RLJ Lodging Trust: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2023

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report, as well as the information contained in our Annual Report, which is accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

The following information contains certain statements, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, that are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the use of the words "believe," "project," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate," "plan," "may," "will," "will continue," "intend," "should," or similar expressions. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, beliefs and expectations, such forward-looking statements are not predictions of future events or guarantees of future performance and our actual results could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.

Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and urge investors to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning risks and uncertainties in the sections entitled "Forward-Looking Statements," "Risk Factors," and "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report, as well as the risks, uncertainties and other factors discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and identified in other documents filed by us with the SEC.

Overview

We are a self-advised and self-administered Maryland REIT that owns primarily premium-branded, rooms-oriented, high-margin, focused-service and compact full-service hotels located within heart of demand locations. We own a geographically diversified portfolio of hotels located in high-growth urban markets that exhibit multiple demand generators and attractive long-term growth prospects. We believe that our investment strategy allows us to generate high levels of Revenue per Available Room ("RevPAR"), strong operating margins and attractive returns.

Our strategy is to own primarily premium-branded, rooms-oriented, high-margin, focused-service and compact full-service hotels located within heart of demand locations. Focused-service and compact full-service hotels typically generate most of their revenue from room rentals, have limited food and beverage outlets and meeting space, and require fewer employees than traditional full-service hotels. We believe these types of hotels have the potential to generate attractive returns relative to other types of hotels due to their ability to achieve RevPAR levels at or close to those achieved by traditional full-service hotels while achieving higher profit margins due to their more efficient operating model and less volatile cash flows.

As of June 30, 2023, we owned 97 hotel properties with approximately 21,400 rooms, located in 23 states and the District of Columbia. We owned, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, a 100% interest in 95 of our hotel properties, a 95% controlling interest in one hotel property, and a 50% non-controlling interest in an entity owning one hotel property. We consolidate our real estate interests in the 96 hotel properties in which we hold a controlling interest, and we record the real estate interest in the one hotel property in which we hold an indirect 50% non-controlling interest using the equity method of accounting. We lease 96 of the 97 hotel properties to our TRSs, of which we own a controlling financial interest.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2011. Substantially all of our assets and liabilities are held by, and all of our operations are conducted through our Operating Partnership. We are the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. As of June 30, 2023, we owned, through a combination of direct and indirect interests, 99.5% of the units of limited partnership interest in the OP units.

2023 Significant Activities

Our significant activities reflect our commitment to creating long-term shareholder value through enhancing our hotel portfolio's quality, recycling capital and maintaining a prudent capital structure. The following significant activities have taken place in 2023:

• Successfully launched our hotel conversion of The Pierside Hotel, an independent lifestyle property located in Santa Monica, California.
• Exercised one-year extension options on approximately $224.7 million of certain Term Loans to extend the maturities to January 2024.
• Received $95.0 million in borrowings on a Term Loan amended in November 2022 and utilized the proceeds to pay off approximately $94.0 million of maturing Term Loans.
• Exercised the final one-year extension option on a mortgage loan to extend the maturity to April 2024.
• Approved the 2023 Share Repurchase Program to acquire up to an aggregate of $250.0 million of common and preferred shares from May 9, 2023 to May 8, 2024.
• Began conversion of the Hotel Indigo New Orleans Garden District to the Hotel Tonnelle New Orleans, a Tribute Portfolio Hotel.
• Refinanced our Term Loans and recast our $600 million Revolver to extend the maturity dates.
• Announced conversion of our 21c Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee to a rebranded lifestyle boutique hotel within the Tapestry Collection by Hilton.
• Repurchased and retired approximately 5.3 million shares for approximately $54.2 million.

Our Customers

The majority of our hotels consist of premium-branded, focused-service and compact full-service hotels. As a result of this property profile, the majority of our customers are transient in nature. Transient business typically represents individual business or leisure travelers. The majority of our hotels are located in business districts within major metropolitan areas. Accordingly, business travelers represent the majority of the transient demand at our hotels. As a result, macroeconomic factors impacting business travel have a greater effect on our business than factors impacting leisure travel.

Group business is typically defined as a minimum of 10 guestrooms booked together as part of the same piece of business. Group business may or may not use the meeting space at any given hotel. Given the limited meeting space at the majority of our hotels, group business that utilizes meeting space represents a small component of our customer base.

A number of our hotel properties are affiliated with brands marketed toward extended-stay customers. Extended-stay customers are generally defined as those staying five nights or longer.

Our Revenues and Expenses

Our revenues are primarily derived from the operation of hotels, including the sale of rooms, food and beverage revenue and other revenue, which consists of parking fees, resort fees, gift shop sales and other guest service fees.

Our operating costs and expenses consist of the costs to provide hotel services, including room expense, food and beverage expense, management and franchise fees and other operating expenses. Room expense includes housekeeping and front office wages and payroll taxes, reservation systems, room supplies, laundry services and other costs. Food and beverage expense primarily includes the cost of food, the cost of beverages and the associated labor costs. Other operating expenses include labor and other costs associated with the other operating department revenue, as well as labor and other costs associated with administrative departments, sales and marketing, repairs and maintenance and utility costs. Our hotels that are subject to franchise agreements are charged a royalty fee, plus additional fees for marketing, central reservation systems and other franchisor costs, in order for the hotel properties to operate under the respective brands. Franchise fees are based on a percentage of room revenue and for certain hotels additional franchise fees are charged for food and beverage revenue. Our hotels are managed by independent, third-party management companies under long-term agreements pursuant to which the management companies typically earn base and incentive management fees based on the levels of revenues and profitability of each individual hotel property. We generally receive a cash distribution from the management companies on a monthly basis, which reflects hotel-level sales less hotel-level operating expenses.

Key Indicators of Financial Performance

We use a variety of operating, financial and other information to evaluate the operating performance of our business. These key indicators include financial information that is prepared in accordance with GAAP as well as other financial measures that are non-GAAP measures. In addition, we use other information that may not be financial in nature, including industry standard statistical information and comparative data. We use this information to measure the operating performance of our individual hotels, groups of hotels and/or business as a whole. We also use these metrics to evaluate the hotels in our portfolio and potential acquisition opportunities to determine each hotel's contribution to cash flow and its potential to provide attractive long-term total returns. The key indicators include:

• Average Daily Rate ("ADR")
• Occupancy
• RevPAR

ADR, Occupancy and RevPAR are commonly used measures within the lodging industry to evaluate operating performance. RevPAR is an important statistic for monitoring operating performance at the individual hotel property level and across our entire business. We evaluate individual hotel RevPAR performance on an absolute basis with comparisons to budget and prior periods, as well as on a regional and company-wide basis. ADR and RevPAR include only room revenue.

We also use non-GAAP measures such as FFO, Adjusted FFO, EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the operating performance of our business. For a more in depth discussion of the non-GAAP measures, please refer to the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. It is possible that the actual amounts may differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions. We evaluate our estimates, assumptions and judgments on an ongoing basis, based on information that is available to us, our business and industry experience, and various other matters that we believe are reasonable and appropriate for consideration under the circumstances. Our Annual Report contains a discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates since December 31, 2022.

Results of Operations

At June 30, 2023 and 2022, we owned 97 and 96 hotel properties, respectively. Based on when a hotel property is acquired, sold or closed for renovation, the operating results for certain hotel properties are not comparable for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The non-comparable properties include two hotel properties that were sold and one acquisition that was completed in 2022.

Comparison of the three months ended June 30, 2023 to the three months ended June 30, 2022

(amounts in thousands)

27

Revenues

Total revenues increased $26.5 million to $357.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $330.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was the result of a $14.8 million increase in room revenue, a $7.0 million increase in food and beverage revenue, and a $4.7 million increase in other revenue.

Room Revenue

Room revenue increased $14.8 million to $295.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $280.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was the result of a $12.6 million increase in room revenue from the comparable properties and a $2.3 million increase in room revenue from the non-comparable properties. The increase from the comparable properties was due to an increase in RevPAR resulting from an increase in leisure travel, as well as recoveries in business and group bookings.

The following are the quarter-to-date key hotel operating statistics for the comparable properties:

Food and Beverage Revenue

Food and beverage revenue increased $7.0 million to $38.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $31.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in food and beverage revenue was primarily due to an increase in banquet and catering revenues from group business and the reopening of certain food and beverage outlets at the comparable properties.

Other Revenue

Other revenue increased $4.7 million to $23.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $18.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in other revenue was primarily due to an increase in parking fees, resort and facility fees (including new resort and facility fees implemented during the prior year), and miscellaneous other sales and fees that corresponded to the increase in demand at the comparable properties over the prior period.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses increased $21.3 million to $211.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $190.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was due to a $19.0 million increase in property operating expenses from the comparable properties and a $2.4 million increase in property operating expenses from the non-comparable properties.

The components of our property operating expenses for the comparable properties were as follows (in thousands):

The increase in property operating expenses from the comparable properties was primarily due to increases in wages and benefits, sales and marketing expenses, and fees and costs based on revenue.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $2.0 million to $44.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $46.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to furniture, fixtures and equipment that were fully depreciated in 2022, partially offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization expense related to recently renovated hotels.

Property Tax, Insurance and Other

Property tax, insurance and other expense increased $1.7 million to $24.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $22.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was attributable to an increase in property taxes and insurance premiums at the comparable properties, as well as an increase in ground rent expense at the comparable properties, primarily due to increases in percentage rent obligations and consumer price index adjustments for certain of our ground leases.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense increased $1.3 million to $14.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $13.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in compensation expense and professional fees.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $0.7 million to $24.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $23.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The components of our interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

Loss on Sale of Hotel Properties, net

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we sold one hotel property for a sales price of approximately $14.5 million and recorded a net loss on the sale of approximately $0.3 million. There were no hotels sold during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Comparison of the six months ended June 30, 2023 to the six months ended June 30, 2022

(amounts in thousands)

30

Revenues

Total revenues increased $98.1 million to $671.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $573.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was the result of a $69.9 million increase in room revenue, a $19.4 million increase in food and beverage revenue, and a $8.8 million increase in other revenue.

Room Revenue

Room revenue increased $69.9 million to $556.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $486.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was the result of a $67.8 million increase in room revenue from the comparable properties and a $2.1 million increase from the non-comparable properties. The increase from the comparable properties was due to an increase in RevPAR resulting from an increase in leisure travel, as well as recoveries in business and group bookings, as compared to the prior period, which was adversely impacted by a reduction in travel due to the Omicron variant of COVID-19.

The following are the year-to-date key hotel operating statistics for the comparable properties:

Food and Beverage Revenue

Food and beverage revenue increased $19.4 million to $71.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $52.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in food and beverage revenue was primarily due to an increase in banquet and catering revenues from group business and the reopening of certain food and beverage outlets at the comparable properties.

Other Revenue

Other revenue increased $8.8 million to $43.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $34.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in other revenue was primarily due to an increase in parking fees, resort and facility fees (including new resort and facility fees implemented during the prior year), and miscellaneous other sales and fees that corresponded to the increase in demand at the comparable properties over the prior period.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses increased $63.3 million to $412.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $349.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was due to a $60.8 million increase in property operating expenses from the comparable properties and a $2.5 million increase in property operating expenses from the non-comparable properties.

The components of our property operating expenses for the comparable properties were as follows (in thousands):

The increase in property operating expenses from the comparable properties was primarily due to increases in wages and benefits, sales and marketing expenses, and fees and costs based on revenue.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $3.9 million to $89.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $93.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily related to furniture, fixtures and equipment that were fully depreciated in 2022, partially offset by an increase in depreciation and amortization expense related to recently renovated hotels.

Property Tax, Insurance and Other

Property tax, insurance and other expense increased $3.9 million to $49.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $45.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was attributable to an increase in property taxes and insurance premiums at the comparable properties, as well as an increase in ground rent expense at the comparable properties, primarily due to increases in percentage rent obligations and consumer price index adjustments for certain of our ground leases.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense increased $0.8 million to $28.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $27.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in compensation expense and professional fees.

Other Income, net

Other income, net decreased $6.4 million to $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $8.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to the reclassification of unrealized gains from accumulated other comprehensive income due to the discontinuation of certain cash flow hedges during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $0.3 million to $48.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $48.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The components of our interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

(Loss) Gain on Sale of Hotel Properties, net

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we sold two hotel properties for a combined sales price of approximately $49.9 million and recorded a net gain on sale of approximately $1.1 million. There were no hotels sold during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We consider the following non-GAAP financial measures useful to investors as key supplemental measures of our performance: (1) FFO, (2) Adjusted FFO, (3) EBITDA, (4) EBITDAre and (5) Adjusted EBITDA. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered along with, but not as alternatives to, net income or loss as a measure of our operating performance. FFO, Adjusted FFO, EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDA, as calculated by us, may not be comparable to FFO, Adjusted FFO, EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDA as reported by other companies that do not define such terms exactly as we define such terms.

Funds From Operations

We calculate funds from operations ("FFO") in accordance with standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT"), which defines FFO as net income or loss, excluding gains or losses from sales of real estate, impairment, the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, plus depreciation and amortization, and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, most real estate industry investors consider FFO to be helpful in evaluating a real estate company’s operations. We believe that the presentation of FFO provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance and can facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and between REITs, even though FFO does not represent an amount that accrues directly to common shareholders. Our calculation of FFO may not be comparable to measures calculated by other companies who do not use the NAREIT definition of FFO or do not calculate FFO per diluted share in accordance with NAREIT guidance. Additionally, FFO may not be helpful when comparing us to non-REITs. We present FFO attributable to common shareholders, which includes our OP units, because our OP units may be redeemed for common shares. We believe it is meaningful for the investor to understand FFO attributable to all common shares and OP units.

We further adjust FFO for certain additional items that are not in NAREIT’s definition of FFO, such as transaction costs, pre-opening costs, gains or losses on extinguishment of indebtedness, non-cash income tax expense or benefit, amortization of share-based compensation, non-cash interest expense related to discontinued interest rate hedges, derivative gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income reclassified to earnings, and certain other income or expenses that we consider outside the normal course of operations. We believe that Adjusted FFO provides useful supplemental information to investors regarding our ongoing operating performance that, when considered with net income and FFO, is beneficial to an investor’s understanding of our operating performance.

The following table is a reconciliation of our GAAP net income to FFO attributable to common shareholders and unitholders and Adjusted FFO attributable to common shareholders and unitholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

(1) Includes depreciation and amortization expense allocated to the noncontrolling interest in the consolidated joint venture.

(2) Includes our ownership interest in the depreciation and amortization expense of the unconsolidated joint venture.

(3) Represents expenses related to the brand conversions of certain hotel properties prior to opening.

(4) Reclassification of interest rate swap gains from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings for discontinued interest rate hedges.

(5) Represents expenses and income outside of the normal course of operations.

EBITDA and EBITDAre

EBITDA is defined as net income or loss excluding: (1) interest expense; (2) income tax expense; and (3) depreciation and amortization expense. We consider EBITDA useful to an investor in evaluating and facilitating comparisons of our operating performance between periods and between REITs by removing the impact of our capital structure (primarily interest expense) and asset base (primarily depreciation and amortization expense) from our operating results. In addition, EBITDA is used as one measure in determining the value of hotel acquisitions and disposals.

In addition to EBITDA, we present EBITDAre in accordance with NAREIT guidelines, which defines EBITDAre as net income or loss excluding interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization expense, gains or losses from sales of real estate, impairment, and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures. We believe that the presentation of EBITDAre provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance and can facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and between REITs.

We also present Adjusted EBITDA, which includes additional adjustments for items such as transaction costs, pre-opening costs, gains or losses on extinguishment of indebtedness, amortization of share-based compensation, derivative gains or losses in accumulated other comprehensive income reclassified to earnings, and certain other income or expenses that we consider outside the normal course of operations. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful supplemental information to investors regarding our ongoing operating performance that, when considered with net income, EBITDA, and EBITDAre, is beneficial to an investor’s understanding of our operating performance.

The following table is a reconciliation of our GAAP net income to EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

(1) Includes our ownership interest in the interest, depreciation, and amortization expense of the unconsolidated joint venture.

(2) Represents expenses related to the brand conversions of certain hotel properties prior to opening.

(3) Reclassification of interest rate swap gains from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings for discontinued interest rate hedges.

(4) Represents expenses and income outside of the normal course of operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity requirements consist primarily of the funds necessary to pay for operating expenses and other expenditures directly associated with our hotel properties, including:

• funds necessary to pay for the costs of acquiring hotel properties;
• redevelopments, conversions, renovations and other capital expenditures that need to be made periodically to our hotel properties;
• recurring maintenance and capital expenditures necessary to maintain our hotel properties in accordance with brand standards;
• interest expense and scheduled principal payments on outstanding indebtedness;
• distributions on common and preferred shares; and
• corporate and other general and administrative expenses.

As of June 30, 2023, we had $511.3 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reserves as compared to $536.4 million at December 31, 2022.

Sources and Uses of Cash

Cash flows from Operating Activities

The net cash flow provided by operating activities totaled $137.1 million and $116.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our cash flows provided by operating activities generally consist of the net cash generated by our hotel operations, the cash paid for corporate expenses and other working capital changes. Refer to the "Results of Operations" section for further discussion of our operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Cash flows from Investing Activities

The net cash flow used in investing activities totaled $65.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 due to capital improvements and additions to our hotel properties.

The net cash flow used in investing activities totaled $4.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due to $51.4 million in capital improvements and additions to our hotel properties. The net cash flow used in investing

activities was partially offset by $48.1 million in proceeds from the sale of hotel properties.

Cash flows from Financing Activities

The net cash flow used in financing activities totaled $96.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to $318.7 million in repayments of Term Loans, $52.0 million paid to repurchase common shares under our share repurchase programs, $33.6 million in distributions to shareholders and unitholders, $4.4 million paid to repurchase common shares to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements, and $7.7 million in deferred financing cost payments. The net cash flow used in financing activities was partially offset by $320.0 million in borrowings on Term Loans.

The net cash flow used in financing activities totaled $269.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due

to the $200.0 million repayment of the outstanding balance on the Revolver, $47.4 million paid to repurchase common shares

under a share repurchase program, $16.1 million in distributions to shareholders and unitholders, $2.6 million in distributions to

joint venture partners, and $3.6 million paid to repurchase common shares to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements.

Capital Expenditures and Reserve Funds

We maintain each of our hotel properties in good repair and condition and in conformity with applicable laws and regulations, franchise agreements and management agreements. The cost of routine improvements and alterations are paid out of FF&E reserves, which are funded by a portion of each hotel property’s gross revenues. Routine capital expenditures may be administered by the property management companies. However, we have approval rights over the capital expenditures as part of the annual budget process for each of our hotel properties.

From time to time, certain of our hotel properties may undergo renovations as a result of our decision to upgrade portions of the hotels, such as guestrooms, public space, meeting space, and/or restaurants, in order to better compete with other hotels and alternative lodging options in our markets. In addition, upon acquisition of a hotel property we often are required to complete a property improvement plan in order to bring the hotel up to the respective franchisor’s standards. If permitted by the terms of the management agreement, funding for a renovation will first come from the FF&E reserves. To the extent that the FF&E reserves are not available or sufficient to cover the cost of the renovation, we will fund all or the remaining portion of the renovation with cash and cash equivalents on hand, our Revolver and/or other sources of available liquidity.

With respect to some of our hotels that are operated under franchise agreements with major national hotel brands and for some of our hotels subject to first mortgage liens, we are obligated to maintain FF&E reserve accounts for future capital expenditures at these hotels. The amount funded into each of these reserve accounts is generally determined pursuant to the management agreements, franchise agreements and/or mortgage loan documents for each of the respective hotels, and typically ranges between 3.0% and 5.0% of the respective hotel’s total gross revenue. As of June 30, 2023, approximately $26.7 million was held in FF&E reserve accounts for future capital expenditures.

Market risk includes the risks that arise from changes in interest rates, equity prices and other market changes that affect market sensitive instruments. Our primary market risk exposure is to changes in interest rates on our variable rate debt. As of June 30, 2023, we had approximately $1.2 billion of total variable rate debt outstanding (or 54.1% of total indebtedness) with a weighted-average interest rate of 4.05% per annum. After taking into consideration the effect of interest rate swaps, 93.0% of our total indebtedness was fixed or effectively fixed. As of June 30, 2023, if market interest rates on our variable rate debt not subject to interest rate swaps were to increase by 1.00%, or 100 basis points, interest expense would decrease future earnings and cash flows by approximately $1.6 million annually, taking into account our existing contractual hedging arrangements.

Our interest rate risk objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate fluctuations on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. To achieve these objectives, we manage our exposure to fluctuations in market interest rates through the use of fixed rate debt instruments to the extent that reasonably favorable rates are obtainable. We have entered into derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps to mitigate our interest rate risk or to effectively lock the interest rate on a portion of our variable rate debt. We do not enter into derivative or interest rate transactions for speculative purposes.

The following table provides information about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. For debt obligations outstanding as of June 30, 2023, the following table presents the principal repayments and related weighted-average interest rates by contractual maturity dates (in thousands):

(1) Excludes $4.4 million, $0.3 million and $9.5 million of net deferred financing costs on the Term Loans, mortgage loans and Senior Notes, respectively.

(2) Excludes $2.0 million related to a fair value adjustment on debt.

(3) The weighted-average interest rate gives effect to interest rate swaps, as applicable.

Our ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to interest rate fluctuations will depend on the exposures that arise during future periods, prevailing interest rates and our hedging strategies at that time.

Changes in market interest rates on our fixed rate debt impact the fair value of our debt, but such changes have no impact to our consolidated financial statements. As of June 30, 2023, the estimated fair value of our fixed rate debt was $898.6 million, which is based on having the same debt service requirements that could have been borrowed at the date presented, at prevailing current market interest rates. If interest rates were to rise by 1.00%, or 100 basis points, and our fixed rate debt balance remains constant, we expect the fair value of our debt to decrease by approximately $36.1 million.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, the Company’s management, under the supervision and participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act) during the period ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

For a discussion of our potential risks and uncertainties, please refer to the "Risk Factors" section in our Annual Report, which is accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov). There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report.