Watts Water Technologies Inc: Form 10-K for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to “the Company,” “Watts Water,” “Watts,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Watts Water Technologies, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

Watts Regulator Co. was founded by Joseph E. Watts in 1874 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Watts Regulator Co. started as a small machine shop supplying parts to the New England textile mills of the 19th century. Since then, Watts has grown into a global manufacturer and become one of the world’s leading providers of water technologies and solutions that are designed to promote safety, energy efficiency, and water conservation for commercial and residential buildings. Watts Water Technologies, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in 1985 and is the parent company of Watts Regulator Co.

Our strategy is to be the preferred supplier of differentiated solutions, systems and products that manage and conserve the flow of fluids and energy into, through and out of buildings in the commercial and residential markets of the Americas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa (“APMEA”), our three geographic segments. Within this framework, we focus upon three themes: safety and regulation, energy efficiency and water conservation. This strategy provides us with a platform to increase our earnings through sales growth, both organic and inorganic, and the systematic reduction of manufacturing costs and operational expenses.

Our strategy is to expand organically by introducing new, complementary products and solutions in existing markets, by enhancing our preferred brands, by promoting plumbing code development to drive the need for safety and quality products and by continually improving merchandising in our wholesale and retail distribution channels. We focus on selling solutions to our customers that integrate a variety of our product offerings. We target selected new products and geographic markets based on growth potential, including our ability to leverage our existing distribution channels. Additionally, we leverage our distribution channels through the introduction of new products and solutions, as well as the integration of products of our acquired companies.

The Internet of Things (“IoT”) has allowed companies to transform components and products into smart and connected solutions. We are committed to enhancing our smart and connected capabilities by expanding our internal competencies and making strategic acquisitions. We continue to invest in these capabilities by expanding our architecture development, enhancing digital tools used by our customers, including Watts’ website, and investing in new smart and connected product development projects. Our strategy focuses on three dimensions: Connect, Control and Conserve. In 2024, 25% of our revenue was from smart and connected enabled products. We have introduced and plan to continue offering new products that will connect our customers with smart systems, control systems for optimal performance, and conserve critical resources by increasing operability, efficiency and safety. In 2024, we launched Nexa, the intelligent water management solution, which integrates sensing hardware, smart and connected equipment and software to provide a powerful offering for customers in the commercial building space and users of a building’s water system. This new solution provides insight into water systems and unlocks significant value in onsite operations and water risk management, while supporting customers’ sustainability targets.

We continue to focus on sustainability by taking steps to reduce the negative impact our operations have on the environment while generating economic value, and we manufacture and sell solutions, products and technologies that enable our customers to reduce their negative impact to the environment. As a leading global water technology company, we address some of the world’s most important sustainability priorities: the conservation, control and safe use of water. In 2024, we completed a project to conduct Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) for all of our products produced in our largest production plant and foundry located in Franklin, New Hampshire, representing many of our largest and most impactful product lines. This project also allowed us to generate 30 Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for our top selling products, and we plan to generate EPDs for all Backflow, ACV, Regulators, Relief Valves and Mixing valves in 2025. Globally, we completed our first plant-level LCA for our plant in Vildbjerg, Denmark, which covers all stainless steel products produced at the location, and, in 2025 we plan to generate EPDs for stainless steel products produced at this location. Our strategy is anchored by a commitment to connect our customers to smart systems, control those systems for optimal performance, and conserve critical water and other resources by increasing operability, efficiency, and safety. In 2024, we broadened the offerings of our enabled backflow preventor product line with smart and connected capability options that provide flood and freeze detection, helping avoid water waste and mitigate damage. Operationally, we have reduced our global water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, improved our safety performance, continued to foster an engaging work environment, and maintained robust ethics and compliance programs so that we do business with integrity and in accordance with high ethical standards.

We intend to generate incremental growth by targeting select acquisitions both in our core markets and in new complementary markets. We have completed 14 acquisitions since 2015. Our acquisition strategy focuses on businesses that manufacture preferred brand name products that address our themes of safety and regulation, energy efficiency and water conservation. We target businesses that will provide us with one or more of the following: an entry into new markets, improved channel access, unique and/or proprietary technologies, advanced production capabilities or complementary solution offerings. In the last two years, we completed four strategic and complementary acquisitions that expanded our addressable market and are intended to enable value creation through greater scale and growth opportunities.

We are committed to reducing our manufacturing and operating costs using Lean methodologies to drive improvement across all key processes. We have a number of manufacturing facilities in lower-cost regions, including a contract manufacturing facility in Mexico and manufacturing facilities in China, Bulgaria and Tunisia. In recent years, we have announced global restructuring plans which reduced our manufacturing and distribution footprint in order to reduce our costs and to realize incremental operating efficiencies.

Additionally, a majority of our manufacturing facilities are ISO 9001 certified by an accredited third party certification body to the ISO standards.

The majority of our sales are for products that have been approved under regulatory standards incorporated into state and municipal plumbing, heating, building and fire protection codes in the Americas, Europe and certain countries within APMEA. We have consistently advocated for the development and enforcement of plumbing codes and are committed to providing products to meet these standards.

Products and Solutions

We have a broad range of products and solutions in terms of design distinction, size and configuration. We classify our many products and solutions into four global categories. These categories are:

• Residential & commercial flow control and protection—includes products and solutions typically sold into plumbing and hot water applications such as backflow preventers, water pressure regulators, temperature and pressure relief valves, thermostatic mixing valves, leak detection and protection products, commercial washroom solutions and emergency safety products and equipment. Many of our flow control and protection products are now smart and connected enabled, warning of leaks, floods, freezing temperatures and other hazards with alerts to Building Management Systems (“BMS”) and/or personal devices giving our customers greater insight into their water management and the ability to shut off the water supply to avoid waste and mitigate damage. Residential & commercial flow control and protection products accounted for approximately 60%, 56% and 52% of our total net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”) & gas—includes commercial high-efficiency boilers, water heaters and custom heat and hot water solutions, hydronic and electric heating systems for under-floor radiant applications, hydronic pump groups for boiler manufacturers and alternative energy control packages, and flexible stainless steel connectors for natural and liquid propane gas in commercial food service and residential applications. Most of our HVAC products and solutions feature advanced controls enabling customers to easily connect to the BMS for better monitoring, control and operation. HVAC & gas products and solutions accounted for approximately 24%, 29% and 31% of our total net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
• Drainage & water re-use—includes drainage products and engineered rain water harvesting solutions for commercial, industrial, marine and residential applications, including connected roof drain systems. Drainage & water re-use products and solutions accounted for approximately 11%, 10% and 10% of our total net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
• Water quality—includes point-of-use and point-of-entry water filtration, monitoring, conditioning and scale prevention systems for commercial, marine and residential applications. Water quality products and solutions accounted for approximately 5%, 5% and 7% of our total net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Commercial and Operational Excellence

We strive to invest in product innovation that meets the wants and needs of our customers. Our focus is on differentiated products and solutions that will provide greater opportunity to distinguish ourselves in the marketplace. Our goal is to be a solutions provider, not merely a components supplier. We refer to this customer-facing mindset as commercial excellence, and we are continually looking for strategic opportunities to invest or divest, where necessary, in order to meet those objectives. In conjunction with this customer-centric focus, we continually review our operations to ensure we can efficiently and effectively produce and deliver products to customers. We are also striving to simplify our administrative operations to drive further efficiencies. We call this aspect of our business operational excellence. In 2024, we embarked on a multi-year SAP Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system implementation for our Americas and APMEA regions to consolidate our business systems, drive productivity and support our smart and connected strategy. The new ERP is designed to enable commercial and operational excellence by empowering our resources through a modern, standardized and connected experience.

Customers and Markets

We sell our products and solutions to plumbing, heating and mechanical wholesale distributors and dealers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), specialty product distributors, and major do-it-yourself (“DIY”) and retail chains.

Wholesalers. Approximately 66%, 62% and 60% of our net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were to wholesale distributors for commercial and residential applications.

OEMs. Approximately 11%, 15% and 15% of our net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were to OEMs. In the Americas, our typical OEM customers are water heater manufacturers and equipment and water systems manufacturers needing flow control devices and other products. Our sales to OEMs in Europe are primarily to boiler manufacturers and radiant system manufacturers. Our sales to OEMs in APMEA are primarily to water heater, air conditioning, and appliance manufacturers.

Specialty. Approximately 19%, 19% and 21% of our net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were through our specialty channel. The specialty channel primarily includes sales related to high-efficiency boilers and water heaters, water filtration and conditioning products and solutions, specialty floor and tile products, food service products and leak detection products.

DIY Chains. Approximately 4% of our net sales in each of 2024, 2023 and 2022 were to DIY chains. The DIY channel primarily includes sales related to valves and a portion of our water quality products.

In 2024, 2023 and 2022, no customer accounted for more than 10% of our total net sales. Our top ten customers accounted for $512.0 million, or 22.7%, of our total net sales in 2024; $440.4 million, or 21.4%, of our total net sales in 2023; and $431.7 million, or 21.8%, of our total net sales in 2022. Thousands of other customers constituted the balance of our net sales in each of those years.

Marketing and Sales

For product sales in the Americas, we rely primarily on commissioned manufacturers’ representatives to market our product lines, some of which maintain a consigned inventory of our products. These representatives sell primarily to plumbing and heating wholesalers and contractors or supply DIY stores. Our specialty channel products in the Americas are sold through independent representatives, dealers and distributors. We also sell products directly to wholesalers, OEMs and private label accounts primarily in Europe and APMEA, and, to a lesser extent, in the Americas.

We aim to inform and educate our channel partners, installers and end-use customers on how to maximize our product solutions. We do so through a variety of traditional and digital marketing avenues, including social media, trade shows, and advertising. We pride ourselves in providing industry leading product education through four distinct training vehicles: Online Courses, on-location Lunch and Learns, Live and Virtual Instructor Led Training, and Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for designers.

Manufacturing

We have integrated and automated manufacturing capabilities, including a state-of-the-art foundry dedicated exclusively to the production of products that qualify as “lead-free” under the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act; and machining capabilities, plastic extrusion, and injection molding and assembly operations. Our foundry operations include metal pouring systems, automatic core making, and brass and bronze die-castings. Our machining operations feature computer-controlled machine tools, high-speed chucking machines with robotics, robotic assembly capability, laser-cutting technology, and automatic screw machines for machining bronze, brass and steel components. Our heating and hot water product manufacturing capabilities include all phases of light and heavy gauge metal fabrication, incorporating the latest technology for welding and brazing, as well as laser cutting; automated and robotic applications; and metal finishing, which includes chemical passivation of stainless steel. We have invested in recent years to expand our manufacturing capabilities and to adopt the most efficient and productive equipment. We are committed to maintaining our manufacturing equipment at a level consistent with current technology in order to maintain high levels of quality and manufacturing efficiencies. In 2024, we continued to invest in our systems, our manufacturing facilities and our commercial and operational excellence initiatives.

Capital expenditures and depreciation for each of the last three years were as follows:

(in millions)

Purchased Raw Materials and Components

Our products are made using various purchased components and raw materials, including primarily bronze, brass, cast iron, stainless steel, steel, and plastic. Substantially all of the raw materials we require to manufacture our products are purchased from outside sources. The commodity markets have experienced tremendous volatility over the past several years, particularly with respect to copper and stainless steel, and we have experienced high inflationary pressures in these markets. Tariffs impact the total cost of our products and the components and raw materials that go into manufacturing them. The new, substantial tariff increases on imports to the United States from Canada and Mexico (in addition to China) announced on February 1, 2025, should they be implemented and sustained for an extended period of time, could adversely impact the gross margin we earn on our products. Because we internationally source a significant amount of raw materials and components, several months of raw materials and work in process are moving through our supply chain at any point in time. We are not able to predict whether component costs or commodity costs, including copper and stainless steel, will significantly increase or decrease in the future. If component costs or commodity costs increase in the future and we are not able to reduce or eliminate the effect of the cost increases by reducing production costs or implementing price increases, our profit margins could decrease. If component costs or commodity costs were to decline, we may experience pressure from customers to reduce our selling prices. The timing of any price reductions and decreases in commodity costs may not align. As a result, our margins could be affected.

With limited exceptions, we have multiple suppliers for our components and raw materials. We believe our relationships with our key suppliers are strong and an interruption in supply from any one supplier would not materially affect our ability to meet our immediate demands while another supplier is qualified. We regularly review our suppliers to evaluate their capabilities. If a supplier is unable to meet our demands, we believe that in most cases our inventory of components and raw materials will allow for sufficient time to identify and obtain the necessary commodities and other raw materials from an alternate source. We believe that the nature of the components and raw materials used in our business are such that multiple sources are generally available in the market. However, our current and alternative suppliers are largely concentrated in China. The occurrence of natural disasters, public health crises such as pandemics or epidemics, political crises such as war, terrorism or political instability, or other events that result in widespread business or supply chain disruptions in China or the imposition of tariffs that make it more costly or cost prohibitive to source raw materials from China could have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain necessary components and raw materials, and our business and operating results could suffer. Alternative sources for raw materials may not be timely available or available at reasonable cost.

Refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for risks related to the impact of supply chain and logistic disruptions and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional disclosure.

Code Compliance

Products representing a majority of our sales are subject to regulatory standards and code enforcement, which typically require that these products meet stringent performance criteria. Codes and standards in the Americas are established by industry and government organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), the American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE), NSF International (NSF), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Californian Energy Commission (CEC), the International Code Council (ICC) and the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). Many of the codes and standards are incorporated into state and municipal plumbing and heating, building and fire protection codes.

National regulatory standards in Europe vary by country. The major standards and/or guidelines that our products must meet are AFNOR (France), DVGW (Germany), UNI/ICIM (Italy), SVGW (Switzerland), SITAC (Sweden), WRAS (United Kingdom) and CEN (Denmark). Further, there are local regulatory standards requiring compliance as well.

We consistently advocate for the development and enforcement of plumbing codes and standards. Our product-testing capabilities and quality control processes are core competencies. Our manufacturing operations consistently maintain stringent quality control and testing procedures, thus ensuring products remain in continuous compliance with all requirements. Investment in product-testing capability and in plant and equipment also ensures ongoing continuous product compliance. Additionally, a majority of our manufacturing facilities are ISO 9001 certified by an accredited third party certification body.

Watts also proactively monitors and participates in regulatory, codes and standards development activities with the various aforementioned entities and others. We are a primary participating member of the U.S.-based voluntary industry association American Supply Association (“ASA”), which provides its members with industry information and coordinates resources for addressing regulatory issues and developing and maintaining codes and standards. Watts is also a member of the Canadian Institute of Plumbing and Heating (CIPH), which provides a similar function and benefit as ASA by monitoring and advocating on behalf of its members on various legislative and regulatory issues.

New Product Development and Engineering

We retain our own product development staff, design teams, and testing laboratories in the Americas, Europe and APMEA that work to enhance our existing products and develop new products and solutions with a focus on sustainable, customer-centric technological innovation and smart and connected solutions. We maintain sophisticated product development and testing laboratories and continue to invest in our smart and connected product pipeline. We employ a global new-product development process that is used to prioritize, guide, and support new projects. Over the years, we have continued to bring innovation to our markets, with smart and connected advancement in our backflow product line to provide sensors for flood and freeze detection, notification, and tampering security, providing potential to avoid water loss and mitigate damage from undetected floods. Leak detection has also become an important product group helping avoid costly water-based damage and loss, providing the ability to shut off water supply remotely at the first detection of a leak with our Leak Defense system. We continue to invest in leak detection and have solutions that service both the residential market and commercial properties and multifamily units, together making water safer and cutting off water loss. We launched an advanced technology strainer used in commercial and residential plumbing systems that allows for communication to a cellphone or BMS when the flow rate is reduced due to debris or blockages, improving process efficiency and is able to reduce total cost of maintenance for customers. We also launched three new AERCO boilers this year, with two being electric. The Benchmark E, a powerful, low-emissions electric boiler, which is capable of providing superior reliability and increased energy savings, and the Sequoia, an electric high voltage immersed electric boiler ideal for large commercial and industrial applications in need of space heating or hot water processing, including universities, manufacturing plants, hospitals, EV/car companies and chemical plants. In addition, we launched the AERCO CFR, the world’s first stainless steel condensing boiler which can be installed on Category 1 vents (for non-condensing venting for boilers).

In 2024, we launched 25 new smart and connected product offerings, adding to our portfolio and expansion of our smart and connected strategy. We will continue to focus on and invest in our global new product development program to leverage new technologies, inhouse expertise and our electronics capabilities to expand our smart and connected strategy.

Competition

The domestic and international markets for energy efficient products, water conservation devices, and products that address the safety and regulation for the flow of fluids, are intensely competitive and require us to compete against some companies possessing greater financial, marketing and other resources than ours. Due to the breadth of our product offerings, the number and identities of our competitors vary by product line and market. We consider quality, brand preference, delivery times, engineering specifications, plumbing code requirements, price, technological expertise, breadth of product offerings, products that help customers’ sustainability efforts, and smart and connected products and solutions to be the primary competitive factors. We believe that new product development and product engineering are also important to success in the water industry and that our position in the industry is attributable in part to our ability to develop new and innovative products quickly and to adapt and enhance existing products. We continue to develop new and innovative products to expand our market position and are implementing manufacturing and design programs to reduce costs. We cannot be certain that our efforts to develop new products will be successful or that our customers will accept our new products. Although we own certain patents and trademarks we consider to be of importance, we do not believe that any one of our patents or trademarks or patent or trademark protection generally are material to our business.

Human Capital Management

We believe our employees are our greatest asset, and we aim to provide a safe, engaging and high-performance culture where our employees can thrive. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 4,800 employees globally, including 2,500 in the Americas, 1,900 in Europe and 400 in APMEA. At Watts, we strive to attract, develop, retain and engage high performing talent and we reward employee performance. By developing and promoting our talented people, we are creating value for our customers and shareholders. As the economy and our business grow, so does the need for highly qualified talent; hence we are always competing for the best people in an environment of increasingly challenged supply. To that end, we have developed, and continue to enhance and refine, a robust and comprehensive talent management strategy which spans from talent attraction to performance management, career development and retention of our top talent, to succession planning across our organization. We continually strive to cultivate and support a highly engaged and productive workforce with employees from all backgrounds.

Talent Acquisition

• Recruitment efforts follow a defined Talent Acquisition process to attract and hire top talent.
• We provide a robust college internship program to identify and cultivate an early-in-career pipeline of talent.
• We are actively engaging with colleges and universities and professional organizations to help attract and recruit the best talent.
• We engage with external professional recruiting firms to supplement our internal recruiting efforts as needed.
• We employ varying sourcing strategies and technology platforms to increase our outreach to candidate pools of all different backgrounds.
• We have a global employee referral bonus program to attract qualified candidates and reward employees.

Professional Development

• Team Building. In 2024, we continued our global roll-out of a training program that is designed to build leadership skills, including team building behaviors. This training included, where permitted by law, three modules focused on making better decisions, creating teams where people feel valued and empowering people to contribute ideas.
• Watts Training & Development Offerings Catalog. We partner with external vendors to offer leadership and professional development opportunities such as coaching for improved performance, time management and new manager skills.
• Performance Management Training. We offer a targeted training series addressing the components of performance management to help all employees accomplish their individual goals and strategic objectives of the organization. Specific modules have been developed for all employees on goal setting, performance conversations, assessing performance, and career development.
• LinkedIn Learning Curriculum. We provide a comprehensive suite of online LinkedIn Learning courses to supplement live, instructor-led training. Learning collections on relevant topics are provided which employees can access on-demand.
• Coaching. We provide global coaching opportunities through external partnerships targeted to the individual’s coaching and development needs.

Engagement and Performance Management

• Senior Leader Communication and Transparency. We actively seek opportunities for regular engagement and communication by our CEO and other senior executive leaders with our broader employee population. For example, the Quarterly Connect Meetings and the quarterly CEO videos that follow the release of our quarterly earnings are accessible to thousands of employees across the Company.
• Employee Engagement Surveys. We conduct confidential company-wide employee engagement surveys. Feedback from these surveys provides our management team with valuable information about our workplace culture. Survey results are also reviewed with our Board and used to develop and refine other aspects of our talent strategies. In 2024, 80% of our Americas employee population participated in a pulse survey to gain feedback on a core set of engagement items and performance drivers aligned to our business priorities.
• Employee Engagement - Recognition. We continue to strive for success in being an employer of choice which is a testament to our commitment to fostering a positive and engaging workplace culture. In 2024, Watts was recognized, by our employees, as a best-in-class place for employment in two regions. 80% of our employees in our North Andover, MA, US, Headquarters participated in the Massachusetts Top Places to Work survey, resulting in being named by the Boston Globe as one of the Top Places to Work in Massachusetts. Top Places to Work measures employee opinions about their company’s direction, execution, connection, work, pay, benefits and engagement. Our Watts China location was certified as a Great Place to Work, with 88% of employees participating in the Great Place to Work Trust Index survey which gathers insight on workplace environment factors and various management behaviors related to trust from the employees’ perspective.
• Performance Management Framework. We maintain a robust annual performance management process across the organization. Together with their managers, employees start the process by setting goals; year-end activities begin with employee self-assessments and conclude with a conversation led by the manager on goal accomplishment and defined cultural behaviors.
• Safety. Employee safety is one of our highest priorities and we strive for zero hazards and zero injuries by educating and training employees on safety best practices through awareness campaigns and related engagement initiatives.

Access & Culture

An integral part of our mission to build a high performance, value-driven culture is creating a culture that welcomes employees of all identities, backgrounds and cultures. Our path to innovation starts and ends with our employees, who are fundamental to the vibrancy and success of Watts. Everything we accomplish depends on creating an environment that is engaging and supportive and enables employees to perform to their potential.

Watts’s mission is to cultivate and sustain a workplace that integrates this culture in everything we do to fuel innovation, empower our people to reach their full potential and foster stronger connections with our partners. To support this mission, we have incorporated this culture into the Watts strategic pillars, cultural behaviors, global performance management and talent review frameworks, as well as the Global Leadership Team’s goals.

We also established a regular cadence for pay equity review and added benefits including additional paid parental leave and family planning in the U.S. and mental health resources globally through our Employee Assistance Program.

In addition, we monitor employee perception on our culture through employee feedback, and we create awareness with our employees through the company intranet, in employee meetings, and through a calendar of events designed to increase allyship and engagement. We formed employee resource groups, which are voluntary, employee-led groups that provide a space for all interested employees to gain professional development support, engage with our leadership teams, and drive initiatives to improve Watts.

ESG and Sustainability

Focus on Sustainability

We have demonstrated our focus on environmental sustainability by reducing our impact on the environment in multiple areas of our global business and by providing innovative products and solutions that can help customers to reduce their impact on the environment.

The Governance and Sustainability Committee of our Board of Directors has primary responsibility for the oversight of our environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) efforts and strategy. The Governance and Sustainability Committee reviews the Company’s ESG performance and strategic plans four times a year at its regularly scheduled quarterly meetings and receives additional updates from the Company’s Chief Sustainability Officer as needed. At the management level, our General Counsel and Chief Sustainability Officer, who reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer, has general oversight responsibility for all sustainability matters. Our General Counsel and Chief Sustainability Officer also chairs our global Sustainability Steering Committee, which is made up of senior company leaders and is responsible for formulating our sustainability strategy and overseeing the execution of our environmental, social and governance initiatives.

Climate Change Impact

The increasing focus on sustainability and climate change has furthered demand for energy efficient products such as our high-efficiency boilers and water heaters, our Aegis heat pumps, under floor heating systems, smart thermostats, and our Microflex insulated pipes. Concern around water conservation has led to increased interest in products that are designed to reduce water consumption, such as our Nexa intelligent water management system, ACV Assure monitoring system, Intelliflow water shut off device, ZeroWaste reverse osmosis filters, OneFlow anti-scale system, Hygienic Pro drains, and our Trident™ and Leak Defense leak detection and water shutoff systems. We have also seen increased interest in our products and services that are designed to protect our customers from contaminated water and safeguard biodiversity, such as backflow preventers, HF Scientific ballast water testing systems, Intellistation® digital water mixing systems, and Lync® brand solutions. Severe weather events that cause damage to, or destruction of, water systems and plumbing devices have also resulted in increased demand for replacement products and repair kits.

Environmental Stewardship

We believe we have made substantial progress in reducing the environmental impact of our operations. Recent initiatives have resulted in a reduction on our global water consumption and our greenhouse gas emissions, including through the implementation of smart monitoring systems in many of our high water-use facilities to promote early leak and surge detection and investments in various energy reduction projects. With respect to our product handprint, we provide a portfolio of products, components and systems that conserve water, save energy, reduce waste and preserve water quality and safety. In addition, our goal is to embed sustainability throughout the lifecycle of our products to create safe, efficient, long-lasting products made with high-recycling-value materials wherever possible.

Social Responsibility

We are focused on creating both economic and social value and strive to have a positive impact on our global community. During 2024, we supported those in need through donations of money and products to several non-profit charitable organizations and through the volunteer efforts of our employees. One example was our ongoing partnership with the Planet Water Foundation. During 2024, we worked with Planet Water to fund the construction of eight AquaTowers and AquaSan systems during their World Water Day and Global Handwashing Day campaigns in order to provide clean, safe drinking water for people in Cambodia, Mexico, the Philippines and Vietnam and the construction of an additional emergency Aqua Tower in Vietnam in the wake of Typhoon Yagi. We also made donations to the American Red Cross to assist with relief efforts in the southeastern United States following Hurricanes Helene and Milton.

Governance, Business Ethics, and Compliance

We believe that good corporate governance and an environment of high ethical standards are important for us to achieve business success and to create value for our stockholders. Our Board is committed to high governance standards and continually works to improve them. We periodically review our corporate governance policies and practices and compare them to those suggested by various authorities on corporate governance and employed by other public companies and consider changes to our corporate governance policies and practices in light of such guidance and interpretations. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct applicable to all officers, employees and Board members worldwide that serves as the foundation for our ethics and compliance program, and drives policy development, training initiatives, and reinforcement of our values throughout the global organization. We are also focused on adhering to responsible business practices, prioritizing employee safety and providing our employees with opportunities for personal and professional growth, including through programs and initiatives that support access, teamwork and reinforce our focus on building a high-performance, values-driven culture that welcomes employees of all identities, backgrounds and cultures. We also strive to have a positive impact on the communities in which we live and work and other communities in need through community involvement, educational partnerships and charitable giving.

Recognition

In 2024, we were recognized for the sixth year in a row as one of Newsweek’s Most Responsible Companies and we were also selected by Newsweek as one of America’s Greenest Companies for the second year in a row. We were also named one of America’s Climate Leaders by USA Today for the second consecutive year.

More information about our sustainability efforts is included in our latest Sustainability Report, available at https://investors.wattswater.com/sustainability. The material on our website, including in our Sustainability Report is for informational purposes only and is not included as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Product Liability, Environmental and Other Litigation Matters

We are subject to a variety of potential liabilities connected with our business operations, including potential liabilities and expenses associated with possible product defects or failures and compliance with environmental laws. We maintain product liability and other insurance coverage, which we believe to be generally in accordance with industry practices. Nonetheless, such insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us fully against substantial damage claims. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Environmental Remediation

We have been named as a potentially responsible party with respect to a limited number of identified contaminated sites. The levels of contamination vary significantly from site to site as do the related levels of remediation efforts. Environmental liabilities are recorded based on the most probable cost, if known, or on the estimated minimum cost of remediation. Accruals are not discounted to their present value, unless the amount and timing of expenditures are fixed and reliably determinable. We accrue estimated environmental liabilities based on assumptions, which are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties. Circumstances that can affect the reliability and precision of these estimates include identification of additional sites, environmental regulations, level of clean-up required, technologies available, number and financial condition of other contributors to remediation and the time period over which remediation may occur. We recognize changes in estimates as new remediation requirements are defined or as new information becomes available. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Asbestos Litigation

We are defending lawsuits in different jurisdictions, alleging injury or death as a result of exposure to asbestos. The complaints in these cases typically name a large number of defendants and do not identify any of our particular products as a source of asbestos exposure. To date, discovery has failed to yield evidence of substantial exposure to any of our products and no judgments have been entered against us. Based on information currently known to it, management believes that these matters are not likely to have a material adverse effect on the business or financial condition of the Company, or to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operating results for any particular period.

Other Litigation

Other lawsuits and proceedings or claims, arising from the ordinary course of operations, are also pending or threatened against us.

Available Information

We maintain a website with the address www.wattswater.com (http://www.wattswater.com). The information contained on our website is not included as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other than an investor’s own internet access charges, we make available free of charge through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Information about Our Executive Officers and Directors

Set forth below are the names of our executive officers and directors, their respective ages and positions with our Company, and a brief summary of their business experience for at least the past five years:

(1) Member of the Audit Committee

(2) Member of the Compensation Committee

(3) Member of the Governance and Sustainability Committee

Robert J. Pagano, Jr. has served as Chief Executive Officer, President and a director of the Company since May 2014 and as Chairperson of the Board of Directors since February 2022. He also served as interim Chief Financial Officer from October 2014 to April 2015 and from April 2018 to July 2018. Mr. Pagano previously served as Senior Vice President of ITT Corporation and President, ITT Industrial Process from April 2009 to May 2014. Mr. Pagano originally joined ITT in 1997 and served in several additional management roles during his career at ITT, including as Vice President Finance, Corporate Controller, and President of Industrial Products. ITT Corporation is a diversified manufacturer of highly engineered critical components and customized technology solutions for the energy, transportation and industrial markets. Prior to joining ITT, Mr. Pagano worked at KPMG LLP. Mr. Pagano is a Certified Public Accountant. Mr. Pagano has also served as a member of the Board of Directors of Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. since August 2017. Applied Industrial Technologies is a distributor of bearings, power transmission products, fluid power components and other industrial supplies and provides engineering, design and systems integration for industrial and fluid power applications, as well as customized mechanical, fabricated rubber and fluid power shop services. Mr. Pagano has also served on the Board of Directors of The Water Council since October 2021. The Water Council is a non-profit organization focused on water research, education and economic development to solve critical water challenges by driving innovation in freshwater technology and advancing water stewardship.

Shashank Patel has served as Chief Financial Officer of the Company since July 2018 and our interim Chief Information Officer since January 2025. Mr. Patel previously worked at Xylem Inc. from the time of its spin-off from ITT Corporation in 2011 until June 2018. While at Xylem, Mr. Patel served as Vice President, Finance for Xylem Applied Water Systems, Dewatering and the America’s Commercial Team from July 2017 to June 2018, Integration Leader for the Sensus business from August 2016 to June 2017, Vice President, Finance for Global Operations from April 2016 to July 2016, Interim Chief Financial Officer of Xylem from July 2015 to March 2016, and Vice President, Finance for the Applied Water Systems division from 2011 to July 2015. Mr. Patel also served in several leadership roles in finance, operations and engineering at ITT from 1996 until the spin-off of Xylem in 2011. Xylem is a global designer, manufacturer and equipment and service provider for water and wastewater applications. Mr. Patel has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Federal Signal Corporation since October 2021. Federal Signal Corporation designs, manufactures and supplies a suite of products and integrated solutions for municipal, governmental, industrial and commercial customers. In October 2024 Mr. Patel announced his intention to retire effective as of March 15, 2025. Mr. Patel will continue as Chief Financial Officer until a successor is hired and will remain with the Company through a subsequent transition period.

Monica Barry has served as Chief Human Resources Officer of the Company since October 2021. Ms. Barry previously served as Vice President, Talent Management, Organizational Development and Corporate Human Resources Business Partner with Colfax Corporation from February 2020 to September 2021. Colfax is a global diversified technology company that provides specialty medical technologies and fabrication technology products and services. Ms. Barry served as Vice President, Global Talent, Learning & Development and Inclusion from July 2015 to January 2020 and as Vice President, Human Resources, Health Sector from August 2012 to October 2015 for Johnson Matthey, PLC. Johnson Matthey is a provider of catalyst systems for emission control within vehicles, products and processing services for the efficient use and transformation of natural resources, active pharmaceutical ingredients for a variety of treatments and drugs, and emerging opportunities in battery materials and fuel cells. From 2010 to 2012, Ms. Barry served as Director Human Resources, North America Supply Chain & Labor Relations for The Campbell Soup Company. Prior to 2010, Ms. Barry held several human resources and operations management positions with FMC Corporation.

Andre Dhawan has served as Chief Operating Officer of the Company since August 2022. Mr. Dhawan previously worked at Gilbarco Veeder-Root, a subsidiary of Vontier Corporation and formerly a subsidiary of Danaher Corporation and Fortive Corporation. While at Gilbarco Veeder-Root, Mr. Dhawan served as President, Americas from July 2020 to July 2022 and President, EMEA & APAC from July 2015 to July 2020. Gilbarco Veeder-Root is a global manufacturer of fueling and convenience store equipment and technology. Mr. Dhawan also served as President, EMEA for Xylem Inc. from 2013 to 2014 following its spin-off from ITT Corporation. From 1998 to 2012, Mr. Dhawan served in a number of progressively more senior leadership positions within ITT Corporation.

Kenneth R. Lepage has served as General Counsel and Secretary of the Company since August 2008, as Chief Sustainability Officer since May 2021 and as Chief Compliance Officer since October 2024. Mr. Lepage also previously served as Chief Human Resources Officer of the Company from April 2020 to October 2021 and from December 2009 to October 2015. Mr. Lepage originally joined the Company in September 2003 as Assistant General Counsel and Assistant Secretary. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Lepage was a Junior Partner at the law firm of Hale and Dorr LLP (now Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP).

Elie A. Melhem has served as President, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa since February 2016. Mr. Melhem originally joined the Company in July 2011 as President, Asia Pacific. Mr. Melhem was previously the Managing Director of China for Ariston Thermo Group, a global manufacturer of heating and hot water products, from 2008 to July 2011. Prior to joining Ariston, Mr. Melhem spent eleven years with ITT Industries in China where he held several management positions, including serving as President of ITT’s Residential and Commercial Water Group in China and President of ITT’s Water Technology Group in Asia.

Rebecca J. Boll has served as a director of the Company since February 2024. Ms. Boll served as Senior Vice President and Chief Product Officer at Fluence Energy, Inc. from 2020 until January 2025. Fluence is a leading provider of energy storage products and services and cloud-based software for the renewable energy and energy storage markets, and its service offerings include delivery services and recurring operational services, as well as financing structuring services. Ms. Boll previously served as Chief Technology Officer and Vice President of Strategy for the Building Management business unit at Schneider Electric from 2018 to 2020. Prior to this position, Ms. Boll held several management positions at General Electric from 2005 to 2018, including Chief Technology Officer of GE Licensing and Technology Ventures; Executive General Manager, Edge Computing and Software Solutions, Automation & Controls; and Commercial Leader, GE2GE, Automation & Controls. Prior to joining General Electric, Ms. Boll held management positions at Northrop Grumman, Allied Domecq and Leo Burnett Advertising, and she served as an electronic combat officer, AWACS, in the United States Air Force.

Michael J. Dubose has served as a director of the Company since December 2020. Mr. Dubose has served as Operating Partner for Commercial Excellence of GenNx360 Capital Partners and Chief Executive Officer of B2B Industrial Packaging since December 2024. GenNx360 Capital Partners is a private equity firm focused on acquiring middle market industrial and business service companies. B2B Industrial Packaging is a distributor of packaging equipment and supplies owned by GenNx360. Mr. Dubose previously served as President of the Fisher Healthcare Division of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. from March 2019 to August 2023. Thermo Fisher Scientific engages in the provision of analytical instruments, equipment, reagents and consumables, software and services for research, analysis, discovery, and diagnostics. Mr. Dubose previously served as Vice President of National Accounts and Cross Border Business Globally for W.W. Grainger, Inc. from 2010 to March 2019. W.W. Grainger is a leading broad line supplier of maintenance, repair and operating (MRO) products. Prior to this position, he served as a Regional Vice President of Staples, Inc. from 2008 to 2010. Prior to 2008, Mr. Dubose held senior management positions with Corporate Express Inc., Alliant Foodservice Inc. and Baxter International Inc.

David A. Dunbar has served as a director of the Company since February 2017 and as Lead Independent Director of our Board of Directors since July 2023. Mr. Dunbar has served as President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Standex International Corporation since January 2014, and as Chairman since October 2016. Standex is a global, multi-industry manufacturer comprised of five broad business segments: Electronics, Engraving, Scientific, Engineering Technologies and Specialty Solutions. Mr. Dunbar previously served as President of the valves and controls global business unit of Pentair Ltd. from October 2009 to December 2013. The unit was initially owned by Tyco Flow Control and Tyco Flow Control and Pentair merged in 2012. Pentair is a global provider of products and services relating to energy, water, thermal management and equipment protection. Prior to his tenure at Pentair, Mr. Dunbar held a number of senior positions at Emerson Electric Co., including President of each of the following: Emerson Process Management Europe; Machinery Health Management; and Emerson Climate Technologies Refrigeration.

Louise K. Goeser has served as a director of the Company since March 2018. Ms. Goeser served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Grupo Siemens S.A. de C.V. from March 2009 until her retirement in May 2018. In this position, Ms. Goeser was responsible for Siemens Mesoamérica, which is the Mexican, Central American and Caribbean unit of multinational Siemens AG, a global engineering company operating in the industrial, energy and healthcare sectors. Ms. Goeser previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Ford of Mexico from January 2005 to November 2008. Prior to this position, she served as Vice President, Global Quality for Ford Motor Company from 1999 to 2005. Prior to 1999, Ms. Goeser served as General Manager, Refrigeration and Vice President, Corporate Quality at Whirlpool Corporation and held various leadership positions with Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Ms. Goeser has served as a member of the Board of Directors of MSC Industrial Direct Co., Inc. since December 2009. MSC is a North American distributor of metal working and maintenance, repair, and operations products and services. Ms. Goeser previously served as a member of the boards of directors of Talen Energy from June 2015 to December 2016, PPL Corporation from March 2003 to June 2015, and Witco Corporation from 1997 to 1999.

Kenneth Napolitano has served as a director of the Company since March 2024. Mr. Napolitano served as Senior Vice President and President of the Applied Water Systems and Americas Commercial Team of Xylem, Inc. from 2017 until his retirement in 2020, and as Senior Vice President and President of Applied Water Systems at Xylem from 2011 to 2017. Xylem is a developer of water solutions through smart technology. Prior to the spin-off of Xylem from ITT Corporation in 2011, Mr. Napolitano held several management roles at ITT from 1998 to 2011, including President of Residential and Commercial Water, President of the Industrial Products Group, Vice President of Sales and Service Operations, Americas, General Manager of PumpSmart Control Solutions and Director of Distributor Sales. From 1984 to 1998, Mr. Napolitano held several sales and sales management roles at Goulds Pumps, Inc., which was acquired by ITT in 1997.

Joseph T. Noonan has served as a director of the Company since May 2013. Mr. Noonan is currently an angel investor and advisor to consumer, software and technology-enabled companies. Mr. Noonan served as Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Linger Home, Inc., a direct-to-consumer home textile brand, from August 2018 to January 2020. From November 2013 to January 2018, Mr. Noonan served as Chief Executive Officer of Homespun Design, Inc., an online marketplace for American-made furniture and home accents. Mr. Noonan previously worked as an independent digital strategy consultant from November 2012 to November 2013. Mr. Noonan was employed by Wayfair LLC from April 2008 to November 2012. During his time at Wayfair, Mr. Noonan served as Senior Director of Wayfair International from June 2011 to November 2012, Director of Category Management and Merchandising from February 2009 to June 2011 and Manager of Wayfair’s Business-to-Business Division from April 2008 to February 2009. Wayfair is an online retailer of home furnishings, décor and home improvement products. Prior to joining Wayfair, Mr. Noonan worked as a venture capitalist at Polaris Partners and as an investment banker at Cowen & Company.

Merilee Raines has served as a director of the Company since February 2011. Ms. Raines served as Chief Financial Officer of IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. from October 2003 until her retirement in May 2013. Prior to becoming Chief Financial Officer, Ms. Raines held several management positions with IDEXX Laboratories, including Corporate Vice President of Finance, Vice President of Finance and Treasurer, Director of Finance, and Controller. IDEXX Laboratories develops, manufactures and distributes products and provides services primarily for the companion animal veterinary, livestock and poultry, dairy and water testing industries. Ms. Raines served as a member of the Board of Directors of Affymetrix, Inc., a provider of life science and molecular diagnostic products that enable analysis of biological systems at the gene, protein and cell level, from January 2015 until it was acquired in March 2016. Ms. Raines also served as a member of the Board of Directors of Aratana Therapeutics, Inc., a pet therapeutics company focused on licensing, developing and commercializing biopharmaceutical products for companion animals, from February 2014 until it was acquired in July 2019. Ms. Raines served as a member of the Board of Directors of Benchmark Electronics, Inc., a worldwide provider of engineering services, integrated technology solutions and electronic manufacturing services from May 2018 to June 2021. Ms. Raines has served as a member of the Board of Directors of TransMedics Group, Inc., a medical technology company providing novel systems for the preservation and transport of organs to be used for transplant, since January 2021, and as a member of the Board of Directors of Ocular Therapeutix, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on the formulation, development and commercialization of innovative therapies for diseases and conditions of the eye, since September 2021.

Joseph W. Reitmeier has served as a director of the Company since February 2016. Mr. Reitmeier served as Executive Vice President and Advisor of Lennox International Inc. from January 2024 until his retirement in February 2024. Mr. Reitmeier previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Lennox International from July 2012 until December 2023, as Vice President of Finance for the Commercial business segment of Lennox International from 2007 to July 2012, and as Director of Internal Audit of Lennox International from 2005 to 2007. Lennox International is a leading global provider of climate control solutions and it designs, manufactures and markets a broad range of products for the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration markets. Before joining Lennox International, Mr. Reitmeier held financial leadership roles at Cummins Inc. and PolyOne Corporation.

Industry Risk Factors

Economic cycles, particularly those involving reduced levels of commercial and residential starts and remodeling, may have adverse effects on our revenues and operating results.

We have experienced and expect to continue to experience fluctuations in revenues and operating results due to economic and business cycles. The businesses of most of our customers, particularly plumbing and heating wholesalers and OEM manufacturers, are cyclical. Therefore, the level of our business activity has been cyclical, fluctuating with economic cycles. An economic downturn may also affect the financial stability of our customers, which could affect their ability to pay amounts owed to their vendors, including us. We also believe our level of business activity is influenced by commercial and residential starts and renovation and remodeling, which are, in turn, heavily influenced by interest rates, consumer debt levels, changes in disposable income, employment growth and consumer confidence. Credit market conditions may prevent commercial and residential builders or developers from obtaining the necessary capital to continue existing projects or to start new projects. Increases in prevailing interest rates or disruptions in financial markets and banking systems could make credit and capital markets difficult for us or our customers to access and could significantly raise the cost of new debt for us or our customers. This may result in the delay or cancellation of orders from our customers or potential customers and may adversely affect our revenues and our ability to manage inventory levels, collect customer receivables and maintain profitability. Political conditions, including new and changing laws or tariffs, regulations, executive orders and enforcement priorities, may also impact customer budgets and create uncertainty about how such laws and regulations will be interpreted and applied, which may impact customer demand and adversely impact our business. Economic conditions and financial markets in the United States and globally have experienced significant volatility in recent periods. If these market conditions persist, we may see diminished liquidity and credit availability, inability to access capital markets, and the bankruptcy, failure, collapse, or sale of various entities that could directly or indirectly impact our business, including certain of our customers and suppliers. If economic conditions worsen in the future, our revenues and profits could decrease or trigger goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, or long-lived asset impairments and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the costs of raw materials and purchased components, including imposition of or changes in tariff rates, as well as supply chain and logistics disruptions, could reduce our profit margins and adversely affect our ability to meet our customer delivery commitments.

Our products are made using various purchased components and raw materials, including primarily bronze, brass, cast iron, stainless steel, steel and plastic. Substantially all of the raw materials we require to manufacture our products are purchased from outside sources. The costs and availability of raw materials and components may be subject to change due to, among other things, interruptions in production by suppliers, changes in worldwide prices, demand levels, exchange rates and imposition of or changes in tariff rates. For example, the new U.S. presidential administration announced plans to significantly increase tariffs on foreign imports into the United States, particularly from Canada, China and Mexico. We typically do not enter into long-term supply agreements. Our inability to obtain supplies of raw materials and purchased components for our products at favorable costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations by decreasing our profit margins. Commodity prices, particularly copper and stainless-steel prices, have experienced tremendous volatility over the past several years, mainly due to global macroeconomic trends, including global price inflation, supply chain disruption and international conflicts. Should commodity costs or purchased component costs increase substantially, we may not be able to recover such costs, through selling price increases to our customers or other product cost reductions, which would have a negative effect on our financial results. If commodity costs or purchased component costs decline, we may experience pressure from customers to reduce our selling prices. Additionally, we continue to purchase components and finished goods from international sources. In limited cases, these components or finished goods are single-sourced. The availability of components and finished goods from international sources could be adversely impacted by a range of factors, such as a public health crisis, extreme weather events, suppliers’ allocations to other purchasers, threats of wars and global geo-political instability, and new laws, tariffs or regulations that might cause short-term / long-term supply chain disruptions.

As a global manufacturer and distributor, we are facing additional risks related to ongoing disruptions and increased costs in our supply chain and logistics. Although recent global supply chain disruptions have normalized, labor shortages and labor organizing activities have affected our manufacturing and distribution processes, as well as those of our suppliers and contributed to increased costs. The conflicts in Europe and the Middle East have negatively impacted, and may continue to negatively impact, the availability and prices for raw materials, and components.

We face intense competition and, if we are not able to respond to competition in our markets, our revenues and profits may decrease.

Competitive pressures in our markets could adversely affect our competitive position, leading to a possible loss of market share or a decrease in prices, either of which could result in decreased revenues and profits. We encounter intense competition in all areas of our business. To remain competitive, we will need to invest continually in manufacturing, product development, marketing, customer service and support and our distribution networks. We may not have sufficient resources to continue to make such investments and we may be unable to maintain our competitive position. In addition, we may have to reduce the prices of some of our products to stay competitive, potentially resulting in a reduction in the profit margin for, and inventory valuation of, these products. Some of our competitors are based in foreign countries and have cost structures and prices in foreign currencies. Accordingly, currency fluctuations could cause our U.S. dollar costed products to be less competitive than our competitors’ products costed in other currencies.

We are subject to risks associated with changing technology, product innovation, manufacturing techniques, operational flexibility and business continuity, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage.

The successful implementation of our business strategy requires us to continually evolve our existing products and introduce new products to meet customers’ needs in the industries we serve, as evidenced by our investments in our smart and connected strategy. Many of our products are characterized by stringent performance and specification requirements that mandate a high degree of manufacturing, engineering, and technological expertise. If we fail to meet these requirements, or if our product offerings, including our smart and connected products, are not accepted by the market, our business could be at risk. We believe that our customers rigorously evaluate their suppliers on the basis of a number of factors, including product quality, price competitiveness, technical and manufacturing expertise, development and product design capability, new product innovation, reliability and timeliness of delivery, operational flexibility, impact on the environment, customer service and overall management. Our success will depend on our ability to continue to meet customers’ changing specifications with respect to these criteria. Further, we must continue to effectively adapt our products and services to a changing technological and regulatory environment to drive growth and defend against disruption caused by competitors, regulators or other external forces impacting our business and operations. If we are unable to be agile and responsive to disruption in the development of new products, services and technologies, including technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. We cannot ensure that we will be able to address technological advances or introduce new products that may be necessary to remain competitive within our business. We cannot ensure that we can adequately protect any of our technological developments to produce a sustainable competitive advantage. Furthermore, we may be subject to business continuity risk in the event of an unexpected loss of a material facility or operation. We cannot ensure that we adequately protect against such loss.

Economic and other risks associated with international sales and operations could adversely affect our business and future operating results.

Since we sell and manufacture our products worldwide, our business is subject to risks associated with doing business internationally. During fiscal year 2024, our results of operations were impacted by the softening of economic conditions in Europe. The continuation of economic weakness in Europe or in other regions could adversely impact our financial performance in such regions, as well as our consolidated financial performance. Our business and future operating results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including:

• unexpected geo-political events in foreign countries in which we operate, which could adversely affect manufacturing and our ability to fulfill customer orders; and threats or outbreaks of war, terrorism, governmental instability, or international tensions and conflicts, which could cause supply chain disruptions impacting our ability to manufacture products, service our customers or negatively impact our profit margins;
• our failure to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act of 2010;
• trade protection measures, import or export duties, licensing requirements or changes to existing trade agreements, which could increase our costs of doing business internationally;
• expropriation, nationalization or other protectionist activities;
• potentially negative consequences from changes in tax laws, which could have an adverse impact on our profits;
• difficulty in staffing and managing widespread operations, which could reduce our productivity;
• costs of compliance with differing labor regulations, especially in connection with restructuring our overseas operations;
• laws of some foreign countries, which may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S.;
• unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, which may be costly and require time to implement;
• difficulty of enforcing agreements, collecting receivables and protecting intellectual property and other assets through non-U.S. legal systems;
• foreign exchange rate fluctuations, which could also materially affect our reported results. A portion of our net sales and certain portions of our costs, assets and liabilities are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Approximately 31%, 36% and 34% of our net sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were from sales outside of the U.S. We cannot predict whether currencies such as the euro, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Australian dollar, or other currencies in which we transact will appreciate or depreciate against the U.S. dollar in future periods or whether future foreign exchange rate fluctuations will have a positive or negative impact on our reported results; and
• occurrence or reoccurrence of regional epidemics, a global pandemic or other public health crises, which may adversely affect our operations, financial condition, and results of operations. The extent to which a public health crisis impacts our business going forward will depend on factors such as the duration and scope; governmental, business, and individuals' actions in response to the public health crisis; and the impact on economic activity, including the possibility of recession or financial market instability. Measures to contain a public health crisis may intensify other risks described in these Risk Factors.

Company Risk Factors

Our business, reputation and financial performance may be adversely affected if we or our third-party providers fail to protect confidential information and/or experience by cybersecurity attacks, information technology failures and other business disruptions.

We depend heavily on the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our and third-party information technology, networks infrastructure and systems (collectively, “IT Systems”), including third-party data centers and third-party cloud services, to manage our business objectives and operations, support our customers’ requirements and protect proprietary and other sensitive information, including personal information.

Any damage to, or failure of, our IT Systems or a third-party hosting facility or other service or IT System that we use, could severely impact our ability to conduct our business operations, attract new customers, maintain existing customers, or result in a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, any of which could materially adversely affect our future operating results. While we have taken steps designed to reduce interruptions by implementing internal controls, a cybersecurity risk management program, network and data center resiliency, and redundancy and recovery processes, these measures may be inadequate.

Cybersecurity attacks, in particular, are evolving and are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors become increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools (including artificial intelligence) to circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. We face numerous cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, and as a result of malicious software, misconfigurations, bugs, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data (including through social engineering/phishing or the use of malware/ransomware), other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data, and other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT Systems, products or services. Cybersecurity may also be breached through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing, malware (including ransomware), human error, malfeasance by insiders, system errors or vulnerabilities, including vulnerabilities of our customers, distributors, vendors, suppliers, and their products. We have been impacted by certain cybersecurity attacks, either directly or indirectly via our supply chain or third-party vendors, and may continue to experience them going forward, potentially with more frequency. While to date no attacks have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material attacks will not occur in the future. We also have a portion of our workforce working remotely, which heightens these risks.

In addition, we have designed products and services that connect to and are part of the “Internet of Things,” which may also be vulnerable to attacks and cybersecurity incidents. As we continue to design and develop smart and connected products, services and solutions that leverage our hosted or cloud-based resources, the Internet-of-Things and other wireless/remote technologies, and include networks of distributed and interconnected devices that contain sensors, data transfers and other computing capabilities, our customers' data and IT Systems may be subjected to harmful or illegal content or attacks, including potential cybersecurity threats. Additionally, we may not have adequately anticipated or precluded such cybersecurity threats through our product design or development. Consequently, these products, services and solutions also may be subjected to harmful or illegal content or attacks that develop vulnerabilities or critical security issues that cannot be disclosed without compromising security.

If we need to address multiple vulnerabilities simultaneously, we may also need to make prioritization decisions in determining which vulnerabilities or security defects to fix first, and the timing of these fixes, which could result in compromised security. These vulnerabilities and security defects could expose us or our customers to a risk of loss, disclosure, or misuse of data; adversely affect our operating results; result in litigation (including class actions), liability, or regulatory action (including under laws related to privacy, data protection, data security, network security, and consumer protection); deter customers or sellers from using our products, services and solutions; result in significant incident response, system restoration or remediation costs; and otherwise harm our business and reputation. We maintain a cybersecurity risk management program and have adopted measures and incurred costs with the intention of mitigating potential risks associated with information technology disruptions and cybersecurity threats; however, there is no assurance that these measures will be fully implemented, complied with or effective at preventing or detecting cyber-attacks or security breaches, or other vulnerabilities, which may allow them to persist in the environment over long periods of time. Further, customers and third-party providers increasingly demand rigorous contractual provisions regarding privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, confidentiality, and intellectual property, which may also increase our overall compliance burden and related costs. Finally, we cannot guarantee that any costs and liabilities incurred in relation to an attack or incident will be covered by our existing insurance policies or that applicable insurance will be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms or at all.

We also may experience unplanned system interruptions or outages of our primary ERP system as it continues to age, which may affect our ability to support and maintain the system in an effective manner. Any disruptions, delays or deficiencies related to our primary ERP system could lead to substantial business interruption, including our ability to perform routine business transactions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Given the unpredictability of the timing, nature and scope of such disruptions, we could potentially be subject to production downtimes, operational delays, other detrimental impacts on our operations or ability to provide products to our customers, the compromising of confidential information, misappropriation, destruction or corruption of data, security incidents, other manipulation or improper use of our IT Systems, networks or our products, financial losses from remedial actions, loss of business or potential liability, and/or damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

We are in the process of replacing our current primary ERP system with a new ERP system, and this system implementation is expected to occur in phases over the next several years. Any software implementation requires significant investment of human and financial resources and we may experience significant delays, increased costs and other difficulties. Any significant disruption or deficiency in the design and implementation of our software IT Systems, including our new ERP, could adversely affect our ability to process orders, ship product, send invoices and track payments, fulfill contractual obligations or otherwise operate our business. While we invest significant resources in planning and project management, significant issues may arise, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition. In addition, our current primary ERP system will continue to be used over the course of the phased implementation and we may experience system interruptions or deficiencies as described in the paragraph above. Furthermore, the implementation of our ERP system will mandate new procedures and many new controls over financial reporting. If we are unable to adequately maintain procedures and controls relating to our ERP system, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired and impact our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting.

Any actual or perceived failure to comply with new or existing laws, regulations and other requirements relating to the privacy, security and processing of personal information could adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

In connection with running our business, we receive, store, use and otherwise process information that relates to individuals and/or constitutes “personal data,” “personal information,” “personally identifiable information,” or similar terms under applicable data privacy laws, including from and about actual and prospective customers, as well as our employees and business contacts. We are therefore subject to a variety of federal, state and foreign laws, regulations and other requirements relating to the privacy, security and handling of personal information. For example, the EU/UK General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and related laws in other jurisdictions require us to adhere to certain disclosure restrictions and deletion obligations with respect to the personal information, and allow for penalties for violations and, in some cases, a private right of action. These laws also impose transparency and other obligations with respect to personal information and provide individuals with similar rights with respect to their personal information. We have invested, and continue to invest, human and technology resources in our efforts to comply with such requirements that may be time-intensive and costly.

The application and interpretation of such requirements are constantly evolving and are subject to change, creating a complex compliance environment. In some cases, these requirements may be either unclear in their interpretation and application or they may have inconsistent or conflicting requirements with each other. Further, there has been a substantial increase in legislative activity and regulatory focus on data privacy and security in the United States and elsewhere, including in relation to cybersecurity incidents. In addition, some such requirements place restrictions on our ability to process personal information across our business or across country borders.

It is possible that new laws, regulations and other requirements, or amendments to or changes in interpretations of existing laws, regulations and other requirements, may require us to incur significant costs, implement new processes, or change our handling of information and business operations, which could ultimately hinder our ability to grow our business by extracting value from our data assets. In addition, any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations and other requirements relating to the privacy, security and handling of information could result in legal claims or proceedings (including class actions), regulatory investigations or enforcement actions. We could incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if found liable, pay significant damages or fines or be required to make changes to our business. These proceedings and any subsequent adverse outcomes may subject us to significant negative publicity and an erosion of trust. If any of these events were to occur, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Implementation of our strategic initiatives, including acquisitions and dispositions, and integration of acquired businesses may not be successful, which could affect our ability to increase our revenues or our profitability.

One of our strategies is to increase our revenues and profitability and expand our business through acquisitions that will provide us with complementary products and solutions and enhance our existing product offerings. In addition, from time to time, we may divest assets or businesses based on an evaluation of our business portfolio. We cannot be certain that we will be able to identify, acquire or profitably manage additional companies or successfully integrate such additional companies without substantial costs, delays or other problems. The identification, evaluation, and negotiation of potential acquisitions and other strategic transactions such as divestitures may divert the attention of management and entail various expenses, whether or not such transactions are ultimately completed. We have faced increasing competition for acquisition candidates, which has resulted in significant increases in the purchase prices of many acquisition candidates. This competition, and the resulting purchase price increases, may limit the number of acquisition opportunities available to us, possibly leading to a decrease in the rate of growth of our revenues and profitability. Also, companies acquired recently and in the future may not achieve anticipated revenues, cost synergies, profitability or cash flows that justify our investment, or divestitures may not realize the expected benefits or synergies of such transactions. In addition, acquisitions may involve a number of risks, including, but not limited to:

• difficulties in integrating operations, business processes, systems and company culture;
• challenges in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures;
• adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers or customers;
• inadequate internal control over financial reporting and our ability to bring such controls into compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in a timely manner;
• adverse short-term effects on our reported operating results, as a result of incurring acquisition-related debt, pre-acquisition potential tax liabilities, acquisition expenses, and the amortization of acquisition-acquired assets;
• inability to effectively transfer liabilities, contracts, facilities and employees to the purchaser, identify and separate the intellectual property to be divested from the intellectual property that we wish to keep and reduce fixed costs previously associated with the divested assets or business; we may still retain liabilities associated with the divested businesses and other indemnification obligations;
• diversion of management’s attention;
• investigations of, or challenges to, acquisitions by competition authorities;
• loss of key personnel at acquired companies;
• unanticipated management or operational problems or legal liabilities; and
• potential goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible asset, or long-lived asset impairment charges.

We are subject to risks related to product defects, which could result in product recalls and could subject us to warranty claims in excess of our warranty provisions or which are greater than anticipated due to the unenforceability of liability limitations.

We cannot be certain that our quality controls and procedures, including the testing of raw materials and safety testing of selected finished products, will reveal latent defects in our products or the materials from which they are made, which may not become apparent until after the products have been sold into the market. We also cannot be certain that our suppliers will always eliminate latent defects in products we purchase from them. Accordingly, there is a risk that product defects will occur, which could require a product recall. Product recalls can be expensive to implement and, if a product recall occurs during the product’s warranty period, we may be required to replace the defective product. In addition, a product recall may damage our relationship with our customers and we may lose market share with our customers. Our insurance policies may not cover the costs of a product recall.

Our standard warranties contain limits on damages and exclusions of liability for consequential damages and for misuse, improper installation, alteration, accident or mishandling while in the possession of someone other than us. We may incur additional operating expenses if our warranty provision does not reflect the actual cost of resolving issues related to defects in our products. If these additional expenses are significant, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We use important intellectual property in our business. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property or if a third party makes assertions against us or our customers relating to intellectual property rights, our business could be adversely affected.

We own important intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. We cannot guarantee, however, that we will be able to secure all desired protection, nor that the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property will be adequate, to prevent infringement of our rights or misappropriation or theft of our technology, trade secrets or know-how. For example, effective patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in some of the countries in which we operate. In addition, while we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties to protect our trade secrets, know-how, business strategy and other proprietary information, such confidentiality agreements could be breached or otherwise may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets and know-how related to the design, manufacture or operation of our products. If it became necessary for us to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, any proceedings could be burdensome and costly, and we may not prevail. Further, adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and manufacturing expertise. Finally, for those products in our portfolio that rely on patent protection, once a patent has expired, the product is generally open to competition. Products under patent protection usually generate higher revenues and profitability than those not protected by patents. If we fail to successfully enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could suffer, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, our competitors may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our proprietary technologies or design around the patents we own or license. Further, as we expand our operations in jurisdictions where the protection of intellectual property rights is less robust, the risk of others duplicating our proprietary technologies increases, despite efforts we undertake to protect them. Foreign governments may adopt regulations, and foreign governments or courts may render decisions, requiring compulsory licensing of intellectual property rights, or foreign governments may require products to meet standards that serve to favor local companies or provide reduced protection relative to other countries.

We face risks from product liability and other lawsuits, which may adversely affect our business.

We have been and expect to continue to be subject to various product liability claims or other lawsuits, including, among others, alleging that our products include inadequate or improper instructions for use or installation, inadequate warnings concerning the effects of the failure of our products, alleged manufacturing or design defects, or allegations that our products contain asbestos. If we do not have adequate insurance or contractual indemnification, damages from these claims would have to be paid from our assets and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Like other manufacturers and distributors of products designed to control and regulate fluids and gases, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims and other lawsuits in the event that the use of our products results in personal injury, property damage or business interruption to our customers. We cannot be certain that our products will be completely free from defect. In addition, in certain cases, we rely on third-party manufacturers for our products or components of our products. We cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost, or, if available, will be adequate to cover any such liabilities. For more information, see Item 1. “Business—Product Liability, Environmental and Other Litigation Matters” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which could result in costs, liabilities and impacts to our business operations.

Our operations and facilities in all jurisdictions in which we operate are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations related to pollution and the protection of the environment and health and safety, including, but not limited to those governing air emissions, discharges to water, water usage, the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes and other materials, and the remediation of contaminated sites. A failure by us to comply with applicable requirements or maintain the permits required for our operations could result in civil or criminal fines, penalties, enforcement actions, third-party claims for property damage and personal injury, requirements to clean up property or to pay for the costs of cleanup or regulatory or judicial orders enjoining or curtailing operations or requiring corrective measures, including the installation of pollution control equipment or remedial actions.

Certain environmental laws and regulations impose on current and former owners and operators of facilities and sites, and on potentially responsible parties (“PRPs”) for sites to which parties may have sent waste for disposal, requirements to investigate and remediate contamination. PRP designation typically requires the funding of site investigations and subsequent remedial activities. Such liability can be imposed without regard to fault and, under certain circumstances, may be joint and several, which may result in one PRP being held responsible for the entire obligation. Liability may also include damages to natural resources. On occasion, we are involved in the investigation and/or remedial activities at sites that we currently own or operate or formerly owned or operated, or sites to which we sent waste for disposal, and we have been and could continue to be named as a PRP at such other sites.

The discovery of additional contamination, including at acquired facilities, the imposition of more stringent environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including cleanup requirements, or the insolvency, or other grounds for refusing to participate, of other responsible parties could require us to incur capital expenditures or operating costs materially in excess of our accruals, increase costs of compliance, decrease demand for our products, create reputational harm or require us to manufacture with alternative technologies and materials. Future investigations we undertake may lead to discoveries of contamination that must be remediated, and decisions to close facilities may trigger remediation requirements that are not currently applicable. We may also face liability for alleged personal injury or property damage due to exposure to hazardous substances used or disposed of by us, contained within our current or former products, or present in the soil or groundwater at our current or former facilities. We could incur significant costs in connection with such liabilities. See Item 1. “Business—Product Liability, Environmental and Other Litigation Matters” and Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Climate change, and legislation or regulations addressing climate change, may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

The impacts of climate change vary depending on geographical location, but could include changing temperatures, droughts, water shortages, wildfires, changes in weather and rainfall patterns, changes in sea levels, and changing storm patterns and intensities. These impacts present several potential challenges relevant to water and energy-related products, such as potential degradation of water quality and changes in water conservation or energy efficiency requirements, particularly during periods of increased precipitation, flooding, or water shortages. Inclement weather and extreme weather events may have varying impacts on our business. Certain events may disrupt the operations of our customers, creating customer shutdowns that prevent or defer sales of our product, while other events may drive increased demand for our products, which may create volatility in our financial results. Additionally, these events may disrupt our own operations and the operations of our suppliers, including the operation of manufacturing plants, the transportation of raw materials from our suppliers, and the transportation of products to our customers, any of which may increase our costs, reduce our productivity and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Concern over climate change has and may continue to result in new or increased legal and regulatory requirements to respond to or mitigate the effects of climate change, including limitations on greenhouse gas emissions, which could increase our costs or require additional investments in our facilities and equipment, or to disclose efforts and progress regarding such matters, which could require us to make significant new disclosures regarding the climate-related impacts of our business. New legislation and regulatory requirements may also impact our customers and suppliers, which could affect demand for our products or our ability to source key materials. In addition, our customers and suppliers may impose their own requirements with respect to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions that may require us to incur additional costs to comply with such requirements. Any failure to comply with those requirements may also affect demand for our products or our ability to source key materials. We also establish our own goals with respect to reducing our impact on the environment. Any failure to achieve our own goals, or any perception of a failure to act responsibly with respect to the environment or to effectively respond to regulatory requirements concerning climate change, or failure to accurately report on our progress toward achieving our goal or in environmental and sustainability programs can lead to adverse publicity or litigation, resulting in an adverse effect on our business or damage to our reputation.

Increased scrutiny of, and evolving and conflicting expectations regarding, sustainability and ESG matters could increase our costs, harm our reputation and adversely impact our financial results.

Companies are facing increasing, evolving and conflicting scrutiny related to ESG practices and disclosures from certain investors, government entities, customers, employees, and other stakeholders or third parties. With this increased focus, public reporting regarding ESG practices is becoming more broadly expected by some stakeholders, which could lead to increased scrutiny of our ESG practices or lack thereof. Such increased scrutiny may result in increased costs, increased risk of litigation or reputational damage relating to our ESG practices or performance, enhanced compliance, or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We may become subject to conflicting laws and regulations related to sustainability and ESG matters. For instance, in January 2025, President Trump signed an executive order directing the U.S. Attorney General and all federal agencies to identify and discourage diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives in the private sector. On the other hand, in March 2024, the SEC finalized climate-related disclosure rules that require reporting on issues including greenhouse gas emissions and certain climate-related risks. We are still evaluating our response to these rules given the subsequent litigation challenging these rules (as well as the SEC’s stay on its climate rules) and the new Trump Administration’s climate policy. Additionally, we may be subject to the State of California’s disclosure laws regarding greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related financial risks. Other US states have proposed laws similar to California’s to which we may be subject if they take effect. We expect to be subject to the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (“CSRD”) for the first time for fiscal year 2025, with our first report due to be published in 2026, Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (“CSDDD”), and related EU Taxonomy Regulation, along with implementing regulations, to be consolidated into an “omnibus simplification package” expected for introduction as early as February 2025 . Moreover, we may be subject to the International Sustainability Standards Board’s climate and sustainability disclosure requirements, as such may be or have been adopted into law by countries including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, China, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

While we may at times engage in voluntary initiatives (such as voluntary disclosures or goals), such initiatives may be costly and may not have the desired effect. For example, we may commit to certain initiatives and we may not ultimately be able to achieve such initiatives due to cost, technological constraints or other factors that are within or outside of our control. Even if we achieve our initiatives, our actions may subsequently be determined to be insufficient by various stakeholders or other third parties. If our ESG practices and reporting do not meet investor, regulator, customer, employee, or other stakeholder or third party expectations, which continue to evolve, our brand, reputation and/or business relationships may be negatively impacted, and we may be subject to investor or regulator engagement regarding such matters. Certain market participants, including major institutional investors, use third-party benchmarks, ratings, or scores to measure our ESG practices in making investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ratings or scores of us or our industry may lead to negative investor sentiment and the diversion of investment to other companies or industries, which could have a negative impact on our stock price and our access to and cost of capital. As ESG best practices, reporting standards, and disclosure requirements continue to develop, we may incur increasing costs related to ESG monitoring and reporting. In addition, new, conflicting ESG rules and regulations have been adopted and may continue to be introduced in various states and other jurisdictions. Our failure to comply with any applicable rules or regulations could lead to penalties and adversely impact our reputation, customer attraction and retention, access to capital, and employee retention. Such ESG matters may also impact our suppliers, customers, and business partners, which may augment or cause additional impacts on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our ability to achieve savings through our restructuring and business transformation activities may be adversely affected by management’s ability to fully execute such plans as a result of local regulations, geo-political risk or other factors within or beyond the control of management.

We have implemented a number of restructuring and business transformation activities, which include steps that we believe are necessary to enhance the value and performance of the Company, including reducing operating costs and increasing efficiencies throughout our manufacturing, sales and distribution footprint. Factors within the control of management, or factors beyond management’s control such as local labor regulations or legal or political intervention, may change the total estimated costs or the timing of when the savings will be achieved under the plans. Further, if we are not successful in completing the restructuring or business transformation activities timely, or if additional or unanticipated issues such as labor disruptions, inability to retain key personnel during and after the transformation or higher exit costs arise, our expected cost savings may not be met and our operating results could be negatively affected. In addition, our restructuring and transformation activities may place substantial demands on our management, which could lead to diversion of management’s attention from other business priorities and result in a reduced customer focus.

The requirements to evaluate goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment may result in a write-off of all or a portion of our recorded amounts, which would negatively affect our operating results and financial condition.

As of December 31, 2024, our balance sheet included goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, amortizable intangible assets and property, plant and equipment of $715.0 million, $70.4 million, $164.6 million and $254.8 million, respectively. In lieu of amortization, we are required to perform an annual impairment review of both goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. In 2024, 2023 and 2022, none of our goodwill reporting units or our indefinite lived tradenames were impaired. We are also required to perform an impairment review of our long-lived assets if indicators of impairment exist. In 2022, we recognized a pre-tax non-cash impairment charge of $1.3 million related to a technology intangible asset. This impairment was due to market value expectations indicating the carrying amounts of these assets were in excess of the fair value. In 2024 and 2023 none of our long-lived assets were impaired.

There can be no assurances that future goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or other long-lived asset impairments will not occur. We perform our annual test for indications of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment in the fourth quarter of our fiscal year or sooner if indicators of impairment exist.

The loss or financial instability of major customers could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

In 2024, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 23% of our total net sales with no one customer accounting for more than 10% of our total net sales. Our customers generally are not obligated to purchase any minimum volume of products from us and are able to terminate their relationships with us at any time. In addition, increases in the prices of our products, including as a result of tariffs, could result in a reduction in orders from our customers. A significant reduction in orders from, or change in terms of contracts with, any significant customers could have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations.

Our credit facility may limit our ability to pay dividends, incur additional debt and make acquisitions and other investments.

Our revolving credit facility contains operational and financial covenants that restrict our ability to make distributions to stockholders, incur additional debt and make acquisitions and other investments unless we satisfy certain financial tests and comply with various financial ratios. If we do not maintain compliance with these covenants, our creditors could declare a default under our revolving credit facility, and our indebtedness could be declared immediately due and payable. Our ability to comply with the provisions of our indebtedness may be affected by changes in economic or business conditions beyond our control. Further, one of our strategies is to increase our revenues and profitability and expand our business through acquisitions. We may require capital in excess of our available cash and the unused portion of our revolving credit facility to make large acquisitions, which we would generally obtain from access to the credit markets. There can be no assurance that if a large acquisition is identified that we would have access to sufficient capital to complete such acquisition. Should we require additional debt financing above our existing credit limit, we cannot be assured such financing would be available to us or available to us on reasonable economic terms.

Our inability to attract and retain key personnel may adversely affect our business.

Our success depends on our ability to recruit, retain and develop highly-skilled management and key personnel. Competition for these individuals in our industry is intense and we may not be able to successfully recruit, train or retain qualified personnel, or to effectively implement successions to existing personnel. If we fail to retain and recruit the necessary personnel or arrange for successors to key personnel, our business could materially suffer.

Investment Risk Factors

One of our stockholders can exercise substantial influence over our Company.

As of December 31, 2024, Timothy P. Horne beneficially owned 5,933,290 shares of Class B common stock. Our Class B common stock entitles its holders to ten votes for each share, and our Class A common stock entitles its holders to one vote per share. As of December 31, 2024, Timothy P. Horne beneficially owned approximately 17.8% of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock (assuming conversion of all shares of Class B common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Horne into Class A common stock) and approximately 99.7% of our outstanding shares of Class B common stock, which represents approximately 68.3% of the total outstanding voting power. As long as Mr. Horne controls shares representing at least a majority of the total voting power of our outstanding stock, Mr. Horne will be able to unilaterally determine the outcome of most stockholder votes, and other stockholders will not be able to affect the outcome of any such votes.

Conversion and subsequent sale of a significant number of shares of our Class B common stock could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 27,366,685 shares of our Class A common stock outstanding and 5,953,290 shares of our Class B common stock outstanding. Shares of our Class B common stock may be converted into Class A common stock at any time on a one-for-one basis. Under the terms of a registration rights agreement with respect to outstanding shares of our Class B common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock have rights with respect to the registration of the underlying Class A common stock. Under these registration rights, the holders of Class B common stock may require, on up to two occasions that we register their shares for public resale. If we are eligible to use Form S-3 or a similar short-form registration statement, the holders of Class B common stock may require that we register their shares for public resale up to two times per year. If we elect to register any shares of Class A common stock for any public offering, the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to include shares of Class A common stock into which such shares of Class B common stock may be converted in such registration. However, we may reduce the number of shares proposed to be registered in view of market conditions. We will pay all expenses in connection with any registration, other than underwriting discounts and commissions. If all of the available registered shares are sold into the public market, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline.

General Risk Factors

Changes in regulations or standards could adversely affect our business.

Our products and business are subject to a wide variety of statutory, regulatory and industry standards and requirements. A significant change to regulatory requirements, whether federal, foreign, state or local, or to industry standards, could substantially increase manufacturing costs, impact the size and timing of demand for our products, require us to manufacture with alternative technologies or materials, or put us at a competitive disadvantage, any of which could harm our business and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Our operating results could be negatively affected by changes in tax rates, the adoption of new tax legislation, or exposure to additional tax liabilities.

As a global company, we are subject to taxation in numerous countries, states and other jurisdictions. As a result, our effective rate is derived from a combination of applicable tax rates in the various places that we operate. Our future taxes could be affected by numerous factors, including changes in the mix of our profitability from country to country, the results of examinations and audits of our tax filings, adjustments to our uncertain tax positions, changes in accounting for income taxes and changes in tax laws.

In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Significant judgment is required in determining our global provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets or liabilities, and in evaluating our tax positions. Our tax filings are regularly under audit by tax authorities and the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.

In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) issued model rules for a new global minimum tax framework, commonly referred to as “Pillar Two,” which included the introduction of a 15% global minimum tax effective beginning January 1, 2024. To date, approximately 140 countries have tentatively signed a framework agreeing in principle to this initiative. A number of countries in which we do business have implemented Pillar Two proposals into local tax legislation. Details around the proposals are still uncertain as the OECD and local jurisdictions continue to issue the technical guidance. Our effective tax rate and cash tax payments could increase in future years as a result of these changes.

The U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) in August 2022, which, among other provisions, created a new corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) of at least 15% for certain large corporations that have at least an average of $1 billion in adjusted financial statement income over a consecutive three-year period, and became effective in tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The IRA also includes a 1% excise tax on new corporate stock repurchases that became effective in 2023. We do not expect to meet the CAMT threshold in the near term nor expect the IRA to have a material impact on our financial statements. However, it is possible that the U.S. Congress could advance other tax legislation proposals in the future that could have a material impact on our financial statements.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical IT Systems and information.

We design and assess our program based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (“NIST CSF”). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements. We use the NIST CSF as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program and shares common methodologies, reporting channels, and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.

Our cybersecurity risk management program includes the following:

• risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical IT Systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
• a security team principally responsible for managing our (1) cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) security controls, and (3) response to cybersecurity incidents;
• the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test, or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;
• risk review of certain third-party service providers, including software vendors, third-party cloud services, and third-party hosting services, with ongoing risk monitoring for critical vendors through an external cybersecurity intelligence service;
• cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management; and
• a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents.

There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information.

Ongoing Risks

We have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents. We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For a full discussion of cybersecurity risks, please see our Risk Factors in Item 1A.

Management Oversight of Cybersecurity

Our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and the Vice President (“VP”) of Information Security have primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervise both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants.

Our former CIO left the Company in January 2025. Currently Shashank Patel, our Chief Financial Officer, is serving as Interim CIO as we proceed with an executive search to appoint a permanent CIO. Mr. Patel has been overseeing the Company’s Information Technology function since he joined the Company in July 2018. References to the CIO and the CIO’s duties refer to our CIO’s historical role, Mr. Patel’s interim CIO role, and our future CIO’s role.

Mr. Patel has over 10 years of experience overseeing an Information Technology function. Our VP of Information Security has over 25 years of experience in leading cybersecurity functions across strategy, architecture, engineering, and operations.

The CIO and VP of Information Security supervise efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include, but are not limited to, risk assessments, including with the support of external advisors, briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

Our Cybersecurity Council, comprised of cross-functional senior leaders from operations, finance, internal audit, product management, and information technology teams, also reviews and assesses security risks and issues from a business and technology perspective across all organizations within Watts on a quarterly basis, with the guidance and input of the CIO and VP of Information Security. Our executive management team is responsible for assessing our material, or reasonably likely to be material, risks from cybersecurity threats with the advice and input of the CIO and VP of Information Security, including based on the above and from external advisors as necessary.

Board Oversight of Cybersecurity

Our Board considers cybersecurity risks as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks.

The Audit Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program and receives updates on the cybersecurity risk management program from the CIO and the VP of Information Security at least twice yearly. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee regarding any material or significant cybersecurity incidents, as well as incidents with lesser impact potential as necessary.

The Audit Committee reports to the full Board annually regarding cybersecurity. The full Board also receives annual briefings from the CIO and the VP of Information Security on cybersecurity, or from external experts on cybersecurity as part of the Board’s continuing education on topics that impact public companies.

We maintain 36 principal manufacturing, warehouse and distribution centers worldwide, including our corporate headquarters located in North Andover, Massachusetts. Additionally, we maintain numerous sales offices and other smaller manufacturing facilities and warehouses. The principal properties in each of our three geographic segments and their location, principal use and ownership status are set forth below:

Americas:

Europe:

Asia-Pacific, Middle East, and Africa:

We believe our properties, including machinery, tools and equipment, are in good condition, well maintained and adequate and suitable for their intended uses.

We are from time to time involved in various legal and administrative proceedings. See Item 1. “Business—Product Liability, Environmental and Other Litigation Matters,” and Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Overview

We are a leading supplier of solutions, systems and products that manage and conserve the flow of fluids and energy into, through and out of buildings in the commercial, industrial and residential markets in the Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa (“APMEA”). For 150 years, we have designed and produced valve systems that safeguard and regulate water systems, energy efficient heating and hydronic systems, drainage systems and water filtration technology that helps purify and conserve water. We earn revenue and income almost exclusively from the sale of our products. Our principal product and solution categories include:

• Residential & commercial flow control and protection—includes products and solutions typically sold into plumbing and hot water applications such as backflow preventers, water pressure regulators, temperature and pressure relief valves, thermostatic mixing valves, leak detection and protection products, commercial washroom solutions and emergency safety products and equipment. Many of our flow control and protection products are now smart and connected enabled, warning of leaks, floods, freezing temperatures and other hazards with alerts to Building Management Systems (“BMS”) and/or personal devices giving our customers greater insight into their water management and the ability to shut off the water supply to avoid waste and mitigate damage.
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (“HVAC”) & gas—includes commercial high-efficiency boilers, water heaters and heating solutions, hydronic and electric heating systems for under-floor radiant applications, custom heat and hot water solutions, hydronic pump groups for boiler manufacturers and alternative energy control packages, and flexible stainless steel connectors for natural and liquid propane gas in commercial food service and residential applications. Most of our HVAC products and solutions feature advanced controls enabling customers to easily connect to the BMS for better monitoring, control and operation.
• Drainage & water re-use—includes drainage products and engineered rainwater harvesting solutions for commercial, industrial, marine and residential applications, including connected roof drain systems.
• Water quality—includes point of use and point of entry water filtration, monitoring, conditioning and scale prevention systems for commercial, marine and residential applications.

Our business is reported in three geographic segments: Americas, Europe, and APMEA. We distribute our products through four primary distribution channels: wholesale, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), specialty, and do-it-yourself (“DIY”).

We believe the factors relating to our future growth include continued product innovation that meets the needs of our customers and our end markets; our ability to continue to make selective acquisitions, both in our core markets as well as in complementary markets; regulatory requirements relating to the quality and conservation of water and the safe use of water; increased demand for clean water; and continued enforcement of plumbing and building codes. Our acquisition strategy focuses on businesses that promote our key macro themes around safety and regulation, energy efficiency and water conservation. We target businesses that we believe will provide us with one or more of the following: an entry into new markets and/or new geographies, improved channel access, unique and/or proprietary technologies, including smart and connected technologies, advanced production capabilities or complementary solution offerings. We have completed 14 acquisitions since 2015, and in the last two years, we have completed four strategic and complementary acquisitions that expanded our addressable market and that we believe will enable value creation through greater scale and growth opportunities.

Our innovation strategy is focused on differentiated products and solutions that will provide greater opportunity to distinguish ourselves in the marketplace, while at the same time creating innovative products and smart solutions to protect, control, and conserve critical resources, and help our customers with their sustainability efforts through the use of our products. We continually look for strategic opportunities to invest in new products and markets or divest existing product lines where necessary in order to meet those objectives.

Over the past several years we have been building our smart and connected products foundation by expanding our internal capabilities and making strategic acquisitions. Our strategy is to deliver superior customer value through smart and connected products and intelligent water solutions. This strategy focuses on three dimensions: Connect, Control and Conserve. We are focused on introducing products that connect our customers with smart systems, manage systems for optimal performance, and conserve critical resources by increasing operability, efficiency and safety.

Products representing a majority of our sales are subject to regulatory standards and code enforcement, which typically require that these products meet stringent performance criteria. We have consistently advocated for the development and enforcement of such plumbing codes. We are focused on maintaining stringent quality control and testing procedures at each of our manufacturing facilities in order to manufacture products in compliance with code requirements and take advantage of the resulting demand for compliant products. We believe that product development, product testing capability and investment in plant and equipment needed to manufacture products in compliance with code requirements, represent a competitive advantage for us.

Global gross domestic product (“GDP”) remains positive and is generally a leading indicator for our repair and replacement business. New construction indicators are mixed. Multi-family housing, office, retail and recreation verticals are expected to be down, but light industrial, including data centers, is growing and institutional verticals remain steady. The European economy remains weak and geo-political uncertainties continue. Elevated interest rates may impact new construction. Tariffs on foreign imports into the United States, particularly from Canada, China and Mexico, should they be implemented, will increase the cost of our products and could adversely impact the gross margin we earn on our products. We believe we are prepared to proactively work with our supply chain to mitigate the cost impact, seek alternative supply sources when necessary and pass increases in costs to our customers, to the extent possible, when they occur. We also continue to experience inflation across our labor and overhead costs. Despite these anticipated challenges and uncertainties, we continue to invest in our business, including new products, our smart and connected solutions and our growth and productivity initiatives. We remain focused on our customers’ needs and executing on our long-term strategy.

Due to the above circumstances and as described generally in this Form 10-K, our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of future results. Management cannot predict the full impact of the uncertainties discussed above. For further information regarding the impact on the Company, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

Financial Overview

Net sales for 2024 increased 9.5%, or $195.9 million, on a reported basis and decreased 0.9%, or $18.0 million, on an organic basis, compared to 2023. The reported sales increase included acquired sales of 10.4%, or $214.7 million, with $206.6 million reported within the Americas segment and $8.1 million reported within APMEA, and the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange of $0.8 million. The organic sales decrease was primarily driven by lower volumes in our Europe segment, partially offset by incremental price across all of our operating segments. Operating income of $390.4 million increased by $39.5 million, or 11.3%, in 2024 compared to 2023. This increase was primarily driven by contribution from our acquisitions, favorable price, product mix, productivity, and cost savings from restructuring actions, partially offset by inflation, lower volume in our Europe segment and incremental investments.

In discussing our results of operations, segment earnings is our GAAP performance measure used by our chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) to assess and evaluate segment results. Segment earnings exclude the impacts of special items which are defined as non-recurring, and unusual expenses or benefits such as restructuring costs, acquisition-related costs, gain or loss on sale of assets, pension settlements and contingent consideration adjustments. The CODM uses segment earnings for insight into underlying trends comparing past financial performance with current performance by reporting segment on a consistent basis.

In addition, we refer to non-GAAP organic changes in financial measures, including organic net sales, organic net sales growth, organic selling, general and administrative expenses, and organic segment earnings, that exclude the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures and foreign exchange. Management believes reporting these non-GAAP financial measures provides useful information to investors, potential investors and others, because it allows for additional insight into underlying trends by providing growth on a consistent basis. We reconcile the change in these non-GAAP financial measures to our reported results below.

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 can be found in Item 7 of Part II, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Acquisitions

Effective January 1, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Josam Company following its conversion into Josam Industries, LLC (“Josam”) in a share purchase transaction funded with cash on hand. The aggregate net purchase price was approximately $98.9 million, net of cash acquired of $4.6 million. The final post-closing working capital adjustment was immaterial and adjusted in the second quarter of 2024, resulting in a final purchase price of $99.0 million, net of cash acquired. Josam is based in Michigan City, Indiana, and is a leading provider and manufacturer of drainage and plumbing products, serving commercial, industrial, and multi-family end markets for over 100 years. We accounted for the transaction as a business combination in 2024.

Recent Developments

On February 3, 2025, our Board of Directors authorized a restructuring program with respect to our operating facility in Hautvillers, France (the “2025 French restructuring”). The restructuring program includes the shutdown of the foundry at our manufacturing facility in Hautvillers, France and the relocation of the facility’s other production activities primarily to our other facilities in France and other locations in Europe. The program is expected to include pre-tax charges totaling approximately $22 million, including costs for severance, relocation, facility exit and clean-up and certain asset write-downs, and result in the elimination of approximately 96 positions at the Hautvillers, France facility. Severance costs make up the majority of the program costs and are estimated to approximate $18 million. As a result of the facility consolidations, the net headcount reduction in France is expected to be approximately 68 positions. Total net after-tax charges for this restructuring program are expected to be approximately $16 million, of which non-cash charges are immaterial, with costs being incurred through the end of 2026, at which time the restructuring program is expected to be completed. We expect to spend approximately $1 million in capital expenditures to consolidate operations. Annual pre-tax savings are estimated to be approximately $3 million, which we expect to fully realize by the end of 2026.

On February 3, 2025, we declared a quarterly dividend of forty-three cents ($0.43) per share on each outstanding share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock payable on March 14, 2025, to stockholders of record on February 28, 2025.

On January 2, 2025, we completed the acquisition of I-CON Systems (“I-CON”) in a share purchase transaction funded with cash on hand. The aggregate net purchase price was approximately $70.6 million, net of cash acquired of $2.5 million, and is subject to a final post-closing working capital adjustment. I-CON is headquartered in Oviedo, Florida, and is a leading designer and manufacturer of intelligent plumbing controls, addressing the unique challenges of water management in correctional facilities. We will account for the transaction as a business combination in the first quarter of 2025.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net Sales. Our business is reported in three geographic segments: Americas, Europe and APMEA. Our net sales in each of these segments for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

(dollars in millions)

The change in net sales was attributable to the following:

(dollars in millions)

Our products are sold primarily to wholesalers, OEMs, DIY chains, and through various specialty channels. The change in organic net sales by channel was attributable to the following:

(dollars in millions)

* Segment change as a % of segment net sales by channel and Total change as a % of consolidated net sales by channel.

Americas net sales increased $236.8 million, or 16.6%, in 2024 compared to 2023. The change in net sales was positively impacted by $206.6 million, or 14.5%, of acquired sales related to the Bradley and Josam acquisitions completed in the fourth quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024, respectively. The change in net sales was negatively impacted by $1.4 million, or 0.1%, of foreign currency translation. Organic net sales increased $31.6 million, or 2.2%, primarily due to increased volume and favorable price realization. The organic net sales growth was primarily in the wholesale channel from increased sales across our core valve products and in the specialty channel from increased sales of our heating and hot water products.

Europe net sales decreased $58.8 million, or 11.5%, in 2024 compared to 2023. The change in net sales was positively impacted by $1.5 million, or 0.3%, of foreign currency translation. Organic net sales decreased $60.3 million, or 11.8%, primarily due to lower volumes, partially offset by favorable price realization. The decrease was primarily due to volume declines in the OEM channel which was impacted by reduced government energy incentives and the related heat pump destocking, as well as volume declines in wholesale plumbing product sales into France and Benelux, partially offset by increased sales of our drains products.

APMEA net sales increased $17.9 million, or 15.4%, in 2024 compared to 2023. The change in net sales was negatively impacted by $0.9 million, or 0.8%, of foreign currency translation, which was more than offset by $8.1 million, or 7.0%, of acquired sales related to the Enware acquisition completed in the second quarter of 2023. Organic net sales increased $10.7 million, or 9.2%, primarily due to increased volume across all major countries in the segment.

The net decrease in sales due to foreign exchange was mostly due to the unfavorable impact of the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Chinese yuan and Canadian dollar, partially offset by the favorable impact of the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the euro in 2024.

Gross Profit. Gross profit and gross profit as a percent of net sales (gross margin) for 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

(dollars in millions)

Gross profit increased primarily due to contribution from our acquisitions, higher price realization and productivity, partially offset by inflation, lower volume in our Europe segment, and the amortization of the fair value step-up adjustments for inventory purchased as part of the Bradley and Josam acquisitions. Gross profit includes the impact of the Bradley and Josam acquisitions completed in the fourth quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024, respectively. Gross margin was also impacted by the overall dilutive impact of the Bradley acquisition.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses increased $59.9 million, or 9.9%, in 2024 compared to 2023. The increase in SG&A expenses was attributable to the following:

(in millions)

The organic decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily due to $10.3 million from productivity initiatives, a net decrease in short-term and long-term compensation accruals of $6.7 million, $3.3 million of restructuring saving, and decreases of $4.0 million in professional fees, $2.9 million in engineering project spend, $2.0 million in donations, $1.4 million in depreciation and amortization, $1.1 million in travel and marketing spend, and $1.1 million in insurance and product liability claim costs. These decreases were partially offset by general inflation of $16.7 million and an increase in investments of $16.3 million, including in our smart and connected initiatives and other strategic initiatives, compared to 2023. The decrease in foreign exchange was primarily driven by the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar and Chinese yuan, partially offset by the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the euro. The acquired increase in SG&A related to the Bradley and Josam acquisitions in the Americas segment completed in the fourth quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024, respectively, as well as the Enware acquisition in the APMEA segment completed in the second quarter of 2023. The decrease in special items SG&A costs was primarily due to a $7.8 million gain on the settlement of Bradley’s frozen pension plan and $4.4 million gain on sale of buildings. Total SG&A expenses, as a percentage of net sales, were 29.5% in 2024 compared to 29.4% in 2023.

Restructuring. In 2024, we recorded a net restructuring charge of $7.2 million, which related to immaterial actions in all regions including severance, exit costs and other cost reductions. In 2023, we recorded a net restructuring charge of $5.5 million, which related to immaterial cost reduction actions in all regions primarily related to severance and other exit costs. For a more detailed description of our current and future restructuring plans, see “Recent Developments” above and Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report Form 10-K.

Operating Income. Operating income, which is made up of segment earnings, Corporate operating loss and special items, for 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

(dollars in millions)

The increase (decrease) in total segment earnings is attributable to the following:

(dollars in millions)

Operating income increased $39.5 million, or 11.3%, in 2024 compared to 2023. Operating income increased due to higher segment earnings in the Americas of $47.5 million, or 13.6%, and in APMEA of $5.2 million, or 1.5%, partially offset by lower segment earnings in Europe of $19.2 million, or 5.5%. The increase in organic segment earnings of $7.8 million, or 2.2%, was due to higher price, favorable product mix, productivity, and savings from restructuring actions, partially offset by inflation, lower volume in Europe and incremental investments. Total segment earnings were positively impacted by $25.5 million, or 7.3%, from acquisitions and positively impacted by $0.2 million, or 0.1%, of foreign currency translation compared to 2023.

Operating income was positively impacted by $5.0 million, or 1.4%, of decreased Corporate costs, primarily due to the $4.1 million, or 1.2%, decrease in Corporate special items in 2024 compared to 2023, due to decreased acquisition-related expenses within Corporate.

Interest Income. Interest income increased $1.7 million, or 23.6%, in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to higher interest rates earned on our cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $6.5 million, or 79.3%, in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to a higher principal balance of debt outstanding due to the acquisition of Bradley in the fourth quarter of 2023 and an increase in interest rates. Refer to Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Other (Income) expense, Net. Other (income) expense, net, was an income balance of $1.4 million in 2024 primarily due to an immaterial investment gain. In 2023, other (income) expense, net was an expense balance primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency translation. Refer to Note 17 Financial Instruments of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Income Taxes. Our effective income tax rate decreased to 24.6% in 2024 from 24.9% in 2023. The decrease is primarily due to 2023 having additional foreign withholding taxes associated with the repatriation of funds and was partially offset by a lower tax benefit from the vesting of stock compensation awards and incremental foreign taxes related to the final settlement of a foreign tax audit in 2024.

Net Income. Net income for 2024 was $291.2 million, or $8.69 per common share on a diluted basis, compared to $262.1 million, or $7.82 per common share on a diluted basis, for 2023. Results for 2024 included after-tax charges of $10.7 million, or $0.32 per common share, for acquisition-related costs and $5.4 million, or $0.16 per common share, for restructuring, partially offset by after-tax benefits of $5.8 million, or $0.17 per common share, for a gain on the settlement of the Bradley pension plan, $3.5 million, or $0.11 per common share, for a gain on sale of assets and $1.0 million, or $0.03 per common share, for other investment gains.

Results for 2023 include after-tax charges of $8.3 million, or $0.25 per common share, for acquisition-related costs, $5.3 million, or $0.16 per common share, primarily for an income tax adjustment related to repatriation of foreign funds and $4.1 million, or $0.12 per common share, for restructuring; partially offset by an after-tax benefit of $2.5 million, or $0.08 per common share, for an adjustment to contingent consideration.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

2024 and 2023 Cash Flows

We generated $361.1 million of net cash from operating activities in 2024 as compared to $310.8 million in 2023. The increase in cash generated was primarily due to higher net income, improved working capital and cash flows generated from acquisitions.

We used $124.7 million of net cash for investing activities in 2024 compared to $343.1 million used in 2023. We spent $217.1 million less cash for acquisitions and $0.3 million less cash for net capital expenditures in 2024 compared to 2023.

We used $190.5 million of net cash for financing activities during 2024 primarily due to long-term debt repayments of $100.0 million, dividend payments of $55.5 million, tax withholding payments on vested stock awards of $13.0 million and payments of $17.0 million to repurchase 85,435 shares of Class A common stock. In 2023, we generated $69.0 million of net cash from financing activities in 2023 primarily due to proceeds from borrowings of $240.0 million offset by long-term debt repayments on our line of credit totaling $90.0 million, tax withholding payments on vested stock awards of $15.8 million, dividend payments of $46.5 million and payments of $16.0 million to repurchase 91,622 shares of Class A common stock.

On July 12, 2024, we entered into the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement by and among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company, the lenders and other parties from time to time parties thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement amends and restates the prior Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2021 (as amended by that certain Amendment No. 1 date August 2, 2022 and Amendment No. 2 dated December 12, 2023), that establishes our senior unsecured revolving credit facility of $800 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The Credit Agreement also contains an expansion option of $400.0 million. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility is July 12, 2029, subject to extension under certain circumstances and subject to the terms of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a maximum consolidated leverage ratio of 3.50 to 1.00 (or 4.00 to 1.00 during temporary step-ups following certain permitted acquisitions) and the minimum consolidated interest ratio of 3.50 to 1.00.

The Revolving Credit Facility also includes sublimits of $100 million for letters of credit and $15 million for swing line loans. As of December 31, 2024, we had drawn down $200.0 million on this line of credit and had $12.9 million in letters of credit outstanding, which resulted in $587.1 million of unused and available credit under the Revolving Credit Facility as of such date. Borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a fluctuating rate per annum equal to an applicable percentage defined as (i) in the case of Term Benchmark loans, the Term Benchmark rate plus an applicable percentage, ranging from 1.075% to 1.325%, or (ii) in the case of alternate base rate loans and swing line loans, interest (which at all times will not be less than 1.00%) at the greatest of (a) the Prime Rate in effect on such day, (b) the FRBNY Rate in effect on such day plus 0.50% and (c) the Term Benchmark rate plus 1.00% for a one month interest period, in each case, determined by reference to our consolidated leverage ratio. For the borrowings denominated in dollars, there is a fixed 10 basis point adjustment if the reference rate is Term SOFR. The weighted average interest rate on debt outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024 was 5.64%. The weighted average interest rate on debt outstanding inclusive of the interest rate swap discussed in Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and interest rates under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024 was 4.07%. In addition to paying interest under the Credit Agreement, we are also required to pay certain fees in connection with the

Revolving Credit Facility, including, but not limited to, an unused facility fee and letter of credit fees. We may repay loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement from time to time without premium or penalty, other than customary breakage costs, if any, and subject to the terms of the Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2024, we held $386.9 million in cash and cash equivalents. Of this amount, $161.0 million of cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign subsidiaries. Our U.S. operations typically generate sufficient cash flows to meet our domestic obligations. However, if we did have to borrow to fund some or all of our expected cash outlays, we can do so at reasonable interest rates by utilizing the undrawn borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. Subsequent to recording the Toll Tax as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, our intent, other than with respect to the one-time repatriation of foreign earnings in 2023, has been to permanently reinvest undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries, and we do not have any current plans to repatriate additional post-Toll Tax foreign earnings to fund operations in the United States. However, if amounts held by foreign subsidiaries were needed to fund operations in the United States, we could be required to accrue and pay taxes to repatriate these funds. Such charges may include potential state income taxes and other tax charges. In 2024, we repatriated approximately $75.4 million of previously taxed foreign earnings, using the majority of that cash to reduce our outstanding debt and to fund acquisitions.

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Covenant Compliance

Under the Credit Agreement, we are required to satisfy and maintain specified financial ratios and other financial condition tests as of December 31, 2024. The financial ratios include a consolidated interest coverage ratio based on consolidated earnings before income taxes, interest expense, depreciation, and amortization (Consolidated EBITDA) to consolidated interest expense, as defined in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement defines Consolidated EBITDA to exclude unusual or non-recurring charges and gains. We are also required to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio of consolidated funded debt to Consolidated EBITDA. Consolidated funded debt, as defined in the Credit Agreement, includes all long and short-term debt, finance lease obligations and any trade letters of credit that are outstanding, less cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2024, our actual financial ratios calculated in accordance with the Credit Agreement compared to the required levels under the Credit Agreement were as follows:

As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants related to the Credit Agreement.

In addition to financial ratios, the Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants that include limitations on disposition or sale of assets, prohibitions on assuming or incurring any liens on assets with limited exceptions and limitations on making investments other than those permitted by the agreement.

Working capital (defined as current assets less current liabilities) as of December 31, 2024 was $665.6 million compared to $655.2 million as of December 31, 2023. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 2.6 to 1 as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The increase in working capital is primarily related to the increase in cash and cash equivalents as a result of increased cash from operating activities.

Material Cash Requirements

We expect existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations and financing activities to be sufficient to meet our cash needs during 2025 and thereafter for the foreseeable future.

We anticipate investing between $45 million to $50 million in capital expenditures during 2025 to improve our manufacturing capabilities and invest in technology and other commercial and operational excellence initiatives. We also anticipate investing approximately $20 million to $25 million during 2025 related to our multi-year cloud-based SAP ERP system implementation for our Americas and APMEA regions. The SAP ERP system implementation will be a phased rollout approach over a number of years. We expect the new ERP investment will result in more efficient and scalable operational processes, provide enhanced analytics to drive improved business performance, and offer an improved customer experience.

We completed the acquisition of I-CON in a share purchase transaction funded with cash on hand on January 2, 2025. The aggregate net purchase price was approximately $70.6 million, net of cash acquired of $2.5 million, and is subject to a final post-closing working capital adjustment.

We anticipate spending approximately $20 million in the next 12 months related to the 2025 French restructuring program that was approved on February 3, 2025. For a more detailed description of our current restructuring plans, see Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report Form 10-K. For a more detailed description of this restructuring plan, see Note 20 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report Form 10-K

We intend to continue to repurchase shares of Class A common stock consistent with prior years. The repurchases are executed from time to time on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The timing and number of shares repurchased will be determined based on our evaluation of market conditions and other factors, see Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

While we presently intend to continue to pay comparable quarterly cash dividends on both Class A and B common stock, the payment of future cash dividends depends upon our Board of Directors’ assessment of our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors.

We maintain letters of credit that guarantee our performance or payment to third parties in accordance with specified terms and conditions. Amounts outstanding were approximately $12.9 million as of December 31, 2024 and $12.5 million as of December 31, 2023. Our letters of credit are primarily associated with insurance coverage and, to a lesser extent, foreign purchases and generally expire within one year of issuance. These instruments may exist or expire without being drawn down; therefore, they do not necessarily represent future cash flow obligations.

Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 are presented in the following table:

(in millions)

(a) Relates to drawdowns on the line of credit under the Credit Agreement as recognized in the consolidated balance sheet. See Note 12 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for further disclosures.

(b) Relates to the lease liabilities recognized for right-of-use assets of operating leases with a lease term longer than twelve months. See Note 9 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for further disclosures.

(c) Relates to the lease liabilities recognized for right-of-use assets of financing leases with a lease term longer than twelve months. See Note 9 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for further disclosures.

(d) Relates to estimated future obligations for the Europe pension plans. See Note 15 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for further disclosures.

(e) Represents the current estimate of future interest payments due on the current and estimated future drawdown requirements on the line of credit under the Credit Agreement referenced above at (a).

(f) Relates to the 2017 Tax Act one time transition tax on accumulated foreign subsidiary earnings not previously subject to U.S. income tax which was payable over a number of years.

(g) Relates to capital expenditure obligations included in the anticipated capital expenditure investment totals of $45 million to $50 million discussed above.

(h) Primarily includes $45.2 million of commodity commitments and $6.2 million relates to cost obligations for our SAP ERP system implementation program.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In accordance with the SEC’s Regulation G and Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K, the following provides definitions of the non-GAAP financial measures used by management. We believe that these measures enhance the overall understanding of underlying business results and trends. These non-GAAP measures are not intended to be considered by the user in place of the related GAAP financial measure, but rather as supplemental information to more fully understand our business results. These non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as similar measures used by other companies due to possible differences in method and in the items or events being adjusted.

We refer to non-GAAP organic changes in financial measures, including organic net sales, organic net sales growth, organic SG&A expenses and organic segment earnings which are non-GAAP measures that exclude the impacts of acquisitions, divestitures and foreign exchange from year-over-year comparisons. A reconciliation to the most closely related U.S. GAAP measure, net sales, net sales growth, SG&A and segment earnings, have been included in our discussion within “Results of Operations” above. Non-GAAP measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a replacement for or as a superior measure to U.S. GAAP measures. Management believes reporting these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to investors, potential investors and others, by facilitating easier comparisons of our performance with prior and future periods.

Adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margins, adjusted net income, and adjusted diluted earnings per share are non-GAAP measures that exclude the impact of special items which are defined as non-recurring, and unusual expenses incurred or benefits recognized in the periods presented that relate primarily to our global restructuring programs, acquisition-related costs, contingent consideration adjustment, gain or loss on sale of assets, pension settlements, other investment gains and the related income tax impacts on these items and other tax adjustments. Management believes reporting these financial measures provides useful information to investors, potential investors and others, by facilitating easier comparisons of our performance with prior and future periods.

A reconciliation of U.S. GAAP results to these adjusted non-GAAP measures is provided below (dollars in millions, except per share amounts):

Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure that does not represent cash provided by operating activities in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Therefore, it should not be considered an alternative to net cash provided by or used in operating activities as an indication of our performance. The cash conversion rate of free cash flow to net income is also a measure of our performance in cash flow generation. We believe free cash flow and cash flow conversion rate to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our operating performance because it provides investors with a measure of our ability to generate cash, repay debt, pay dividends, repurchase stock and fund acquisitions.

A reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow and a calculation of our cash conversion rate is provided below:

(in millions)

Free cash flow improved in 2024 when compared to 2023 primarily driven by higher net income including contributions from our acquisitions.

Our net debt to capitalization ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure used by management, at December 31, 2024 was (12.5)% for 2024 compared to (3.5)% in 2023. The change was driven by a decrease in net debt balance primarily due to decreased long-term debt and increased cash and cash equivalents and an increase in stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023 due to higher net income. Management believes the net debt to capitalization ratio is an appropriate supplemental measure because it helps investors understand our ability to meet our financing needs and serves as a basis to evaluate our financial structure. Our computation may not be comparable to other companies that may define their net debt to capitalization ratios differently.

A reconciliation of long-term debt (including current portion) to net debt and our net debt to capitalization ratio is provided below:

(in millions)

A reconciliation of capitalization is provided below:

(in millions)

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Key Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported. A critical accounting estimate is an assumption about highly uncertain matters and could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements if another, also reasonable, amount were used, or a change in the estimate is reasonably likely from period to period. We base our assumptions on historical experience and on other estimates that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. There were no significant changes in our accounting policies or significant changes in our accounting estimates during 2024.

We periodically discuss the development, selection and disclosure of the estimates with our Audit Committee. Management believes the following critical accounting policies reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue under the core principle to recognize revenue in a manner that depicts the transfer of control to our customers in an amount reflecting the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied. When determining the transaction price of each contract, we consider contractual consideration payable by the customer and assess variable consideration that may affect the total transaction price. Variable consideration, consisting of early payment discounts, rebates and other sources of price variability, are included in the estimated transaction price based on both customer-specific information as well as historical experience. We regularly review our estimates of variable consideration on the transaction price and recognize changes in estimates on a cumulative catch-up basis as if the most current estimate of the transaction price adjusted for variable consideration had been known as of the inception of the contract.

Our revenue for product sales is recognized on a point in time model, at the point control transfers to the customer, which is generally when products are shipped from the Company’s manufacturing or distribution facilities or when delivered to the customer’s named location. Sales tax, value-added tax, or other taxes collected concurrent with revenue producing activities are excluded from revenue. Freight costs billed to customers for shipping and handling activities are included in revenue with the related cost included in selling, general and administrative expenses. See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further disclosures and detail regarding revenue recognition.

Inventory valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with costs determined primarily on a first-in, first-out basis. We evaluate the need to record adjustments for excess or obsolete inventory at least quarterly. We utilize both specific product identification and historical product demand as the basis for estimating our excess or obsolete inventory reserve. We identify all inventories that exceed a range of one to three years in sales to calculate inventory on hand that exceeds estimated demand. This is determined by comparing the current inventory balance against unit sales for the trailing twelve months. New products added to inventory within the past twelve months are excluded from this analysis. A portion of our products contain recoverable materials, therefore the excess and obsolete reserve is established net of any estimated recoverable amounts based on historical experience. Changes in market conditions, lower-than-expected customer demand or changes in technology or features could result in additional excess or obsolete inventory that is not saleable and could require additional inventory reserve provisions.

In certain countries, additional inventory reserves are maintained for potential shrinkage experienced in the manufacturing process. The reserve is established based on the prior year’s inventory losses adjusted for any change in the gross inventory balance.

Goodwill and other intangibles

We have made numerous acquisitions over the years and have recognized a significant amount of goodwill. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an event or circumstance indicates that an impairment loss may have been incurred. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit when a quantitative analysis is performed. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using an income approach based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, and when appropriate, guideline public company and guideline transaction market approaches.

Accounting guidance allows us to assess goodwill for impairment utilizing either qualitative or quantitative analyses. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then performing the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary.

We first identify those reporting units that we believe could pass a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. For each reporting unit identified, our qualitative analysis includes:

1) A review of the most recent fair value calculation to identify the extent of the cushion between fair value and carrying amount to determine if a substantial cushion existed.

2) A review of events and circumstances that have occurred since the most recent fair value calculation to determine if those events or circumstances would have affected our previous fair value assessment. Items identified and reviewed include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market changes, cost factor changes, events that affect the reporting unit, and financial performance against expectations.

We then compile this information and make our assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine it is not more likely than not, then no further quantitative analysis is required.

In 2024, we had eight reporting units. One of the eight reporting units, Water Quality, had no goodwill. We performed a qualitative analysis for each of the remaining seven reporting units, which include Blücher, Bradley, US Drains, Fluid Solutions-Europe, Fluid Solutions-Americas, Heating and Hot Water Solutions (“HHWS”) and APMEA.

As of October 27, 2024, our testing date, we had $721.0 million of goodwill on our balance sheet. As a result of our qualitative analyses, we determined that the fair values of the seven reporting units noted above were more likely than not greater than the carrying amounts. In 2024, we did not need to proceed beyond the qualitative analysis, and no goodwill impairments were recorded. Changes in macroeconomic, industry or market conditions, or our inability to achieve projected results that were used to complete the qualitative analyses could result in the reporting unit fair value not exceeding the carrying amounts and could lead to impairment.

Intangible assets such as trademarks and trade names are generally recorded in connection with a business acquisition and we have recorded certain trademarks and trade names as indefinite-lived intangible assets. Values assigned to intangible assets are typically determined by an independent valuation firm based on our estimates and judgments regarding expectations of the success and life cycle of products and technology acquired. Accounting guidance allows us to perform a qualitative impairment assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets consistent with the goodwill guidance noted previously. For our 2024 impairment assessment, which occurred as of October 27, 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment for all trademarks and tradenames where the fair value significantly exceeded the carrying value in the previous quantitative assessment performed. As of the assessment, the majority of the trademarks and tradenames were expected to have annual sales growth in 2024, with a few expected to potentially have minimal sales decline in 2024 but sales growth in 2025 or future years. As a result of our qualitative analyses, we determined that the fair values of the indefinite-lived intangibles assets were more likely than not greater than the carrying amounts. If we were to perform a quantitative assessment, the methodology we employ is the relief from royalty method, a subset of the income approach. During 2024, 2023, and 2022, no impairment was recognized on our indefinite-lived intangible assets. Changes in macroeconomic, industry or market conditions, or our inability to achieve projected results that were used to complete the qualitative and quantitative analyses could result in the trademark’s or trade name’s fair value not exceeding its carrying amount and could lead to impairment.

Product liability

Because of retention requirements associated with our insurance policies, we are generally self-insured for potential product liability claims. We are subject to a variety of potential liabilities in connection with product liability cases, and for our most significant volume of liability matters, we maintain a high self-insured retention limit within our product liability and general liability coverage, which we believe to be generally in accordance with industry practices. We maintain excess liability insurance to minimize our risks related to claims in excess of our primary insurance policies. The product liability accrual is established after considering any applicable insurance coverage.

For our product liability cases in the U.S., we establish a product liability accrual, which includes estimated legal costs associated with accrued claims. For our most significant volume of liability matters, we utilize third-party actuarial valuations which incorporate historical trend factors including, but not limited to, claim frequency and loss severity, and our specific claims experience derived from loss reports provided by third-party claims administrators to establish our product liability accrual. The product liability accrual represents the estimated ultimate losses for all reported and incurred but not reported claims. For the remainder of our product liability accrual, where we do not utilize third-party actuarial valuations, we maintain insurance and calculate potential product liability accruals which includes legal costs associated with the accrued claims on a case-by-case basis. Changes in the nature and volume of product liability claims, legal costs, or the actual settlement amounts could affect the adequacy of the estimates and require changes to the accrual. Because the liability is an estimate, the ultimate liability may be more or less than reported. Any material change in the aforementioned factors could have an adverse impact on our operating results for any particular period depending, in part, upon the operating results for such period.

Legal contingencies

We are a defendant in numerous legal matters including legal matters involving environmental issues and product liability as discussed in more detail in Part I, Item 1. “Business—Product Liability, Environmental and Other Litigation Matters” and Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As required by GAAP, we determine whether an estimated loss from a loss contingency should be accrued by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and the loss amount can be reasonably estimated. When it is possible to estimate reasonably possible loss or range of loss above the amount accrued, that estimate is aggregated and disclosed. Estimates of potential outcomes of these contingencies are often developed in consultation with outside counsel. While this assessment is based upon all available information, litigation is inherently uncertain and the actual liability to fully resolve litigation cannot be predicted with any assurance of accuracy. In the event of an unfavorable outcome in one or more legal matters, the ultimate liability may be in excess of amounts currently accrued, if any, and may be material to our operating results or cash flows for a particular quarterly or annual period. However, based on information currently known to us, management believes that the ultimate outcome of all legal contingencies, as they are resolved over time, is not likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Income taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (federal and state) and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes.

We estimate and use our expected annual effective income tax rates to accrue income taxes throughout the interim periods. Effective tax rates are determined based on budgeted earnings before taxes, including our best estimate of permanent items that will affect the effective rate for the year. Management periodically reviews these rates with outside tax advisors and changes are made if material variances from expectations are identified.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

A valuation allowance is provided to offset any net deferred tax assets if, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider estimated future taxable income, future reversals of the deferred tax liabilities, and tax planning strategies, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. Changes in the relevant facts, including the accuracy of our estimated future taxable income, can significantly impact the judgment or need for valuation allowances. In the event we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

As of December 31, 2024, we decreased our valuation allowance on foreign tax credits by $4.0 million due to the reduction in related foreign tax credits. See Note 10 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for further disclosures.

We use derivative financial instruments primarily to reduce exposure to adverse fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, interest rates and costs of certain raw materials used in the manufacturing process. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. As a matter of policy, all derivative positions are used to reduce risk by hedging underlying economic exposure. The derivatives we use are instruments with liquid markets. See Note 17 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

Our consolidated earnings, which are reported in United States dollars, are subject to translation risks due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. This risk is concentrated in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the euro; the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar; and the U.S. dollar and the Chinese yuan.

Our non-U.S. subsidiaries transact most business, including certain intercompany transactions, in foreign currencies. Such transactions are principally purchases or sales of materials and are denominated in European currencies, the Chinese yuan or the U.S. or Canadian dollar. We use foreign currency forward exchange contracts from time to time to manage the risk related to intercompany loans, intercompany purchases and intercompany sales that occur during the course of a year, and certain open foreign currency denominated commitments to sell products to third parties. We have entered into forward exchange contracts which hedge approximately 80% to 85% of the forecasted intercompany purchases between one of our Canadian subsidiaries and our U.S. operating subsidiaries for the next twelve months. We record the effective portion of the designated foreign currency hedge contracts in other comprehensive income (loss) until inventory turns and is sold to a third-party. Once the third-party transaction associated with the hedged forecasted transaction occurs, the effective portion of any related gain or loss on the designated foreign currency hedge is reclassified into cost of goods sold within earnings. The fair value of our designated foreign hedge contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was an asset of $0.5 million.

Under the Credit Agreement, our earnings and cash flows are exposed to fluctuations in interest payments related to our floating rate debt. In order to manage our exposure, we entered into an interest rate swap on March 30, 2021. Under the interest rate swap agreement, we received the one-month USD-LIBOR subject to a 0.00% floor and paid a fixed rate of 1.02975% on a notional amount of $100.0 million. On August 2, 2022, we amended the interest rate swap to replace LIBOR as a reference rate for borrowings with Term SOFR. Under the amended interest rate swap agreement, we receive the one-month Term SOFR subject to a -0.1% floor and pay a fixed rate of 0.942% on a notional amount of $100.0 million. We entered into an additional interest rate swap on October 23, 2023, as part of the acquisition of Bradley. Under the interest rate swap agreement, we receive the one-month Term SOFR subject to a -0.1% floor and pay a fixed rate of 4.844% on a notional amount of $100.0 million. Both swaps mature on March 30, 2026. Information about our long-term debt facility and related interest rates appears in Note 17 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

We purchase significant amounts of bronze ingot, brass rod, cast iron, stainless steel and plastic, which are utilized in manufacturing our many product lines. Our operating results can be adversely affected by changes in commodity prices, including tariffs, if we are unable to pass on related price increases to our customers. We manage this risk by monitoring related market prices, working with our suppliers to achieve the maximum level of stability in their costs and related pricing, seeking alternative supply sources when necessary and passing increases in commodity costs to our customers, to the maximum extent possible, when they occur.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a 15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating and implementing possible controls and procedures. The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures is also necessarily limited by the staff and other resources available to us and the geographic diversity of our operations. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, in that they provided reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

The independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K has also audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, as stated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading, “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We will continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal control over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.