Solaris Energy Infrastructure, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2022

Our Company

We are a Houston, Texas based business. We design and manufacture specialized equipment, which combined with field technician support, last mile logistics services and our software solutions, enables us to provide a service offering that helps oil and natural gas operators and their suppliers drive efficiencies that reduce operational footprint and costs during the completion phase of well development. Our equipment and services are deployed across active oil and natural gas basins in the United States.

We believe our continual product innovation is one of our main competitive advantages. We specialize in developing all-electric equipment that automates the low pressure section of oil and gas well completion sites. We believe all-electric equipment operates more efficiently than traditional equipment, is more reliable, safer and lowers the environmental and operating footprint required to develop oil and gas. We also believe that automation improves operational efficiency by reducing errors, waste and headcount required on well sites, which lowers costs and improves safety.

We manage and report our operations as a single business. Our fleet has grown from consisting of our legacy mobile proppant management systems to multiple types of all-electric, automated equipment designed to efficiently store, move and blend sand and fluids on the low pressure side of well completion sites.

The number of our mobile proppant management systems fully utilized has been our traditional measure of activity, as historically one mobile proppant management system would follow one hydraulic fracturing (frac) crew, on average. While we still use this metric as an important measure of our activity today, we have expanded our revenue sources through new technology and offerings that work in conjunction with our legacy systems, including our turnkey last mile logistics management services, our proprietary top fill equipment to enable quick unloading from bottom drop trucks, our AutoBlend™ integrated electric blender, our fluid management systems and our proprietary Solaris Lens® software.

Our Properties

We own or lease various facilities including our corporate headquarters in Houston, Texas, manufacturing facility in Early, Texas and a transloading facility in Kingfisher, Oklahoma.

Suppliers

We have built long-term relationships with third-party suppliers to both transport equipment and products and provide certain materials used in the manufacturing and maintenance of our systems. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no supplier accounted for more than 10% of our total spending.

To date, we have been able to obtain the third party-trucking services necessary to support our operations on a timely basis. While we believe that we will be able to make satisfactory alternative arrangements in the event of any interruption in the supply of third-party trucking services by one or more of our suppliers, we may not always be able to do so. We do not currently have long-term agreements with third-party trucking suppliers and could experience shortages and price increases in the future.

Our Customers and Contracts

Our primary customers are major E&P and oilfield service companies. We generally execute master service agreements ("MSAs") with our customers. Generally, the MSAs govern the relationship with our customers with specific work performed under individual work orders. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Liberty Oilfield Services, LLC accounted for approximately 22% and 26%, respectively, of our total revenue.

Competition

The oil and natural gas services industry is highly competitive. We have numerous types of competitors, including logistics companies, equipment manufacturers, hydraulic fracturing service companies and sand mining companies. Some of these companies could be customers of ours on certain jobs while also utilizing their own equipment and integrated service offerings on other jobs.

We believe that the principal competitive factors in the markets we serve are equipment reliability, technical expertise, patented-protected technology, unique services offerings, equipment capacity, transportation and storage, work force competency, efficiency, safety record, reputation, experience and price. We seek to differentiate ourselves from our competitors by delivering the highest-quality services and equipment possible, coupled with superior execution and operating efficiency in a safe working environment.

Seasonality

Our business is not significantly impacted by seasonality, although our business may be impacted by holidays, inclement weather, and our clients’ budget cycles, during which we may experience declines in our operating results.

For a discussion of the impact of weather on our operations, please see Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Seasonal weather conditions and natural disasters could severely disrupt normal operations and harm our business.”

Human Capital

We believe that our employees are the foundation to fostering our innovative culture, the safe operation of our assets and delivery of services to our customers. We foster a collaborative and inclusive work environment, focused on working safely every day. We seek to identify qualified internal and external talent for our organization, enabling us to execute on our strategic objectives.

As of December 31, 2022, we employed 344 employees overall, who were employed pursuant to an administrative services agreement that primarily supports our operations. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. We consider our employee relations to be good.

Diversity and Inclusion

We are committed to fostering a work environment in which all employees treat each other with dignity and respect and are continually striving to attract a diverse workforce. Our employee demographic profile allows us to promote inclusion of thought, skill, knowledge, and culture across our operations to achieve our social obligations, commitments and to drive enhanced decision making and execution for the business. We are proud of the diversity of our workforce and promote inclusion at all levels of our organization. As of December 31, 2022:

(1) Females represented approximately 13% of our organization and 23% of supervisory or managerial roles.

(2) Minorities represented 41% of our organization and 23% of supervisory or managerial roles.

Health and Safety

Safety is a core value of ours and begins with the protection of our employees. We value people above all else and remain committed to making their safety and health our top priority. To protect our employees, contractors, and surrounding community from workplace hazards and risks, we implement and maintain an integrated system of policies, practices, and controls, including requirements to complete detailed safety and regulatory compliance training on a regularly scheduled basis for all applicable individuals.

With respect to COVID-19, the safety of our employees is our top priority, and we will continue to operate in accordance with federal and state health guidelines and safety protocols. We implemented several policies and provided employee training to help maintain the health and safety of our workforce. Working remotely and under our revised policies has not impacted our ability to maintain operations or caused us to incur significant additional expenses; however, we are unable to predict the duration or ultimate impact of COVID-19 on our business or operations.

Recruiting and Turnover

In order to recruit and maintain a workforce that is high-quality and diverse, we have personnel devoted to recruiting and retention, online job postings and recruiting programs, such as job fairs and other recruiting events, which we have established at academic and professional institutions for roles at all levels.

Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations

Our business operations are subject to stringent federal, tribal, state and local laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, the discharge of materials into the environment and environmental protection. Numerous governmental entities, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ("OSHA") and analogous state agencies, have the power to enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits issued under them, often requiring difficult and costly actions, including the incurrence of potentially significant capital or operating expenditures to mitigate or prevent releases of materials from our equipment, facilities or from customer locations where we provide products and services. These laws and regulations may, among other things, require the acquisition of permits to conduct regulated activities; restrict the types, quantities and concentration of various substances that can be released into the environment; require remedial measures to mitigate pollution from former and ongoing operations; impose specific safety and health criteria addressing worker protection; and impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from operations and support services.

The more significant of these existing environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations include the following U.S. legal standards, as amended from time to time:

(1) the Clean Air Act (“CAA”), which restricts the emission of air pollutants from many sources and imposes various pre-construction, operational, monitoring, and reporting requirements, and that the EPA has relied upon as authority for adopting climate change regulatory initiatives relating to greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions;

(2) the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the Clean Water Act, which regulates discharges of pollutants from facilities to state and federal waters, including wetlands, and establishes the extent to which waterways are subject to federal jurisdiction and rulemaking as protected waters of the United States;

(3) the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which, among other things, subjects owners and operators of onshore facilities to liability for removal costs and damages arising from an oil spill in waters of the United States;

(4) the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”), which imposes liability on generators, transporters, disposers and arrangers of hazardous substances at sites where hazardous substance releases have occurred or are threatening to occur;

(5) the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), which governs the generation, treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of solid wastes, including hazardous wastes;

(6) the Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”), which ensures the quality of the nation’s public drinking water through adoption of drinking water standards and controlling the injection of waste fluids into below-ground formations that may adversely affect drinking water sources;

(7) the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which establishes workplace standards for the protection of the health and safety of employees, including the implementation of hazard communications programs designed to inform employees about hazardous substances in the workplace, potential harmful effects of these substances, and appropriate control measures;

(8) the Endangered Species Act, which restricts activities that may affect existing or previously unidentified federally listed endangered and threatened species or their habitats by the implementation of new or existing operating restrictions or a temporary, seasonal, or permanent ban in affected areas; and

(9) the U.S. Department of Transportation (“DOT”) regulations, which relate to advancing the safe transportation of energy and hazardous materials and emergency response preparedness.

Certain of these federal environmental laws such as CERCLA and the RCRA, as well as analogous state laws impose joint and several strict liability for costs required to clean up and restore properties where pollutants have been released regardless of whom may have caused the harm or whether the activity was performed in compliance with all applicable laws. States also adopt and implement their own environmental laws and regulations, which may be more stringent than federal requirements. Many of the properties owned or leased by us were previously operated by third parties whose management, disposal or release of materials and wastes was not under our control. Private parties, including the owners of properties that we lease or upon which we conduct our services for our customers as well as facilities where our materials or wastes are taken for recycling or disposal, may also have the right to pursue legal actions to enforce compliance as well as to seek damages for non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations or for personal injury or property or natural resource damages. We have incurred and will continue to incur operating and capital expenditures, some of which may be material, to comply with environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations and such costs may have a material adverse effect on our business and operational results in the future.

The trend in environmental regulation is to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may affect the environment and we or our customers may be required to make significant, unanticipated capital and operating expenditures. Examples of regulatory initiatives to which we are subject to include the following:

(1) Hydraulic Fracturing. At the federal level, the EPA has asserted federal regulatory authority under the SDWA over certain hydraulic fracturing activities involving the use of diesel fuels and published permitting guidance for such activities. Additionally, the EPA issued a final regulation under the Clean Water Act prohibiting discharges to publicly owned treatment works of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and gas extraction facilities and released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources, concluding that "water cycle" activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water resources under certain circumstances. Notwithstanding these recent legal developments, further administrative and regulatory restrictions may be adopted by the Biden Administration that could restrict hydraulic fracturing activities on federal lands and waters. At the state level, many states have adopted legal requirements that have imposed new or more stringent permitting, public disclosure or well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing activities, including states where our customers operate. States could also elect to place prohibitions on hydraulic fracturing and local governments may seek to adopt ordinances within their jurisdictions regulating the time, place or manner of hydraulic fracturing activities. Finally, water is an essential component of shale oil and natural gas production during both the drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes. Our customers' access to water to be used in these processes may be adversely affected due to reasons such as periods of extended drought, private, third party competition for water in localized areas or the implementation of local or state governmental programs to monitor or restrict the beneficial use of water subject to their jurisdiction for hydraulic fracturing to assure adequate local water supplies.

(2) Induced Seismicity. In recent years, wells used for the disposal by injection of flowback water or certain other oilfield fluids below ground into non-producing formations have been associated with an increased number of seismic events, with research suggesting that the link between seismic events and wastewater disposal may vary by region and local geology. In response to these concerns, regulators in some of the states in which our customers operate have adopted additional requirements related to seismicity and its potential association with hydraulic fracturing. Moreover, states may issue orders to temporarily shut down or to curtail the injection depth of existing wells in the vicinity of seismic events, as was the case in 2021 and 2022 in the Permian Basin of Texas and has been the case over the past several years in central Oklahoma. Another consequence of seismic events may be lawsuits alleging that disposal well operations have caused damage to neighboring properties or otherwise violated state and federal rules regulating waste disposal.

(3) Ground-Level Ozone Standards. In 2015, the EPA issued a final rule under the CAA, making the National Ambient Air Quality Standard ("NAAQS") for ground-level ozone and, in December 2020, published notice of a final action, upon conducting a periodic review of the ozone standard, electing to retain the 2015 ozone NAAQS in 2020 without revision on a going-forward basis. However, several groups have filed litigation over this December 2020 decision, and the Biden Administration has announced plans to reconsider the December 2020 final action in favor of a more stringent ground-level ozone NAAQS. State implementation of the revised NAAQS could, among other things, require installation of new emission controls on some of our or our customers' equipment, result in longer permitting timelines, and significantly increase our or our customers' capital expenditures and operating costs.

(4) Climate Change. In the United States, no comprehensive climate change legislation has been implemented at the federal level, but President Biden has made combating climate change a priority in his Administration and has issued, and may continue to issue, executive orders or other regulatory initiatives in pursuit of his regulatory agenda. Federal regulatory initiatives have focused on establishing rules impacting the oil and gas sector and relating to permitting, monitoring, reporting or restricting GHG emissions, such as methane. Since 2016, there has been considerable uncertainty surrounding regulation of the emissions of methane, with the Obama, Trump and Biden Administrations each implementing or, in the case of the Biden Administration, proposing to implement, versions of performance standards with varying restrictions on methane emissions from sources in the oil and gas industry. In January 2021, President Biden issued an executive order calling on the EPA to revisit federal regulations regarding methane and establish new or more stringent standards for existing or new sources in the oil and gas sector. U.S. Congress also passed, and President Biden signed into law, a revocation of the Trump Administration’s 2020 rulemaking in respect of these standards and effectively reinstating the Obama Administration’s 2016 standards. In response to President Biden’s executive order, in November 2021, the EPA issued a proposed rule that, if finalized, would establish Quad Ob new source and Quad Oc first-time existing source standards of performance for methane and volatile organic compound emissions in the crude oil and natural gas source category. This proposed rule would apply to upstream and midstream facilities at oil and natural gas well sites, natural gas gathering and boosting compressor stations, natural gas processing plants, and transmission and storage facilities. The EPA published a supplemental proposal in November 2022, which, among other items, sets forth specific provisions strengthening the first nationwide emissions guidelines for states to limit methane emissions from existing oil and natural gas facilities, revises requirements for fugitive emissions monitoring and repair and establishes a “super-emitter” response program to timely mitigate emissions events. The proposal is expected to be finalized in 2023. Additionally, in August 2022 the Inflation Reduction Act was passed, which imposes the first ever federal methane fee on certain oil and gas operations. For more information, see our Risk Factor titled “Our and our customers’ operations are subject to a number of risks arising out of the threat of climate change, energy conservation measures or initiatives that stimulate demand for alternative forms of energy that could result in increased operating and capital costs for our customers and reduced demand for the products and services we provide.” Separately, various states and groups of states have adopted or are considering adopting legislation, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that are focused on such areas as GHG cap and trade programs, carbon taxes, reporting and tracking programs, and restriction of emissions.

At the international level, there exists the United Nations-sponsored “Paris Agreement,” which is a non-binding agreement among participating nations to limit their GHG emissions through individually-determined reduction goals every five years after 2020. President Biden announced in April 2021 a new, more rigorous nationally determined emissions reduction level of 50%-52% reduction from 2005 levels in economy-wide net GHG emissions by 2030. Moreover, the international community gathered again in Glasgow in November 2021 at the 26th Conference of the Parties (“COP26”), during which multiple announcements (not having the effect of law) were made, including a call for parties to eliminate certain fossil fuel subsidies and pursue further action on non-CO2 GHGs. Relatedly, the United States and European Union jointly announced at COP26 the launch of a Global Methane Pledge, an initiative which over 100 countries joined, committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030, including “all feasible reductions” in the energy sector. The impacts of these orders, pledges, agreements and any legislation or regulation promulgated to fulfill the United States’ commitments under the Paris Agreement, COP26, or other international conventions cannot be predicted at this time. In other political actions, President Biden issued an executive order in January 2021 suspending new leasing activities for oil and gas exploration and production on non-Indian federal lands and offshore waters pending completion of a comprehensive review and reconsideration of federal oil and gas permitting and leasing practices that take into consideration potential climate and other impacts associated with oil and gas activities on such lands and waters. The suspension of the federal leasing activities prompted legal action by several states against the Biden Administration, resulting in issuance of a nationwide permanent injunction by a federal district judge in Louisiana in August 2022, effectively halting implementation of the leasing suspension. Litigation risks are also increasing, as a number of states, municipalities and other plaintiffs have sought to bring suit against the largest oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in state or federal court, alleging, among other things, that such companies created public nuisances by producing fuels that contributed to global warming effects and therefore are responsible for roadway and infrastructure damages as a result, or alleging that the companies have been aware of the adverse effects of climate change for some time but defrauded their investors by failing to adequately disclose those impacts.

Moreover, our and our customers’ access to capital may be impacted by climate change policies. Stockholders and bondholders currently invested in fossil fuel energy companies but concerned about the potential effects of climate change may elect in the future to shift some or all of their investments into non-fossil fuel energy-related sectors. Institutional investors who provide financing to fossil fuel energy companies also have become more attentive to sustainability lending practices that favor “clean” power sources such as wind and solar and some of them may elect not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies. Many of the largest U.S. banks have made “net zero” carbon emission commitments and have announced that they will be assessing financed emissions across their portfolios and taking steps to quantify and reduce those emissions. At COP26, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (“GFANZ”) announced that commitments from over 450 firms across 45 countries had resulted in over $130 trillion in capital committed to net zero goals. The various sub-alliances of GFANZ generally require participants to set short-term, sector-specific targets to transition their financing, investing, and/or underwriting activities to net zero emissions by 2050. These and other developments in the financial sector could lead to some lenders restricting or eliminating access to capital for or divesting from certain industries or companies, including the oil and natural gas sector, or requiring that borrowers take additional steps to reduce their GHG emissions. Additionally, there is the possibility that financial institutions will be pressured or required to adopt policies that limit funding to the fossil fuel sector. In late 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it had joined the Network for Greening the Financial System (“NGFS”), a consortium of financial regulators focused on addressing climate-related risks in the financial sector. In November 2021, the Federal Reserve issued a statement in support of the efforts of the NGFS to identify key issues and potential solutions for the climate-related challenges most relevant to central banks and supervisory authorities. The Federal Reserve has also announced that six of the largest U.S. banks will participate in a pilot climate scenario analysis, expected to conclude at the end of 2023. While we cannot predict what policies may result from this, a material reduction in the capital available to the fossil fuel industry could make it more difficult to secure funding for acquisition, exploration, development, production, transportation, and processing activities, which could impact our service-related business and operations. To the extent the rules impose additional reporting obligations, we and our customers could incur increased costs. Furthermore, the SEC proposed rules that, amongst other matters, will require climate-related disclosures from registrants, including data on Scope 1 and 2 and, in some cases, Scope 3 GHG emissions. While we cannot predict the final form and substance of such rules, to the extent the rules impose additional reporting obligations, we and our customers could incur increased costs. Separately, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has also announced that it is scrutinizing existing climate-change related disclosures in public filings, increasing the potential for enforcement if the SEC was to allege that an issuer’s existing climate disclosures were misleading or deficient.

Finally, increasing concentrations of GHG in the earth's atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts, floods, rising sea levels and other climatic events, as well as chronic shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns. These climatic developments have the potential to cause physical damage to our assets and thus could have an adverse effect on our exploration and production operations. Additionally, changing meteorological conditions, particularly temperature, may result in changes to the amount, timing, or location of demand for energy or our production. While our consideration of changing climatic conditions and inclusion of safety factors in design is intended to reduce the uncertainties that climate change and other events may potentially introduce, our ability to mitigate the adverse impacts of these events depends in part on the effectiveness of our facilities and our disaster preparedness and response and business continuity planning, which may not have considered or be prepared for every eventuality.

We are also subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act and comparable state statutes whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of workers. The OSHA’s hazard communication standard, the EPA’s Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act and comparable state regulations and any implementing regulations require that we organize and/or disclose information about hazardous materials used or produced in our operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local governmental authorities and citizens. We have an internal program of inspection designed to monitor and enforce compliance with worker safety requirements. Additionally, there are legal requirements relating to human exposure to crystalline silica that are applicable to certain of our operations. For example, OSHA has implemented rules establishing a more stringent permissible exposure limit for exposure to respirable crystalline silica as well as other regulatory initiatives protective of our employees, including in connection with hydraulic fracturing-related activities. These workplace legal requirements remain subject to future change, including in respect of permissible exposure limits, required controls and personal protective equipment. Further, the inhalation of respirable crystalline silica is associated with health risks including, for example, the lung disease silicosis and these health risks have been, and may continue to be, a significant issue confronting the hydraulic fracturing industry. Concerns over silicosis and other potential adverse health effects, as well as concerns regarding potential liability from the use of hydraulic fracture sand, may have the effect of discouraging our customers' use of hydraulic fracture sand. The actual or perceived health risks of handling hydraulic fracture sand could materially and adversely affect hydraulic fracturing service providers, including us, through reduced use of hydraulic fracture sand, the threat of product liability or the filing of lawsuits naming us as a defendant, increased scrutiny by federal, state and local regulatory authorities of us and our customers or reduced financing sources available to the hydraulic fracturing industry.

Additionally, as part of the services we provide, we engage third parties that operate as motor carriers and therefore, are subject to regulation by the DOT and analogous state agencies. These regulatory authorities exercise broad powers, governing activities such as the authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, regulatory safety, equipment testing, driver requirements and specifications, and insurance requirements. The trucking industry is subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes that may impact our operations, including increased costs, such as changes in fuel emissions limits, hours of service regulations that govern the amount of time a driver may drive or work in any specific period and limits on vehicle weight and size. We cannot predict whether, or in what form, any legislative or regulatory changes or municipal ordinances applicable to our logistics operations will be enacted and to what extent any such legislation or regulations could increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business or operations.

Intellectual Property

We continuously seek to innovate our product and service offerings to improve our operations and deliver increased value to our customers and our software team is constantly designing and building increased software capabilities to enable efficient supply chain planning and management for our customers. As such, we seek patent and trademark protections for our technology when we deem it prudent, and we aggressively pursue protection of these rights. We believe our patents, trademarks, and other protections for our proprietary technologies are adequate for the conduct of our business and that no single patent or trademark is critical to our business. In addition, we rely to a great extent on the technical expertise and know-how of our personnel to maintain our competitive position, and we take commercially reasonable measures to protect trade secrets and other confidential and/or proprietary information relating to the technologies we develop.

As of December 31, 2022, we had six issued patents in the United States, eight corollary patents issued in Canada and two corollary patents issued in Mexico; four pending utility patent applications in the United States, one in Canada, and two in Mexico. Each patent and patent application relates to our systems, services and other technologies. Our issued patents expire between 2032 and 2041, provided all of the maintenance fees are paid. We cannot make any assurances that any of our currently pending patent applications will result in the issuance of a granted patent, or whether the examination process will require us to narrow the present claims. Additionally, any issued patents may be contested, circumvented, found unenforceable or invalid, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing them.

Available Information

We are required to file any annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and certain other information with the SEC.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. Any documents filed by us with the SEC, including this Annual Report, can be downloaded from the SEC's website.

Our principal executive offices are located at 9811 Katy Freeway, Suite 700, Houston, Texas 77024, and our telephone number is (281) 501-3070. Our website is at www.solarisoilfield.com (http://www.solarisoilfield.com). Our periodic reports and other information filed with or furnished to the SEC, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, including Annual Reports on Form 10-K and 10-K/A, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and Form 10-Q/A, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available, free of charge, through our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports and other information are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Information on our website or any other website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and does not constitute a part of this Annual Report.

The following are certain risk factors that affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Many of these risks are beyond our control. These risk factors should be considered in connection with evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that we face. If any of the events described below were to actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected and our results could differ materially from expected and historical results, any of which may also adversely affect the holders of our stock.

Risks Related to Our Operations and Industry:

The volatility of oil and natural gas prices may adversely affect the demand for our systems, products and services, and negatively impact our results of operations.

The demand for our products and services is primarily determined by current and anticipated oil and natural gas prices and the related levels of capital spending and drilling activity in the areas in which we have operations. Among other factors, increased production from major oil producing nations and decreasing availability of crude oil storage and geopolitical issues can contribute to volatility or weakness in oil prices or natural gas prices (or the perception that oil prices or natural gas prices will decrease or remain stagnant) and affect the spending patterns of our customers resulting in the drilling of fewer new wells. As a result, demand for proppants or chemicals may decrease, which could, in turn, lead to lower demand for our products and services and may cause lower prices and lower utilization of our assets. We have, and may in the future, experienced significant fluctuations in operating results as a result of the reactions of our customers to changes in oil and natural gas prices.

We face significant competition that may impede our ability to gain market share or cause us to lose market share, or that could make adoption of new product offerings or services difficult.

The market for supply chain management and well site logistic services is becoming increasingly competitive. We face competition from proppant producers, pressure pumping companies and proppant transporters who also offer solutions for unloading, storing and delivering proppant at well sites and also from competitors who, like us, are focused on developing more efficient last mile logistics management solutions. Some of these solutions utilize containers for on-site proppant storage and handling delivery, while others use silo-based storage as we do. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do and may develop technology superior to ours or more cost-effective than ours. Competition in our industry and for our products is thus based on price, consistency and quality of products, distribution capability, customer service, reliability, breadth of product offering and technical support. If our competitors are able to respond to industry conditions or trends more rapidly or effectively or resort to price competition, or if we are unable to gain market acceptance of new product offerings, we may be unable to gain or maintain our market share or may lose market share or operating profit, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Continuing or worsening inflationary issues and associated changes in monetary policy may result in increases to the cost of our goods, services and personnel, which in turn could cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to rise.

Inflationary pressures have resulted in and may result in additional increases to the costs of our goods, services and personnel, which would in turn cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates multiple times in 2022 and the U.S. Federal Reserve has indicated its intention to continue to raise benchmark interest rates into 2023 in an effort to curb inflationary pressure on the costs of goods and services across the U.S., which could have the effects of raising the cost of capital and depressing economic growth, either of which – or the combination thereof – could hurt the financial and operating results of our business. To the extent elevated inflation remains, we may experience further cost increases for our operations, including services, labor costs and equipment if our drilling activity increases. Furthermore, higher crude oil and natural gas prices may cause the costs of materials and services to continue to rise. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation, and a significant increase in inflation, to the extent we are unable to recover higher costs through higher crude oil and natural gas prices and revenues, would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the transportation industry, including the availability or reliability of transportation to supply our products and services, fluctuations in transportation costs, or changes in the way in which proppant or chemicals are transported to the well site, could impair the ability of our customers to take delivery of proppant or chemicals or make our products and services less attractive and thereby adversely impact our business.

The transportation industry is subject to possible legislative and regulatory changes that may affect the economics of the industry by requiring changes in operating practices or by changing the demand for common or contract carrier services or the cost of providing truckload services, whether due in part to insufficient availability of workers to provide adequate levels of staffing, insufficient replacement vehicles, parts or other commodities from our third-party vendors in the supply chain, or otherwise. Disruption of transportation services due to factors outside of our control, including shortages of rail cars or trucks, insufficient available workforce or supply chain-provided commodities, increased costs associated with transportation services, extreme weather-related events, accidents, strikes, lockouts, increased regulation, more stringent railcar or safety regulatory initiatives, or other events could temporarily impair the ability of our customers to take delivery of our systems and proppant or chemicals at the well site or affect the provision of last mile services. Accordingly, if there are disruptions of the products or services utilized by our customers (whether these products or services are provided by us or a third party vendor), and they are unable to find alternative transportation providers, our business could be adversely affected. Additionally, alternative transportation methods for transporting and delivering proppant or chemicals to the well site could make our product offerings and services less attractive than those of our competitors and affect our results of operations.

Our business is subject to inherent risks some of which are beyond our control such as disasters and extreme or seasonal weather events. These risks may be self-insured or may not be fully covered under our insurance policies.

Our assets and operations may be affected by natural or man-made disasters and other external events such as extreme weather events associated with tornados, extreme periods of drought or otherwise that may disrupt our business, including manufacturing and field operations. Further, because our operations are located in different regions of the United States, there exists variability in seasonal weather events, which may include periods of heavy snow, ice or rain. These hazards can also cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment, pollution or environmental damage, and suspension or cancellation of operations by us or our customers, thereby reducing the demand for our systems and services and our ability to generate revenues. In addition, our operations are subject to, and exposed to, employee/employer liabilities and risks such as wrongful termination, discrimination, labor organizing, retaliation claims and general human resource related matters.

We do not have insurance against all foreseeable risks and we may not be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates we consider reasonable. The occurrence of a significant event or adverse claim in excess of the insurance coverage that we maintain or that is not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

Reliance upon a few large customers may adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

We derive, and may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from a relatively small number of customers and the operations of our customers have and may continue to experience delays or disruptions and temporary suspensions of operations. We typically do not enter into long-term contractual agreements with our customers and if we were to lose any material customer, we may not be able to redeploy our equipment at similar utilization or pricing levels or within a short period of time and such loss could have a material adverse effect on our business until the equipment is redeployed at similar utilization or pricing levels.

Events outside of our control, including a pandemic or outbreak of an infectious disease, political unrest and economic recessions occurring around the globe, could materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

We face risks that are outside of our control which could significantly disrupt the demand for oil and natural gas and our products and services, and adversely impact our operations and financial condition. These risks include, but are not limited to:

• (i) the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the extent to which it has caused and may continue to cause business disruptions, disrupted the oil and gas industry and global supply chains, negatively impacted the global economy, reduced global demand for oil and gas and created significant volatility and disruption of financial and commodity markets; and
• (ii) the occurrence or threat of terrorist attacks in the United States or other countries, anti-terrorist efforts and other armed conflicts involving the United States or other countries, including continued hostilities around the globe, including in the Middle East and the conflict in Ukraine.

The degree to which events outside of our control adversely impact our results will also depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. These and other factors can, individually or collectively contribute to unprecedented negative global economic impacts, including a significant decrease in demand. While we expect these matters discussed above will continue to disrupt our operations in some way, the degree of the adverse financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

We may grow through acquisitions and our failure to properly plan and manage those acquisitions may adversely affect our performance.

We have completed and may, in the future, pursue asset acquisitions or acquisitions of businesses. We must plan and manage any acquisitions and integrations effectively to achieve revenue growth and maintain profitability in our evolving market. If we fail to manage acquisitions and integrations effectively, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

We engage in transactions with related parties and such transactions present possible conflicts of interest that could have an adverse effect on us.

We have entered into transactions with related parties. The details of certain of these transactions are set forth in Note 13. “Related Party Transactions” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Related party transactions create the possibility of conflicts of interest with regard to our management or directors. Such a conflict could cause an individual in our management or on our board of directors to seek to advance his or her economic interests above ours. Further, the appearance of conflicts of interest created by related party transactions could impair the confidence of our investors. Our board of directors, or a committee thereof, regularly reviews these transactions. Notwithstanding this, it is possible that a conflict of interest could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

Our failure to protect our proprietary information and intellectual property rights, or any successful intellectual property challenges or infringement proceedings against us, could result in a loss in our competitive advantage or market share.

Because of the technical nature of our business, we rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property. We also rely on third-party intellectual property licenses in connection with our business. We may not be able to successfully preserve these intellectual property rights in the future or they may be invalidated. Third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our patents or other proprietary rights, third parties may challenge patents or proprietary rights held by us, and pending and future trademark and patent applications may not be approved. It is possible that our competitors or others could independently develop the same or similar technologies or otherwise obtain access to our unpatented technologies. Policing unauthorized use of intellectual property rights can be difficult and expensive, and adequate remedies may not be available. Alternatively, third parties may initiate litigation against us by asserting that the conduct of our business infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates intellectual property rights and we may be required to obtain necessary licenses or substantially re-engineer our products in order to avoid infringement. Failure to protect, monitor and control the use of our existing intellectual property rights or any successful intellectual property challenges or infringement proceedings against us could materially and adversely affect our competitive advantage and result in us being enjoined from using or offering such products or technology and cause us to incur significant expenses.

Technological advancements in well service products and technologies, including those that reduce the amount of proppant or chemicals required for hydraulic fracturing operations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our industry is characterized by rapid and significant technological advancements and introductions of new products and services using new technologies. As competitors and others use or develop new technologies, or technologies comparable to ours, in the future, we may lose market share or be placed at a competitive disadvantage. Further, we may face competitive pressure to implement or acquire certain new technologies at a substantial cost. Some of our competitors may have greater financial, technical and personnel resources than we do, which may allow them to gain technological advantages or implement new technologies more rapidly than us. Limits on our ability to effectively use, implement or adapt to new technologies may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to cyber security risks and potential interruptions or failures in our information technology systems, the occurrence of which could result in information theft, data corruption, operational disruption and/or financial loss.

We depend on digital and information technologies and infrastructure to support our business, deliver our systems and perform many of our services and to process and record financial and operating data. Additionally, in the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our employees. Our technologies, systems and networks, and those of our customers, vendors, suppliers and other business partners, may become the target of cyberattacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of proprietary and other information, or other disruption of business operations. This could result in significant losses, loss of customers and business opportunities, reputation damage, litigation, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our systems and controls for protecting against cyber security risks, and those used by our business partners, may not be sufficient. As cyber incidents continue to evolve, we will likely be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerability to cyber incidents. Our systems may also be susceptible to outages due to fire, floods, power loss, usage errors by employees, computer viruses or other breaches. Any material disruption in our information technology systems or systems that affect our business operations, delays or difficulties in implementing or integrating new systems or enhancing current systems, or any vulnerabilities rending data or systems unusable following any mandated remote work situations, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We rely on a few key employees whose absence or loss could adversely affect our business.

Many key responsibilities within our business have been assigned to a small number of employees. The loss of their services, whether permanently or temporarily could adversely affect our business. We do not have any written employment agreements with our executives at this time. Further, we do not maintain "key person" life insurance policies on any of our employees. As a result, we are not insured against any losses resulting from the death of our key employees.

If we are unable to access the services of a sufficient number of skilled and qualified workers, or are required to significantly increase wages to attract or retain such workers, our capacity and profitability could be diminished and our growth potential could be impaired.

The manufacture and delivery of our products and performance of our services requires skilled and qualified workers with specialized skills and experience who can perform physically demanding work. As a result of the volatility of the oilfield services industry and the demanding nature of the work, workers may choose to pursue employment in fields that offer a more desirable work environment at wage rates that are competitive. Increased competition for their services could result in a loss of available, skilled workers or at a price that is not as advantageous to our business, both of which could negatively affect our operating results. Though our historical turnover rates have been significantly lower than those of our competitors, if we are unable to retain or meet growing demand for skilled technical personnel, our operating results and our ability to execute our growth strategies may be adversely affected.

We are subject to extensive government laws and regulations concerning our employees, and the cost of compliance with such laws and regulations could be material.

Regulations related to wages and other compensation affect our business. Any appreciable increase in applicable employment laws and regulations, including the statutory minimum wage, exemption levels, or overtime regulations, could result in an increase in labor costs. Such cost increases, or the penalties for failing to comply with such statutory minimums, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution to our shareholders. Additionally, any changes in employment, benefit plan, tax or labor laws or regulations or new regulations proposed from time to time, could have a material adverse effect on our employment practices, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution to our shareholders.

Unsatisfactory safety performance may negatively affect our customer relationships and, to the extent we fail to retain existing customers or attract new customers, adversely impact our revenues.

Our ability to retain existing customers and attract new business is dependent on many factors, including our ability to demonstrate that we can reliably and safely operate our business in a manner that is consistent with applicable laws, rules and permits, which legal requirements are subject to change. Multiple or particularly severe accidents and high employee turnover can contribute to a deterioration of our safety record. If one or more accidents were to occur in connection with the use of our systems or performance of our services, the affected customer may seek to terminate or cancel its use of our services which could cause us to lose substantial revenues. Furthermore, our ability to attract new customers may be impaired if they elect not to engage us because they view our safety record as unacceptable.

Risks Related to Financial Condition:

Our business depends on domestic capital spending by the oil and natural gas industry, and reductions in capital spending could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business is directly affected by capital spending to explore for, develop and produce oil and natural gas in the United States. The oil and natural gas industry is cyclical and historically has experienced periodic downturns in activity. If oil and natural gas prices decline below current levels for an extended period of time, certain of our customers may be unable to pay their vendors and service providers, including us, as a result of the decline in commodity prices. Reduced activity in our areas of operation as a result of decreased capital spending may also have a negative long-term impact on our business, even in an environment of stronger oil and natural gas prices. Any of these conditions or events could adversely affect our operating results.

Industry conditions are influenced by numerous factors over which we have no control, including, but not limited to:

• expected economic returns to E&P companies of new well completions;
• global political and economic conditions and supply of and demand for oil and natural gas;
• the level of prices, and expectations about future prices, of oil and natural gas;
• the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production, and inventories;
• the supply of and demand for hydraulic fracturing equipment and consumables in the United States, including the supply and demand for lower emissions hydraulic fracturing equipment;
• the supply of consumables used in hydraulic fracturing, including proppant and water;
• federal, state and local regulation of hydraulic fracturing and exploration and production activities;
• laws, regulations and taxes, including the policies of governments regarding the exploration for and production and development of their oil and natural gas reserves;
• the supply and demand dynamics for crude oil and natural gas, which may be impacted by actions of global hydrocarbon producers, including members of OPEC;
• global or national health concerns including health epidemics;
• political or civil unrest in the United States or elsewhere;
• advances in exploration, development and production technologies or in technologies affecting energy consumption; and
• the potential acceleration of development of alternative fuels or sources of energy.

We may be adversely affected by uncertainty in the global financial markets or the deterioration of the financial condition, and resulting credit risk, of our customers.

Our future results may be impacted by the uncertainty caused by an economic downturn, weak economic conditions and widespread financial distress, volatility or deterioration in the debt and equity capital markets, inflation, deflation or other adverse economic conditions that may negatively affect us or parties with whom we do business resulting in a reduction in our customers' spending and their non-payment or inability to perform obligations owed to us, such as the failure of customers to honor their commitments or the failure of major suppliers to complete orders. Additionally, during times when the natural gas or crude oil markets weaken, our customers are more likely to experience financial difficulties, including being unable to access debt or equity financing, which could result in a reduction in our customers' spending for our systems and services. In addition, increased interest rates, whether resulting from inflationary concerns or otherwise, may prevent our customers from being able to obtain debt financing at favorable rates, or at all. Our credit procedures and policies may not be adequate to fully reduce customer credit risk. If we are unable to adequately assess the creditworthiness of existing or future customers or unanticipated deterioration in their creditworthiness, any resulting bankruptcy or increase in nonpayment or nonperformance by them and our inability to re-market or otherwise use our equipment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects or results of operations.

Our Credit Agreement subjects us to various financial and other restrictive covenants. These restrictions may limit our operational or financial flexibility and could subject us to potential defaults under our Credit Agreement.

Our Credit Agreement subjects us to significant financial and other restrictive covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on incurring additional debt and certain distributions, as well as a certain leverage ratio and minimum fixed charge coverage ratio we must maintain. Please see Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation—Debt Agreements." Our ability to comply with these financial condition tests can be affected by events beyond our control. If we are unable to remain in compliance with the financial covenants of our Credit Agreement, then amounts outstanding thereunder may be accelerated and become due immediately or we may be unable to access the funds available. Any such acceleration could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to use our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryovers may be limited.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $234.0 million of federal NOL carryovers and $52.2 million of state NOL carryovers. $168.2 million of our federal NOL carryovers have no expiration date and the remaining federal and NOL carryovers expire in 2037. $28.1 million of our state NOL carryovers will expire in varying amounts beginning in 2037. Utilization of our NOLs depends on many factors, including our future income, which cannot be assured. In addition, Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), generally imposes an annual limitation on the amount of NOLs that may be used to offset taxable income when a corporation has undergone an “ownership change” (as determined under Section 382 of the Code). In the event that an ownership change has occurred, or were to occur, with respect to us, utilization of our NOLs would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years. If we were to undergo an ownership change, some or all of our U.S. federal NOLs could expire before they can be used. In addition, future ownership changes or changes to the U.S. tax laws could limit our ability to utilize our NOLs. To the extent we are not able to offset our future income with our NOLs, this could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows if we attain profitability.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

Laws, regulations, executive orders and other regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing could increase our and our customers’ costs of doing business and result in restrictions, delays or cancellations that may serve to limit future oil and natural gas exploration and production activities and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although we do not directly engage in hydraulic fracturing, our operational services support our E&P customers in such activities. The practice continues to be controversial, resulting in increased scrutiny and regulation of the hydraulic fracturing process, including by federal and state agencies and local municipalities. Additionally, with concerns about seismic activity being triggered by the injection of produced wastewaters into underground disposal wells, certain regulators are also considering or have adopted additional requirements related to seismic safety for hydraulic fracturing activities. Our customers' inability to locate or contractually acquire and sustain the receipt of sufficient amounts of water could also adversely impact their exploration and production operations and result in a corresponding reduction in demand for our services. See Part I, Item 1. “Business – Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations” for more discussion on these hydraulic fracturing, seismicity and water availability matters. The adoption of any federal, state or local laws or the implementation of regulations or issuance of executive orders regarding hydraulic fracturing, seismic activities, or leasing activities on federal properties, or the inability of our customers to maintain adequate water supplies could potentially cause a decrease in the completion of new oil and gas wells and an associated decrease in demand for our services and increased compliance costs and time, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are subject to environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant costs and liabilities.

Our operations and the operations of our customers are subject to stringent federal, tribal, state and local laws and regulations governing worker health and safety, protection of the environment, including natural resources, endangered or threatened species or their habitat and migratory birds, and the management, transportation and disposal of wastes and other materials. In addition, our business activities present risks of incurring significant environmental costs and liabilities, including costs and liabilities resulting from our management, transportation and disposal of regulated materials, such as oilfield and other wastes, because of air emissions and wastewater discharges related to our operations, and due to historical oilfield industry operations and waste disposal practices. Additionally, our operations are subject to legal requirements whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of our workers including, for example, standards relating to human exposure to crystalline silica as a result of hydraulic fracturing-related activities. Failure to comply with environmental and occupational safety laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of investigatory, remedial and curative requirements or the occurrence of restrictions, delays or cancellations in the permitting, development or expansion of projects and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations in affected areas. See Part I, Item 1. “Business – Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations” for more discussion on these matters.

Our costs to comply with existing or any new environmental or occupational health and safety laws, regulations and executive actions could impact us and our customers, increase the costs associated with our business or reduce demand for our services, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our and our customers' operations are subject to a number of risks arising out of the threat of climate change, energy conservation measures or initiatives that stimulate demand for alternative forms of energy that could result in increased operating and capital costs for our customers and reduced demand for the products and services we provide.

The threat of climate change continues to attract considerable attention in the United States and foreign countries. As a result, numerous proposals have been made and are likely to continue to be made at the international, national, regional and state levels of government related to the production and processing of fossil fuels and to monitor and limit emissions of GHGs as well as to eliminate such future emissions. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law in August 2022, appropriates significant federal funding for renewable energy initiatives and incentives, and imposes the first-ever federal fee on excess methane emissions from certain oil and gas facilities. These and other actions could accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels and reduce demand for hydrocarbons, therefore reducing demand for our products and services. Moreover, climate change-related regulatory initiatives to reduce carbon-based emissions may result in fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements and increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, which could reduce demand for the oil and natural gas our customers produce and reduce the demand for our products and services. The SEC has additionally proposed a new rule that would require certain climate-related disclosures from registrants, which is expected to be finalized in 2023. To the extent that provisions of this rule are finalized, we could face increased costs associated with making the disclosures, and we cannot predict how any information disclosed may be considered by investors or financial institutions, which could impact costs of, or restrictions on, our or our customers’ access to capital. See Part I, Item 1. “Business – Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulations” for more discussion on the threat of climate and restriction of GHG emissions. The adoption and implementation of any international, federal, regional or state legislation, executive actions, regulations or other regulatory initiatives that impose more stringent standards that restrict the areas in which this sector may produce oil and natural gas or generate GHG emissions could result in increased compliance costs or costs of consuming fossil fuels, which could reduce demand for our products and services and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and revenues.

Increasing attention to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters may impact our business.

Increasing attention to climate change, increasing societal expectations on companies to address climate change, and potential consumer use of substitutes to fossil-fuel energy commodities may result in increased costs, reduced demand for our customers’ hydrocarbon products and our products and services, reduced profits, increased governmental investigations and private litigation against us, and negative impacts on our stock price and access to capital markets. Increasing attention to climate change and environmental conservation, for example, may result in demand shifts for our customers’ hydrocarbon products and additional governmental investigations and private litigation against those customers. To the extent that societal pressures or political or other factors are involved, it is possible that such liability could be imposed without regard to our causation of or contribution to the asserted damage, or to other mitigating factors.

As part of our ongoing effort to enhance our ESG practices, management regularly reports to our Board of Directors regarding our ESG policies. The goal is to integrate actions taken currently by us regarding ESG issues, to assure corporate governance for a complex assessment of the environmental impact of our products and activities, and to set a framework for the identification of sustainable development risks. While we may elect to seek out various voluntary ESG targets now or in the future, such targets are aspirational. We may not be able to meet such targets in the manner or on such a timeline as initially contemplated, including as a result of unforeseen costs or technical difficulties associated with achieving such results. To the extent we elected to pursue such targets and were able to achieve the desired target levels, such achievement may have been accomplished as a result of entering into various contractual arrangements, including the purchase of various credits or offsets that may be deemed to mitigate our ESG impact instead of actual changes in our ESG performance. Notwithstanding our election to pursue aspirational targets now or in the future, we may receive pressure from investors, lenders or other groups to adopt more aggressive climate or other ESG-related goals, but we cannot guarantee that we will be able to implement such goals because of potential costs or technical or operational obstacles.

In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. Such ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us or our customers and to the diversion of investment to other industries which could have a negative impact on our stock price and/or our access to and costs of capital. Also, institutional lenders may decide not to provide funding for fossil fuel energy companies or the corresponding infrastructure projects based on climate change related concerns, which could affect our or our customers’ access to capital for potential growth projects, which can adversely affect our business. Further, while we may participate in various voluntary frameworks and certification programs to improve the ESG profile of our operations and products, we cannot guarantee that such participation or certification will have the intended results on our or our products’ ESG profile. Such ESG matters may also impact our customers, which may adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Anti-indemnity provisions enacted by many states may restrict or prohibit a party's indemnification of us.

We typically enter into agreements with our customers governing the use and operation of our systems and services, which usually include certain indemnification provisions for losses resulting from operations. Such agreements may require each party to indemnify the other against certain claims regardless of the negligence or other fault of the indemnified party; however, many states place limitations on contractual indemnity agreements, particularly agreements that indemnify a party against the consequences of its own negligence. Furthermore, certain states, including Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming have enacted statutes generally referred to as "oilfield anti-indemnity acts" expressly prohibiting certain indemnity agreements contained in or related to oilfield services agreements. Such anti-indemnity acts may restrict or void a party's indemnification of us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock

Solaris Inc. is a holding company. Solaris Inc.’s sole material asset is its equity interest in Solaris LLC and Solaris Inc. is accordingly dependent upon distributions from Solaris LLC to pay taxes, make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement and cover its corporate and other overhead expenses.

Solaris Inc. is a holding company and has no material assets other than its equity interest in Solaris LLC. Solaris Inc. has no independent means of generating revenue. To the extent that Solaris Inc. needs funds, including to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and Solaris LLC or its subsidiaries are restricted from making such distributions or payments under applicable law or regulation or under the terms of the Credit Agreement or any future financing arrangements, or are otherwise unable to provide such funds, Solaris Inc.’s liquidity and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Our stock price could be volatile, and you may not be able to resell shares of your Class A common stock at or above the price you paid.

The stock markets in general have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, the market price of our Class A common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors outside of our control, including public reaction to our releases and filings, actions by our competitors and actions by our stockholders. Additionally, if our results fail to meet analyst expectations or if analysts cease coverage of our Company, fail to publish reports on us regularly, or downgrade our Class A common stock, our stock price or trading volume could decline. Volatility in the market price of our Class A common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your Class A common stock at or above the price at which you purchased the stock. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment. Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company's securities. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs, divert our management's attention and resources and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Future sales of our Class A common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could reduce our stock price, and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of equity or convertible securities may dilute your ownership in us.

We may sell additional shares of our Class A common stock in subsequent offerings. In addition, subject to certain limitations and exceptions, the Original Investors may redeem their Solaris LLC Units (together with a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock) for shares of Class A common stock (on a one-for-one basis, subject to conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassification and other similar transactions) and then sell those shares of Class A common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock (including shares issued in connection with an acquisition), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Class A common stock.

Holders of our Class A common stock may not receive dividends on our Class A common stock.

We declared our first dividend to Class A stockholders in the fourth quarter of 2018 and have continued to declare dividends on a quarterly basis. See Part II, Item 5. “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” of this Annual Report. We are not required to declare future dividends and holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to receive only such dividends as our board of directors may declare. Any determination to pay dividends and other distributions in cash, stock or property by us in the future will be dependent on then-existing conditions, including business conditions, our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital requirements, contractual restrictions including restrictive covenants contained in debt agreements and other factors.

Our principal stockholders collectively hold a significant amount of the voting power of our common stock.

Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law or our certificate of incorporation, and the members of Solaris LLC immediately prior to the IPO (collectively, the “Original Investors”) own a substantial majority of our Class B common stock, which represents approximately 30% of our combined economic interest and voting power. Although the Original Investors are entitled to act separately in their own respective interests with respect to their ownership in us, if the Original Investors choose to act in concert, they will together have the ability to strongly influence the election of the members of our board of directors, and thereby our management and affairs. In addition, they will be able to strongly influence the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval, including mergers and other material transactions. The existence of significant stockholders may also have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers, delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in management, or limiting the ability of our other stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in the best interests of our company. Moreover, this concentration of stock ownership may also adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock to the extent investors perceive a disadvantage in owning stock of a company with a controlling stockholder.

Certain Designated Parties are not limited in their ability to compete with us, and the corporate opportunity provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation could enable such Designated Parties and their respective affiliates to benefit from corporate opportunities that might otherwise be available to us.

Our governing documents provide that Yorktown, Wells Fargo Central Pacific Holdings, Inc. and our directors who are not also our officers, including William A. Zartler, our Chief Executive Officer and the Chairman of our board of directors, and their respective portfolio investments and affiliates (collectively, the "Designated Parties") are not restricted from owning assets or engaging in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. In particular, subject to the limitations of applicable law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, among other things:

• permits such Designated Parties to conduct business that competes with us and to make investments in any kind of property in which we may make investments; and
• provides that if such Designated Parties, or any employee, partner, member, manager, officer or director of such Designated Parties who is also one of our directors, becomes aware of a potential business opportunity, transaction or other matter, they will have no duty to communicate or offer that opportunity to us.

The Designated Parties may become aware, from time to time, of certain business opportunities (such as acquisition opportunities) and may direct such opportunities to other businesses in which they have invested, in which case we may not become aware of or otherwise have the ability to pursue such opportunity. Furthermore, such businesses may choose to compete with us for these opportunities, possibly causing these opportunities to not be available to us or causing them to be more expensive for us to pursue. In addition, the Designated Parties may dispose of oil and natural gas service assets in the future, without any obligation to offer us the opportunity to purchase any of those assets. As a result, our renouncing our interest and expectancy in any business opportunity that may be from time to time presented to the Designated Parties could adversely impact our business or prospects if attractive business opportunities are procured by such parties for their own benefit rather than for ours or become more expensive for us to pursue.

Certain of our directors, including our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, have significant duties with, and spend significant time serving, entities that may or may not compete with us and, accordingly, may have conflicts of interest in allocating time or pursuing business opportunities.

Certain of our executive officers and directors, who are responsible for managing the direction of our operations, hold positions of responsibility with other entities (including affiliated entities) that are in the oil and natural gas industry. These executive officers and directors may have conflicts of interest in allocating their time between these entities or whether to present potential business opportunities to other entities prior to presenting them to us, which could cause additional conflicts of interest. They may also decide that certain opportunities are more appropriate for other entities with which they are affiliated, and as a result, they may elect not to present those opportunities to us. These conflicts may not be resolved in our favor. For additional discussion of our directors' business affiliations and the potential conflicts of interest of which our stockholders should be aware, see Note 13. “Related Party Transactions” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as Delaware law, contain provisions that could discourage acquisition bids or merger proposals, which may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock and could deprive our investors of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our Class A common stock respecting dividends, voting rights, rights and terms of redemption, redemption price or prices and liquidation preferences of such series and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our Class A common stock. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the Class A common stock.

If our board of directors elects to issue preferred stock, it could be more difficult for a third party to acquire us. In addition, some provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if the change of control would be beneficial to our stockholders. These provisions include, among other things: a staggered, or classified, board of directors; permitting the majority of directors then in office, even if less than a majority, the right to fill vacancies; restricting the ability of stockholders to act by written consent or call special meetings of stockholders; supermajority requirements (75%) to remove directors from office; prohibitions on cumulative voting of directors; advance notice requirements for stockholders proposals; and express power to our board of directors to adopt, or alter or repeal our bylaws.

In addition, certain change of control events have the effect of accelerating the payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which could be substantial and accordingly serve as a disincentive to a potential acquirer of our company. Please see "—In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, Solaris Inc. realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement."

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, employees or agents to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to such Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to actions arising under the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. However, Section 22 of the Securities Act provides for concurrent federal and state court jurisdiction over actions under the Securities Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, subject to a limited exception for certain “covered class actions” as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Act and interpreted by the courts. Accordingly, we believe that the exclusive forum provision would apply to actions arising under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, except to the extent a particular action fell within the exception for covered class actions or the exception in the certificate of incorporation described above otherwise applied to such action, which could occur if the action also involved claims under the Exchange Act. Stockholders will not be deemed, by operation of Article 14 of the certificate of incorporation alone, to have waived claims arising under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Solaris Inc. will be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for certain tax benefits that it may claim, and the amounts of such payments could be significant.

In connection with the closing of the IPO, Solaris Inc. entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the TRA Holders (as defined herein). For additional information, see “Payables Related to the Tax Receivable Agreement” in Note 10. “Income Taxes” and Note. 13 “Related Party Transactions” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and

Supplementary Data.” The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or expired, unless Solaris Inc. exercises its right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement (or the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated due to other circumstances, including Solaris Inc.’s breach of a material obligation thereunder or certain mergers, asset sales or other forms of business combinations or other changes of control), and Solaris Inc. makes the termination payment specified in the Tax Receivable Agreement.

Estimating the amount and timing of payments that may become due under the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise. For purposes of the Tax Receivable Agreement, cash savings in tax generally are calculated by comparing Solaris Inc.’s actual tax liability (determined by using the actual applicable United States federal income tax rate and an assumed combined state and local income and franchise tax rate) to the amount Solaris Inc. would have been required to pay had it not been able to utilize any of the tax benefits subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. The actual increase in tax basis, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of any redemption of Solaris LLC Units, the price of Solaris Inc.’s Class A common stock at the time of each redemption, the extent to which such redemptions are taxable transactions, the amount and timing of the taxable income Solaris Inc. generates in the future, the United States federal income tax rates then applicable, and the portion of Solaris Inc.’s payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis.

The payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement are Solaris Inc.'s obligations and not obligations of Solaris LLC, and Solaris Inc. expects that the payments it will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. The payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are not conditioned upon a holder of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement having a continued ownership interest in Solaris Inc. or Solaris LLC. Solaris LLC may make tax distributions to Solaris Inc. in order for Solaris Inc. to satisfy its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement and will be required to distribute cash pro rata to each of the other members of Solaris LLC, in accordance with the number of Solaris LLC Units owned by each member at that time. For additional information regarding the Tax Receivable Agreement, see Note 10. “Income Taxes” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, Solaris Inc. realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement.

If we experience a change of control (as defined in the Tax Receivable Agreement), which includes certain mergers, asset sales and other forms of business combinations, or the Tax Receivable Agreement terminates early, we would be required to make a substantial, immediate lump-sum payment. This payment would equal the present value of hypothetical future payments that could be required to be paid under the Tax Receivable Agreement (determined by applying a discount rate of one year London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 100 basis points). The calculation of hypothetical future payments will be based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including that (i) Solaris Inc. has sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefits covered by the Tax Receivable Agreement (including having sufficient taxable income to currently utilize any accumulated NOL carryforwards) and (ii) any Solaris LLC Units (other than those held by Solaris Inc.) outstanding on the termination date are deemed to be redeemed on the termination date. Any early termination payment may be made significantly in advance of, and may materially exceed, the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the termination payment relates. If we experience a change of control, such potential termination payment could have a substantial negative impact on Solaris Inc.’s liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales or other forms of business combinations or changes of control.

For example, if the Tax Receivable Agreement were terminated immediately after the filing of this Annual Report the estimated termination payments would, in the aggregate, be approximately $74.6 million (calculated using a discount rate equal to one year LIBOR plus 100 basis points, applied against an undiscounted liability of $94.8 million, based upon the last reported closing sale price of our Class A common stock on December 31, 2022). The foregoing number is merely an estimate and the actual payment could differ materially. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Please read Note 10. “Income Taxes” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information.

Additionally, holders of our Class A common stock could receive substantially less consideration in connection with a change of control transaction than they would receive in the absence of such obligation. Further, Solaris Inc.’s payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement will not be conditioned upon the TRA Holders having a continued interest in Solaris Inc. or Solaris LLC. Accordingly, the TRA Holders' interests may conflict with those of the holders of our Class A common stock.

Finally, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we will determine. The TRA Holders will not reimburse us for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if any tax benefits that have given rise to payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are subsequently disallowed. As a result, in such circumstances, we could make payments that are greater than our actual cash tax savings, if any, and may not be able to recoup those payments, which could adversely affect our liquidity.

The requirements of being a public company, including compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.

As a public company, we need to comply with laws, regulations and requirements, certain corporate governance provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) and related regulations of the SEC and the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). Complying with these statutes, regulations and requirements occupies a significant amount of time of our board of directors and management and significantly increases our costs and expenses.

Under Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our management is required to assess and report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight. In compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls. Our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed. Compliance with these requirements may strain our resources, increase our costs and distract management, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.

Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may also be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If material weaknesses are discovered in the future, the Company’s financial statements could contain additional errors which, in turn, could lead to errors in our financial reports and/or delays in our financial reporting, which could require us to further restate our operating results. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, being a public company subject to these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.

Additionally, as a public company, we are required to: (i) comply with any new requirements if adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report in which the auditor would be required to provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of the issuer; (ii) provide certain disclosures regarding executive compensation required of larger public companies; or (iii) hold nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls which, if not remediated appropriately or timely, could result in loss of investor confidence and adversely impact our stock price.

Internal controls related to the operation of technology systems are critical to maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As disclosed in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures”, management identified a material weakness in internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls in the areas of user access, application change management, operating system and logical access controls, and segregation of duties for a third-party information technology system that supports the Company’s financial reporting process for its last mile logistics services, which includes the costs of providing that service and the associated pass through revenues. As a result, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022. We have begun implementing remedial measures and, while there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful, we plan to remediate the material weakness prior to the end of fiscal 2023. These measures will result in additional technology and other expenses. If we are unable to remediate the material weakness, or are otherwise unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within required time periods, could be adversely affected, which could subject us to litigation or investigations requiring management resources and payment of legal and other expenses, negatively affect investor confidence in our financial statements and adversely impact our stock price.

Changes to applicable tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our business and future profitability.

We are subject to various and evolving U.S. federal, state and local taxes. U.S. federal, state and local tax laws, policies, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us, in each case, possibly with retroactive effect, and may have an adverse effect on our business and future profitability.

Disclosure concerning legal proceedings is incorporated by reference to “Part II. Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies” in this Annual Report.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report to the "Company," "Solaris," "we," "us" and "our" refer to (i) Solaris Oilfield Infrastructure, LLC ("Solaris LLC") and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the completion of our initial public offering and (ii) Solaris Oilfield Infrastructure, Inc. ("Solaris Inc.") and its consolidated subsidiaries following the completion of our initial public offering. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements and related notes. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. Discussions of 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated as discussed in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties, including those described above in “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report, all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by law.

Overview

We design and manufacture specialized equipment, which combined with field technician support, logistics services and our software solutions, enables us to provide a service offering that helps oil and natural gas operators and their suppliers drive efficiencies that reduce operational footprint and costs during the completion phase of well development. Our equipment and services are deployed across active oil and natural gas basins in the United States.

Recent Trends and Outlook

Supply and demand dynamics in the oil and natural gas industry remained tight throughout 2022. Continued supply chain tightness, gradual reopening of certain global economies and geopolitical conflicts, among other factors, drove WTI oil prices to fluctuate between $70 per barrel and over $120 per barrel throughout 2022. Henry Hub natural gas prices also fluctuated between $3.70 per MMBtu and nearly $10.00 per MMBtu throughout 2022. While an improvement in commodity prices has historically driven an increase in drilling and completion activity in North America, overall activity levels have been impacted by industry capital discipline and supply chain challenges. Late in December 2022, Henry Hub natural gas prices began to decline to approximately $2.40 per MMBtu at the beginning of February 2023. While the extent and duration of these lower natural gas commodity prices is unknown, a decline in our customers’ activity in natural gas basins may impact our overall activity levels.

North American land activity improved throughout 2022 as the Baker Hughes Land rig count increased 52% on average compared to a 52% increase in our fully utilized systems during 2022. Overall, demand for our offerings is predominantly influenced by the level of oil and natural gas well drilling and completion activity. While our fully utilized systems are highly correlated with US land rig count activity over longer periods, timing differences between drilling and completion activity can result in lags of one to two quarters or longer.

In 2022, our system count growth outpaced general activity due to new technology introductions. In 2023, we expect slower general market growth in North American land activity due to continued capital discipline among oil and gas operators and supply chain and labor constraints limiting the addition of additional drilling rig and completion crews. We expect our activity, as measured by fully utilized systems, will continue to outpace the market in 2023 as we enhance our offering and gain additional market share through additional deployments of our new technology.

The sustainability of favorable supply-demand dynamics and a strong commodity environment will depend on multiple factors, including the health of the global economy, any further supply chain disruptions or potential regulatory changes. Continued industry consolidation amongst some of our E&P and oil service customers combined with financial discipline from publicly traded energy companies has reduced industry-wide capital spending, resulting in activity levels that remain below pre-pandemic levels despite the recovery in commodity prices. Additionally, consolidation can drive procurement strategy changes, which has historically resulted in both market share gains and losses for the Company. We expect both consolidation and financial discipline will likely continue to be important themes for the energy industry going forward.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

(in thousands)

Revenue

Revenue increased $160.8 million, or 101%, to $320.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $159.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Revenue increased mainly due to an activity-driven increase in demand for our products and services, as well as new technology introductions and increased pricing. Mobile proppant systems on a fully utilized basis increased from 57 systems for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 86 systems for the year ended December 31, 2022, in response to the increase in industry activity levels and due to activity growth with new and existing customers led by the introduction of new products.

Cost of Services

Cost of services, excluding depreciation and amortization expense, increased $104.3 million, or 90%, to $219.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $115.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in operating costs to support an activity-driven increase in demand for our products and services. Cost of services as a percentage of revenue was 69% and 73% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Property Tax Contingency

We are subject to a number of state and local taxes that are not income-based. As many of these taxes are subject to assessment and audit by the taxing authorities, it is possible that an assessment or audit could result in additional taxes due. We accrue for additional taxes when we determine that it is probable that we will have incurred a liability and we can reasonably estimate the amount of the liability. On June 16, 2022, Cause Number CV20-09-372, styled Solaris Oilfield Site Services v. Brown County Appraisal District, was presented to the 35th District Court of Brown County, Texas. The 35th District Court of Brown County ruled in favor of Brown County Appraisal District regarding the disqualification of our equipment for certain property tax exemptions. While we are vigorously appealing this ruling, we have recognized $3.1 million in accrued liabilities and cost of services as of and for the the year ended December 31, 2022. If this litigation is ultimately resolved against us, in whole or in part, it is possible that the resolution of this matter could be material to our consolidated results of operations or cash flows.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization, increased $3.8 million, or 20%, to $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $19.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to increases in headcount and professional fees.

Other Operating Expense (Income)

Other operating expense (income) decreased $4.2 million, or 178% to expense of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to income of $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Other operating expense in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 primarily relate to loss on disposal of assets, change in the TRA liability, credit losses, gain on insurance claims and other settlements, and costs related to the evaluation of potential acquisitions. Other operating income in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 primarily relate to employee retention credits, credit losses, gain on insurance claims, transaction costs, and loss on disposal of assets.

Provision for Income Taxes

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a combined United States federal and state expense for income taxes of $7.8 million, an increase of $7.2 million as compared to the $0.6 million income tax expense we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021. This change was attributable to operating gains. The effective combined United States federal and state income tax rates were 18.9% and (98.7)% for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rate differed from the statutory rate primarily due to Solaris LLC’s treatment as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes.

Comparison of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We view EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as net income, plus (i) depreciation and amortization expense, (ii) interest expense and (iii) income tax expense, including franchise taxes. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus (i) stock-based compensation expense and (ii) certain non-cash items and any extraordinary, unusual or non-recurring gains, losses or expenses.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for an analysis of our results of operation and financial condition as reported in accordance with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). Net income is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered alternatives to net income presented in accordance with GAAP. Because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated.

(in thousands)

(1) Federal and state income taxes.

(2) Property tax contingency represents a reserve related to an unfavorable Texas District Court ruling related to prior period property taxes. The ruling is currently under appeal.

(3) Represents stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock.

(4) Employee retention credit as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021, net of administrative fees.

(5) Reduction in liability due to state tax rate change.

(6) Other includes loss on disposal of assets, gain on insurance claims and other settlements, and costs related to the evaluation of potential acquisitions.

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021: EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA increased $45.4 million to $72.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $26.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA increased $53.7 million to $83.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $30.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increases in EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA were primarily due to the changes in revenues and expenses, discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our primary sources of liquidity to date have been cash flows from operations, borrowings under our credit agreements and proceeds from equity offerings. Our primary uses of capital have been to fund ongoing operations, capital expenditures to support organic growth, including our fleet development and related maintenance and fleet upgrades, repurchase shares of Class A common stock in the open market, and pay dividends. Although no assurance can be given, depending upon market conditions and other factors, we may also have the ability to issue additional equity and debt if needed.

As of December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $8.8 million. We have $8.0 million in borrowings outstanding under our Credit Agreement and have $42.0 million of available borrowing capacity. We believe that our cash on hand, operating cash flow and available borrowings under our Credit Agreement will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next 12 months and beyond. See Note 8. “Senior Secured Credit Facility” under Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information regarding our Credit Facility.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

(in thousands)

Analysis of Cash Flow Changes for Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $68.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $51.5 million in operating cash flow was primarily attributable to increased profitability from operations.

Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was $79.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in investing activities of $60.0 million is primarily due to capital expenditures related to new technologies and enhancements to our fleet.

Financing Activities. Net cash used in financing activities of $16.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily related to quarterly dividends of $19.6 million, payments under finance leases of $1.6 million, payments under insurance premium financing of $1.5 million and $1.1 million of payments related to vesting of stock-based compensation, partially offset by net borrowings under the credit agreement of $8.0 million. Net cash used in financing activities of $20.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily related to quarterly dividends of $19.2 million and $0.8 million of payments related to vesting of stock-based compensation.

Future sources and uses of cash

Our material cash commitments consist primarily of obligations under our Credit Agreement, Tax Receivable Agreement, finance and operating leases for property and equipment, and purchase obligations as a part of normal operations. We have no material off balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022, except for purchase commitments under supply agreements disclosed below.

In 2023, we expect to pay approximately $0.2 million in commitment fees on our Credit Agreement, calculated based on the unused portion of lender commitments, at the applicable commitment fee rate of 0.375%. As of December 31, 2022, if our borrowings under the Credit Agreement remain at $8.0 million, we expect to pay approximately $0.6 million in interest within the next twelve months, calculated based on the weighted average interest rate on the borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2022 of approximately 7.16%.

We made payments of $1.1 million in January 2023 under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Solaris LLC made a tax distribution to Solaris Inc. of $1.1 million in order to satisfy these obligations and concurrently made a cash distribution on a pro rata basis to each of the other members of Solaris LLC of $0.4 million. Future amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement are dependent upon future events. See Note 10. “Income Taxes” under Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information regarding the Tax Receivable Agreement.

See Note 7. “Leases” under Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional information regarding scheduled maturities of finance and operating leases.

As of December 31, 2022, we had purchase obligations of approximately $29.7 million payable within the next twelve months. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” under Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for information regarding scheduled contractual obligations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires the use of judgments and estimates. Our critical accounting policies are described below to provide a better understanding of how we develop our assumptions and judgments about future events and related estimates and how they can impact our financial statements. A critical accounting estimate is one that requires our most difficult, subjective or complex estimates and assessments and is fundamental to our results of operations.

We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable according to the current facts and circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We believe the following are the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our combined financial statements, as well as the significant estimates and judgments affecting the application of these policies. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this report.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is primarily derived from short-term contracts and consists of fees charged to customers for the use of our equipment and labor services, mobilization and transportation of our equipment, services coordinating the transportation of proppant delivery to our equipment, transloading services and for inventory software services, each of which are considered to be separate performance obligations.

The majority of our contracts contain multiple performance obligations, such as work orders containing a combination of equipment, transportation, and labor services. We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative stand-alone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product or service is transferred to the customer, in satisfaction of the corresponding performance obligations. We measure progress using an input method based on resources consumed or expended relative to the total resources expected to be consumed or expended. We assess our customers’ ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors including historical payment experience and financial condition and we typically charge our customers on a weekly or monthly basis.

Variable consideration typically may relate to discounts, price concessions and incentives. The Company estimates variable consideration based on the amount of consideration we expect to receive. The Company accrues revenue on an ongoing basis to reflect updated information for variable consideration as performance obligations are met.

Value of Long-Lived Assets, Definite-Lived Intangible Assets and Goodwill

We carry a variety of long-lived assets on our balance sheet including property, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangibles. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value, and any impairment charge that we record reduces our operating income. Goodwill is the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We conduct impairment tests on goodwill annually, on October 31, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. We conduct impairment tests on long-lived assets, other than goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

Key estimates relate to the fair value and recoverability of carrying values of long-lived assets, definite-lived intangible assets and goodwill. These estimates include management’s short-term and long-term forecast of operating performance, including revenue growth rates and expected profitability margins, estimates of the remaining useful life and service potential of the assets, a discount rate based on our weighted average cost of capital, forecasted capital expenditures and the timing of expected future cash flows based on market conditions. Impairment assessments also incorporate inherent uncertainties, including projected commodity pricing, supply and demand for our services and future market conditions, which are difficult to predict in volatile economic and actual results could materially differ from the estimated assumptions utilized in our forecasts.

If market conditions deteriorate, including crude oil prices significantly declining and remaining at low levels for a sustained period of time, we could be required to record impairments of the carrying value of our long-lived assets, definite-lived intangible assets or goodwill in the future which could have a material adverse impact on our operating results.

Income Taxes

Solaris Inc. is a corporation and, as a result, is subject to United States federal, state and local income taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2022 we recognized a combined United States federal and state expense for income taxes of $7.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021 we recognized an income tax expense of $0.6 million. Solaris LLC is treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes and therefore does not pay federal income tax on its taxable income. Instead, the Solaris LLC members are liable for federal income tax on their respective shares of the Company’s taxable income reported on the members’ United States federal income tax returns.

We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the book value and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period in which the enactment date occurs.

We routinely evaluate the realizability of our deferred tax assets by assessing the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered based on all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, estimates of future taxable income, tax planning strategies and results of operations. Estimating future taxable income is inherently uncertain and requires judgment. In projecting future taxable income, we consider our historical results and incorporate certain assumptions, including revenue growth and operating margins, among others. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $55.4 million and $62.9 million of deferred tax assets, respectively.

See Note 10. “Income Taxes” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” for additional information.

Tax Receivable Agreement

As described in Note 10. “Income Taxes” under Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”, Solaris Inc. is a party to the Tax Receivable Agreement under which it is contractually committed to pay the TRA Holders 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in United States federal, state and local income tax and franchise tax that Solaris Inc. actually realizes or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances in periods after our initial public offering as a result of certain increases in tax basis, and certain tax benefits attributable to imputed interest as a result of Solaris

Inc.’s acquisition (or deemed acquisition for United States federal income tax purposes) of Solaris LLC Units in connection with the IPO or pursuant to an exercise of the Redemption Right or the Call Right (each as defined in the Solaris LLC Agreement) and additional tax basis arising from any payments Solaris Inc. makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

The projection of future taxable income involves estimates which require significant judgment. Actual taxable income may differ from our estimates, which could significantly impact the liability relating to the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company accounts for amounts payable under the Tax Receivable Agreement in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 450, Contingencies.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Recently Issued Accounting Standards” under Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices. Currently, our market risks relate to potential changes in the fair value of our long lived assets and long-term debt due to fluctuations in applicable market interest rates. Going forward our market risk exposure generally will be limited to those risks that arise in the normal course of business, as we do not engage in speculative, non-operating transactions, nor do we utilize financial instruments or derivative instruments for trading purposes. Please see Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for more information regarding market risks.

Commodity Price Risk

The market for our services is indirectly exposed to fluctuations in the price of crude oil and natural gas to the extent such fluctuations impact drilling and completion activity levels and thus impact the activity levels of our customers in the exploration and production and oilfield services industries. We do not currently intend to hedge our indirect exposure to commodity price risk.

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to interest rate risk on a portion of our long-term debt under the Credit Agreement. At December 31, 2022, we had $8.0 million of debt outstanding, with a weighted average interest rate of 7.16%. Interest is calculated under the terms of our Credit Agreement based on our selection, from time to time, of one of the index rates available to us plus an applicable margin that varies based on certain factors. See Note 8. “Senior Secured Credit Facility” under Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further discussion. Assuming no change in the amount outstanding, the impact on interest expense of a 1% increase or decrease in the weighted average interest rate would be less than $0.1 million per year. We do not currently have or intend to enter into any derivative arrangements to protect against fluctuations in interest rates applicable to our outstanding indebtedness.

Credit Risk

The majority of our accounts receivable have payment terms of 60 days or less. As of December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 22% of our total accounts receivable. A concentration of counterparties operating in the oil and natural gas industry may increase our overall exposure to credit risk in that the counterparties may be similarly affected by changes in economic, regulatory or other conditions. If a customer defaults, our gross profit and cash flows may be adversely affected. We mitigate the associated credit risk by performing credit evaluations, monitoring the payment patterns of our customers, and pursuing legal remedies, such as the filing of liens, when applicable.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Disclosure controls refer to controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, as further described below.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the registrant, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, using the criteria in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls (“ITGCs”) in the areas of user access, application change management, operating system and logical access controls, and segregation of duties for a third-party information technology (“IT”) system that supports the Company’s financial reporting process for its last mile logistics services, which includes the costs of providing that service and the associated pass through revenues. This material weakness did not result in any identified misstatements to the financial statements, and there were no changes to previously released financial results.

Remediation Plan for Material Weakness

In response to the material weakness, management, with oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, has begun the process of, and is committed to, designing and implementing effective measures to strengthen our internal controls over financial reporting and remediate the material weakness. Our planned internal control remediation efforts include:

• evaluating alternative software solutions to replace the third-party IT system, including but not limited to developing internal use software;
• developing enhanced risk assessment procedures and controls related to third-party IT systems used by the Company; and
• implementing an IT management review and testing plan to monitor ITGCs with a specific focus on systems supporting our financial reporting processes.

While these actions and planned actions are subject to ongoing management evaluation and will require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles, we are committed to the continuous improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to diligently review our internal control over financial reporting.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report included herein.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except for the changes discussed above, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.