, has significantly advanced neurology research, drug development, and diagnostics test development. Prior to the launch of our p-Tau 181 LDT for clinical use in July 2022, the brain was the only organ in the body for which there was not a blood-based diagnostic test. The challenge with developing blood-based tests for the brain is that the blood-brain barrier, which is formed by endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvasculature, is very tight and severely restricts the movement of proteins and other substances between these endothelial cells and into blood circulation. Accordingly, diagnosis of brain disease and injury has traditionally required either brain imaging or a spinal tap to collect CSF. The sensitivity of Simoa technology has enabled researchers to discover that extremely small amounts of critical neural biomarkers diffuse through the blood brain barrier and are released into the blood during injury and in connection with many neurodegenerative brain diseases. However, the concentrations of many of these neural biomarkers in the blood can be so low that they are difficult to detect by conventional, analog immunoassay technologies. Furthermore, neurological pathophysiology is complex, and it has become clear that no single biomarker is sufficient to serve as comprehensive indicator of these processes. For this reason, the capability of Simoa to multiplex blood-based tests for multiple neural biomarkers into a single test has emerged as useful to facilitate biomarker profiling of neurological disorders. This capability has materially contributed to rapid research progress, notably in the Alzheimer’s disease landscape.

Developments on the Alzheimer’s Disease Landscape

The FDA approval of Leqembi and Kisunla as disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease has underscored an urgent need for non-invasive widely available blood tests to facilitate diagnosis in the early stages of the disease to identify patients for treatment when therapeutic intervention is most likely to provide clinical benefit. Currently established biomarker- based approaches to diagnostic workup for Alzheimer’s include positron emission tomography (“PET”) imaging and CSF biomarkers for amyloid and phosphorylated tau, both of which are invasive, expensive, and may not be widely available. A Rand Corporation study on the readiness of the U.S. health care system infrastructure for an Alzheimer’s treatment highlighted a dire situation of unpreparedness and where key bottlenecks lie. The model assumed annual mild cognitive impairment screening for adults leading to 7.5 million referrals to a diagnostic phase in a secondary specialist setting, which is well beyond the country’s capacity. Of these referrals, 6.7 million were assumed to require CSF biomarker or amyloid PET testing for biomarker- based diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease at an estimated cost of $20.1 billion. Of the amyloid positive subjects, 80% (2.4 million) were assumed to fit the criteria for therapeutic intervention. Assessing the effectiveness of an anti-amyloid Alzheimer’s therapy by testing for amyloid plaque reduction over the course of treatment would potentially involve serial testing of each subject with CSF analysis or PET imaging at a significant cost with currently available detection modalities. The availability of a simple blood test for amyloid positivity has the potential to alleviate bottleneck and cost burdens and facilitate the accessibility of Alzheimer’s therapeutic intervention for patients. We believe our Simoa technology is well-suited to meet this critical need.

High Accuracy Simoa p-Tau 217 Test

The Alzheimer’s field has converged to a consensus on the most desirable single blood-based biomarker at present: plasma p-Tau 217. This biomarker has been shown to out-perform all the other plasma biomarker candidates for Alzheimer’s diagnostics and disease progression monitoring. The biomarker also has the distinction of being low abundance in blood and difficult to measure by conventional means. We provide multiple assays for robustly measuring p-Tau 217 in plasma and helping to establish the clinical evidence through a body of peer reviewed publications demonstrating the superiority of this biomarker relative to other biomarkers. While p-Tau 217 has demonstrated superiority over other plasma neural biomarkers, the strength of the data across a number of other biomarker candidates (p-Tau 181, amyloid β 42/40 ratio, GFAP, NfL) is such that all these biomarkers were included in the recently published “Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup.” However, only p-Tau 217 was recommended as being sufficiently accurate as a single biomarker to enable a diagnostic use case. We have launched the LucentAD p-Tau217 LDT for clinical use. This test was robustly validated across two independent cohorts (873 samples), and the diagnostic accuracy of the test was shown to meet or exceed the recommendation of the Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup (≥90% accuracy, sensitivity and specificity ≥90%). Thus, the LucentAD p-Tau 217 test meets or exceeds the diagnostic performance criteria for a plasma-based test for Alzheimer’s disease.

Simoa Multi-Marker Algorithmic Test

Leveraging both the multiplexing and high sensitivity capability of Simoa, we have developed a multi-marker algorithmic test that combines five biomarkers (p-Tau 217, Aβ42, Aβ 40, NfL, and GFAP) and uses a proprietary algorithm for high accuracy plasma detection of amyloid pathology. Researchers have extensively studied these biomarkers to advance the understanding of how blood-based biomarkers reflect different aspects of Alzheimer’s pathology, to both further the basic knowledge of the disease pathophysiology, and to explore the potential of these biomarkers to predict disease state, severity, and progression. This work has resulted in a large body of published evidence that has advanced the understanding of the disease and facilitated drug development through the use of these biomarkers as exploratory indicators of drug target engagement. From a diagnostic test standpoint, a central concept has emerged: since these biomarkers reflect different aspects of Alzheimer’s pathology, combining their signals through logistic regression can enhance overall test accuracy. This information, together with clinical evaluations and cognitive testing, can help determine whether cognitive symptoms are the result of Alzheimer’s disease, or another type of dementia. We have partnered with the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation to develop and clinically implement a multi-marker blood test to aid Alzheimer’s diagnosis and differential diagnosis of patients presenting with cognitive symptoms of uncertain origin. Validation data for the clinical performance of the test for amyloid detection was presented at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease annual meeting late 2024. The data across over 1,000 patients showed that the test delivered best-in-class performance for amyloid detection accuracy as well as reduced uncertainty in borderline cases. We launched this multi-marker algorithmic test as an LDT in November 2024 under the brand name LucentAD Complete. The test has also received Breakthrough Device designation by the FDA, and clinical trials to support a regulatory filing are in progress.

Other Neurological Conditions

Our ultra-sensitive Simoa technology has also been instrumental in advancing research into other neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury (“TBI”). Evidence of the potential clinical utility of NfL as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis has progressed rapidly, and Simoa’s role in that progression has been foundational. In

April 2022, the FDA granted our Simoa NfL serum test Breakthrough Device designation as a prognostic aid in assessing the risk of disease activity in patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (“RRMS”). The test has shown promise to be used in conjunction with clinical, imaging and laboratory findings as an aid in identifying RRMS patients who are at lower or higher risk for relapse within four years. We believe this prognostic information could be clinically useful in tailoring the therapeutic approach to more effectively treat the disease.

Current methods of TBI diagnosis involve CT scans that fail to diagnose approximately 90% of mild TBI. Simoa technology has demonstrated the sensitivity to identify relevant neurological biomarkers, such as NfL, tau, GFAP and UCH-L1, to more adequately aid in diagnosis of TBIs and overall brain health. Researchers in neurology have used Simoa technology to study biomarkers in the blood of athletes after concussion in many high-impact sports. Simoa can measure critical neural biomarkers in blood that correlate repeated head trauma from both concussions and subconcussive events with poor patient outcomes, including the potential development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, which currently can only be diagnosed after death via a brain autopsy.

Additional assays for blood-based biomarkers with potential utility in Alzheimer’s research and diagnostics have either been launched or are in development. These include brain-derived Tau, p-Tau 231, p-Tau 212, sTREM2, and PSD95.

Oncology and Immunology

Our ultra-sensitive Simoa technology has the potential to detect increased levels of oncology biomarkers during the very early stages in disease development. Biomarkers can be useful tools for diagnostics, prognostics and predictive cancer detection. However, many traditional assay technologies can only detect these biomarkers after the disease has progressed and the patient has become symptomatic. Simoa’s highly sensitive detection capability has the potential to enable earlier detection, better monitoring and treatment and improved prognoses for patients. Additionally, Simoa technology has shown early promise as a liquid biopsy alternative to more invasive diagnostic procedures.

Cancer immunotherapy is a promising new area that is significantly affecting cancer remission rates. One challenge of immunotherapy approaches is that the elicited immune responses are not always predictable and can vary from person to person and protocol to protocol. There exists a significant need to develop biomarker tools to monitor these drugs and their effects. Circulating (serum and plasma) protein biomarkers have the potential to be used in the field of health-oncology to stratify patients, predict response, predict recurrence, reveal mechanism of action and monitor for adverse effects. One technical challenge facing the health-oncology drug development process has been the availability of immunoassays with sufficient sensitivity to measure immunomodulatory biomarkers directly in serum and plasma. We have developed a number of tumor biomarker and immune modulation assays (cytokines and chemokines) that can be used to monitor tumor proliferation and host immune response. In particular key immune regulatory cells (T-regs, dendritic cells, macrophages) secrete very low amounts of the protein Interferon gamma (“IFN-gamma”) and these levels cannot be reliably measured in serum and plasma using conventional, immunoassay technology, however they can be tracked with our Simoa IFN-gamma assay. Additionally, we have developed an ultra-sensitive assay for IL-6, which is one of the cytokines commonly measured for monitoring cytokine release syndrome as an adverse effect in immunotherapies. Several studies have shown that our ultrasensitive assays can be valuable tools for monitoring health-oncology drugs and protocols.

We believe that our Simoa ONE instrument, which is expected to be launched by the end of 2025, with its increased sensitivity, increased plexing ability and simple and efficient workflow will be well suited for oncology and immunology indications.

Inflammation

Inflammation underlies the response of the body to injury in a variety of diseases. Simoa assays can measure inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in serum and plasma with unprecedented sensitivity. This has the potential to enable new discoveries into the role of inflammation in the biology of health and disease. Our Simoa technology measures low levels of inflammatory proteins, including cytokines and chemokines, that characterize a range of inflammatory diseases, including Crohn’s disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and neuro-inflammation. We believe the sensitivity of Simoa technology can provide a clearer picture of the underlying state of the immune response and disease progression.

Our Simoa technology also has the potential to be used by companies developing anti-inflammatory drugs to quantify the effect a drug has on a particular inflammatory cytokine and to monitor therapeutic efficacy. We believe that a better understanding of the inflammatory response will be critical to future opportunities for wellness screening and disease response monitoring. Anti-inflammatory drugs are expensive and can have serious side effects, such as increased risk of infection. By monitoring biomarkers indicative of response, clinicians may be able to adjust dose to reduce side effects or increase efficacy.

Sales and Marketing

We distribute our Simoa instruments and consumables via direct field sales and support organizations located in North America and Europe and through a combination of our own sales force and third-party distributors in additional countries, including Australia, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, India, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, and UAE. In addition, we sell Uman’s NfL antibodies and NfL ELISA kits directly and in conjunction with a distributor worldwide.

As of December 31, 2024, we had 136 employees in sales, sales support and marketing, including technical field application scientists and field service personnel. This staff is primarily located in North America and Europe. We expect we will expand our sales, support, and marketing efforts in the future by expanding our direct footprint in Europe as well as developing a comprehensive distribution and support network in China and other Asia-Pacific region countries where significant new opportunities exist.

Manufacturing and Supply

We outsource the manufacturing of our Simoa bead-based instruments to third-party manufacturers, and we manufacture our planar array instrument and all assay kits in our own facilities.

Instruments

The HD-X instrument is supplied by STRATEC, based in Birkenfeld, Germany, and is manufactured and shipped from its Birkenfeld and Beringen, Switzerland facilities. The SR-X is supplied by Paramit, based in Morgan Hill, California, and is shipped to our global customers by Paramit. See the section titled “— Key Agreements” for a description of our agreements with STRATEC and Paramit. Installation of, and training on, our instruments is provided by our employees where we conduct direct sales, and by distributors where sales are conducted through distributors.

We believe this manufacturing strategy is efficient and conserves capital. However, in the event it becomes necessary to utilize a different contract manufacturer for the HD-X or the SR-X, we could experience additional costs, delays and difficulties in doing so, and our business could be harmed.

The SP-X instruments are manufactured, tested, shipped and supported by us from our Billerica, Massachusetts facility. All internal components are sourced domestically except one significant component that is sourced in Germany. These components are sourced from a limited number of suppliers, including certain single-source suppliers. Although we believe that alternatives would be available, it would take time to identify and validate replacement components, which could negatively affect our ability to supply SP-X instruments on a timely basis.

Consumables

We assemble our assay kits for our bead-based platform in our Billerica, Massachusetts facility. Our bead-based assays include all components required to run an enzyme-based immunoassay, such as beads, capture and detector reagents, enzyme reagents and enzyme substrate. These reagents are sourced from a limited number of suppliers, including certain single-source suppliers. Although we believe that alternatives would be available, it would take time to identify and validate replacement reagents for our assay kits, which could negatively affect our ability to supply assay kits on a timely basis. As part of our assay redevelopment program, we have increased the shelf life of our bead-based assays to 18 months and believe we are able to mitigate this supplier risk through inventory control.

Simoa disks for our bead-based platform are supplied through a single source supplier pursuant to a long-term supply agreement with STRATEC Consumables GmbH, a subsidiary of STRATEC. We believe that this agreement provides for a sufficient notification period to allow for supply continuity and the identification and tech transfer to a new supplier in the event either party wishes to terminate the relationship. Our cuvettes for our bead-based platform are single sourced through STRATEC, and the disposable tips used in our bead-based platform are commercially available.

We assemble our 96-well sample plate kits for our planar array platform in our Billerica, Massachusetts facility. Reagents for our planar array assays include all components required to run an enzyme-based chemiluminescent immunoassay, such as capture antibody printed plates and detector reagents, enzyme reagents and enzyme substrate. These reagents are sourced from a limited number of suppliers, including certain single-source suppliers. Although we believe that alternatives would be available, it would take time to identify and validate replacement reagents for our assay kits, which could negatively affect our ability to supply assay kits on a timely basis. Because our planar array assays have a shelf life of 12 months, we believe we are able to mitigate this risk through inventory control.

Nova Beads

Through our wholly owned subsidiary, Emission, based in Georgetown, Texas, we manufacture these proprietary, next generation monodisperse microspheres (i.e. beads) entirely in-house from readily available materials, which consist of monomers, stabilizers, and surfactants. In the event current suppliers of raw materials are unable to fill orders, we believe there are many alternative suppliers as all the materials are widely commercially available.

NfL antibodies and NfL ELISA Kits

The storage of Uman’s proprietary NfL antibody producing hybridomas, as well as the cultivation and purification of the antibodies, is outsourced to a contract manufacturer, and bulk material of purified antibodies is delivered to Uman’s site in Umeå, Sweden. Functional testing and verification of concentration are performed at Uman before the material is approved for use in production activities. The antibodies can be aliquoted and sold as single reagents or used for the production of Uman’s NfL ELISA kits. The contract manufacturer of antibodies is audited regularly, and we have entered into a written supply agreement with the contract manufacturer. The current shelf-life of the antibodies is 18 months.

All components in Uman’s NfL ELISA kits are manufactured in-house at Uman from starting materials sourced from suppliers that have been evaluated and approved. Uman has entered into supply agreements with critical suppliers. The kit components include buffers (sample diluents and wash solutions), ELISA 96-well plates coated with a capture antibody, detector antibodies, streptavidine conjugates, substrates (TMB) and stop reagents. The final ELISA kit products are subject to quality control procedures, which include testing of human CSF or human serum quality control samples to assure a high batch consistency. After testing and batch record review, the material is released to market. The current shelf-life of the kits is 18 months (NF-light ELISA (CSF)) or 13 months (NF-light Serum ELISA).

Key Agreements

Development Agreement and Supply Agreement with STRATEC

In August 2011, we entered into a Strategic Development Services and Equity Participation Agreement with STRATEC, pursuant to which STRATEC undertook the development of the Simoa HD instrument. In September 2011, we also entered into a Supply and Manufacturing Agreement with STRATEC (the “STRATEC Supply Agreement”), pursuant to which STRATEC agreed to supply HD instruments to us, and we agreed to procure those instruments exclusively from STRATEC, subject to STRATEC’s ability to supply the instruments. We are responsible for obtaining any regulatory approval necessary to sell the instruments. The instrument price stipulated in the STRATEC Supply Agreement was established based on certain specified assumptions and is subject to certain adjustments.

The STRATEC Supply Agreement is terminable by either party on 12 months’ notice to the other party. The STRATEC Supply Agreement may also be terminated on the insolvency of a party or the uncured material breach of a party, or, by us, on a change of control of our company (subject to certain obligations to compensate STRATEC on such termination). On termination by us for STRATEC’s insolvency or uncured material breach or termination by STRATEC for convenience, we are granted a nonexclusive royalty free license of STRATEC intellectual property to manufacture the instruments. In certain of these circumstances, we could be obligated to issue warrants to purchase our common stock.

Paramit Manufacturing Services Agreement

In November 2016, we entered into a Manufacturing Services Agreement (the “Paramit Agreement”) with Paramit to produce and test our SR-X instrument on an as-ordered basis. We also engaged Paramit to supply spare parts for the SR-X instrument. Paramit has no obligation to maintain inventory in excess of any open purchase orders or materials in excess of the amount Paramit reasonably determines will be consumed within 90 days or within the lead time of manufacturing our instrument, whichever is greater. We have an obligation to purchase any material or instruments deemed in excess pursuant to the Paramit Agreement. The price is determined according to a mutually agreed-upon pricing formula. The parties agreed to review the pricing methodology yearly or upon a material change in cost.

The Paramit Agreement had an initial three-year term with automatic one year extensions. It is terminable by either party for convenience with written notice to the other party given at least nine months prior to the end of the then-current term. The agreement may also be terminated by us with three months’ notice to Paramit upon the occurrence of (i) a failure of Paramit to obtain any necessary governmental licenses, registrations or approvals required to manufacture our instrument or (ii) an assignment by Paramit of its rights or obligations under the agreement without our consent. The Paramit Agreement is terminable by Paramit with 30 days’ notice to us in the event of a material breach after written notice and a 60-day opportunity to cure the breach.

Competition

We compete with both established and development-stage life science companies that design, manufacture and market instruments for proteomics discovery and clinical research applications. For example, companies such as Bio-Techne, MesoScale Discovery, Gyros, SEER, MilliporeSigma, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Alamar, C2N Diagnostics, and others, have products for protein measurements in biofluids that compete in certain segments of the market in which we sell our products. Our Accelerator Laboratory competes with other research laboratories such as LabCorp, Covance, Q2 Solutions, Rules Based Medicine, Monogram Biosciences, Frontage, PPD Laboratories, and others, some of which are customers of ours. In addition, as we or our partners expand the applications for our products to include diagnostics, we expect to compete with companies such as Siemens, Abbott, Roche, Fujirebio, DiaSorin, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics and Thermo Fisher Scientific. Furthermore, our technology and products are showing promise for non-invasive early disease detection, and in the future, we could experience competition from companies that develop and market imaging and other molecular detection technologies. In addition, a number of other companies and academic groups are in the process of developing novel technologies for life science research and diagnostics. Many of the companies with which we compete or will compete have substantially greater resources than we have.

The life science instrumentation and lab services industries are highly competitive and expected to grow more competitive with the increasing knowledge gained from ongoing research and development. we believe the principal competitive factors for us include:

• sensitivity;
• cost of instruments and consumables;
• reputation among customers and key opinion leaders;
• innovation in product offerings;
• accuracy and reproducibility of results; and
• customer support infrastructure.

We believe that we are well positioned with respect to these competitive factors and expect to enhance our position through ongoing global expansion, innovative new product introductions and ongoing collaborations, and partnerships with key opinion leaders.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our products and technology. We use a variety of intellectual property protection strategies, including patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and other methods of protecting proprietary information.

Our patent strategy is multilayered, providing coverage of aspects of the core technology as well as specific uses and applications. The first layer is based on protecting the fundamental methods for detecting single molecules independent of the specific analyte to be detected. The second layer covers embodiments of the core technology directed to the detection of specific analytes. The third layer protects novel instrumentation, consumables, and manufacturing processes used in applying the invention to certain commercial products or future product opportunities. The fourth layer is concerned with specific uses of the core technology (e.g., biomarkers and diagnostics). Our patent strategy is both offensive and defensive in nature, seeking to protect not only technology we currently practice but also alternative, related embodiments.

As of December 31, 2024, we owned or exclusively licensed more than 100 issued patents and patent applications worldwide. Our owned or exclusively licensed patents and patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire between 2025 and 2042, in each case without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity or other governmental fees.

Our core Simoa bead-based technology, directed to general methods and devices for single molecule detection, originated at Tufts, in the laboratory of Professor David Walt, who is the founder of Quanterix and a current member of our Board. Professor Walt and his students pioneered the single molecule array technology, including technologies that enabled the detection of single enzyme labels in arrays of microwells, thereby facilitating ultra-sensitive detection. We have exclusively licensed from Tufts the relevant patent rights related to these technologies (see the section titled “— License Agreement with Tufts University” below).

In addition to our reliance on patent protection for our inventions, products and technologies, we also rely on trade secrets, know-how, confidentiality agreements, and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. For example, some elements of our manufacturing processes, analytics techniques and processes, as well as computational-biological algorithms, and related processes and software, are based on unpatented trade secrets and know-how that are not publicly disclosed. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, including through contractual means with our employees, advisors and consultants, these agreements may be breached or may be unenforceable and we may not have adequate remedies. In addition, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or disclose our technology. As a result, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our intellectual property. For further discussion of the risks relating to our intellectual property, see the section titled “Risk Factors — Risks Related to our Intellectual Property.”

License Agreement with Tufts University

In June 2007, as amended in April 2013, August 2017, and September 2020, we entered into a license agreement with Tufts, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to all patent rights to the Simoa bead-based technology owned by Tufts, as well as a non-exclusive license to related know-how. The rights licensed to us are for all fields of use and are sublicensable.

Under the terms of the agreement, as amended, we paid a one-time, non-refundable upfront fee and issued Tufts shares of our stock. We are required to pay Tufts low single-digit royalties on all net sales of products and services that use the licensed technology, as well as a portion of any sublicensing revenues. We are also obligated to pay annual maintenance fees, which are fully creditable against any royalty payments made by us, and a milestone payment upon any sublicense by us. We were also required to reimburse Tufts for all patent prosecution costs.

The term of the license agreement will continue on a country-by-country basis so long as there is a valid claim of a licensed patent in such country. Tufts may terminate the agreement or convert to a non-exclusive license in the event (1) we fail to pay any undisputed amount when required and fail to cure such non-payment within 60 days after receipt of notice from Tufts, (2) we are in breach of any material provision of the agreement and fail to remedy such breach within 60 days after receipt of notice from Tufts, (3) we do not demonstrate diligent efforts to develop a product incorporating the licensed technology, (4) we are found on five separate audits to have underpaid pursuant to the terms of the agreement, (5) we cease to carry on the business related to the licensed technology either directly or indirectly, or (6) we are adjudged insolvent, make an assignment for the benefit of creditors or have a petition in bankruptcy filed for or against us that is not removed within 60 days. We may terminate the agreement at any time upon at least 60 days’ written notice. Upon termination of the agreement, all rights revert to Tufts.

Government Regulation

The majority of our products are currently intended for RUO applications, although our customers may use our products to develop their own products that are subject to regulation by the FDA or CMS. Although in vitro diagnostic products intended for RUO are not currently required to obtain premarket clearance or approval by the FDA, products labeled as RUO are subject to the FDA’s premarket review requirements if they are determined to be intended for use for clinical rather than non-clinical research purposes. Consequently, other than our four LDTs intended for clinical testing, our products are labeled and intended “For Research Use Only. Not for Diagnostic Procedures.”

The FDA has issued Final Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff on “Distribution of In Vitro Diagnostic Products Labeled for Research Use Only or Investigational Use Only” (the “RUO/IUO Guidance”). The purpose of this FDA guidance document is to provide the FDA’s current thinking on when IVD products are properly labeled for RUO or for investigational use only (“IUO”) and when products labeled RUO or IUO will be viewed by the FDA as intended for clinical use. The RUO/IUO Guidance explains that the FDA will review the totality of the circumstances when evaluating whether equipment and testing components are properly labeled as RUO. Merely including a labeling statement that a product is intended for research use only will not necessarily exempt the device from the FDA’s premarket notification and clearance process (510(k)), premarket approval, or other requirements, if the circumstances surrounding the distribution of the product indicate that the manufacturer intends its product to be used for clinical diagnostic use. These circumstances may include written or verbal marketing claims or links to articles regarding a product’s performance in clinical applications, a manufacturer’s provision of technical support for clinical validation or clinical applications, or solicitation of business from clinical laboratories, all of which could be considered evidence of intended uses that conflict with RUO labeling. We believe that our labeling and promotion of our products, including the custom assay RUO products developed by the Accelerator Laboratory, is consistent with the RUO/IUO Guidance because we have not promoted our products for clinical use in humans.

IVD tests that are commercially distributed and intended for clinical diagnostic use are regulated by the FDA as medical devices, however, the FDA has traditionally not regulated most laboratory tests referred to as LDTs (as discussed further below). The FDA defines a medical device in part as an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article which is intended for the diagnosis of disease or other conditions or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man. We currently offer four LDTs through our CLIA-certified laboratory: (1) an LDT to quantitatively measure p-Tau 181 in plasma as an aid in diagnostic evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease; (2) an LDT to quantitatively measure NfL in serum as an aid in the evaluation of individuals for possible neurodegenerative conditions or other causes of neuronal or central nervous system damage; (3) an LDT to quantitatively measure p-Tau 217 in plasma to aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease; and (4) a multi-marker (p-Tau 217, Aβ42, Aβ40, NfL, and GFAP) algorithmic LDT, under the brand name LucentAD Complete, for high accuracy plasma detection of amyloid pathology to aid in diagnostic evaluation of patients with cognitive issues who may have Alzheimer’s disease.

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, Regulation of LDTs and State Regulation

We own and operate a CLIA-certified laboratory. The CLIA are federal regulatory standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States (with the exception of research testing that does not report patient specific results). A clinical laboratory is defined by CLIA as any facility that performs examinations of specimens obtained from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of any disease or impairment of, or the assessment of health of, human beings. CLIA requires such laboratories to be certified by the federal government and mandates compliance with various operational, personnel, facilities administration, quality and proficiency testing requirements intended to ensure that testing services are accurate, reliable and timely. CLIA certification also is a prerequisite to be eligible to bill state and federal health care programs, as well as many private insurers, for laboratory testing services.

In addition, CLIA requires certified laboratories to enroll in an approved proficiency testing program for each of the specialties and subspecialties for which it is certified. If a laboratory fails to achieve a passing score on a proficiency test, then its CLIA certificate may be suspended, limited or revoked, or other sanctions may be imposed.

As a condition of CLIA certification, laboratories are subject to survey and inspection every other year (except laboratories with only a certificate of waiver or certificate of provider-performed microscopy procedures are not subject to biennial inspections), in addition to being subject to additional random inspections. The biennial survey is conducted by CMS, a CMS agent (typically a state agency), or a CMS-approved accreditation organization.

High complexity, CLIA-certified laboratories, such as our, frequently develop testing procedures to provide diagnostic results to customers. These tests have been offered by high-complexity laboratories for the last few decades as LDTs, the validation and performance of which are subject to CMS oversight through its enforcement of CLIA. The FDA also has claimed that it has regulatory authority over LDTs under the agency’s medical device authorities, but historically has not exercised enforcement with respect to most LDTs when they meet FDA’s definition of an LDT. FDA defines an LDT as an in vitro diagnostic that is intended for clinical use and is designed, manufactured, and used within a single high-complexity, CLIA- certified laboratory. In October 2023, FDA issued a proposed rule regarding LDTs that would establish that in vitro diagnostic products are devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, including when the manufacturer is a laboratory. FDA finalized this rule in April 2024. Under the Final Rule, FDA will provide greater oversight of LDTs by phasing out its general enforcement discretion approach for most LDTs, and phase in medical device regulation, for most LDTs over a period of four years. FDA intends to continue to exercise general enforcement discretion from all requirements under the FDCA for five categories of LDTs: (1) 1976-Type LDTs; (2) human leucocyte antigen (HLA) tests used for organ, stem cell, and tissue transplantation; (3) tests manufactured and used within the Department of Defense (DoD) or the Veterans Health Administration (VHA); (4) forensic (law enforcement) tests; and (5) public health surveillance tests. LDTs that do not fall into any of these five categories are subject to a phase-out of FDA’s previous enforcement discretion approach and a phase-in of medical device regulation over a period of four years and in five stages. However, FDA intends to exercise continued enforcement discretion from certain aspects of medical device regulation for certain types of LDTs. For example, FDA intends to exercise regulatory discretion to not require premarket review or most quality system requirements for “currently marketed” LDTs, which include LDTs that were offered as of May 6, 2024, which is the date the FDA’s rule was finalized. Similarly, FDA intends to exercise regulatory discretion to not require premarket review or most quality system requirements for certain tests offered within integrated health systems. In addition, FDA will exercise regulatory enforcement discretion to not require premarket review for tests first offered after May 6, 2024, but which have been subject to review and approval by the New York State Department of Health’s Clinical Laboratory Evaluation Program (NYS CLEP). Finally, FDA intends to exercise regulatory enforcement discretion and generally not enforce premarket review requirements for certain modifications made to 510(k)-cleared and De Novo- authorized tests by CLIA-certified, high-complexity laboratories, even if that 510(k) clearance or De Novo authorization is held by a different manufacturer.

Certain groups have challenged the legality of FDA’s Final Rule regarding LDTs, asserting (among other things) that the rule exceeds FDA’s statutory authority to regulate medical devices. That lawsuit is pending, with a decision from the District Court expected sometime in 2025. It is also possible that the federal government will modify, delay, or revoke the Final Rule. If the Final Rule is not modified, delayed, revoked, or invalidated when the requirements of the rule go into effect, the rule will result in an increased regulatory burden, including additional costs and delays in introducing new LDTs, and could result in tests being removed from the market.

If a laboratory is out of compliance with state laws or regulations governing licensed laboratories or with CLIA, it may be subject to enforcement actions that may include suspension, limitation or revocation of the license or CLIA certificate, assessment of financial penalties or fines, or imprisonment. Loss of a laboratory’s CLIA certificate or state license may also result in the inability to receive payments from state and federal health care programs as well as private third-party payors.

When we perform clinical diagnostic testing, we may be subject to HIPAA, depending on the types of transactions we engage in, as well as additional federal and state laws that impose a variety of fraud and abuse prohibitions on healthcare providers, including clinical laboratories.

Europe/Rest of World Government Regulation

We must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in non-U.S. countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of our product for clinical diagnostic use in those countries. The regulations in other jurisdictions vary from those in the U.S. and may be easier or more difficult to satisfy and are subject to change. For example, in the E.U. new regulations recently entered into force that introduce greater regulation of medical devices and IVDs. The IVD regulation is significantly different from the IVD Directive that it replaces in that it ensures that the new requirements apply uniformly and on the same schedule across the member states, includes a risk-based classification system and increases the requirements for conformity assessment.

The CE registration for the NfL ELISA assay kit of our subsidiary Uman was approved in March 2014 under the IVD Directive. Under the IVD Directive, the assay is classified as a general IVD product and required self-certification with no involvement of a notified body/authority. The IVD Regulation introduces a new classification system for IVDs and assessment by a notified body is required for class B, C and D products. Uman’s NfL ELISA assay kit is classified as a class B product and must fully comply with (and have a CE mark issued under) the IVD Regulation by May 2027 (subject to extension of the transitional periods in the IVD Regulation). The new requirements include an ISO 13485 certification of the quality system (which Uman received in July 2018) and increased technical evidence and follow-up of performance of the specific product (e.g., clinical evidence and post-market activities). The work to evaluate and to meet the new technical requirements is on-going. When all requirements are met, a notified body will be contacted, and the certification initiated.

The NF-light Serum ELISA is currently sold only as a RUO product (not intended for diagnostic use). Work is on-going to prepare a technical file compliant with the IVD Regulation for this product as well.

Other Governmental Regulation

Privacy and Data Security Laws and Regulations

As a business with a global footprint, compliance with evolving regulations and standards in privacy and data security has resulted, and may continue to result, in increased costs, new compliance challenges, and the threat of increased regulatory enforcement activity. Our business relies on various safeguards to secure electronic transmission, storage and hosting of sensitive information, including personal information, protected health information, financial information, intellectual property and other sensitive information related to our customers and workforce.

For example, in the U.S., the collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure, and disposal of certain personal information and the security of medical devices are regulated at the U.S. federal and state, international, and industry levels. U.S. federal and state laws protect the confidentiality of certain patient health information, including patient medical records, and restrict the use and disclosure of patient health information by health care providers. Privacy and Security Rules under HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, govern the use, disclosure, and security of protected health information by “Covered Entities,” (which include health care providers that submit electronic claims, health plans, and health care clearinghouses) and by their “Business Associates” (which is anyone that performs a service on behalf of a Covered Entity involving the use or disclosure of protected health information and is not a member of the Covered Entity’s workforce). Rules under HIPAA and HITECH include specific security standards and breach notification requirements. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (through the Office for Civil Rights) has direct civil enforcement authority against Covered Entities and Business Associates with regard to both the Security and Privacy Rules. The U.S. Department of Justice has criminal enforcement authority against Covered Entities, Business Associates, and certain other entities and individuals. In addition, State Attorneys General may bring enforcement actions under HIPAA. Generally we are not a Covered Entity, however, we may operate as a Business Associate to Covered Entities under certain circumstances.

In addition, a number of states have also adopted laws and regulations that may affect our privacy and data security practices for personal information, such as comprehensive state privacy laws that govern the use, disclosure and protection of personal information, such as certain health information, Social Security numbers, and credit card account data. State consumer protection laws and consumer health privacy laws also establish privacy and security standards for use and management of personal information or consumer health data, including information related to consumers and care providers.

Outside the U.S., we are impacted by the privacy and data security requirements at the international, national and regional level, and on an industry specific basis. Legal requirements in foreign countries relating to the collection, storage, handling and transfer of personal data and potentially intellectual property continue to evolve with increasingly strict enforcement regimes. More privacy and security laws and regulations are being adopted, and more are being enforced, with potential for significant financial penalties. In the E.U., stringent data protection and privacy rules which substantially impact the use of patient data across the healthcare industry became effective in May 2018. The GDPR applies uniformly across the E.U. and includes, among other things, a requirement for prompt notice of data breaches to data subjects and supervisory authorities in certain circumstances and significant fines for non-compliance. The GDPR also requires companies processing personal data of individuals residing in the E.U. to comply with E.U. privacy and data protection rules. In the area of health data, the GDPR is supplemented by national laws and regulations that are less harmonized.

Because data privacy laws and regulations continue to expand, differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and are subject to evolving (and at times inconsistent) governmental interpretation, compliance with these laws and regulations may require significant additional expenditures or changes in products or business that increase competition or reduce revenue. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines, penalties, or orders to stop noncompliant activities.

Environmental Health and Safety Laws

We are subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations related to the protection of the environment, the health and safety of employees and the handling, transportation, storage and disposal of medical specimens, infectious and hazardous waste and radioactive materials. For example, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”), has established extensive requirements relating specifically to workplace safety for healthcare employers in the

U.S. This includes requirements to develop and implement multi-faceted programs to protect workers from exposure to blood-borne pathogens, including preventing or minimizing any exposure through needle stick injuries. OSHA also regulates the use of hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Likewise, we are subject to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state requirements relating to the management and disposal of hazardous waste, and state requirements relating to the disposal of regulated medical waste. For purposes of transportation, some biological materials and laboratory supplies are classified as hazardous materials and are subject to regulation by one or more of the following agencies: the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Public Health Service, the United States Postal Service and the International Air Transport Association. We generally use third-party vendors to dispose of regulated medical waste, hazardous waste and radioactive materials that we may use during our research and services.

Employees and Human Capital

As of December 31, 2024, we had 471 full-time employees, of which 136 worked in sales, sales support, field service, and marketing, 27 worked in engineering and research and development, 240 worked in manufacturing and operations and 68 worked in general and administration. Of our 471 full-time employees, 411 were located in the United States and 60 were located in 12 foreign countries. None of our employees is represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Our culture emphasizes the impact our work has on the detection of neurological and other critical disorders.

Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified employees. Talent management is critical to our ability to execute our long-term growth strategy, and we seek to cultivate a high performing pool of talent by providing career growth, on-the-job learning opportunities and competitive total rewards.

Workforce Compensation and Pay Equity

We provide competitive compensation and benefits programs to help recruit and retain our high performing employees. We utilize third party benchmark compensation data to assist in the evaluation of market wages. Our compensation is designed to attract, retain, and motivate employees to achieve results while balancing short- and long-term company performance. All our employees are eligible for an annual bonus and/or commission plan, a matching 401(k) Plan (in the case of U.S. employees), healthcare and insurance benefits, paid time off, family leave, employee assistance programs, and behavioral health services. Additionally, all our employees are eligible for annual equity-based grants with vesting conditions designed to award our employees’ performance and encourage retention.

Company Culture

We are committed to an inclusive culture which is grounded on our values of integrity, respect, and equality. In support of our inclusive culture, we sponsor an internal group of culture champions who are focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion. These champions are comprised of employees and executives whose mission is to provide respectful workplace training and awareness to strengthen employee understanding and knowledge of key topics focused on diversity and inclusion. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 47% of our employees were women and approximately 37% of our employees were people of color.

We expect all personnel working at Quanterix, employees, interns, and contractors, to observe the highest levels of business ethics, integrity, and mutual respect. Our employee handbook and Corporate Code of Conduct and Ethics set forth policies that reflect our values and provide guidance for registering complaints in the event of any violation of our policies. An “open door” policy is maintained at all levels of the organization, and any form of retaliation against an employee is strictly prohibited.

Employee Engagement and Wellness

The success of our business is dependent on the physical and mental well-being of our employees. Accordingly, we are committed to creating a safe and healthy workplace for all personnel. We provide our employees with a wide range of policies and practices to ensure an environment of physical and psychological safety and well-being.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in April 2007 under the name “Digital Genomics, Inc.” In August 2007, we changed our name to “Quanterix Corporation.” Our principal executive offices are located at 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, and our telephone number is (617) 301-9400.

Information Available on the Internet

Our Internet website address is www.quanterix.com (http://www.quanterix.com). The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have included our website address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K solely as an inactive textual reference. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). We make these reports available through the “Investors—Financial Information—SEC Filings” section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. We also make available, free of charge on our website, the reports filed with the SEC by our executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders pursuant to Section 16 under the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after copies of those filings are provided to us by those persons. Our electronically filed reports and other information that we file with the SEC can be viewed on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations. Please see page ii of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of some of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Risk Factor Summary

Risks Related to the Merger and the Combined Company

• The Merger may not be completed and the Merger Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms.
• The market price for shares of our common stock may be affected by factors different from, or in addition to, those that historically have affected or currently affect the market price of shares of Akoya common stock.
• Actions of activist or dissident stockholders could delay or prevent the approval of the Merger and negatively affect our business and operations.
• The issuance of shares of our common stock to Akoya stockholders in connection with the Merger may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
• The Merger, and uncertainty regarding the Merger, may cause our customers, service providers, partners, vendors, suppliers and other business relationships to delay or defer decisions concerning us and adversely affect our ability to effectively manage our business, which could adversely affect our operating results and financial position and, following the completion of the Merger, the business, operating results and financial position of us and Akoya as a combined company (the “Combined Company”).
• Whether or not the Merger is completed, the announcement and pendency of the Merger could cause disruptions in our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.
• The Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage a potential acquirer from acquiring or merging with us.
• We expect to incur substantial costs related to the Merger and integration.
• Combining our business and the business of Akoya may be more difficult, costly or time-consuming than expected and the Combined Company may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger, which may adversely affect the Combined Company’s business results and negatively affect the value of our common stock following completion of the Merger.

Risks Related to Our Business

• Failure to remediate material weaknesses in, or inherent limitations associated with, our internal control over financial reporting have resulted in, and in the future could result in, material misstatements in our financial statements.
• The restatement of our financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for each of the three years in the period ended December, 31 2023 and for the quarterly and year-to-date (as applicable) periods ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, September 30, 2022, March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, September 30, 2023, March 31, 2024, and June 30, 2024 (the “Restatement”) may affect stockholder and investor confidence in us or harm our reputation, and may subject us to additional risks and uncertainties, including increased costs and the increased possibility of legal proceedings and regulatory inquiries, sanctions or investigations.
• Our quarterly and annual operating results and cash flows have fluctuated in the past and might continue to fluctuate, which could cause the value of our common stock to fluctuate or decline significantly.
• We have incurred annual losses since we were formed and expect to incur losses in the future. We cannot be certain that we will achieve or sustain profitability.
• If our products fail to achieve and sustain sufficient market acceptance, our revenue will be adversely affected.
• Sales of our assays for neurological indications have become increasingly important to our business, and any significant decrease in sales of such assays could have a material adverse effect on our business.
• We may not be successful in penetrating the diagnostics market.
• Because a significant portion of our revenue comes from a few large customers, any significant decrease in sales to these customers, due to industry consolidation or otherwise, could harm our operating results.
• Our long-term results depend upon our ability to improve existing products, develop or acquire new technology, and develop, introduce and market new products successfully.
• We may experience delays in launching our next-generation instrument, Simoa ONE, on our anticipated timeline, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
• Defects or other quality issues in our products could lead to unforeseen costs, product recalls, adverse regulatory actions, negative publicity, and litigation, including product liability claims, any of which could cause customers to decide not to purchase our products, harm our reputation, and negatively affect our sales, operating results and financial condition.
• We rely on a single contract manufacturer for our Simoa HD-X instrument and on a different single contract manufacturer for our Simoa SR-X instrument, and we expect to rely on a different single contract manufacturer for our new Simoa ONE instrument. If any of these manufacturers should fail to perform, or not perform satisfactorily, our ability to supply these instruments would be negatively and adversely affected.
• We rely on a limited number of suppliers or, in some cases, one supplier, for some of our materials and components used in our consumable products and our SP-X instrument, and we may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers if any of these suppliers fail to perform, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.
• We face significant competition in the life sciences research and diagnostic markets.
• Changes in U.S. government policies, including increased tariffs and potential reductions in federal research funding, could adversely affect our business.
• If the FDA determines that our products are subject to regulation as medical devices, if the FDA modifies its regulations to require that our LDTs are subject to regulation as devices, or if we seek to market our products for clinical diagnostic or health screening use, we will be required to comply with medical device law, including in some cases a requirement to obtain regulatory clearance(s) or approval(s). Any such regulatory process would be expensive, time-consuming and uncertain both in timing and in outcome.
• If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our ability to maintain any technological or competitive advantage over our competitors and potential competitors may be reduced and our business may be harmed.

Risks Relating to the Merger

The Merger may not be completed and the Merger Agreement may be terminated in accordance with its terms.

The Merger is subject to a number of conditions that must be satisfied (or waived, to the extent permitted), including (i) receipt of the approval of the issuance of shares of our common stock in the Merger by our stockholders; (ii)

receipt of the approval of the Merger by Akoya stockholders; (iii) the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-4 filed with the SEC in connection with the Merger; (iv) the absence of any order issued or entered, or any law enacted or promulgated having the effect of restraining, enjoining, making illegal or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the Merger; (v) the submission by us to Nasdaq of a notification of shares of our common stock to be issued in connection with the Merger; (vi) performance by each party of its respective obligations under the Merger Agreement; and (vii) the absence of a material adverse effect with respect to each of Akoya and us. These conditions to the completion of the Merger, some of which are beyond our control, may not be satisfied or waived in a timely manner or at all, and, accordingly, the Merger may be delayed or not completed. Additionally, either we or Akoya may terminate the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances, subject to the payment of a termination fee of $9 million by us to Akoya or $7 million by Akoya to us in certain cases. These termination fees may have the effect of discouraging alternative transaction proposals. We have incurred and will incur costs in connection with entering into the Merger Agreement and consummating the Merger, many of which will be payable by us whether or not the Merger is completed. Even if the Merger Agreement is terminated under circumstances that would require Akoya to pay us a $7 million termination fee, it may not cover all of the expenses and costs we have incurred.

Failure to complete the Merger could negatively impact our future business and financial results and the trading price of our common stock.

If the Merger is not completed for any reason, our ongoing business may be adversely affected and, without realizing any of the expected benefits of having completed the Merger, we would be subject to a number of risks, including the following:

• we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on our stock price;
• we may experience negative reactions from our customers, service providers, partners, vendors, suppliers and employees;
• it could negatively impact our ability to achieve future growth, expand our addressable market and achieve scale and profitability on expected timelines;
• we will have incurred substantial costs towards completion of the Merger and will generally be required to pay our costs relating to the Merger, such as financial advisory, legal, strategic advisory, accounting costs and associated fees and expenses, whether or not the Merger is completed;
• we may provide up to $30 million in bridge financing to Akoya, which would be subordinated to Akoya’s existing credit facility, and if the Merger is not completed for any reason, Akoya may not have the financial resources to repay the bridge financing when due, or at all; and
• we will have committed substantial time and resources to matters relating to the Merger (including integration planning) which would otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to us as an independent company.

Actions of activist or dissident stockholders could delay or prevent the approval of the Merger and negatively affect our business and operations.

Recently one of our stockholders has indicated that it intends to oppose the Merger. In addition, on March 3, 2025, the same stockholder announced that it is nominating three directors for election to the Board at our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. As a result of these actions, we will incur significant expenses even if we are successful in completing the Merger or are successful in a potential proxy contest.

In addition, perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy, or leadership, and the diversion of management's and our board of director's attention and resources from our business, created by such activism may result in the loss of business opportunities and make it more difficult to complete strategic transactions or attract and retain investors, customers, employees, and other business partners. Such stockholder activism may also cause significant fluctuation in our stock price based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business. We cannot predict the outcome or timing of any matters relating to stockholder activism or potential proxy contests or the ultimate impact that such matters may have on our business, liquidity, financial condition, or results of operations.

The issuance of shares of our common stock to Akoya stockholders in connection with the Merger may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Upon completion of the Merger, Akoya stockholders will receive 0.318 (the “Exchange Ratio”) shares of our common stock for each share of Akoya common stock they hold. Based on 49,588,743 shares of Akoya common stock issued and outstanding as of February 1, 2025 and the Exchange Ratio, it is expected that we will issue approximately 15,769,220 shares of our common stock to Akoya stockholders in connection with the Merger. In addition, Akoya restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and options to purchase Akoya common stock will be converted into RSUs for our common stock and options to purchase our common stock based on the Exchange Ratio upon completion of the Merger. Former Akoya stockholders may decide not to hold the shares of our common stock that they will receive in the Merger, and our stockholders may decide to reduce their investment in Quanterix as a result of the changes to our investment profile as a result of the Merger. Both the issuance of this amount of new shares in the Merger and any subsequent sales of these shares may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

After the Merger, our stockholders will have a reduced ownership and voting interest in the Combined Company and may not realize a benefit from the Merger commensurate with their ownership dilution.

The Merger will dilute the ownership position of our stockholders and result in Akoya stockholders having an ownership stake in the Combined Company. Based on the number of shares of our common stock and Akoya common stock outstanding as of February 1, 2025, upon completion of the Merger, our current stockholders are expected to own approximately 71% of our outstanding common stock and former Akoya stockholders are expected to own approximately 29% of our outstanding common stock.

If the Combined Company is unable to fully and timely realize the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the Merger, our stockholders will have experienced substantial dilution of their ownership interests without receiving any commensurate benefit, or only receiving part of the commensurate benefit to the extent the Combined Company is able to realize only part of the strategic and financial benefits currently anticipated from the Merger.

Until the completion of the Merger or the termination of the Merger Agreement pursuant to our terms, we are prohibited from entering into certain transactions and taking certain actions that might otherwise be beneficial to us and our stockholders.

From and after the date of the Merger Agreement and prior to the completion of the Merger or the termination of the Merger Agreement pursuant to our terms, the Merger Agreement restricts us from taking specified actions without the consent of Akoya and requires that our business be conducted in the ordinary course, subject to certain exceptions. These restrictions may prevent us from taking actions during the pendency of the Merger that would have been beneficial. Adverse effects arising from these restrictions during the pendency of the Merger could be exacerbated by any delays in the completion of the Merger or termination of the Merger Agreement.

Obtaining required approvals and satisfying closing conditions may prevent or delay completion of the Merger, and regulatory approvals may not be received, may take longer than expected or may impose conditions that are not presently anticipated or cannot be met.

The Merger is subject to a number of conditions to closing. No assurance can be given that the required stockholder approvals can be obtained or that the required conditions to closing will be satisfied, and, if all required approvals are obtained and the required conditions are satisfied, no assurance can be given as to the terms, conditions and timing of such approvals. Any delay in completing the Merger could cause the Combined Company not to realize, or to be delayed in realizing, some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve if the Merger is successfully completed within our expected time frame. Additionally, any delays in receipt of required regulatory approvals or satisfaction of the closing conditions will increase the length of time that we are subject to certain restrictive covenants under the Merger Agreement during the pendency of the Merger and increases the risk of disruptions to our operations and business relationships and the impediments to our ability to pursue certain business opportunities or strategic initiatives, which may in turn cause the Combined Company to not realize some or all of the expected benefits of the Merger or adversely impact our future financial and strategic conditions on a standalone basis if the required approvals and conditions to closing are not obtained or satisfied.

Failure to attract, motivate and retain executives and other key employees could diminish the anticipated benefits of the Merger.

The success of the Merger will depend in part on the Combined Company’s ability to retain the talent and dedication of key employees of each company. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with us or Akoya, as applicable, while the Merger is pending, or with the Combined Company following consummation of the Merger. If key employees of either company terminate their employment, or if an insufficient number of employees or sales representatives are retained to maintain effective operations, the Combined Company’s business activities may be adversely affected and management’s attention may be diverted from successfully integrating Quanterix and Akoya to hiring suitable replacements, all of which may cause the Combined Company’s business to suffer. In addition, we and Akoya may not be able to locate suitable replacements for any key employees that leave either company or offer employment to potential replacements on reasonable terms. Moreover, there could be disruptions to or distractions for the workforce and management, including disruptions associated with integrating employees into the Combined Company. No assurance can be given that the Combined Company will be able to attract or retain key employees to the same extent that those companies have been able to attract or retain their own employees in the past.

The Merger, and uncertainty regarding the Merger, may cause our customers, service providers, partners, vendors, suppliers and other business relationships to delay or defer decisions and adversely affect our ability to effectively manage our business, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial position and, following the completion of the Merger, the Combined Company’s business, operating results and financial position.

The Merger will happen only if certain stated conditions are met. Accordingly, there may be uncertainty regarding the completion of the Merger. This uncertainty may cause existing or prospective customers, service providers, partners, vendors, suppliers and other business relationships to delay or defer other decisions, including entering into contracts or making other decisions, or seek to change or cancel existing business relationships. Additionally, we are subject to certain restrictive covenants under the Merger Agreement during the pendency of the Merger that may (i) cause us to delay or defer other decisions including entering into contracts or arrangements with existing or prospective customers, service providers, partners, vendors, suppliers and other business relationships or (ii) inhibit our ability to take advantage of certain business opportunities or strategic initiatives. Any such disruptions such as delays or deferrals of those decisions or changes in existing agreements could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial position, whether the Merger is ultimately completed, and following the completion of the Merger, the Combined Company, including an adverse effect on the Combined Company’s ability to realize the anticipated synergies and other benefits of the Merger. The risk, and adverse effect, of any such disruptions could be exacerbated by a delay in completion of the Merger or termination of the Merger Agreement.

Whether or not the Merger is completed, the announcement and pendency of the Merger could cause disruptions in our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results.

Whether or not the Merger is completed, the announcement and pendency of the Merger could cause disruptions in our business, including by diverting the attention of our management and employee team, such as those involved in day-to-day operations, toward the completion of the Merger. In addition, we have diverted significant management resources in an effort to complete the Merger and are each subject to restrictions contained in the Merger Agreement on the conduct of our business. If the Merger is not completed, we will have incurred significant costs, including the diversion of management resources, for which we will have received little or no benefit.

The Merger Agreement contains provisions that could discourage a potential competing acquirer that might be willing to pay more to acquire or merge with us.

The Merger Agreement contains provisions that make it more difficult for us to be acquired by, or enter into certain combination transactions with, a third party. The Merger Agreement contains certain provisions that restrict our ability to, among other things, solicit, initiate or knowingly encourage, or take any other action to knowingly facilitate any alternative transaction, participate in any discussions or negotiations, or cooperate in any way with any person, with respect to any alternative transaction or amend or grant any waiver of any standstill or similar agreement. In addition, following receipt by either us or Akoya of any alternative transaction proposal that constitutes a “superior proposal,” each of us or

Akoya, respectively, will have an opportunity to offer to modify the terms of the Merger Agreement before our board or the Akoya board, respectively, may withdraw or qualify our recommendation to stockholders, with respect to the approval of the Merger, in favor of such superior proposal.

If the Merger Agreement is terminated under specified circumstances, we may be required to pay a termination fee of $9 million to Akoya. These provisions could discourage a potential third-party acquirer, strategic transaction partner or business combination partner that might have an interest in acquiring or combining with all us or pursuing an alternative transaction from considering or proposing such a transaction. If the Merger Agreement is terminated we determine to seek another business combination transaction, we may not be able to successfully negotiate a transaction with another party on terms comparable to, or better than, the terms of the Merger.

We expect to incur substantial costs related to the Merger and integration.

We have incurred and expect to incur substantial non-recurring costs associated with combining the operations of the two companies, as well as transaction fees and other costs related to the Merger. Such costs include, among others, filing and registration fees with the SEC, and legal, accounting, investment banking, consulting, public relations and proxy solicitation fees. Most of these costs are payable by us regardless of whether the Merger is completed.

The Combined Company will also incur restructuring and integration costs in connection with the Merger. There are processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies and systems that must be integrated in connection with the Merger and the integration of Akoya’s business into the Combined Company. Although we expect that the elimination of duplicative costs, strategic benefits and additional income, as well as the realization of other efficiencies related to the integration of the businesses, may offset incremental transaction expenses, Merger-related and restructuring costs over time, any net benefit may not be achieved in the near term or at all. While we have assumed that certain expenses would be incurred in connection with the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, there are many factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount or the timing of the integration and implementation expenses.

Lawsuits or other legal proceedings may be filed against us, Akoya, the Combined Company and members of their respective boards of directors, in connection with the Merger, and an adverse ruling in any such lawsuit may prevent the Merger from becoming effective or from becoming effective within the expected time frame, or have an adverse impact on the Combined Company’s business and operations.

Transactions such as the Merger are frequently subject to litigation or other legal proceedings, including actions alleging that our board or Akoya’s board breached their respective fiduciary duties to their stockholders by entering into the Merger Agreement, by failing to obtain a greater value in the transaction for their stockholders or otherwise. Neither we nor Akoya can provide assurance that such litigation or other legal proceedings will not be brought. If litigation or other legal proceedings are in fact brought against us or Akoya, or against our board or Akoya’s board, they will defend against it, but might not be successful in doing so. An adverse outcome in such matters, as well as the costs and efforts of a defense even if successful, could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operation or financial position of Quanterix, Akoya or the Combined Company, including through the possible diversion of either company’s resources or distraction of key personnel.

Furthermore, one of the conditions to the completion of the Merger is the absence of an order (whether temporary or permanent) issued or entered after the date of the Merger Agreement by any governmental body enjoining or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the Merger. As such, if any plaintiffs are successful in obtaining an injunction preventing the consummation of the Merger, that injunction may prevent the Merger from becoming effective or from becoming effective within the expected time frame.

If the Merger is completed, the Combined Company may be exposed to increased litigation or other legal proceedings from stockholders, customers, partners, suppliers, contractors and other third parties due to the merger of our and Akoya’s businesses following the Merger. Even if such lawsuits or other legal proceedings are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and attention. Such litigation or an adverse judgment resulting in monetary damages may have an adverse impact on the Combined Company’s business and results of operations or may cause disruptions to the Combined Company’s operations.

Risks Relating to the Combined Company

Combining the businesses of Quanterix and Akoya may be more difficult, costly or time-consuming than expected and the Combined Company may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the Merger, which may adversely affect the Combined Company’s business results and negatively affect the value of our common stock following the Merger.

The success of the Merger will depend on, among other things, our ability to realize the anticipated benefits, synergies and efficiencies from combining the businesses of Quanterix and Akoya. This success will depend on, among other factors, our ability to integrate our business with the business of Akoya. If we are not able to successfully integrate Akoya’s business into the Combined Company within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated synergies, efficiencies and other benefits of the Merger may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.

We and Akoya have operated and, until the completion of the Merger, will continue to operate independently. There can be no assurances that these businesses can be integrated successfully. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, a reduction in the ability to attract talent, the inability to maintain relationships with our and Akoya’s customers, service providers, partners, vendors, suppliers and other business relationships, the disruption of either company’s or both companies’ ongoing businesses, inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies, unexpected integration issues, higher than expected integration costs and an overall post-completion integration process that takes longer than originally anticipated. The challenges involved in this integration, which will be complex and time- consuming, include the following:

combining the businesses of Quanterix and Akoya, including respective operations and corporate functions, and meeting the capital requirements of the Combined Company in a manner that permits the Combined Company to achieve any revenue synergies or efficiencies anticipated to result from the Merger, the failure of which would result in the anticipated benefits of the Merger not being realized in the time frame currently anticipated or at all;

• integrating, retaining and, where applicable, cross-training personnel from the two companies;
• integrating the offerings and services available to customers;
• integrating each company’s technologies and technologies licensed by them from third parties;
• identifying and eliminating redundant and underperforming functions and assets;
• harmonizing each company’s operating practices, employee development and compensation programs, internal controls and other policies, procedures and processes;
• maintaining existing relationships with each company’s customers, service providers, partners, vendors and suppliers, and leveraging relationships with such third parties for the benefit of the Combined Company;
• addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures and management philosophies;
• consolidating each company’s administrative and information technology infrastructure;
• coordinating geographically dispersed organizations; and
• effecting actions that may be required in connection with obtaining regulatory or other governmental approvals.

In addition, at times the attention of certain members of either company’s or both companies’ management and resources may be focused on completion of the Merger and the integration of the businesses of the two companies and diverted from day-to-day business operations or other opportunities that may have been beneficial to such company, which may disrupt each company’s ongoing business and the business of the Combined Company. An inability to realize the full extent of the anticipated benefits of the Merger, as well as any delays or higher than expected integration costs encountered in the integration process, could have an adverse effect upon the revenues, level of expenses and operating results of the Combined Company, which may adversely affect the value of our common stock following the Merger.

Certain customers may seek to modify contractual relationships with the Combined Company, which could have an adverse effect on the Combined Company’s business and operations.

As a result of the Merger, the Combined Company may experience impacts on relationships with our customers that may harm the Combined Company’s business and results of operations. Certain counterparties may seek to terminate or modify contractual obligations following the Merger whether or not contractual rights are triggered as a result of the Merger. There can be no guarantee that our or Akoya’s contractual counterparties will continue to have a relationship with the Combined Company or do so on the same or similar contractual terms following the Merger. If any contractual counterparties (such as customers, service providers, partners, vendors or suppliers) seek to terminate or modify contractual obligations or discontinue the relationship with the Combined Company, then the Combined Company’s business and results of operations may be harmed.

Completion of the Merger may trigger change in control, assignment or other provisions in certain agreements to which Akoya is a party, which may have an adverse impact on the Combined Company’s business and results of operations.

The completion of the Merger may trigger change in control, assignment and other provisions in certain agreements to which Akoya is a party. If Akoya is unable to negotiate waivers of or consents under those provisions, the counterparties may exercise their rights and remedies under the agreements, potentially terminating the agreements or seeking monetary damages or other remedies. Even if Akoya is able to negotiate waivers, the counterparties may require a fee for such waivers or seek to renegotiate the agreements on terms less favorable to the Combined Company. Any of the foregoing or similar developments may have an adverse impact on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Combined Company, or the ability of us to successfully integrate Akoya’s business.

Risks Related to our Financial Condition and Financial Reporting Matters

Failure to remediate material weaknesses in, or inherent limitations associated with, our internal control over financial reporting have resulted in, and in the future could result in, material misstatements in our financial statements.

In our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 6, 2023, we identified four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting relating to the operating effectiveness of our internal controls, including a material weakness associated with (i) the accounting for inventory, including excess and obsolescence reserves (the “Inventory MW”), (ii) the accounting for salaries and commissions expense (the “Compensation MW”), (iii) the financial statement close process, including financial reporting, share-based compensation and non-recurring transactions such as impairment of assets and accounting for leases (the “Financial Statement Close Process MW”), and (iv) the accounting for property and equipment, net (the “Property and Equipment MW”). In our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Original Report”), filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024, we indicated that our management concluded that the Financial Statement Close Process MW and Compensation MW were remediated. However, we also concluded that control deficiencies existed as of December 31, 2023, and that these control deficiencies constituted material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Specifically, management concluded that a portion of the Inventory MW related to the valuation of our inventory, including excess and obsolescence reserves (the “Inventory Valuation MW”) and the Property and Equipment MW continued to exist as of December 31, 2023. Subsequent to the filing of the 2023 Original Report, in Amendment No. 1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on December 26, 2024 (the “Amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A”), we indicated that our management concluded that the Restatement in the Amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A was a result of a newly identified design deficiency associated with the Inventory Valuation MW, related to the Company's internal controls over the capitalization of labor and overhead costs.

Based on our efforts and after demonstrating the operating effectiveness of the related internal controls for a sufficient period of time, management has concluded that the Property and Equipment MW was remediated as of December 31, 2024. However, as of December 31, 2024, the Inventory Valuation MW, including the additional control design deficiency, was not remediated and we have identified an additional material weakness in the operating effectiveness of our internal controls associated with the accounting for Accelerator Laboratory revenue, a component of our service and other revenue. We are working to remediate these two outstanding material weaknesses, but will not be able to consider any material weakness remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and our management has concluded, through testing, that our controls are operating effectively.

Our efforts to remediate outstanding material weaknesses, and to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, are ongoing; however, there are inherent limitations in all control systems and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all deficiencies have been detected. We cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not arise or be identified in the future. If after having remediated outstanding material weaknesses we are unable to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil, or criminal penalties or litigation. Continued or future failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could also result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our financial condition or results of operations, may result in material misstatements in our financial statements, and may also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

We have incurred significant expense and dedicated significant internal resources to address the material weaknesses described above, and we expect that the continued execution of the plan to remediate the remaining material weaknesses will continue to be costly and will distract management from other activities. There can be no assurance that we will conclude in the future that we have effectively remediated outstanding material weaknesses or that we will not identify any additional significant deficiencies or material weaknesses that will impair our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations accurately or on a timely basis.

The Restatement of our financial statements may affect stockholder and investor confidence in us or harm our reputation, and may subject us to additional risks and uncertainties, including increased costs and the increased possibility of legal proceedings and regulatory inquiries, sanctions or investigations.

We have incurred, and may continue to incur, substantial unanticipated costs for accounting and legal fees in connection with, or related to, the Restatement. The Restatement could also subject us to other risks and uncertainties, including the increased possibility of legal proceedings and inquiries, sanctions, or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities relating to the Restatement. Any of the foregoing may adversely affect our reputation, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting, or our business, results of operations, liquidity, and financial condition, or cause stockholders, investors, and customers to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, or cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Any such legal proceedings or regulatory inquiries, sanctions, or investigation, whether successful or not, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our quarterly and annual operating results and cash flows have fluctuated in the past and might continue to fluctuate, which could cause the value of our common stock to fluctuate or decline significantly.

Numerous factors, many of which are outside of our control, may cause or contribute to significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results. These fluctuations may make financial planning and forecasting difficult. In addition, one or more of such factors may cause our revenue or operating expenses in one period to be disproportionately higher or lower relative to the others, and comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis might not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as indicative of our future performance. Moreover, our stock price might be based on expectations of future performance that are unrealistic or that we might not meet and, if our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline significantly.

We have incurred annual losses since we were formed and expect to incur losses in the future. We cannot be certain that we will achieve or sustain profitability.

We incurred net losses of $38.5 million, $28.4 million, and $99.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $470.1 million. We cannot predict if or when we will achieve profitability or if or when we will be able to sustain profitability once achieved. We expect that our losses will continue at least through the next 24 months as we execute our strategy for our entry into translational pharma and clinical diagnostic markets. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, many of which are beyond our control, including the other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the market acceptance of our products, competitive products, future product development and our market penetration and margins.

Our ability to use net operating losses to offset future income may be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2024, we had federal net operating loss (“NOLs”) carryforwards to offset future taxable income of approximately $320.0 million, of which approximately $108.5 million begin to expire in 2026. A lack of future taxable income would adversely affect our ability to utilize these NOLs. In addition, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on our ability to utilize our NOLs to offset future taxable income. We may have already experienced ownership changes as defined under Section 382 of the Code. Depending on the timing of any future utilization of our NOLs, the amount that can be utilized each year may be limited as a result of such previous ownership changes. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, including changes that may be outside of our control, could result in additional ownership changes under Section 382 of the Code. Our NOLs may also be impaired under similar provisions of state law. We have recorded a full valuation allowance related to our NOLs and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

Risks Related to our Business

If our products fail to achieve and sustain sufficient market acceptance, our revenue will be adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to develop and market products that are recognized and accepted by our customers and potential customers as reliable, enabling and cost-effective. Continued market acceptance of our Simoa technology platform and products and other platforms and products we may develop in the future, such as Simoa ONE, will depend on many factors, including our ability to convince potential customers that our technology is an attractive alternative to other available technologies. If we are unable to continue to motivate customers to use Simoa technology or other technologies we may develop, adoption of our technology may be slowed and our ability to retain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue would be adversely affected.

Sales of our assays for neurological indications have become increasingly important to our business, and any significant decrease in sales of such assays could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Neurology has been one of our primary focus areas for commercialization of our Simoa technology and the services that we provide to our customers. Sales from neurological-related biomarkers have become an increasingly important part of our business. There can be no assurance that we will continue to derive meaningful revenues from the sale of our neurological products, from services related to neurodegenerative conditions or from sales of instruments driven by customers desiring access to our technology for work relating to neurological conditions. The adoption by our customers of competitive technologies for detecting biomarkers of neurodegenerative conditions could negatively impact our revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be successful in penetrating the diagnostics market.

We believe our Simoa technology has the capability to enable the development of a new category of less-invasive diagnostic tests that could replace current invasive, expensive, and inconvenient diagnostic methods. Accordingly, we have begun to expand into the diagnostics market. Transitioning from research use only to also serving the diagnostics market entails significant risks, including:

• significant investments in product development, scaling manufacturing processes, marketing and sales activities, regulatory compliance, reimbursement and billing activities and infrastructure to support the foregoing;
• navigating complex regulatory frameworks, including but not limited to FDA regulations and equivalent agencies internationally;
• competition from products that may offer superior performance, pricing, or convenience, and prevent us from penetrating target markets effectively; and
• challenges associated with obtaining adequate reimbursement from government healthcare programs and private insurers.

Further, our progress in penetrating the diagnostics market may be slower than we intend and may require a substantially larger investment than we expect. If we are unable to manage these risks effectively, our efforts to penetrate the diagnostics market may be unsuccessful, and our business, operating results and financial condition could suffer.

The sales cycle for our Simoa instruments can be lengthy and variable, which makes it difficult for us to forecast revenue and other operating results.

The sales process for our Simoa instruments generally involves numerous interactions with multiple individuals within an organization, and often includes in-depth analysis by potential customers of our technology and products and a lengthy review process. Our customers’ evaluation processes often involve a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. As a result of these factors, the capital investment required to purchase our systems, and the budget cycles of our customers, the time from initial contact with a customer to our receipt of a purchase order can vary significantly. Given the length and uncertainty of our sales cycle, we have in the past experienced, and expect in the future to experience, fluctuations in our sales on a period-to-period basis. In addition, any failure to meet customer expectations could result in customers choosing to retain their existing systems, using existing assays not requiring capital equipment, or purchasing systems other than ours.

Purchase of our Simoa instruments requires a significant capital investment which can impact sales in times of constrained spending.

The purchase of our Simoa instruments requires a significant investment by our customers, and a reduction in capital spending by potential customers can result in lower instrument sales. During periods of constrained capital spending, potential instrument customers may instead choose to engage our Accelerator lab or an outside lab, or may use another instrument platform that they already have or that is less expensive than the Simoa instruments. We believe that a constrained capital funding environment resulted in softness in instrument sales throughout 2024 and that this constrained spending environment will continue into 2025.

Because a significant portion of our revenue comes from a few large customers, any significant decrease in sales to these customers, due to industry consolidation or otherwise, could harm our operating results.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our top five customers accounted for approximately 21% of our total revenue. The loss of a significant amount of business from one or more of our major customers would have a material adverse effect on our business. There can be no assurance that there will not be a loss or reduction in business from one or more of our major customers. In addition, we cannot assure that net sales from customers that have accounted for significant net sales in the past, either individually or as a group, will reach or exceed historical levels in any future period.

Our long-term results depend upon our ability to improve existing products and introduce and market new products successfully and timely.

We generally sell our products in industries that are characterized by rapid technological changes, frequent new product introductions and changing industry standards. Accordingly, our business is dependent on the continued improvement of our existing Simoa products and our development of new products utilizing Simoa or other technology we develop or acquire. As we introduce new products or refine, improve or upgrade versions of existing products, we cannot predict the level of market acceptance or the amount of market share these products will achieve, if any. We cannot guarantee that we will not experience material delays in the introduction of new products in the future. In addition, introduction of new products could result in a decrease in revenues from existing products. Consistent with our strategy of offering new products and product refinements, we have invested substantial capital on research and development, and we expect to continue to use a substantial amount of capital for product research and development. Our research and development initiatives can be costly and time-consuming, and they may fail to achieve the intended benefits. If we do not develop new products and product enhancements based on technological innovation on a timely basis, our products may become obsolete over time and our revenues, cash flow, profitability and competitive position will suffer.

We may experience delays in launching our next-generation instrument, Simoa ONE, on our anticipated timeline, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently expect to launch our next-generation instrument, Simoa ONE, by the end of 2025. However, there are various risks that could delay or prevent the successful launch and commercialization of the instrument. These risks include, but are not limited to, unforeseen technical challenges, supply chain disruptions, and delays in manufacturing. Many of these risks are beyond our control.

If we experience significant delays in launching Simoa ONE, our ability to generate revenue and achieve market adoption may be adversely impacted. Delays or setbacks could also allow competitors to introduce alternative solutions, erode our market position, or negatively affect customer confidence in our product pipeline. Additionally, if development costs exceed our expectations, or if we are unable to successfully commercialize the platform, our financial condition and results of operations could suffer.

Defects or other quality issues in our products could lead to unforeseen costs, product recalls, adverse regulatory actions, negative publicity, and litigation, including product liability claims, any of which could cause customers to decide not to purchase our products, harm our reputation, and negatively affect our sales, operating results and financial condition.

Our Simoa products are complex and may contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or as new versions or new products are released. We have in the past devoted, and will continue to devote, funding and resources to technology development, quality assurance and manufacturing initiatives designed to ensure or improve quality, such as the assay redevelopment program which was initiated in 2022 and substantially completed in the fourth quarter of 2023. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts to manufacture products at a level of quality necessary for our customers or to avoid our products containing undiscovered defects or quality issues. Defects, errors or quality issues in our products may discourage customers from purchasing our products and could harm our reputation. We may also be subject to warranty claims and litigation involving claims for damages or incur additional costs, in each case due to errors or defects in our products. In addition, if we do not meet industry or quality standards, if applicable, our products may be subject to recall, and products subject to the FDA’s medical device regulations could be required to be recalled under such regulations. A material liability claim, recall or other occurrence that harms our reputation or decreases market acceptance of our products could harm our business and operating results.

Use of our products or services by us or a customer for diagnostic purposes could result in a product liability claim alleging that one of our products contained a design or manufacturing defect that resulted in the failure to adequately perform, leading to death or injury. A product liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time- consuming to defend, either of which could materially harm our business or financial condition. We cannot guarantee that our product liability insurance would adequately protect our assets from the financial impact of defending a product liability claim. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our product liability insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future.

Our reliance on distributors for sales of our products outside of the United States could impact our revenue.

We have established distribution agreements for our Simoa instruments and related consumable products with distributors in certain foreign countries, including Australia, Brazil, China, the Czech Republic, India, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan and the UAE. We intend to continue to grow our business internationally, and to do so we must attract additional distributors and retain existing distributors to maximize the commercial opportunity for our products. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in attracting or retaining desirable sales and distribution partners or that we will be able to enter into such arrangements on favorable terms. Distributors may not commit the necessary resources to market and sell our products to the level of our expectations or may choose to favor marketing the products of our competitors. If current or future distributors do not perform adequately, or if we are unable to enter into effective arrangements with distributors in particular geographic areas, we may not realize long-term international revenue growth. In addition, if our distributors fail to comply with applicable laws and ethical standards, including anti-bribery laws, this could damage our reputation and could have a significant adverse effect on our business and our revenues.

We generate a substantial portion of our revenue internationally and we expect this will continue in the future; as a result, our business is subject to various risks relating to our international activities, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, approximately 36%, 38%, and 38%, respectively, of our total revenue was generated from customers located outside of North America. We believe that a substantial percentage of our future revenue will continue to come from international sources as we expand our overseas operations and develop opportunities in additional areas. Engaging in international business involves a number of difficulties and risks, including:

• difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations;
• required compliance with existing and changing U.S. or foreign regulatory requirements and laws;
• a shortage of high-quality salespeople and distributors;
• pricing pressure that we may experience internationally;
• difficulties in enforcing our intellectual property rights and in defending against third-party threats and intellectual property enforcement actions against us or any of our distributors, suppliers or collaborators;
• reduced or varied protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;
• compliance with anti-bribery laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, data privacy requirements, such as the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), labor laws and anti-competition regulations;
• export or import restrictions and supply chain disruptions;
• laws and business practices favoring local companies;
• longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems;
• restrictions on the activities of foreign agents, representatives and distributors;
• foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
• the imposition of U.S. or international sanctions against a country, company, person or entity with whom we do business that would restrict or prohibit continued business with the sanctioned country, company, person or entity;
• the impact of political and economic instability and conflict, which could lead to uncertainty and instability in global financial markets;
• scrutiny of foreign tax authorities which could result in significant fines, penalties and additional taxes being imposed on us;
• the imposition of new trade restrictions; and
• potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, customs charges, bureaucratic requirements and other trade barriers.

If we are unable to manage these risks effectively, our business, operating results and financial condition will suffer.

We rely on a single contract manufacturer for our Simoa HD-X instrument and on a different single contract manufacturer for our Simoa SR-X instrument, and we expect to rely on a different single contract manufacturer for our new Simoa ONE instrument. If any of these manufacturers should fail to perform, or not perform satisfactorily, our ability to supply these instruments would be negatively and adversely affected.

We currently rely on a single contract manufacturer, STRATEC Biomedical AG (“STRATEC”), an analytical and diagnostic systems manufacturer located in Germany, to manufacture and supply all of our Simoa HD-X instruments. In addition, we currently rely on a single contract manufacturer, Paramit Corporation (“Paramit”), a contract manufacturer located in California, to manufacture and supply all of our SR-X instruments. We also expect to rely on a single contract manufacturer to supply our new Simoa ONE instrument. Our contract with STRATEC does not commit them to supply quantities beyond the amounts included in our forecasts, and our contract with Paramit does not commit them to carry inventory or make available any particular quantities Accordingly, we may not be able to obtain adequate supplies in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms. If either of these manufacturers are not able to supply instruments, our business would be harmed.

In the event it becomes necessary to utilize a different contract manufacturer for an instrument, we would experience additional costs, delays and difficulties in doing so as a result of needing to identify and enter into an agreement with a new supplier as well as needing to prepare such new supplier to meet the logistical requirements associated with manufacturing our instruments, and our business would suffer. We may also experience additional costs and delays in the event we need access to or rights under any intellectual property of STRATEC.

In addition, certain of the components used in our instruments are sourced by these manufacturers from limited or sole suppliers. If they were to lose such suppliers, there can be no assurance that they would be able to identify or enter into agreements with alternative suppliers on a timely basis on acceptable terms, if at all. An interruption in our ability to sell and deliver instruments to customers could occur if our manufacturers encounter delays or difficulties in securing these components, or if the quality of the components supplied do not meet specifications, or if they cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. If any of these events occur, our business and operating results could be harmed.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers or, in some cases, one supplier, for some of our materials and components used in our consumable products and services and our SP-X instrument, and we may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers if any of these suppliers fail to perform, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We rely on limited or sole suppliers for certain reagents and other materials and components that are used in our consumable products and services and in our SP-X instrument. While we have long-term contracts with some critical suppliers, we do not have contracts with all suppliers and instead relies on periodically forecasting our needs for such materials and entering into standard purchase orders with our suppliers. In addition, our use of many of the materials used in our consumable products is limited to research use only. As we expand into diagnostic applications for our products, we will need to secure diagnostic rights to such materials. If we were to lose suppliers or were unable to secure required rights for materials from suppliers, there can be no assurance that we will be able to identify or enter into agreements with alternative suppliers on a timely basis and on acceptable terms, if at all. An interruption in our operations could occur if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these materials or any required rights to these materials, if the quality of the materials supplied do not meet our requirements, or if we cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. The time and effort required to qualify a new supplier and ensure that the new materials provide the same or better quality results could result in significant additional costs. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other worldwide anti-bribery laws by us or our agents.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), which prohibits companies and individuals from corruptly making payments, directly or indirectly through third parties, to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. We are also subject to the FCPA’s accounting provisions, which requires us to keep accurate books and records and to maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to assure management’s control, authority and responsibility over our assets. Our reliance on independent distributors to sell our products internationally demands a high degree of vigilance in maintaining our policy against participation in corrupt activity, because there are circumstances under which we could be held responsible for their actions. Other U.S. companies in the medical device and pharmaceutical fields have faced criminal penalties under the FCPA for allowing their distributors and other third parties to deviate from appropriate practices in doing business with these individuals. We are also subject to similar anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act of 2010, which also prohibits commercial bribery and makes it a crime for companies to fail to prevent bribery. These laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and any violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, involve significant costs and expenses, including legal fees, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, or results of operations. We could also incur severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other remedial measures.

The life sciences research and diagnostic markets are highly competitive. If we fail to effectively compete, our business, financial condition and operating results will suffer.

We face significant competition in the life sciences research and diagnostic markets. We currently compete with both established and early-stage companies that design, manufacture and market systems and consumable supplies. Many of our current competitors have competitive advantages over us, including:

• greater name and brand recognition;
• substantially greater financial and human resources;
• broader product lines;
• larger sales forces and more established distributor networks;
• more substantial intellectual property portfolios;
• larger and more established customer bases and relationships; and
• better established, larger scale and lower cost manufacturing capabilities.

We cannot guarantee that our products will compete favorably or that we will be successful in the face of increasing competition from new products and technologies introduced by our existing competitors or new companies entering our markets. In addition, we cannot guarantee that our competitors do not have or will not develop products or technologies that currently or in the future will enable them to produce competitive products with greater capabilities or at lower costs than ours. Any failure to compete effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Integrating any business, product or technology we acquire can be expensive and time-consuming and can disrupt and adversely affect our ongoing business, including product sales, and distract our management.

We have acquired, and may in the future acquire other businesses, products or technologies as well as pursue strategic alliances, joint ventures, technology licenses or investments in complementary businesses. Our ability to successfully integrate any business, product or technology we acquire depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to:

• minimize the disruption and distraction of our management and other employees in connection with the integration of any acquired business, product or technology;
• avoid acquisition of unanticipated liabilities related to acquired companies;
• maintain and increase sales of our existing products;
• establish or manage the transition of the manufacture and supply of any acquired product;
• identify and add the necessary sales, marketing, manufacturing, regulatory and other related personnel, capabilities and infrastructure that are required to successfully integrate any acquired business, product or technology;
• manage the transition and migration of acquired personnel and all commercial, financial, legal, regulatory and other pertinent information relating to any acquired business, product or technology;
• comply with legal, regulatory and contractual requirements applicable to any acquired business, product or technology; and
• maintain and extend intellectual property protection for any acquired product or technology.

If we are unable to perform the above functions or otherwise effectively integrate any acquired businesses, products or technologies, our business, financial condition and operating results will suffer.

Also, the anticipated benefit of any acquisition may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. We cannot predict the number, timing or size of future joint ventures or acquisitions, or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Diagnostic Product Reimbursement

Changes in U.S. government policies, including increased tariffs and potential reductions in federal research funding, could adversely affect our business.

Recent policy actions, including the imposition of new tariffs on imported materials and goods from certain foreign countries, may have an adverse impact on our business. Increased tariffs on materials, goods and components used by us or our suppliers could raise our production costs, disrupt our supply chain and reduce our competitiveness in the marketplace.

Additionally, reduction in or suspension of certain federal research grants (or certain components of grants), including funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), may negatively impact spending within our industry and cause uncertainty. Certain of our customers, including academic institutions and research organizations, may depend in whole or in part on federal grants to advance their medical research activities. Any prolonged suspensions or reductions in such funding could slow innovation, delay collaborations, and limit the adoption of new technologies that contribute to our business growth.

If these or similar policy changes continue or expand, we may face increased costs and demand for our products could be impacted. We cannot predict the full extent of these impacts, but any prolonged disruption could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If the FDA determines that our products are subject to regulation as medical devices, if the FDA modifies its regulations to require that our LDTs are subject to regulation as devices, or if we seek to market our products for clinical diagnostic or health screening use, we will be required to comply with medical device law, including in some cases a requirement to obtain regulatory clearance(s) or approval(s). Any such regulatory process would be expensive, time-consuming and uncertain both in timing and in outcome.

We focused initially on the life sciences research market. This includes offering products for use by laboratories associated with academic and governmental research institutions, as well as pharmaceutical, biotechnology and contract research companies. Accordingly, the majority of our products are labeled as “Research Use Only” (“RUO”). While we focused initially on the life sciences research market and RUO products only, our strategy includes expanding our product line to encompass products that are intended to be used for the diagnosis of disease, including LDTs and in vitro diagnostic (“IVD”) devices, either alone or in collaboration with third parties. IVD products are subject to regulation by the FDA, or comparable international agencies, as medical devices including requirements for regulatory clearance or approval of such products before they can be marketed.

The process of obtaining regulatory clearances to market a medical device can be costly and time consuming, and we or our collaborators may not be able to obtain these clearances or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. In general, the FDA permits commercial distribution of a new medical device only after the device has received clearance under Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), or is the subject of an approved Premarket Approval (“PMA”), unless the device is specifically exempt from those requirements. The FDA will clear marketing of a lower risk medical device through the 510(k) process if the manufacturer demonstrates that the new product is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed predicate device, which can include pre-amendment, 510(k)-exempt, 510(k) cleared products, or PMA-approved products that have subsequently been down-classified. If the FDA determines that the device is not “substantially equivalent” to a predicate device, or if the device is novel, it is automatically classified into Class III, and the device sponsor must then fulfill the much more rigorous premarketing requirements of the PMA approval process, or seek classification of the device through the de novo classification process. The PMA process is more costly, lengthy and uncertain than the 510(k) clearance process. A PMA application must be supported by extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and efficacy of the device for our intended use.

If any of our products are subject to medical device regulation, we would be subject to a substantial number of additional requirements for medical devices, including establishment registration, device listing, quality system regulations — which cover the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, servicing, sterilization (if required), and storage and shipping of medical devices (among other activities) — product labeling, advertising, recordkeeping, post-market surveillance, post-approval studies, adverse event reporting, and correction and removal (recall) regulations. One or more of the products we may develop using our technology may also require clinical trials in order to generate the data required for a PMA, de novo classification request or 510(k) premarket notification. Complying with these requirements may be time- consuming and expensive. We may be required to expend significant resources to ensure ongoing compliance with the FDA regulations. Failure to comply with these requirements may subject us to a range of enforcement actions, such as warning letters, injunctions, civil monetary penalties, criminal prosecution, recall and/or seizure of products, and revocation of marketing authorization, as well as significant adverse publicity. If we fail to obtain, or experience significant delays in obtaining, regulatory approvals for IVD products, such products may not be able to be launched or successfully commercialized in a timely manner, or at all.

LDTs are a subset of IVD tests that are offered as services by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (“CLIA”)-certified high complexity clinical laboratories and designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory. In July 2022, we launched an LDT to quantitatively measure p-Tau 181 in plasma as an aid in diagnostic evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease, and in January 2023, we launched an LDT to quantitatively measure neurofilament light chain (“NfL”) in serum as an aid in the evaluation of individuals for possible neurodegenerative conditions or other causes of neuronal or central nervous system damage. In October 2023, FDA issued a proposed rule regarding LDTs that would make explicit that in vitro diagnostic products are devices under the FDCA, including when the manufacturer is a laboratory. FDA finalized this rule in April 2024. Under the Final Rule, FDA will increase our regulation of LDTs by phasing out our general enforcement discretion approach, and phase in medical device regulation, for most LDTs over a period of four years. However, FDA intends to exercise continued enforcement discretion from certain aspects of medical device regulation for certain types of LDTs. For example, FDA intends to exercise regulatory discretion to not require premarket review or most quality system requirements for “currently marketed” LDTs, which include LDTs that were offered as of May 6, 2024, which is the date the FDA’s rule was finalized. Because our LDTs were offered as of May 6, 2024, they may qualify as “currently marketed” LDTs, which means they would not be subject to premarket review or certain quality system requirements, although compliance with other aspects of medical device regulation would apply. Certain groups have challenged the legality of FDA’s Final Rule regarding LDTs, asserting (among other things) that the rule exceeds FDA’s statutory authority to regulate medical devices. That lawsuit is pending, with a decision from the District Court expected sometime in 2025. It is also possible that the federal government will modify, delay, or revoke the Final Rule. If the Final Rule is not modified, delayed, revoked, or invalidated when the requirements of the rule go into effect, the rule will result in an increased regulatory burden, including additional costs and delays in introducing new tests. FDA’s rule could also have impacts on our business more broadly, given that many of our customers would be subject to additional regulation and delays, which could potentially affect the development of new diagnostics that incorporate our instruments or consumables. This also may increase costs and regulatory burdens on laboratories that develop LDTs, thereby reducing the financial incentive for laboratories to develop new LDTs or invest in instruments, which could reduce demand for our instruments and our other products.

Foreign jurisdictions have laws and regulations similar to those described above, which may adversely affect our ability to market our products as planned in such countries. The number and scope of these requirements are increasing. As in the United States, the cost and time required to comply with regulatory requirements may be substantial, and there is no guarantee that we will obtain the necessary authorization(s) required to make our products commercially viable. In addition, the imposition of foreign requirements may also have a material adverse effect on the commercial viability of our operations.

Our products may in the future be subject to product recalls that could harm our reputation, business and financial results.

The FDA and similar foreign governmental authorities have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products, including RUO products, in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. In the case of the FDA, the authority to require a recall of a medical device must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious injury or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us or one of our distributors could occur as a result of component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

U.S. legislative, FDA or global regulatory reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain any required regulatory approval of our product candidates and to manufacture, market and distribute our products after approval is obtained.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. For example, in December 2022, Congress enacted the Food and Drug Omnibus Reform Act of 2022 (“FDORA”). FDORA reauthorized the FDA to collect device user fees and contained substantive amendments to the device provisions of the FDCA, including imposing new cybersecurity and clinical trial requirements for devices. Congress has also considered, but not yet passed, legislation to impose a new FDA regulatory framework for all diagnostics, including IVD devices and LDTs. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of future products. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted or FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be. Any change in the laws or regulations that govern the clearance and approval processes relating to our current and future products could make it more difficult and costly to obtain clearance or approval for new products, or to produce, market and distribute existing products. Significant delays in receiving clearance or approval, or the failure to receive clearance or approval for our new products would have an adverse effect on our ability to expand our business.

In addition, in the E.U. new regulations recently entered into force that result in greater regulation of medical devices and IVDs. The new IVD regulation (the “IVD Regulation”) is significantly different from European directive for IVD medical devices (the “IVD Directive”) that it replaces in that it ensures that the new requirements apply uniformly and on the same schedule across the member states, includes a risk-based classification system and increases the requirements for conformity assessment. The CE registration for UmanDiagnostics AB’s (“Uman’s”) NfL enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (“ELISA”) kit for cerebral spinal fluid was approved in March 2014 under the IVD Directive. Under the IVD Directive the assay is classified as a general IVD product, and required self-certification with no involvement of a notified body/authority. The IVD Regulation introduces a new classification system for IVDs and assessment by a notified body is required for class B, C and D products. Uman’s NfL ELISA kit for cerebrospinal fluid (“CSF”) is classified as a class B product and must fully comply with (and have a CE mark issued under) the IVD Regulation by May 2027 (subject to extension of the transitional periods in the IVD Regulation). The new requirements include an ISO 13485 certification of the quality system (which Uman received in July 2018) and increased technical evidence and follow-up of performance of the specific product (e.g. clinical evidence and post-market activities). The work to evaluate and to meet the new technical requirements is on-going.

Our failure to continue to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, including those administered by authorities of the European Economic Area (“EEA”) countries, could result in enforcement actions against us, including refusal, suspension or withdrawal of our CE Certificates of Conformity by our notified body, which could impair our ability to market products in the EEA in the future.

If we do not comply with governmental regulations applicable to our CLIA-certified laboratory, we may not be able to continue our Accelerator laboratory operations or continue offering our LDTs.

CLIA is a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform examination of human specimens for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of any disease or impairment of, or the assessment of health of, human beings. The operation of our CLIA-certified laboratory is subject to regulation by numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities in the United States. This laboratory holds a CLIA certificate of compliance for high- complexity testing and is licensed by California, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and has applied for a license in the State of New York. We may seek to obtain other state licenses if required in the future. Failure to comply with federal or state regulations or changes in those regulatory requirements could result in a substantial curtailment or even prohibition of the operations of our laboratory and could have an adverse effect on our business. To maintain CLIA certification, laboratories are subject to survey and inspection every two years. Moreover, CLIA inspectors may make unannounced inspections of these laboratories. If we were to lose our CLIA certification or any required state licenses, whether as a result of a revocation, suspension or limitation, we could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We expect to rely on third parties in conducting any required future studies of diagnostic products that may be required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials or other studies that may be required to obtain FDA and other regulatory clearance or approval for future diagnostic products. Accordingly, we expect that we would rely on third parties, such as clinical investigators, CROs, consultants, and collaborators to conduct such studies if needed. For example, we are currently working with the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation and the Global Alzheimer’s Platform Foundation on prospective clinical trials for our assays. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical and other development activities would reduce our control over these activities. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, if the third parties need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval.

If diagnostic procedures that are enabled by our technology are subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, our business could be harmed.

The ability of us, our customers or our collaborators to commercialize diagnostic tests based on our technology, including LDTs that we have launched or may launch in the future, will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for these tests will be available from government health care programs, private health insurers and other third-party payors. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new technologies are often made by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”). Private payors often follow CMS’s reimbursement policies to a substantial degree. It is difficult to predict what CMS will decide with respect to reimbursement. However, a significant trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of payments for particular products and procedures. We cannot be sure that coverage will be available for any diagnostic tests based on our technology, and, if coverage is available, the level of reimbursement. Payor coverage and reimbursement decisions may impact the demand for those tests. If coverage is not available or the reimbursement amount is inadequate, any tests for which marketing authorization is received may not be able to be successfully commercialized.

Risks Related to our Operations

We depend on our information technology systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business.

We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems to operate our business. Our enterprise software systems affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including, for example, systems handling human resources, accounting, manufacturing, inventory control, financial controls and reporting, sales administration, and other infrastructure operations. We maintain preventive and detective security controls and seek to enhance such controls by, for example, augmenting the monitoring and alerting functions, network design, and automatic countermeasure operations of our technical systems. We also periodically assess the adequacy of our hardware and systems and are planning to upgrade hardware and systems where appropriate. These information technology and telecommunications systems support a variety of functions, including manufacturing operations, quality control, customer service support, finance, and other general administrative activities.

Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications, systems or network failures, malicious human acts, and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, and similar disruptive problems. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect our information technology and telecommunications systems, those measures may be inadequate and failures or significant downtime of our information technology or telecommunications systems or those used by our third-party suppliers could prevent us from operating our business and managing the administrative aspects of our business. Loss of data or a material delay in our access to our data due to a security breach or other interruption could also prevent us from operating our business. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business.

Cybersecurity breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, and intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by us or our customers. This data encompasses a wide variety of business-critical information including research and development information, operational information, commercial information, and business and financial information. We face four primary risks relative to protecting this critical information: loss of access; inappropriate disclosure; inappropriate modification; and inadequate monitoring of our controls over the first three risks.

The secure processing, storage, maintenance, and transmission of critical information is vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses, breaches, interruptions due to employee error, malfeasance, faulty password management, lapses in compliance with privacy and security mandates, or other disruptions. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, no security measure is infallible and there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions will not be successful or damaging. Our information technology systems may have vulnerabilities, and we may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent rapidly evolving types of cyberattacks, such as ransomware attacks. Although we have experienced cybersecurity incidents from time to time that have not had a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, there can be no assurance that a cyber-attack, security breach, or other cybersecurity incident will not have a material adverse effect on us in the future. A significant cyber incident, including system failure, security breach, disruption by malware or other damage, could interrupt or delay our operations, result in a violation of applicable cybersecurity and privacy and other laws, damage our reputation, cause a loss of customers, or expose sensitive customer data, or give rise to monetary fines and other penalties, which could be significant.

Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or other persons into disclosing usernames, passwords, or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information systems, commit identity theft or carry out other unauthorized or illegal activities. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost, or stolen. We engage third-party vendors and service providers to store and otherwise process some of our data, including sensitive and personal information. Our vendors and service providers may also be the targets of the risks described above, including cyberattacks, malicious software, phishing schemes, and fraud. Our ability to monitor our vendors and service providers’ data security is limited, and third parties may be able to circumvent any security measures, resulting in the unauthorized access to, misuse, disclosure, loss or destruction of our data, including sensitive and personal information, and disruption of our or third-party service providers’ systems. We and our third-party service providers may face difficulties in identifying, or promptly responding to, potential security breaches and other instances of unauthorized access to, or disclosure or other loss of, information. Any hacking or other attack on our or our third-party service providers’ or vendors’ systems, and any unauthorized access to, or disclosure or other loss of, information suffered by us or our third-party service providers or vendors, or the perception that any of these have occurred, could result in legal claims or proceedings, loss of intellectual property, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, negative publicity, disruption of our operations and damage to our reputation, which could divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business and materially and adversely affect our business, revenues and competitive position.

Any security breach or interruption, as well as any action by us or our employees or contractors that might be inconsistent with the rapidly evolving data privacy and security laws and regulations applicable within the United States and elsewhere where we conduct business, could result in enforcement actions by state or federal governments or foreign governments, liability or sanctions under data privacy laws that protect personally identifiable information, regulatory penalties, other legal proceedings such as but not limited to private litigation, the incurrence of significant remediation costs, disruptions to our development programs, business operations and collaborations, diversion of management efforts and damage to our reputation. Because of the rapidly moving nature of technology and the increasing sophistication of cybersecurity threats, our measures to prevent, respond to and minimize such risks may be unsuccessful.

In addition, our insurance may be insufficient to cover our losses resulting from cyber-attacks, breaches, or other interruptions, and any incidents may result in loss of, or increased costs of, such insurance. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, or denials of coverage, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We are currently subject to, and may in the future become subject to additional, U.S. federal and state and international laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, store and process personal information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our future customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store, transfer, use or process sensitive data, including personally identifiable information of employees and others, and intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by itself and other parties. The secure processing, storage, maintenance, and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy. We are, and may increasingly become, subject to various laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data privacy and security in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The regulatory environment related to data privacy and security is increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. These laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible that they will be interpreted and applied in ways that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In the United States, various federal and state regulators, including governmental agencies like the Federal Trade Commission, have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws and regulations concerning personal information and data security. Certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to personal information than federal, international, or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, all of which may complicate compliance efforts. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which increases privacy rights for California residents and imposes obligations on companies that process their personal information, came into effect on January 1, 2020. Among other things, the CCPA requires covered companies to provide disclosures to California consumers regarding the processing of their personal data, as well as data protection and privacy rights, including the ability to opt-out of certain sales or sharing of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. In November 2020, California also passed the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), which became effective on January 1, 2023 and significantly expands the CCPA, including by introducing additional obligations such as data minimization and storage limitations and granting additional rights to consumers. More recently, other states, including Connecticut, Colorado, Utah and Virginia have passed comprehensive state data privacy laws, and states like Washington and Nevada have enacted consumer health privacy laws. Most of these laws are enforced by state attorneys general, but there is the potential for private actions by plaintiffs in some circumstances under certain laws, including under Washington’s consumer health data privacy law. In addition, laws in all 50 U.S. states require businesses to provide notice to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in the U.S. Congress of a new comprehensive federal data privacy law to which we would become subject if it is enacted. These and future laws and regulations may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.

Furthermore, regulations promulgated pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) establish privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information (known as “protected health information”) and require the implementation of administrative, physical, and technological safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information. Determining whether information constitutes protected health information has been handled in compliance with applicable privacy standards and our contractual obligations can require complex factual and statistical analyses and may be subject to changing interpretation. Although we take measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, manipulated, publicly disclosed, lost, or stolen. Any such access, breach or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as, if applicable, the HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”), and regulatory penalties. Where such laws are applicable, notice of breaches must be made to affected individuals, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete.

Outside of the United States, many countries have privacy and data security laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data, including but not limited to the GDPR and China’s Personal Information Protection Law. The GDPR, which governs the collection and use of personal data in the E.U. and is wide-ranging in scope, imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, the security and confidentiality of the personal data, data breach notification and the use of third-party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the E.U. to the United States, enhances enforcement authority and imposes large penalties for noncompliance, including the potential for fines of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater. While we have taken steps to comply with the GDPR, including reviewing our security procedures and entering into data processing agreements with relevant contractors, we cannot guarantee that our compliance efforts will be fully successful.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our ability to maintain any technological or competitive advantage over our competitors and potential competitors may be reduced, and our business may be harmed.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property rights protection and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. If we fail to protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us, we may lose our technological or competitive advantage, or we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our intellectual property.

Our currently pending or future patent applications may not result in granted patents, and we cannot predict how long it will take for such patents to be granted. It is possible that, for any of our patents that have granted or that may grant in the future, others will design around our patented technologies. Further, other parties may challenge any patents granted to us and courts or regulatory agencies could hold our patents to be invalid or unenforceable. We may not be successful in defending challenges made against our patents and patent applications. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents, or to such patents being interpreted narrowly or otherwise in a manner adverse to our interests. Our ability to establish or maintain a technological or competitive advantage over our competitors may be diminished because of these uncertainties. For these and other reasons, our intellectual property may not provide us with any competitive advantage. To the extent our intellectual property offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate coverage over our products and protection against our competitors’ products, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business.

In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we also rely upon trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and unfair competition laws, as well as license agreements and other contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated. In addition, we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, corporate partners and, when needed, our advisors. Such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure. Moreover, if a party having an agreement with us has an overlapping or conflicting obligation to a third party, our rights in and to certain intellectual property could be undermined. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, the outcome would be unpredictable, and any remedy may be inadequate. In addition, courts outside of the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

Some of our owned and in-licensed intellectual property has been discovered through government-funded programs and thus is subject to federal regulations such as “march-in” rights, certain reporting requirements, and a preference for U.S. industry. Compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights, subject us to expenditure of resources with respect to reporting requirements, and limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. manufacturers.

Some of the intellectual property rights we own and have in-licensed has been generated through the use of U.S. government funding and are therefore subject to certain federal regulations. For example, some of the issued U.S. patents we own and all of the intellectual property rights licensed to us under our license agreement with Tufts University (“Tufts”) have been generated using U.S. government funds. As a result, the U.S. government has certain rights to intellectual property embodied in our current or future products pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. These U.S. government rights in certain inventions developed under a government-funded program include a non-exclusive, non-transferable, irrevocable worldwide license to use inventions for any governmental purpose. In addition, the U.S. government has the right to require us to grant exclusive, partially exclusive, or non-exclusive licenses to any of these inventions to a third party if the government determines that: (i) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention; (ii) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs; or (iii) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations (also referred to as “march-in rights”). The U.S. government also has the right to take title to these inventions if we fail, or the applicable licensor fails, to disclose the invention to the government, elect title, and file an application to register the intellectual property within specified time limits. In addition, the U.S. government may acquire title to these inventions in any country in which a patent application is not filed within specified time limits. Intellectual property generated under a government funded program is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance with which may require us, or the applicable licensor, to expend substantial resources. In addition, the U.S. government requires that any products embodying the subject invention or produced through the use of the subject invention be manufactured substantially in the United States. The manufacturing preference requirement can be waived if the owner of the intellectual property can show that reasonable but unsuccessful efforts have been made to grant licenses on similar terms to potential licensees that would be likely to manufacture substantially in the United States or that under the circumstances domestic manufacture is not commercially feasible. This preference for U.S. manufacturing may limit our ability to license the applicable patent rights on an exclusive basis under certain circumstances.

Our Simoa bead-based technology is licensed to us by Tufts. Any loss of our rights to this technology or other technologies we license could prevent us from selling our products.

Our Simoa bead-based technology is licensed exclusively to us from Tufts. We do not own the patents that underlie this license. Our rights to use this technology and employ the inventions claimed in the licensed patents are subject to the continuation of and compliance with the terms of the license. Our principal obligations under our license agreement with Tufts are as follows:

• making royalty payments;
• making milestone payments;
• paying annual maintenance fees for the underlying patents;
• using commercially reasonable efforts to develop and sell a product using the licensed technology and developing a market for such product;
• paying and/or reimbursing fees related to prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of patent rights; and
• providing certain reports.

If we breach any of these obligations, Tufts may have the right to terminate the license, which could result in us being unable to develop, manufacture and sell products using our Simoa bead-based technology or a competitor gaining access to the Simoa technology. Termination of our license agreement with Tufts would have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, we are a party to a number of other agreements that include licenses to intellectual property, including non-exclusive licenses. We expect that we may need to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our business could suffer materially and adversely, for example, if any current or future licenses terminate, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license, if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable, or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms.

If we or any of our partners are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, the resulting litigation would be costly and time-consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in that litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our success depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our products and perform our services without infringing upon the proprietary rights of third parties. As part of a business strategy to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets, competitors have claimed, and may claim in the future, that our products and/or services infringe their intellectual property rights and have suggested, and may suggest in the future, that we enter into license agreements. We believe any such claims made to date are without merit. However, even if such claims are without merit, we could incur substantial costs and divert the attention of our management and technical personnel in defending itself against claims of infringement made by third parties or settling such claims. Any adverse ruling by a court or administrative body, or perception of an adverse ruling, may have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct our business and our finances. Moreover, third parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive relief against us, which could block our ability to offer one or more products or services and could result in a substantial award of damages against us. In addition, since we sometimes indemnify customers, collaborators or licensees, we may have additional liability in connection with any infringement or alleged infringement of third party intellectual property.

Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be pending applications, some of which are unknown to us, that may result in issued patents upon which our products or proprietary technologies may infringe. Moreover, we may fail to identify issued patents of relevance or incorrectly conclude that an issued patent is invalid or not infringed by our technology or any of our products. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in our industry. If a third party claims that we or any of our licensors, customers or collaboration partners infringe upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may have to:

• seek to obtain licenses that may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all;
• abandon any infringing product or redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement;
• pay substantial damages, including, in exceptional cases, treble damages and attorneys’ fees;
• pay substantial royalties or fees or grant cross-licenses to our technology; or
• defend litigation or administrative proceedings that may be costly whether we win or lose, and which could result in a substantial diversion of our financial and management resources.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time- consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents that we license. In the event of infringement or unauthorized use, we may file one or more infringement lawsuits. Patent litigation can be very costly and time-consuming, and the outcome is uncertain. In addition, if we or any of our partners were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products or services, the defendant in such litigation could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the challenged patent. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on current and future products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside of the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent that federal and state laws do in the United States. Consequently, regardless of whether we are able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in the United States, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside of the United States, or from selling or importing products made by using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not pursued and obtained patent protection to develop their own products, and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as it is in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Even if we pursue and obtain issued patents in particular jurisdictions, our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent third parties from competing. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, such as China and certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license and may adversely impact our business.

In addition, we and our partners also face the risk that our products are imported or reimported into markets with relatively higher prices from markets with relatively lower prices, which would result in a decrease of sales and any payments we receive from the affected market. Recent developments in U.S. patent law have made it more difficult to stop these and related practices based on theories of patent infringement.

We use third-party software that may be difficult to replace or may cause errors or failures of our products that could lead to lost customers or harm to our reputation.

We use software licensed from third parties in our products. In the future, this software may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this software could result in delays in the production of our products until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in third-party software or other third-party software failures could result in errors, defects or cause our products to fail, which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.

Risks Related to our Common Stock and Being a Public Company

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated significantly and may continue to fluctuate significantly.

The market price of shares of our common stock has been and could continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;
• announcements by us, our partners or our competitors of new products, significant contracts, restructuring plans, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations, acquisitions (such as the Merger), commercial relationships or capital commitments, including the Merger;
• competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;
• failure to meet or exceed financial estimates and projections of the investment community or that we may provide to the public;
• issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts or recommendations with respect to our stock;
• positive or adverse regulatory announcements;
• disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;
• commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation;
• fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
• conditions in our markets;
• manufacturing disputes or delays, product defects or material product quality control issues;
• any future sales of our common stock or other securities;
• any change to the composition of the our board or key personnel;
• general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets;
• a material cybersecurity incident;
• share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;
• announcement or expectation of additional debt or equity financing efforts; and
• other factors described in this Risk Factors section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of our common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and life science companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have on occasion instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, the defense and disposition of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management and harm our operating results.

We have never paid dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our common stock will likely depend on whether the price of our common stock increases.

We have not paid dividends on any of our classes of capital stock to date and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for the stockholders in the foreseeable future. Consequently, in the foreseeable future, stockholders will likely only experience a gain from an investment in our common stock if the price of our common stock increases.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated by-laws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our restated certificate of incorporation, restated by-laws and Delaware law contain provisions which could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by the our board. Our corporate governance documents include provisions:

• authorizing our board to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval upon the terms and conditions and with the rights, privileges and preferences as our board may determine;
• specifying that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board and that our stockholders may not act by written consent;
• establishing an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board;
• providing that directors may be removed only for cause;
• providing that our board may create new directorships and that vacancies on the board may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;
• establishing that our board is divided into three classes with each class serving staggered three-year terms;
• providing that our board may amend the our bylaws without approval of our stockholders; and
• requiring a super-majority of votes to amend certain of the above-mentioned provisions.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of outstanding our common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of the outstanding our common stock.

Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws or the DGCL that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

We maintain a cybersecurity risk management program designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate and respond to cybersecurity threats. Our cybersecurity program is overseen by our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), who has more than 20 years of experience in information technology. This program incorporates policies, processes, and activities over domains such as access control; facility and data protection; IT systems and data transmission security; threat intelligence and incident response; third-party risk management; disaster recovery; and vulnerability management. We have a comprehensive cybersecurity policy in place that includes robust measures to protect our data and systems from cyber threats, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of our information.

We have implemented a risk-based approach to identify and assess the cybersecurity threats that could affect our business and information systems. Thus, we base our program on multiple security frameworks including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”), HIPAA, and privacy laws such as the E.U.’s GDPR. We also require that third-party service providers with access to personal or proprietary information implement and maintain cybersecurity practices consistent with applicable legal standards.

Cybersecurity is complex and subject to constantly evolving threats. Accordingly, we engage a range of external experts, including cybersecurity consultants and auditors in evaluating and testing our risk management systems. These partnerships enable us to leverage specialized knowledge and insights. Our collaboration with these third-party experts includes regular audits, threat assessments, and consultation on security enhancements.

Our CIO is tasked with ensuring that the highest levels of management and our Board of Directors are informed about the cybersecurity posture and potential risks facing the Company. Our CIO regularly briefs our CEO about cybersecurity risk management. The CIO’s staff regularly informs the CIO about the latest developments in cybersecurity, including potential threats and risk management techniques. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the CIO is informed promptly following its detection, and our response is governed by a detailed incident response plan that includes prompt actions to mitigate the impact of the incident and longer-term strategies for remediation and prevention of future incidents. The CIO has also chartered an Information Security Steering Committee made up of cross-functional executive leaders that meets quarterly on topics such as the current cybersecurity landscape and emerging threats; status of ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies; incident reports and learnings from any cybersecurity events; and compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards.

Cybersecurity risk management is integrated into our broader risk management framework. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, which has responsibility for oversight of risk management, also has responsibility for oversight of our program, policies and procedures related to information security and data protection. On a regular basis, the CIO reports to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors on cybersecurity risks as well as mitigation strategies and the status of initiatives to strengthen our information security systems. The CIO also provides periodic updates to our full Board of Directors, as appropriate. We also mandate a rigorous cybersecurity training program for all employees, which includes regular updates and assessments to ensure they are equipped to recognize and respond to potential cyber threats.

For a discussion of our risks related to cybersecurity, see the section titled, “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Operations – Cybersecurity breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.”

Our corporate headquarters are currently located in Billerica, Massachusetts, which consists of an approximately 91,600 square foot facility we lease for office, laboratory, and manufacturing purposes. We also lease office and laboratory space domestically in Bedford, Massachusetts, and internationally in the Netherlands, Sweden, and China. In the first quarter of 2022, we executed a lease for 85,800 square feet of office and laboratory space in Bedford, Massachusetts. The initial term of the Bedford lease is eight years and nine months beginning on May 1, 2022. We do not currently occupy one of the two Bedford facilities.

We believe our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current operations and that, should it be needed, additional or alternative space is available to accommodate our operations.

In the ordinary course of business, we are from time to time involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations, proceedings, and threats of litigation consisting of intellectual property, contractual, employment, and other matters. While the outcome of any such actions or proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we were not party to any legal proceedings, the outcome of which would be expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Regardless of any outcome, litigation can have a material adverse effect on us due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

The following discussion and analysis provides information management believes to be relevant to understanding the financial condition and results of operations of Quanterix Corporation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For a full understanding of our financial condition and results of operations, this discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included in the section titled “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying unrounded numbers. In addition to historical information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results, performance, or experience may differ materially from those discussed below due to various important factors, risks, and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those set forth under the sections titled “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Quanterix,” the “Company,” “we,” “it,” “us,“ and “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Quanterix Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition as of, and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022 is included in the section titled “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Amendment No. 1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on December 23, 2024.

Overview

We are a life sciences company that develops and commercializes next-generation, ultra-sensitive digital immunoassay platforms that advance life sciences research and diagnostics. Our platforms are based on our proprietary digital “Simoa” detection technology and enable customers to reliably detect protein biomarkers at ultra-low concentrations in blood, serum and other fluids that, in many cases, are undetectable using conventional, analog immunoassay technologies. The ability of our Simoa platforms to detect proteins in the femtomolar range enables the development of novel therapies and diagnostics and has the potential to identify early-stage disease markers before symptoms appear to facilitate a paradigm shift in healthcare from an emphasis on later-stage treatment to a focus on earlier detection, monitoring, prognosis, and, ultimately, prevention. Our Simoa platforms have achieved significant commercial adoption with an installed base of over 1,000 instruments, and scientific validation with citations in more than 3,200 scientific publications in areas of high unmet medical need and research interest such as neurology, oncology and immunology, and inflammation.

Our instruments are designed to be used either with assays fully developed by us, including all antibodies and supplies required to run the assays, or with “homebrew” assay kits where we supply some of the components required for testing, and the customer supplies the remaining required elements. Accordingly, our installed instruments generate a recurring revenue stream. As the installed base of the Simoa instruments increases, we expect total consumables revenue to increase.

We commercially launched our HD-X instrument in the second half of 2019. The HD-X is an upgraded version of the Simoa HD-1 (our first Simoa instrument, launched in January 2014), collectively “HD Instruments”, that is designed to deliver significant productivity and operational efficiency improvements, as well as greater user flexibility. The HD-X uses our bead-based technology and assays run on the HD-X are fully automated. At December 31, 2024, approximately 84% of the HD Instrument installed base were HD-X instruments.

Further, we launched our SR-X instrument in 2017 as a compact desktop instrument with a lower price point, more flexible assay preparation, and a wider range of applications. The SR-X utilizes the same Simoa bead-based technology and assay kits as the HD-X.

With our acquisition of Aushon BioSystems, Inc. in 2018, we acquired their CLIA certified laboratory and their proprietary sensitive planar array detection technology. The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (“CLIA”) are federal regulatory standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States (with the exception of research testing that does not report patient specific results). Leveraging our proprietary sophisticated Simoa image analysis and data analysis algorithms, we further refined the planar array technology to develop the SP-X instrument to provide sensitivity similar to that found in our Simoa bead-based platform. We commercially launched the SP-X instrument in 2019.

Our wholly owned subsidiary UmanDiagnostics AB (“Uman”), a company located in Umeå, Sweden, supplies neurofilament light (“NfL”), antibodies, and enzyme-linked immunoassay (“ELISA”) kits, which are used by researchers and biopharmaceutical and diagnostics companies world-wide in the detection of NfL to advance the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for neurodegenerative conditions.

We also provide contract research services for customers and Laboratory Developed Test (“LDT”) services through our CLIA-certified Accelerator Laboratory. The Accelerator Laboratory provides customers with access to Simoa technology, and supports multiple projects and services, including sample testing, homebrew assay development, custom assay development, and blood-based biomarker testing. To date, we have completed over 2,400 projects for more than 500 customers from all over the world using our Simoa platforms.

We have an extensive base of customers including pharmaceutical, biotechnology, contract research organizations, academic and governmental research institutions. We sell our instruments, consumables, and services through a direct field sales and support organizations in North America and Europe, and through our own sales force and distributors in additional countries, including Australia, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, India, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates.

Our total revenues were $137.4 million and $122.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Since our inception, we have incurred annual net losses, including net losses of $38.5 million and $28.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses at least through the next 24 months, and we expect our expenses to increase substantially as we:

• expand our sales and marketing efforts to further commercialize our products;
• expand our research and development efforts to improve our existing, or to develop and launch, new assays and instruments, including Simoa ONE. These expenses could be particularly significant if any of its products become subject to additional or more burdensome regulation by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA");
• invest in Lucent Diagnostics, additional LDTs, and other diagnostics initiatives including entry into translational pharma and clinical diagnostic markets;
• seek Premarket Approval (“PMA”) or 510(k) clearance from the FDA for our existing products or new products, including new assays and instruments, if or when we decide to market products for use in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease or other condition;
• hire additional personnel to support our growth and research and development;
• strategically acquire and integrate companies or technologies that may be complementary to our business;
• enter into collaboration arrangements, or in-license other products and technologies; and
• add or enhance operational, financial, and management information systems.

Recent Business Developments

ISO 13485 Certification

On January 31, 2025, we received ISO 13485 certification for our operations in Billerica, Massachusetts. ISO 13485 certification indicates that a company has implemented a quality management system that meets international requirements for medical device manufacturing.

Agreement to Acquire Akoya Biosciences, Inc.

On January 9, 2025, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) to acquire Akoya Biosciences, Inc. (“Akoya”), a life sciences technology company based in Marlborough, Massachusetts delivering spatial biology solutions through the power of spatial phenotyping. Spatial phenotyping refers to a rapidly evolving technology that enables academic and biopharma scientists to detect and map the distribution of cell types and biomarkers across whole tissue samples at single-cell resolution, enabling advancements in their understanding of disease progression and patient response to therapy. Akoya commercializes proprietary instrument platforms, reagents, software, and services that offer end-to-end solutions to perform tissue analysis and spatial phenotyping from discovery through translational and clinical research and diagnostics. The transaction is part of our plans to establish the first fully integrated technology ecosystem to identify and measure biomarkers across tissue and blood, expand our technology offerings into oncology and immunology, and expand our portfolio of lab service offerings.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, a newly formed, wholly owned subsidiary of Quanterix will merge with and into Akoya, with Akoya continuing as the surviving corporation and becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Quanterix (the “Merger”). Upon completion of the Merger, each issued and outstanding share of common stock of Akoya will be converted into 0.318 of a share of our common stock. The closing of the Merger is subject to a number of conditions and obligations and we expect that, if approved, the Merger will close in the second quarter of 2025.

We and Akoya have also agreed to use our respective reasonable best efforts to cooperate in good faith to enter into one or more agreements pursuant to which we would provide Akoya with bridge financing. Any such financing would be in the form of subordinated convertible note(s) in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $30.0 million, subject to Akoya having obtained any required consents and satisfied any other conditions under Akoya’s existing credit facility. As of the date of filing of this annual report, we are negotiating the potential terms of such financing.

Acquisition of Emission Inc.

On January 8, 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of Emission (the “Emission Transaction”), a life sciences manufacturing company based in Georgetown, Texas, that produces large-scale, highly-uniform dye-encapsulating magnetic beads designed for low and mid-plex assays and a mid-plex platform that reads its proprietary beads. The transaction is part of our plans to secure the use of Emission’s highly controlled beads in our next generation platforms and expansion into a new multi-plex segment targeting third-party original equipment manufacturer customers. Under the Emission Transaction, we made an upfront payment of $10.0 million, with an additional $10.0 million payable upon completion of certain technical milestones. Additionally, the shareholders of Emission (collectively, the “Emission Shareholders”) may receive up to an additional $50.0 million in earnout payments through December 31, 2029, contingent upon the achievement of certain performance milestones.

In connection with the closing of the Emission Transaction, the parties entered into a call option agreement (the “Option Agreement”), in which the Emission Shareholders have the right to repurchase all of the outstanding capital stock of Emission for $10.0 million after five years if Emission’s revenues do not exceed $5.0 million in any one year during such five-year period. If the Emission Shareholders exercise the right to repurchase Emission under the Option Agreement and consummate the repurchase, we will retain a perpetual, fully-paid, irrevocable license to all Emission intellectual property required to continue to manufacture and commercialize our products.

LucentAD Tests

In October 2024, we launched LucentAD Complete, a confirmatory blood biomarker test capable of providing results equivalent to FDA-cleared CSF biomarkers. This test combines p-Tau 217, Amyloid beta 42, Amyloid beta 40, GFAP, and NfL biomarkers, which are recognized by the Alzheimer’s Association as core biomarkers of amyloid and tau, or biomarkers of non-specific processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. The LucentAD Complete test is intended for patients being evaluated for Alzheimer’s disease. The results from the LucentAD Complete test can aid in the earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as the development of personalized treatment plans.

Additionally, our LucentAD Complete and our LucentAD p-Tau 217 blood tests were granted Breakthrough Device designation by the FDA in January 2025 and March 2024, respectively. This designation is granted to products that have the potential to offer more effective diagnosis of life-threatening diseases with an unmet medical need. Proposed indications for these blood tests include use of the test results in patients presenting with cognitive impairment who are being evaluated for Alzheimer’s disease risk to aid in diagnostic evaluation. These tests are not intended as a stand-alone diagnostic test and test results will be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tools to establish a final clinical diagnosis. These tests have not been otherwise cleared or approved by the FDA and Breakthrough Device designation does not guarantee that the FDA review and approval process will be shortened or that an application will be approved.

We do not expect material revenue from these tests, or other Lucent Diagnostics tests, until 2025 or later, if at all.

Assay Redevelopment Program

During the fourth quarter of 2023, we substantially completed our six-quarter assay redevelopment program. The objective of this operational program was to improve our ability to manufacture and deliver high-quality assays at scale. Since then, and using the improved protocols resulting from the assay redevelopment program, we have launched our new Simoa Advantage PLUS assays and continue to transition existing assays to Advantage PLUS. The improved protocols leverage manufacturing efficiencies and reagent improvements to provide more consistent results and improved lot-to-lot consistency, which also enables production of larger lot sizes with extended shelf lives. Advantage PLUS assays began shipping to customers in the first quarter of 2024. We expect to continue to apply these improved protocols and manufacturing efficiencies to other existing assays, as well as assays that we may develop in the future.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Product Revenue

Our product revenues are generated from sales of (1) instruments and (2) consumables and related revenues. Our products are sold directly to customers and are also sold through distributors in EMEA and Asia Pacific regions.

Instrument revenues consist of sales of our instruments (HD-X, SR-X, and SP-X). We currently sell our products for RUO applications directly to customers or through distributors. Customers' purchase processes for certain of our instruments can be long and as a result, instrument revenue can vary from period-to-period and can be concentrated to a small number of customers in any given period. Instruments sold directly to customers include an initial year service-type warranty, which is recorded in services and other revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Instruments sold to distributors include a license to import and resell the instruments and an initial year assurance-type warranty. Costs related to assurance-type warranties are recorded in cost of product revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Instrument sales may also be bundled with assays and other consumables, training, installation, and/or an extended service warranty.

We expect softness in instrument sales to continue in 2025 as a result of what we believe is a constrained capital funding environment. We believe instrument sales will recover with an improvement in the capital funding environment , and further believe the introduction of our Simoa ONE instrument, which is expected to launch by the end of 2025, will help grow instrument sales in future years.

Consumable and other revenues consist of sales of assays fully developed by us, including all antibodies and supplies required to run the assays, or with “homebrew” assay kits where we supply some of the components required for testing, and the customer supplies the remaining required elements. Consumable and other revenues also consist of replacement parts, reagents, and antibodies.

Service and Other Revenue

Service revenues consist of fixed fee contract research services through our Accelerator Laboratory, initial service-type warranties, extended service warranty contracts, repair services, and other services such as training.

Collaboration and License Revenue

Collaboration and license revenues consist of licensing our technology, intellectual property, and know-how associated with our instruments to third parties and for related services. License arrangements consist of sales or usage-based fees and/or future royalties.

Grant Revenue

Grant revenues consist of funding received to perform specific research and development services under grant arrangements.

Cost of Goods Sold and Services

Cost of Product Revenue

Cost of product revenue consists of manufacturing and assembly costs for instruments, related reagents, other consumables, contract manufacturer costs, personnel costs, royalties, overhead, and other direct costs related to product sales. Raw material part costs include inbound shipping and handling costs associated with purchased goods. Cost of product revenue also includes royalty fees due to third parties from revenue generated by collaboration or license deals.

Cost of Service and Other Revenue

Cost of services and other revenue consists of direct costs associated with operating our Accelerator Laboratory on behalf of customers, including raw materials, personnel costs, royalties, allocated overhead and other related costs. Additional costs include costs related to warranty services and other costs of servicing equipment at customer sites.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists of personnel costs, research supplies, third-party development costs for new products, materials for prototypes, quality assurance, and allocated overhead costs that include facility and other related costs. We have made substantial investments in research and development since our inception and plan to continue to make substantial investments in the future. Our research and development efforts have focused primarily on supporting development and commercialization of new and existing products and improved product quality. We believe that our continued investment in research and development is essential to our long-term competitive position. We expect research and development expense to continue to increase due to continued investment in new instruments, including Simoa ONE, and assay development.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative expense consists of personnel costs for our sales and marketing, finance, legal, human resources, and general management teams, shipping and handling for product sales, acquisition related costs, other general and administrative costs, as well as professional services costs, such as marketing, advertising, legal and accounting services, and allocated overhead costs that include facility and other related costs. We expect to increase the size of our selling, general and administrative functions to support the growth in our business and newly launched Lucent Diagnostics. However, selling, general and administrative expenses in total are not expected to increase at the same rate in future periods as total revenue or research and development expenses.

The classification of shipping and handling costs for product sales varies from company to company, with some companies recording these as selling, general and administrative expenses and others recording such expenses within costs of goods sold for products. To the extent our classification of these shipping and handling costs differs from the classification used by other companies, our gross margins may not be comparable with those reported by such other companies.

Other Lease Costs

Other lease costs consist of amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets and other facility operating expenses from leased facilities we are not using as a result of the restructuring and strategic realignment plan (the "Restructuring Plan") in August 2022.

Impairment and Restructuring

Impairment and restructuring expense primarily consists of charges recorded as a result of the Restructuring Plan and the corresponding impairment of our goodwill, long-lived assets (including operating lease right-of-use assets, property and equipment) and intangibles, which were determined to have carrying values exceeding their fair values.

Additional impairment expenses consist of assessments of our intangible and long-lived assets annually, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset(s) may not be recoverable.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, and the accretion of discounts from the purchase of marketable securities.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of unrealized and realized gains and losses on foreign currency, and other non-recurring items that are not a part of our core business operations.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense consists primarily of income taxes related to federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business.

Comparison of Results of Operations for Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following table sets forth select Consolidated Statements of Operations data, and such data as a percentage of total revenues (in thousands, except percentages):

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Revenues

Total revenues increased $15.1 million, or 12%, to $137.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $122.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Product revenue of $79.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of instrument sales of $10.5 million and sales of consumables and other products of $69.3 million. This represented an increase of $0.1 million, or less than 1%, compared to product revenue of $79.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in product revenue was primarily due to a $5.3 million increase in sales of consumables and higher selling prices and was mostly offset by a $5.3 million decrease in instrument sales due to reduced demand.

Service revenue was $51.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $40.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $11.2 million, or 28%. This increase was primarily due to a $10.2 million increase in Accelerator Laboratory revenue driven by higher volumes of sample testing and assay development services, as well as higher selling prices.

Collaboration and license revenue was $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $3.1 million, or 223%. The increase was primarily due to LDT and other diagnostic related license revenues.

Grant revenue was $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a increase of $0.8 million, or 62%. The increase was primarily due to completion of milestones under certain grants.

Cost of Goods Sold and Services

Total cost of goods sold and services increased $6.2 million, or 13%, to $54.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cost of product revenue increased $4.2 million, or 14%, to $33.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $29.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to lower production volume and output, which led to decreased labor and overhead capitalization, increased costs due to the introduction of new assays, and increased compensation and benefits costs related to increased headcount. These increases were partially offset by improvement in inventory management and manufacturing processes and lower instrument sales.

Cost of service and other revenue increased $2.0 million, or 10%, to $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to an increase in department costs, including compensation and benefits costs related to increased headcount and lab supplies, as a result of increased demand for Accelerator Laboratory services. Although service and other revenue increased by 28% during the same period, these costs did not increase at the same rate compared to the prior year due to larger project sizes and improved efficiency delivering Accelerator Laboratory services.

Research and Development

Research and development expense increased $5.0 million, or 19%, to $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to a $3.2 million increase related to headcount, consisting of $2.9 million in compensation and benefit costs and $0.4 million in stock-based compensation expense, and a $1.7 million increase in costs of outside services and research lab supplies and equipment to enable product development. These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease from the disposal of certain assets in 2023, which did not repeat in 2024.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expense increased $12.5 million, or 14% to $101.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $89.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to (1) a $7.1 million increase related to headcount, consisting of $4.7 million in compensation and benefit costs and $2.4 million in stock-based compensation expense, (2) a $3.7 million increase in professional services and consulting fees related to our efforts to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K (as amended by Amendment No.1 to such report on Form 10-K/A) for the year ended December 31, 2023, the restatement of our financial statements completed on December 23, 2024, and due diligence and other acquisition costs related to the Emission and Akoya transactions, (3) a $0.7 million increase in marketing expense for promotion and branding, (4) a $0.6 million increase in software and information technology expenses, and (5) a $0.4 million increase in travel and related expenses. Included within selling, general and administrative expense are $8.1 million and $7.2 million of shipping and handling costs for product sales for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other Lease Costs

Other lease costs decreased $0.7 million, or 19%, to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we began using one of the leased facilities that we did not occupy as a result of the Restructuring Plan. Accordingly, as of the fourth quarter of 2024, the amortization of the operating lease right-of-use asset and related leased facility operating expenses at this facility are no longer recorded in other lease costs.

Impairment and Restructuring

We did not incur any impairment and restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. During 2023, we incurred long-lived asset impairment charges associated with leased facilities we were not using.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by $1.2 million, or 7% to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $15.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to lower interest rates and a lower balance of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense) was less than $0.1 million of expense for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $2.5 million of income for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to recognizing a $2.4 million receivable under the Employee Retention Credit established by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act in the third quarter of 2023.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change was primarily due to the decrease in the tax expense recorded on the operating results of our foreign subsidiaries.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and funds generated from sales of our products and services. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $56.7 million and $232.4 million of available for sale marketable securities. Historically we have financed our operations through funds generated from sales of our products and services, equity offerings, and borrowings from credit facilities.

We believe our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, along with funds generated from sales of our products and services, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash requirements for at least 12 months from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our liquidity requirements have consisted, and we expect that they will continue to consist, of sales and marketing expenses, research and development expenses, working capital, and general corporate expenses. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, our pace of growth, expansion, or introduction of new instruments, assays, and services, including Lucent Diagnostics and Simoa ONE, and advancing access to our diagnostic tests, market acceptance of our products and services, regulatory requirements, regulatory approval of our products or services, and the effects of competition, technological developments, and broader market and economic trends. Our future capital needs will also depend on the level of our merger and acquisition activity, including purchase price payments, earnout obligations, and acquisition and integration costs. Further, we may need additional liquidity as a result of changes in our operations and strategic plan as a result of future acquisitions, investments, or similar transactions.

On January 8, 2025, we completed the acquisition of Emission for an upfront payment of $10.0 million, with an additional $10.0 million payable upon completion of certain technical milestones, and an additional $50.0 million in earnout payments through December 31, 2029, contingent upon the achievement of certain performance milestones. On January 9, 2025, we announced our plan to merge with Akoya in an all stock transaction. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement with Akoya, we and Akoya have also agreed to use our respective reasonable best efforts to cooperate in good faith to enter into one or more agreements pursuant to which we would provide Akoya with up to $30.0 million of bridge financing prior to closing of the Merger. As of the date of filing this annual report, we are negotiating the potential terms of such financing. We regularly assess other potential acquisitions and may need capital to pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses, services, and technologies.

To the extent our existing cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities are insufficient to fund future activities or requirements to continue operating our business, we may need to raise additional capital. If the conditions for raising capital are favorable, we may seek to finance future cash needs through public or private equity, debt offerings, or other financings.

If needed, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain additional funds on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities or issue equity in connection with a merger or acquisition, our stockholders may experience dilution. Future debt financing, if available, may involve covenants restricting our operations or our ability to incur additional debt. Any debt or equity financing that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, it may be necessary to relinquish some rights to our technologies or our products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we do not have or are not able to obtain sufficient funds, if needed, we may have to delay development or commercialization of our products and services. We also may have to reduce marketing, customer support or other resources devoted to our products, or cease operations.

If the conditions for raising capital are favorable, we may seek to finance future cash needs through public or private equity, debt offerings, or other financings.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows (in thousands):

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

We derive cash flows from operations primarily from the sale of our products and services. Our cash flows from operating activities are also significantly influenced by our use of cash for operating expenses to develop new products and services, invest in process and product improvements, and increase our sales and marketing efforts. We have historically experienced negative cash flows from operating activities as we have developed our technology, expanded our business, and built our infrastructure. We expect negative cash flows from operating activities will continue in the future.

Net cash used in operating activities was $35.2 million and $18.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The $16.3 million increase in net cash used in operating activities was primarily driven by an overall increase in our net loss, adjusted for non-cash items, consisting of product development, increases in headcount primarily across product delivery, research and development, and sales functions, and lower production volume and output which led to decreased labor and overhead capitalization. The increase was partially offset by changes in working capital items, primarily an increase in accounts receivable from revenue growth through the fourth quarter of 2024 and an increase in inventory as a result of manufacturing new assays and purchasing materials for additional new assays in 2025.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities consist of purchases of marketable securities to increase the interest income we would otherwise earn in cash accounts. Additionally, we use funds towards capital expenditures for the purchase of equipment to support our expanding infrastructure and work force. We expect to continue to incur additional capital expenditures related to these efforts in future periods.

Net cash used in investing activities was $82.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, which consisted of the purchase of $295.6 million of marketable securities, proceeds from the maturities of marketable securities of $216.7 million, and $3.4 million of purchases of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities was $148.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, which consisted of the purchase of $175.6 million of marketable securities, proceeds from the maturities of marketable securities of $31.0 million, and $3.8 million of purchases of property and equipment.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Financing activities provided $0.5 million and $2.7 million of cash during each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from sales of our common stock under our employee stock purchase plan and from the exercise of options under our equity incentive plan.

Future Cash Obligations

In addition to the future cash obligations described below, we have other payables and liabilities that may be legally enforceable but are not considered contractual commitments. Refer to Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of our purchase commitments and other obligations as of December 31, 2024.

Acquisitions

See the sections titled “Recent Business Developments” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information on the acquisition of Emission and the proposed Merger with Akoya.

Operating Leases

We lease office, laboratory, and manufacturing space for our employees and operations, as well as office equipment, under non-cancellable operating lease agreements (refer to Note 14 - Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). The remaining duration of non-cancellable operating leases ranges from four months to seven years. Remaining lease payments within one year, within two to three years, within four to five years, and greater than five years from December 31, 2024 are $7.3 million, $15.1 million, $16.1 million, and $7.6 million, respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience, worldwide economic conditions, both general and specific to the life sciences industry, and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis, and changes in accounting estimates may occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results could differ significantly from the estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected.

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe that the assumptions and estimates in the following critical accounting policies involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity and accordingly are the most critical to understanding and evaluating the potential impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

We generate revenue from the sale of products, services, and licenses, as further described in the section titled “Components of Results of Operations” above.

For contracts with customers, we recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of promised products or services, for an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those products or services. We follow the five-step framework prescribed by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 - *Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“*ASC 606”) to determine revenue recognition: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Revenues are presented net of any sales, value added, or similar taxes collected from customers and remitted to the government.

We determine the transaction price based on the amount of consideration we expect to be entitled to, which is generally equal to our contract amounts. In some cases, our contracts contain variable consideration which primarily relates to (1) sales and usage-based royalties related to the license of intellectual property in collaboration and license contracts and (2) contracts with minimum purchase commitments. For sales and usage-based royalties, ASC 606 provides an exception to estimating variable consideration. Under this exception, we recognize revenues from sales or usage-based royalty revenue at the later of when the sales or usage occurs or the satisfaction (or partial satisfaction) of the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated. All other variable amounts are constrained to the minimum guaranteed contract amount so that a reversal of cumulative revenue does not occur in future periods. Once there is no longer uncertainty over a variable amount, any incremental fees we are entitled to are allocated to the related performance obligations.

Our contracts may include either a single promise (referred to as a performance obligation) to transfer a product or service, or a combination of multiple promises to transfer products or services. We evaluate the existence of multiple promises within our contracts by using judgment to determine if (1) the customer can benefit from each contractual promise on its own or together with readily available resources and (2) the transfer of each contractual promise is separately identifiable from other promises in a contract. When both criteria are met, each promise is accounted for as a separate performance obligation.

Sales of instruments directly to customers include installation and an initial year service-type warranty (which guarantees that our instruments are free from material defects in workmanship and materials, excluding normal wear and tear, and maintenance services). We have determined that the instrument and installation are a combined performance obligation. The service-type warranty is considered a separate performance obligation since a customer could benefit from it independently with readily available resources and is capable of being sold on its own.

Sales of instruments to distributors include a license to import and resell the instruments and an initial year of assurance-type warranty (which guarantees that the products conform to our published specifications). We have determined that the instrument and distributor license are a combined performance obligation since the distributor only benefits from the combination of the instrument and ability to resell it. The assurance-type warranty does not create a separate performance obligation under ASC 606. Under ASC Topic 460 – Guarantees, we establish an accrual for estimated assurance-type warranty expense, which is recorded in cost of product revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Instrument sales may also be bundled with assays and other consumables, training, and/or an extended service warranty, each of which is considered a separate performance obligation.

Contracts that include rights to additional products or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are generally considered options. We assess if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, the material right is considered a performance obligation. The identification of material rights requires judgment to determine if the value of the option to purchase additional products and services in relation to options that may be provided to, and prices paid by, customers in the normal course of business. Material rights are recognized when they are exercised by a customer or upon expiration of the right.

For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations on a relative basis according to their standalone selling prices (“SSP”). Determining the SSP for performance obligations requires judgment. We determine SSP based on factors including prices charged to customers in observable transactions, internal pricing objectives and list prices, pricing of similar products, expected costs to manufacture our products, and estimated margins. We have more than one range of standalone selling price for certain products and services based on the geographic location of the customer and sales channel.

The majority of our products and services are recognized at the point in time we transfer control to the customer.

For product revenues, direct instrument sales to customers are recognized upon completion of the instrument’s installation. For instrument sales to distributors, revenue is recognized based on the agreed upon shipping terms (either upon shipment or delivery) as that is when title passes to the customer.

Services revenues generated from contract research services in our Accelerator Laboratory are recognized upon completion and delivery of the research results. In cases where we maintain a contractual right to payment for service performed (including a reasonable profit margin), revenue is recognized over time as the services are provided, using an output method that is based on the number of completed results. Service revenues generated from warranties and service contracts are recognized ratably over the service period as the customer simultaneously receives and benefits from the services.

Collaboration and license revenues are recognized at the point in time the license performance obligation is delivered as the customer has the right to use the intellectual property when it is received. Royalty revenues that are sales or usage-based are recognized at the later of when the sales or usage occurs or the satisfaction (or partial satisfaction) of the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated.

Inventory Reserves

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value on a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) basis and includes the cost of materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead. We analyze our inventory levels on each reporting date for slow-moving, excess, and obsolete inventory, and inventory expected to expire prior to being used. Our analysis requires judgment and is based on factors including, but not limited to, our recent historical activity, anticipated or forecasted demand for our products (developed through our planning and sales and marketing inputs), scientific data supporting the estimated life of materials that expire, and market conditions. If we identify adverse conditions exist, such as unfavorable changes in estimated customer demand, the lives of materials that expire, or actual market conditions that may differ from management projections, the carrying value of the inventory is reduced to its estimated net realizable value by providing estimated reserves for excess or obsolete inventory.

Impairment of Other Long-Lived Assets

Our long-lived assets consist of operating lease right-of-use assets, property and equipment, and intangible assets. We review the carrying amount of our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the estimated useful lives may warrant revision, or that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. To assess whether a long-lived asset or asset group has been impaired, the estimated undiscounted and discounted future cash flows for the estimated remaining useful life or estimated lease term of the asset is compared to its carrying value. Significant judgment is required to estimate future cash flows, including, but not limited to, the expected use of the asset, historical client retention rates, technology roadmaps, consumer awareness, trademark and trade name history, contractual provisions that could limit or extend an asset's useful life, market data, discount rates, and potential sublease opportunities, including rent and rent escalation rates, time to sublease, and free rent periods. To the extent that the future cash flows are less than the carrying value, a long-lived asset or asset group is impaired and written down to its estimated fair value.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our financial statements presented on a U.S. GAAP basis, we present the following non-GAAP financial measures: adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, adjusted total operating expenses, and adjusted loss from operations. These non-GAAP financial measures are calculated by including shipping and handling costs for product sales within cost of product revenue instead of within selling, general and administrative expenses. We use these non-GAAP measures to evaluate our operating performance in a manner that allows for meaningful period-to-period comparison and analysis of trends in our business and our competitors. We believe that presentation of these non-GAAP measures provides useful information to investors in assessing our operating performance within our industry and to allow comparability to the presentation of other companies in our industry where shipping and handling costs are included in cost of goods sold for products. The non-GAAP financial information presented here should be considered in conjunction with, and not as a substitute for, the financial information presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, adjusted total operating expenses, and adjusted loss from operations from their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures:

Reconciliation of Gross Profit, Gross Margin, Total Operating Expenses and Loss from Operations to

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands except percentages)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and effects on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates affecting the return on our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As we expand internationally, our results of operations and cash flows will become increasingly subject to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. For both years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 37% and 38%, respectively, of our total revenue was generated from customers located outside of the United States. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located, which is primarily in the United States, with a portion of expenses incurred in Canada, Europe, Japan, and China. Our results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign exchange rates in Canadian dollars, Euros, British pounds, Swedish krona, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan, and other foreign currencies. Fluctuations in exchange rates could harm our business in the future. As of December 31, 2024, the effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in exchange rates on foreign denominated cash and payables would not have been material and a similar adverse change on foreign denominated receivables would decrease potential cash inflows by $1.1 million.

To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts although we may do so in the future.

Interest Rate Risk

We had cash and cash equivalents of $56.7 million and marketable securities of $232.4 million as of December 31, 2024. All cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities are held at large commercial banks. Marketable securities consisted entirely of highly rated debt securities including commercial paper, U.S. Treasuries, corporate notes and bonds, U.S. Government agency bonds, certificates of deposit, and similar types of debt securities. Due to the short-term nature and investment grade quality of these investments, we do not believe we have material exposure to changes in interest rates. Additionally, if needed, we have the ability to hold our marketable securities until maturity (without giving effect to any future acquisitions or mergers) and we do not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. Therefore, we do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected materially by a sudden change in market interest rates.

Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future investment income. If overall interest rates had decreased by a hypothetical 10% during the year ended December 31, 2024, our interest income would have decreased by approximately $1.4 million.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at a reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2024, due to the material weaknesses described below in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Introduction

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as this term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Previously Identified Material Weaknesses

In the section titled “Part II, Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 6, 2023, we identified four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting relating to the operating effectiveness of our internal controls associated with: (i) the accounting for inventory, including excess and obsolescence reserves (the “Inventory MW”), (ii) the accounting for salaries and commissions expense (the “Compensation MW”), (iii) the financial statement close process, including financial reporting, share-based compensation and non-recurring transactions such as impairment of assets and accounting for leases (the “Financial Statement Close Process MW”), and (iv) the accounting for property and equipment, net (the “Property and Equipment MW”).

In our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, originally filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 (the “2023 Original Report”), our management concluded that the Financial Statement Close Process MW and Compensation MW were remediated as of December 31, 2023. Our management also concluded that control deficiencies for to a portion of the Inventory MW related to the valuation of our inventory, including excess and obsolescence reserves, (“the Inventory Valuation MW”) and the Property and Equipment MW continued to constitute material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

Subsequent to the filing of the 2023 Original Report, in the section titled “Part II, Item 9A. Controls and Procedures” of Amendment No. 1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on December 26, 2024 (the “Amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A”), our management concluded that the restatement of our previously issued financial statements in the Amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A was a result of a newly identified design deficiency associated with the Inventory Valuation MW, related to the Company's internal controls over the capitalization of labor and overhead costs.

Remediation of Previously Identified Material Weaknesses

During 2024, we took a number of actions designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting and in furtherance of remediating the Inventory Valuation MW and Property and Equipment MW. We incurred expenses of approximately $5.7 million to remediate these material weaknesses. Based on our efforts and after demonstrating the operating effectiveness of the related internal controls for a sufficient period of time, management has concluded that the Property and Equipment MW was remediated as of December 31, 2024.

Evaluation of Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the framework set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “2013 Framework”). Based on our evaluation under the 2013 Framework, management concluded that our internal control over financing reporting was not effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2024 due to the material weaknesses described below:

• Management concluded the Inventory Valuation MW continued to exist in light of the restatement of our previously issued financial statements included in our Amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, and the lack of time available to implement remediation efforts covering both the design and operating effectiveness over the identified control deficiencies.
• Management identified a material weakness in the operating effectiveness of our internal controls associated with the accounting for Accelerator Laboratory revenue, a component of our service and other revenue (the “Accelerator Revenue MW”). The primary cause of the Accelerator Revenue MW was our reliance on manual controls and processes, including insufficient documentation of reviews of the information used to record Accelerator Laboratory revenue.

Nevertheless, based on a number of factors, including the performance of additional procedures by our management designed to ensure the reliability of our financial reporting, we believe that the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows as of the dates, and for the periods, presented, in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

If not remediated, or if we identify further material weaknesses in our internal control, our failure to establish and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements or a failure to meet our reporting and financial obligations.

The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has also issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Remediation Efforts

Our management, with oversight from the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, is taking steps to remediate the control deficiencies that resulted in the Inventory Valuation MW and the Accelerator Revenue MW described above by implementing changes to our internal control over financial reporting. Our remediation activities undertaken to date and additional planned actions include, but are not limited to, the efforts summarized below:

• we have hired a Vice President, SOX Transformation and have begun hiring an internal SOX Transformation team to:
• oversee the remediation of our material weaknesses and drive further improvements across our internal controls;
• continue evaluating and designing effective and scalable internal controls and to strengthen the documentation of our existing controls;
• establish new internal controls evaluating the accounting for inventory and enhance inventory valuation review procedures;
• enhance and expand our existing revenue recognition control procedures and attributes to sufficiently document our assessment of, and reviews over, information used to record Accelerator Laboratory revenue;
• provide trainings on a regular basis related to internal control over financial reporting for all control owners; and
• identify opportunities to enhance our use of our systems through automating certain controls and processes.
• we have engaged accounting advisory consultants to implement new software solutions to automate key manual inventory valuation processes and outputs;
• we have implemented a new analysis of labor and overhead cost capitalization, including related controls;
• we continue to implement additional compensating controls and will continue to do so throughout the remainder of fiscal year 2025;
• we continue to execute controls that we worked to improve during fiscal year 2024 that did not have a sufficient period of time to demonstrate operating effectiveness as of December 31, 2024;
• we continue to evaluate, enhance, and add personnel in the finance organization with a focus on the requisite experience in the areas of accounting, SEC financial reporting, and internal control compliance; and
• we continue to supplement our team with accounting consultants to provide additional depth and breadth in our period end closes, financial reporting capabilities, and internal controls compliance until we have filled key additions or vacancies on our team with qualified personnel for a sufficient period of overlap to ensure successful transition of responsibilities.

We expect to continue our efforts to remediate the Inventory Valuation MW and Accelerator Revenue MW through fiscal year 2025. We believe that the implementation of the above steps will allow us to address the deficient controls within our internal control environment, which will facilitate the remediation of the Inventory Valuation MW and Accelerator Revenue MW. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we will take additional measures to address control deficiencies and we may modify certain of the remediation measures described above. Following our design and implementation of our remediation efforts, we will need to demonstrate their operating effectiveness. We will not be able to consider the Inventory Valuation MW or the Accelerator Revenue MW remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and our management has concluded, through testing, that our controls are operating effectively.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than the changes outlined related to the remediation of the material weaknesses described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Quanterix Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Quanterix Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Quanterix Corporation (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified material weaknesses in controls related to the valuation of inventory, including excess and obsolescence reserves and the capitalization of labor and overhead costs, and the accounting for Accelerator Laboratory revenue.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2024 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 17, 2025 which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

March 17, 2025