Sierra Bancorp: Form 10-K/A for the period ended Dec 31, 2024

General

The Company

Sierra Bancorp (the “Company”) is a California corporation headquartered in Porterville, California, and is a registered bank holding company under federal banking laws. The Company was formed to serve as the holding company for Bank of the Sierra (the “Bank”). The Company has been the Bank’s sole shareholder since August 2001. The Company exists primarily for the purpose of holding the stock of the Bank and of such other subsidiaries it may acquire or establish. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s only other subsidiaries were Sierra Statutory Trust II, Sierra Capital Trust III, and Coast Bancorp Statutory Trust II, which were formed solely to facilitate the issuance of capital trust pass-through securities (“TruPS”). Pursuant to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) standard on the consolidation of variable interest entities, these trusts are not reflected on a consolidated basis in the financial statements of the Company. References herein to the “Company” include Sierra Bancorp and its consolidated subsidiary, the Bank, unless the context indicates otherwise. At December 31, 2024, the Company had consolidated assets of $3.6 billion (including gross loans of $2.3 billion), liabilities totaling $3.3 billion (including deposits of $2.9 billion), and shareholders’ equity of $357.3 million. The Company’s liabilities include $35.8 million in debt obligations due to its trust subsidiaries, related to TruPS issued by those entities.

The Bank

Bank of the Sierra, a California state-chartered bank headquartered in Porterville, California, offers a wide range of retail and commercial banking services via branch offices located throughout California’s South San Joaquin Valley, the Central Coast, Ventura County, and neighboring communities. The Bank was incorporated in September 1977 and opened for business in January 1978 as a one-branch bank with $1.5 million in capital. Our growth in the ensuing years has largely been organic in nature but includes four whole-bank acquisitions: Sierra National Bank in 2000, Santa Clara Valley Bank in 2014, Coast National Bank in 2016, and Ojai Community Bank in October 2017. An agricultural loan production office was opened in 2022.

The Bank now maintains administrative offices, loan production offices, and 35 full-service branches in the following California locations:

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Complementing the Bank’s stand-alone offices are specialized lending units which include our Commercial and Industrial, Mortgage Warehouse, and Real Estate lending divisions. We have ATMs at all but one of our branch locations and at seven non-branch locations. Furthermore, the Bank is a member of the Allpoint network, which provides our deposit customers with surcharge-free access to over 55,000 ATMs across the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. Customers also have access to electronic point-of-sale payment alternatives nationwide via the Pulse network. We provide multiple account access options to meet both new and existing customer needs: an online account opening platform; online banking with bill-pay and mobile banking capabilities, including mobile check deposit; online lending solutions for consumers and small businesses; a customer service center that is accessible by toll-free telephone during business hours; and an automated telephone banking system that is generally accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We offer a variety of other banking products and services to complement and support our lending and deposit products, including remote deposit capture and payroll services for business customers.

Our chief products and services relate to making loans and accepting deposits. Lending activities cover real estate, commercial (including small business), mortgage warehouse, agricultural, and consumer loans. The bulk of our real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate, both owner-occupied and non owner-occupied , including office, retail, and hotel/motels; however, we also offer other types of real estate loans such as commercial construction loans, multifamily and agricultural. As noted above, gross loans totaled $2.3 billion at December 31, 2024 and the percentage of our total loan portfolio for each of the principal types of credit we extend was as follows: (i) loans secured by real estate (78.2%); (ii) mortgage warehouse loans (14.0%); other commercial loans, including agricultural production and SBA loans (7.6%); (iii) other commercial loans, including agricultural production and SBA loans (7.6%); ; and (iv) consumer loans (0.1%). Interest, fees, and other income on real estate secured loans, which is by far the largest segment of our portfolio, totaled $83.1 million, or 57% of net interest plus other income in 2024, and $82.2 million, or 59% of net interest plus other income in 2023.

In addition to loans, we offer a wide range of deposit products and services for individuals and businesses including checking accounts, savings accounts, money market demand accounts, time deposits, retirement accounts, and sweep accounts. The Bank’s deposit accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) up to maximum insurable amounts. We attract deposits throughout our market area via referrals from existing customers and, direct-mail campaigns due to our customer-oriented product mix, competitive pricing, convenient locations, drive-through banking, and multiple delivery channels. We strive to retain our deposit customers by providing a consistently high level of service. At December 31, 2024, the Company had 119,388 deposit accounts down from 120,701 at December 31, 2023. Total deposits were $2.9 billion at December 31, 2024, up 5%, or $0.1 million from December 31, 2023.

Our officers and employees are continually searching for ways to increase public convenience, enhance customer access to payment systems, and enable us to improve our competitive position with the development of new products and services. The cost to the Bank for these development, operations, and marketing activities cannot be calculated with any degree of certainty. We hold no patents or licenses (other than licenses required by bank regulatory agencies), franchises, or concessions. We are not dependent on a single customer or group of related customers for a material portion of our core deposits. The one loan category that could be considered to be a concentration is commercial real estate loans (58.3%), with segments in retail (12.7%), office space (6.7%) and loans in the hotel industry (8.4%).

Our efforts to comply with government and regulatory mandates related to consumer protection and privacy, anti-money laundering, and other areas of focus have resulted in significant ongoing expense to the Bank, including compliance staffing costs and other expenses associated with compliance-related software. However, as far as can be determined there has been no material effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position as a result of environmental regulation at the federal, state, or local level. The Company is not involved with chemicals or toxins that might have an adverse effect on the environment; thus, its primary exposure to environmental legislation is through lending activities. The Company’s lending procedures include steps to identify and monitor this exposure in an effort to avoid any related loss or liability.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information on recent accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

Competition

The banking business in California is generally highly competitive. Continued consolidation within the banking industry, including many bank transactions within our market in 2024, has heightened competition in recent periods. There are also a number of unregulated companies targeted at profitable customer segments competing for business in our markets. Many of those companies are able to compete across geographic boundaries and provide meaningful alternatives to banking products and services. These competitive trends are likely to continue.

With respect to commercial bank competitors, our business is dominated by a relatively small number of major banks operating a large number of offices within our geographic footprint. Based on June 30, 2024, FDIC combined market share data for the 25 cities within which the Company currently maintains branches, the largest portion of deposits belongs to Wells Fargo Bank with (19.6%) of total combined deposits, followed by Bank of America (16.8%), JPMorgan Chase (16.2%), and U.S. Bank (6.4%). Bank of the Sierra ranked 5th with 5.4% of total deposits.

In the Bank’s primary market and headquarter location of Tulare County, however, we ranked first for deposit market share with 22.6% of total deposits at June 30, 2024 and had the largest number of branch locations (13), including our online branch. The larger banks noted above have, among other advantages, the ability to finance wide-ranging advertising campaigns and allocate their resources to regions of highest yield and demand. They can also offer certain services we do not provide directly, although wet may offer these indirectly through correspondent institutions, and by virtue of their greater capitalization those banks have legal lending limits substantially higher than ours. For loan customers whose needs exceed our legal lending limits, we may arrange for the sale, or participation, of some of the balances to financial institutions outside our geographic footprint.

In addition to other banks our competitors include savings institutions, credit unions, and numerous non-banking institutions such as finance companies, leasing companies, insurance companies, brokerage firms, asset management groups, mortgage banking firms and internet companies. Innovative technologies have lower barriers to entry than banks, yet many of these companies offer products and services previously considered traditional banking offerings. As a result, we have witnessed increased competition from companies that circumvent the banking system by facilitating payments via the internet, mobile devices, prepaid cards, and other means.

Strong competition for deposits and loans among financial institutions and non-banks affects financial product interest rates and terms offered to customers. Mergers between financial institutions have created additional pressures within the financial services industry to streamline operations, reduce expenses, and increase revenues to remain competitive. Competition is also impacted by federal and state interstate banking laws which permit banking organizations to expand into other states. The relatively large California market has been attractive to out-of-state institutions.

For years we have countered rising competition by offering a broad array of products with flexibility in structure and terms that cannot always be matched by our competitors. We also offer our customers community-oriented, personalized service, and rely on local promotional activity and personal contact by our employees. As noted above, layered onto our traditional personal-contact banking philosophy are technology-driven initiatives to improve customer access and convenience.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 446 full-time and 42 part-time employees. On a full-time equivalent (“FTE”) basis staffing stood at 485 at December 31, 2024, unchanged from December 31, 2023.

At December 31, 2024, the population of our workforce was as follows:

The Company recognizes a diverse workforce brings fresh perspectives that help strengthen and improve how we serve our communities. In addition, flexible working arrangements have been found to create efficiencies while promoting employee health and safety. The Company maintains a Safety program and policy and complies with all federal and state laws related to employee safety. At December 31, 2024, the Company had 54 employees working remotely and 154 working in hybrid arrangements.

The Company has long been committed to comprehensive and competitive compensation and benefits programs as we operate in intensely competitive environments for talent. We continue to offer entry-level employees a minimum wage higher than the California minimum wage in an effort to attract, train, and retain skilled employees. Community banking is often considered a relationship banking model rather than a purely transactional banking model. Therefore, our employees are critical to the Company’s ability to develop and grow relationships with our clients. Recruiting talent within the Company’s footprint has always been a fundamental strategy whenever possible and is facilitated by actively participating in and holding community job fairs. Furthering our philosophy to attract and retain a pool of talented and motivated employees who will continue to advance the purpose and contribute to the Company’s overall success, compensation and benefits programs include an equity-based compensation plan; health/dental/vision insurance, including an employee assistance program that supports mental health; supplemental insurance; life insurance; a 401(k) plan with eligibility for a Company match, benefits under the Family Medical Leave Act; workers’ compensation; paid vacation and sick days; holiday pay; training/education; and leave for bereavement, military service and jury duty.

The Company invests in its employees’ future by sponsoring and prioritizing continued education throughout its employee ranks. The Company requires certain of its employees and directors to participate in educational activities and training curriculum to stay current on industry-related topics, including compliance, human resources, cyber and other enterprise risks. In addition, we provide opportunities for employees to improve or maintain their skills in their current position as well as to enhance skills for future opportunities. The Company's employees are notified periodically of available internal course offerings and educational seminars run by outside parties, including but not limited to the American Bankers Association and Bankers Compliance Group. Employees are also encouraged to continue their higher education at accredited colleges and universities and may receive assistance from the Company for their participation.

In order to develop a workforce that aligns with the Company’s corporate values, we regularly sponsor local community events so our employees can better integrate themselves in our communities.

Each year, the Company supports our local communities through employee volunteerism and donation support. Company employees logged nearly 2,000 volunteer hours in 2024. Donations through our Sierra Grant program totaled $600,000 in 2024, raising our total donations since the program’s inception 20 years ago to more than $4.6 million. As part of our commitment to environmental responsibility, we partnered with Southern California Edison to install 48 electric vehicle charging stations, which are free for public use. Further, in areas of California affected by wildfires, our tree-planting efforts continue to expand. In 2024, we reached a new program milestone, having planted a total of 21,000 trees since our partnership with One Tree Planted began just a few years ago.

Copies of our Annual Report on 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) are available free of charge through our website (www.sierrabancorp.com (http://www.sierrabancorp.com)) as soon as reasonably practicable after we have filed the material with, or furnished it to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Copies can also be obtained by accessing the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov)).

Regulation and Supervision

Banks and bank holding companies are heavily regulated by federal and state laws and regulations. Most banking regulations are intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the deposit insurance fund and not for the benefit of shareholders. The following is a summary of certain statutes, regulations and regulatory guidance affecting the Company and the Bank. This summary is not intended to be a complete explanation of such statutes, regulations, and guidance, all of which are subject to change in the future, nor does it fully address their effects or potential effects on the Company and the Bank.

Regulation of the Company Generally

The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank and its other subsidiaries. As a bank holding company, the Company is regulated under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the “BHC Act”), and is subject to supervision, regulation, and inspection by the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”). The Company is also subject to certain provisions of the California Financial Code which are applicable to bank holding companies. In addition, the Company is under the jurisdiction of the SEC and is subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and the Exchange Act, each administered by the SEC. The Company’s common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select market (“Nasdaq”) with “BSRR” as its trading symbol, and the Company is subject to the rules of Nasdaq for listed companies.

The Company is a bank holding company within the meaning of the BHC Act and is registered as such with the FRB. A bank holding company is required to file annual reports and other information with the FRB regarding its business operations and those of its subsidiaries. In general, the BHC Act limits the business of bank holding companies to banking, managing or controlling banks, and other activities the FRB has determined to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto, including securities brokerage services, investment advisory services, fiduciary services, and management advisory and data processing services, among others. A bank holding company that also qualifies as and elects to become a “financial holding company” may engage in a broader range of activities that are financial in nature or complementary to a financial activity (as determined by the FRB or Treasury regulations), such as securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting and agency, and making merchant banking investments. The Company has not elected to become a financial holding company but may do so at some point in the future if deemed appropriate in view of opportunities or circumstances at the time.

The BHC Act requires the prior approval of the FRB for the direct or indirect acquisition of more than five percent of the voting shares of a commercial bank or its parent holding company. Acquisitions by the Bank are subject instead to the Bank Merger Act, which requires the prior approval of an acquiring bank’s primary federal regulator for any merger with or acquisition of another bank. Acquisitions by both the Company and the Bank also require the prior approval of the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (the “DFPI”) pursuant to the California Financial Code. Notably, in September 2024, the FDIC adopted a final statement of policy regarding its review of Bank Merger Act applications for FDIC-supervised institutions, including the Bank. The policy statement provides heightened expectations around the existing statutory factors the FDIC is required to consider in evaluating Bank Merger Act applications. Also in

September 2024, the DOJ withdrew its 1995 Bank Merger Guidelines and issued the 2024 Banking Addendum, clarifying that it will assess competition considerations in connection with bank and bank holding company mergers using its 2023 Merger Guidelines and the 2024 Banking Addendum. An analysis under the 2023 Merger Guidelines and 2024 Banking Addendum may include consideration of theories of harm and relevant markets not considered under the 1995 Bank Merger Guidelines, which focused primarily on concentrations of deposits and branches.

The Company and the Bank are deemed to be “affiliates” of each other and thus are subject to Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act as well as related Federal Reserve Regulation W which impose both quantitative and qualitative restrictions and limitations on transactions between affiliates. The Bank is also subject to laws and regulations requiring all extensions of credit to our executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and related parties be, among other things, made on substantially the same terms and follow credit underwriting procedures no less stringent than those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with persons not related to the Bank.

Under certain conditions, the FRB has the authority to restrict the payment of cash dividends by a bank holding company as an unsafe and unsound banking practice and may require a bank holding company to obtain the approval of the FRB prior to purchasing or redeeming its own equity securities. The FRB also has the authority to regulate the debt of bank holding companies.

A bank holding company is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength for its subsidiary banks and must commit resources as necessary to support such subsidiaries. The FRB may require a bank holding company to contribute additional capital to an undercapitalized subsidiary bank and may disapprove of the holding company’s payment of dividends to the shareholders in such circumstances.

Regulation of the Bank Generally

As a state-chartered bank, the Bank is subject to broad federal regulation and oversight extending to all its operations by the FDIC and to state regulation by the DFPI. The Bank is also subject to certain regulations of the FRB.

Capital Simplification for Qualifying Community Banking Organization

The federal banking agencies published a final rule on November 13, 2019, that provided a simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations. A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the community bank leverage ratio framework and maintains a leverage ratio greater than nine percent will be considered to have met the minimum capital requirements for the well capitalized category under the Prompt Corrective Action framework, and any other capital or leverage requirements to which the qualifying banking organization is subject. (See below for further discussion of the requirements for well capitalized and the Prompt Corrective Action framework.)

A qualifying community banking organization with a leverage ratio of greater than nine percent may opt into the community bank leverage ratio framework if it has average consolidated total assets of less than $10 billion, has off-balance-sheet exposures, which are not unconditionally cancelable, of 25% or less of total consolidated assets, and has total trading assets and trading liabilities of five percent or less of total consolidated assets. Further, the bank must not be an advance approaches banking organization. The final rule became effective January 1, 2020 and banks meeting the qualifying criteria could elect to use the community bank leverage framework starting with the quarter ended March 31, 2020. The Company and the Bank met the criteria outlined in the final rule and opted into the community bank leverage ratio framework in the first quarter 2020.

Capital Adequacy Requirements

The Company and the Bank are subject to the regulations of the FRB and the FDIC, respectively, governing capital adequacy. These agencies have adopted risk-based capital guidelines to provide a systematic analytical framework that imposes regulatory capital requirements based on differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, considers off-balance sheet exposures in evaluating capital adequacy, and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. Capital levels, as measured by these standards, are also used to categorize financial institutions for purposes of certain prompt corrective action regulatory provisions.

Our Common Equity Tier 1 capital includes common stock, additional paid-in capital, and retained earnings, less the following: disallowed goodwill and intangibles, disallowed deferred tax assets, and any insufficient additional capital to cover the deductions. The Company has elected to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) from regulatory capital. In addition, all the Company’s trust preferred securities qualify for treatment as Tier 1 capital, subject to a limit of 25% of Tier 1 capital.

Tier 1 capital is generally defined as the sum of core capital elements, less the following: goodwill and other intangible assets, accumulated other comprehensive income, disallowed deferred tax assets, and certain other deductions. The following items are defined as core capital elements: (i) common shareholders’ equity; (ii) qualifying non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus (and, in the case of holding companies, senior perpetual preferred stock issued to the U.S. Treasury Department pursuant to the Troubled Asset Relief Program and the Emergency Capital Investment Program); (iii) minority interests in the equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries; and (iv) “restricted” core capital elements (which include qualifying trust preferred securities) up to 25% of all core capital elements. Tier 2 capital includes the following supplemental capital elements: (i) allowance for credit losses on loans (but not more than 1.25% of an institution’s risk-weighted assets); (ii) perpetual preferred stock and related surplus not qualifying as core capital; (iii) hybrid capital instruments, perpetual debt and mandatory convertible debt instruments; and (iv) term subordinated debt and intermediate-term preferred stock and related surplus. The maximum amount of Tier 2 capital is capped at 100% of Tier 1 capital.

The final rules established a regulatory minimum of 4.5% for common equity Tier 1 capital to total risk weighted assets (“Common Equity Tier 1 RBC Ratio”), a minimum of 6.0% for Tier 1 capital to total risk weighted assets (“Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio” or “Tier 1 RBC Ratio”), a minimum of 8.0% for qualifying Tier 1 plus Tier 2 capital to total risk weighted assets (“Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio” or “Total RBC Ratio”), and a minimum of 4.0% for the Leverage Ratio, which is defined as Tier 1 capital to adjusted average assets (quarterly average assets less the disallowed capital items noted above). In addition to the other minimum risk-based capital standards, the final rules also require a Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer which became fully phased in at 2.5% of risk-weighted assets beginning on January 1, 2019. Effective January 1, 2019, the buffer effectively raises the minimum required Common Equity Tier 1 RBC Ratio to 7.0%, the Tier 1 RBC Ratio to 8.5%, and the Total RBC Ratio to 10.5%. Institutions that do not maintain the required capital buffer will become subject to progressively more stringent limitations on the percentage of earnings that can be paid out in dividends or used for stock repurchases, and on the payment of discretionary bonuses to executive management.

Based on our capital levels at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject, utilizing the Capital Simplification for Qualifying Community Bank Organization. For more information on the Company’s capital, see Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Capital Resources. Risk-based capital ratio (“RBC”) requirements are discussed in greater detail in the following section.

Prompt Corrective Action Provisions

Federal law requires each federal banking agency to take prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of insured financial institutions, including but not limited to those that fall below one or more of the prescribed minimum capital ratios. The federal banking agencies have by regulation defined the following five capital categories: “well capitalized” (Total RBC Ratio of 10%; Tier 1 RBC Ratio of 8%; Common Equity Tier 1 RBC Ratio of 6.5%; and Leverage Ratio of 5%); “adequately capitalized” (Total RBC Ratio of 8%; Tier 1 RBC Ratio of 6%; Common Equity Tier 1 RBC Ratio of 4.5%; and Leverage Ratio of 4%); “undercapitalized” (Total RBC Ratio of less than 8%; Tier 1 RBC Ratio of less than 6%; Common Equity Tier 1 RBC Ratio of less than 4.5%; or Leverage Ratio of less than 4%); “significantly undercapitalized” (Total RBC Ratio of less than 6%; Tier 1 RBC Ratio of less than 4%; Common Equity Tier 1 RBC Ratio of less than 3%; or Leverage Ratio less than 3%); and “critically undercapitalized” (tangible equity to total assets less than or equal to 2%). A bank may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if, after notice and the opportunity for a hearing, the appropriate federal agency finds an unsafe or unsound condition or practice merits a downgrade, but no bank may be treated as “critically undercapitalized” unless its actual tangible equity to assets ratio warrants such treatment.

The community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) removes the requirement for qualifying banking organizations to calculate and report risk-based capital and instead requires only a Tier 1 to average assets (leverage) ratio. Qualifying banking organizations that elect to use the CBLR framework and that maintain a leverage ratio of greater than required minimums will be considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk based and leverage capital requirements in the agencies' capital rules (generally applicable rule) and, if applicable, will be considered to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements for purposes of section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. An eligible banking organization can opt out of the CBLR framework and revert back to the risk-weighting framework without restriction. Under the final rules, the CBLR minimum requirement is 9% for calendar year 2022 and beyond.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, both the Company and the Bank qualified as well capitalized for regulatory capital purposes, utilizing the Capital Simplification for Qualifying Community Bank Organization.

At each successively lower capital category, an insured bank is subject to increased restrictions on its operations. For example, a bank is generally prohibited from paying management fees to any controlling persons or from making capital distributions if to do so would cause the bank to be “undercapitalized.” Asset growth and branching restrictions apply to undercapitalized banks, which are required to submit written capital restoration plans meeting specified requirements (including a guarantee by the parent holding company, if any). “Significantly undercapitalized” banks are subject to broad regulatory authority, including among other things capital directives, forced mergers, restrictions on the rates of interest they may pay on deposits, restrictions on asset growth and activities, and prohibitions on paying bonuses or increasing compensation to senior executive officers without FDIC approval. Even more severe restrictions apply to “critically undercapitalized” banks. Most importantly, except under limited circumstances, not later than 90 days after an insured bank becomes critically undercapitalized the appropriate federal banking agency is required to appoint a conservator or receiver for the bank.

In addition to measures taken under the prompt corrective action provisions, insured banks may be subject to potential actions by the federal regulators for unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their businesses or for violations of any law, rule, regulation, or any condition imposed in writing by the agency or any written agreement with the agency. Enforcement actions may include the issuance of cease and desist orders, termination of insurance on deposits (in the case of a bank), the imposition of civil money penalties, the issuance of directives to increase capital, formal and informal agreements, or removal and prohibition orders against “institution-affiliated” parties.

Safety and Soundness Standards

The federal banking agencies have also adopted guidelines establishing safety and soundness standards for all insured depository institutions. Those guidelines relate to internal controls, information systems, internal audit systems, loan underwriting and documentation, compensation, and liquidity and interest rate exposure. In general, the standards are designed to assist the federal banking agencies in identifying and addressing problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If an institution fails to meet the requisite standards, the appropriate federal banking agency may require the institution to submit a compliance plan and could institute enforcement proceedings if an acceptable compliance plan is not submitted or followed.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

Legislation and regulations enacted and implemented since 2008 in response to the U.S. economic downturn and financial industry instability continue to impact most institutions in the banking sector. Most provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”), enacted in 2010, are now effective and have been fully implemented.

One area of Dodd-Frank that remains pending is the effective date of the regulation governing the collection of small business lending data for institutions represented by one of the plaintiffs challenging the rule in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. This includes the Bank due to its American Bankers Association membership. Section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act amended the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) to require financial institutions to compile, maintain, and submit to the Bureau certain data on applications for credit for women-owned, minority-owned, and small businesses. Congress enacted section 1071 for the purpose of facilitating enforcement of fair lending laws and enabling communities, governmental entities, and creditors to identify business and community development needs and opportunities for women-owned, minority-owned, and small businesses. Consistent with section 1071, covered financial institutions will be required to collect and report data on applications for credit for small businesses, including those owned by women or minorities, to the CFPB. The rule also addresses an approach to privacy interests and the publication of section 1071 data; shielding certain demographic data from underwriters and other persons. The Company is continuing to monitor challenges to this rule by various trade groups and other interested parties.

Deposit Insurance

The Bank’s deposits are insured up to maximum applicable limits under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (generally $250,000 per depositor), and the Bank is subject to deposit insurance assessments to maintain the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”). In October 2010, the FDIC adopted a revised restoration plan to ensure that the DIF’s designated reserve ratio (“DRR”) reached 1.35% of insured deposits by September 30, 2020, the deadline mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act. In August 2016, the FDIC announced that the DIF reserve ratio had surpassed 1.15% as of June 30, 2016 and assessment rates for most institutions were adjusted downward, but institutions with $10 billion or more in assets were assessed a quarterly surcharge which will continue until the reserve ratio reaches the statutory minimum of 1.35%. Furthermore, the restoration plan proposed an increase in the DRR to 2.00% of estimated insured deposits as a long-term goal for the fund. On September 30, 2018, the DIF ratio reached 1.36%. Because the ratio exceeded 1.35 %, two deposit insurance assessment changes occurred under FDIC regulations: surcharges on large banks (total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more) ended, with the last surcharge on large banks being collected on December 28, 2018; and, banks with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion were awarded credits for the portion of their assessments that contributed to the growth in the reserve ratio from 1.15% to 1.35%, to be applied when the reserve ratio is at least 1.38%. Bank of the Sierra received credits to reduce our FDIC assessments. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule to increase the base deposit insurance rate uniformly by 2 basis points, beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC also concurrently maintained the DRR for the DIF at 2.00% for 2023. The increase in assessment rate is intended to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio of the DIF reaches the statutory minimum of 1.35% by the statutory deadline of September 30, 2028.

We are generally unable to control the amount of premiums we are required to pay for FDIC deposit insurance. If there are additional bank or financial institution failures or if the FDIC otherwise determines, we may be required to pay higher FDIC premiums, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings and/or on the value of, or market for, our common stock.

Community Reinvestment Act

The Bank is subject to the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), which imposescertain requirements and reporting obligations.. The CRA generally requires federal banking agencies to evaluate the record of a financial institution in meeting the credit needs of its local communities, including low-and moderate-income (“LMI”) neighborhoods. Regulatory agencies must consider a financial institution’s efforts in meeting its community credit needs when evaluating applications for, among other things, domestic branches, mergers or acquisitions, or the formation of holding companies. In measuring a bank’s compliance with its CRA obligations, the regulators utilize a performance-based evaluation system under which CRA ratings are determined by the bank’s actual lending, service, and investment performance, rather than on the extent to which the institution conducts needs assessments, documents community outreach activities, or complies with other procedural requirements. In connection with its assessment of CRA performance, the FDIC assigns a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve” or “substantial noncompliance.” The Bank most recently received a “satisfactory” CRA assessment rating in August 2022.

On October 24, 2023, the FRB along with the FDIC and OCC issued a final rule amending the three-decade-old CRA regulation. The final rule updates the CRA regulations to achieve the following goals: encourage banks to expand access to credit, investment, and banking services in LMI communities; adapt to changes in the banking industry, including internet and mobile banking; provide greater clarity and consistency in the application of the CRA regulations; and tailor CRA evaluations and data collection to bank size and type. In March 2024, the agencies issued an interim final rule to extend the applicability date for certain provisions of the final rule from April 1, 2024, to January 1, 2026. The Bank continues to monitor challenges to the CRA regulations by various trade groups and other interested parties.

Privacy and Data Security

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, also known as the Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (the “Financial Modernization Act”), imposed requirements on financial institutions with respect to consumer privacy. Financial institutions, however, are required to comply with state law if it is more protective of consumer privacy than the Financial Modernization Act. The Financial Modernization Act generally prohibits disclosure of consumer information to non-affiliated third parties unless the consumer has been given the opportunity to object and has not objected to such disclosure. The statute also directed federal regulators, including the FRB and the FDIC, to establish standards for the security of consumer information, and requires financial institutions to disclose their privacy policies to consumers annually.

In June 2018, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) was signed into law, creating new privacy rights for Californians and significant new data protection obligations for businesses. The CCPA went into effect January 1, 2020. California’s Office of the Attorney General has enforcement authority. The CCPA added required notices about personal information we collect, use, share, and disclose for business purposes. The CCPA provides California residents rights regarding their personal information specifically related to exercising access, data portability and deletion rights. There are also California breach notification and disclosure requirements. In November 2020, the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) ballot initiative, amending the CCPA which includes additional privacy protections for consumers, was passed. The majority of the CPRA’s provisions were in force January 1, 2023, with a look-back to January 2022.

On November 23, 2021, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule requiring banking organizations that experience a computer-security incident to notify its primary Federal regulator of the occurrence of an event that rises to the level of a “notification incident.” Generally, a notification incident occurs when a banking organization has suffered a computer-security incident that has a reasonable likelihood of materially disrupting or degrading the banking organization or its operations. The rule requires an affected banking organization to notify its primary Federal regulator as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the banking organization has determined that a notification incident has occurred. The rule also requires bank service providers to notify each affected banking organization if that bank service provider experiences a computer-security incident that has caused, or is reasonably likely to cause, a material service disruption or degradation for four or more hours.

On January 3, 2023, the federal banking agencies issued a joint statement on crypto-asset risks to banking organizations following events which exposed vulnerabilities in the crypto-asset sector, including the risk of fraud and scams, legal uncertainties, significant volatility, and contagion risk. Although banking organizations are not prohibited from crypto-asset related activities, the agencies have expressed significant safety and soundness concerns with business models that are concentrated in crypto-asset related activities or have concentrated exposures to the crypto-asset sector. Presently, we do not engage in any crypto-asset related activities.

On July 26, 2023, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved the new cybersecurity disclosure rules for public companies. The new rule requires disclosure of a material cybersecurity event on Form 8-K within four days of such materiality determination, which must be made “without unreasonable delay”, although it provides a limited exception for delay if the U.S. Attorney General determines that immediate disclosure would pose a substantial risk to national security or public safety.

Overdrafts

The Electronic Funds Transfer Act, as implemented by the FRB’s Regulation E, governs transfers initiated through ATMs, point-of-sale terminals, and other electronic banking services. Regulation E prohibits financial institutions from assessing an overdraft fee for paying ATM and one-time point-of-sale debit card transactions unless the customer affirmatively opts into the overdraft service for those types of transactions. The opt-in provision establishes requirements for clear disclosure of fees and terms of overdraft services for ATM and one-time debit card transactions. Other regulatory issuances include the FDIC’s Overdraft Payment Supervisory Guidance, which ois designed to ensure banks appropriately mitigate risks associated with offering automated overdraft payment programs and comply with all consumer protection laws and regulations. Additionally, the FDIC issued guidance on assessing multiple re-presentment nonsufficient fund fees (NSF) of the same unpaid transaction. This guidance included their supervisory approach when a violation of law is identified, as well as expectations for full corrective action. As of the third quarter of 2022, the Bank no longer charges customers for

NSFs. The Bank also increased the discretionary overdraft privilege amount for both commercial and consumer customers but limited the number of daily overdraft fees to four per day (previously five per day) and no longer charges a fee for continuous overdrafts (previously a $35 charge after the 10th consecutive day an account is in an overdraft position). These changes to our NSF fees, overdraft fees and discretionary overdraft privilege program did not have a material impact on deposit fee income.

On December 12, 2024, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) issued a final rule that treats covered overdraft services offered by banks with more than $10 billion in assets as credit, bringing them under the Truth in Lending Act and Regulation Z. Banks subject to this final rule may choose to charge $5 for overdrafts, or charge a fee that covers no more than the costs or losses of overdrafts. If a bank chooses to continue to offer profit-generating overdraft loans under the final rule, they must comply with applicable lending laws, including disclosing any applicable interest rate. This rule was immediately challenged by various national and state banking associations. Although the Bank is under $10 billion and not subject to the final rule, the Bank continuously evaluates its overdraft practices and monitors potential and final legislative and regulatory changes, as well as regulatory guidance related to overdrafts. If the Bank were to be subject to a regulatory cap on overdraft fees or if competitive pressures cause the Bank to significantly lower overdraft fees, it could have a material impact on deposit fee income.

Consumer Financial Protection and Financial Privacy

Dodd-Frank created the CFPB as an independent entity with broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement authority over consumer financial products and services including deposit products, residential mortgages, home-equity loans, and credit cards. The CFPB’s functions include investigating consumer complaints, conducting market research, rulemaking, supervising and examining bank consumer transactions, and enforcing rules related to consumer financial products and services. CFPB regulations and guidance apply to all financial institutions, including the Bank, although only banks with $10 billion or more in assets are subject to examination by the CFPB. Banks with less than $10 billion in assets, including the Bank, are examined for compliance by their primary federal banking agency.

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks, including, among other things, the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or service or take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s lack of financial savvy, inability to protect himself in the selection or use of consumer financial products or services, or reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests.

The Bank continues to be subject to numerous other federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern its relationship with its customers. Those laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and respective state-law counterparts to these laws, as well as state usury laws and laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. These and other laws require disclosures including the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices, restrict the Bank’s ability to raise interest rates and otherwise subject the Bank to substantial regulatory oversight.

As is the case with all financial institutions, the Bank is required to maintain the privacy of its customers’ non-public, personal information. Such privacy requirements direct financial institutions to: (i) provide notice to customers regarding privacy policies and practices; (ii) inform customers regarding the conditions under which their non-public personal information may be disclosed to non-affiliated third parties; and (iii) give customers an option to prevent disclosure of such information to non-affiliated third parties.

Identity Theft

Under the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (the “FACT Act”), the Bank is required to develop and implement a written Identity Theft Prevention Program to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft “red flags” in connection with certain existing accounts or the opening of certain accounts. Under the FACT Act, the Bank is required to adopt reasonable policies and procedures to (i) identify relevant red flags for covered accounts and incorporate those red flags into the program; (ii) detect red flags that have been incorporated into the program; (iii) respond appropriately to any red flags that are detected to prevent and mitigate identity theft; and (iv) ensure the program is updated periodically, to reflect changes in risks to customers or to the safety and soundness of the financial institution or creditor from identity theft. The Bank maintains a program to meet FACT Act requirements.

Interstate Banking and Branching

The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (the “Interstate Act”), together with Dodd-Frank, relaxed prior interstate branching restrictions under federal law by permitting, subject to regulatory approval, state and federally chartered commercial banks to establish branches in states where the laws permit banks chartered in such states to establish branches. The Interstate Act requires regulators to consult with community organizations before permitting an interstate institution to close a branch in a low-income area. Federal banking agency regulations prohibit banks from using their interstate branches primarily for deposit production and the federal banking agencies have implemented a loan-to-deposit ratio screen to ensure compliance with this prohibition. Dodd-Frank effectively eliminated the prohibition under California law against interstate branching through de novo establishment of California branches. Interstate branches are subject to certain laws of the states in which they are located. The Bank presently does not have any interstate branches.

USA Patriot Act of 2001 and Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020

The impact of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”) on financial institutions has been significant and wide ranging. The Patriot Act substantially enhanced anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and required certain regulatory authorities to adopt rules that promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators, and law enforcement entities in identifying parties that may be involved in terrorism or money laundering. Under the Patriot Act, financial institutions are subject to prohibitions regarding specified financial transactions and account relationships, as well as enhanced due diligence and “know your customer” standards in their dealings with higher risk, including foreign individuals and entities. The Patriot Act also requires all financial institutions to establish anti-money laundering programs. In 2021, Congress enacted the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (the “AML Act”), which amends and builds upon the existing anti-money laundering framework. The Bank actively monitors the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network’s (FinCEN) and the agencies’ issuances of guidance and rules in support of the AML Act to ensure compliance. The Bank is committed to maintaining adequate Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering compliance staff and system resources to conduct the appropriate level of account due diligence, suspicious activity-monitoring, and reporting to fulfill AML requirements and guidance issued by FinCEN and federal and state banking regulators.

Incentive Compensation

In June 2010, the FRB and the FDIC issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to help ensure banking organizations do not undermine their own safety and soundness by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The guidance, which covers all employees who have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management, and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors. The regulatory agencies will review, as part of their regular risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as the Company, which are not “large, complex banking organizations.” Where appropriate, the regulatory agencies will take supervisory or enforcement action to address perceived deficiencies in an institution’s incentive compensation arrangements or related risk-management, control, and governance processes. The Company believes it is in full compliance with the regulatory guidance on incentive compensation policies.

In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including the Nasdaq, to implement listing standards that require public companies to adopt policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding the date the listed company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error was either corrected or left uncorrected in the current period. The final rule required us to adopt a clawback policy within 60 days after such listing standard became effective and file the policy as an exhibit in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Please see exhibit 97.1 for a copy of our policy.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Company is subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) which addresses, among other issues, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, executive compensation, and enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information. Among other things, Sarbanes-Oxley mandates chief executive and chief financial officer certifications of periodic financial reports, additional financial disclosures concerning off-balance sheet items, and accelerated share transaction reporting for executive officers, directors and 10% shareholders. In addition, Sarbanes-Oxley increased penalties for non-compliance with the Exchange Act. SEC rules promulgated pursuant to Sarbanes-Oxley impose obligations and restrictions on auditors and audit committees intended to enhance their independence from Management, and include extensive additional disclosure, corporate governance, and other related rules.

Commercial Real Estate Lending Concentrations

As a part of their regulatory oversight, the federal regulators have issued guidelines on sound risk management practices with respect to a financial institution’s concentrations in commercial real estate (“CRE”) lending activities. These guidelines were issued in response to the agencies’ concerns that rising CRE concentrations might expose institutions to unanticipated earnings and capital volatility in the event of adverse changes in the commercial real estate market. The guidelines identify certain concentration levels that, if exceeded, will expose the institution to additional supervisory analysis of the institution’s CRE concentration risk. The guidelines, as amended, are designed to promote appropriate levels of capital and sound loan and risk management practices for institutions with a concentration of CRE loans. In general, the guidelines, as amended, establish the following supervisory criteria as preliminary indications of possible CRE concentration risk: (1) the institution’s total construction, land development and other land loans represent 100% or more of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans; or (2) total CRE loans as defined in the regulatory guidelines represent 300% or more of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans, and the institution’s CRE loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the prior 36 month period. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s total construction, land development and other land loans represented 1% of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s total CRE loans as defined in the regulatory guidelines represented 236% of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans. The Bank and its Board of Directors have discussed the guidelines and believe that the Bank’s underwriting policies, management information systems, independent credit administration process, and monitoring of real estate loan concentrations are sufficient to address the risk management of CRE under the guidelines.

Other Pending and Proposed Legislation

Other legislative and regulatory initiatives which could affect the Company, the Bank and the banking industry in general are pending, and additional initiatives may be proposed or introduced before the United States Congress, the California legislature, and other governmental bodies in the future. Such proposals, if enacted, may further alter the structure, regulation, and competitive relationship among financial institutions, and may subject the Bank to increased regulation, disclosure, and reporting requirements. In addition, the various banking regulatory agencies often adopt new rules and regulations to implement and enforce existing legislation. It cannot be predicted whether, or in what form, any such legislation or regulations may be enacted or the extent to which the business of the Company or the Bank would be affected thereby.

Article I. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, and all other information contained in this Annual Report before making investment decisions concerning the Company’s common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones the Company faces. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company, or that the Company currently believes are immaterial, may also adversely impact the Company’s business. If any of the events described in the following risk factors occur, the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, the market price of the Company’s common stock could decline due to any of the events described in these risks.

Section 1.01 Risks Relating to the Bank and our Business

Our business has been, and may in the future, be adversely affected by volatile conditions in the financial markets and unfavorable economic conditions generally. National and global economies are constantly in flux, as evidenced by market volatility both recently and in years past. Future economic conditions cannot be predicted, and recurrent deterioration in the economies of the nation as a whole or in the Company’s markets could have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, and could cause the market price of the Company’s stock to decline.

Interest rates have flattened along the curve through 2024, but uncertainty about the magnitude and direction of future rate movements along the curve remains due primarily to inflation and jobs data. Conditions appear relatively stable in most of our local markets, but potential labor shortages, tariffs, natural disasters, and demand for products produced in our markets could affect local economies.

Adverse developments, such as, continued interest rate volatility, inflation, tariffs, jobs market, health epidemics or pandemics (or expectations about them) interest rate volatility, international trade disputes, oil price volatility, the level of U.S. debt, including the debt ceiling (and the potential inability to raise the debt ceiling), and global economic conditions, could depress business and/or consumer confidence levels, negatively impact real estate values, and otherwise lead to economic weakness which could have one or more of the following undesirable effects on our business:

• a decrease in low-cost or noninterest bearing deposits;
• a slowing of demand for loans or other products and services offered by us;
• an inability to retain and recruit employees due to competition for labor;
• increased competition for loans or other earning assets;
• a decline in the value of our loans or other assets secured by real estate;
• a decline in the value of fixed-rate investment securities, which could lead to a reduction in capital due to declines in other comprehensive income/(loss);
• an increase in the reliance on wholesale funding;
• a credit impairment of our investment securities; or
• an increase in the number of borrowers who become delinquent, file for protection under bankruptcy laws or default on their loans or other obligations to us, which in turn could result in higher levels of nonperforming assets, net charge-offs, and provisions for credit losses.

Changes in interest rates could adversely affect our profitability, business, and prospects. Net interest income, and therefore earnings, can be adversely affected by differences or changes in the interest rates on, or the repricing frequency of, our financial instruments. Fluctuations in interest rates can affect the demand of customers for products and services, and an increase in the general level of interest rates may adversely affect the ability of certain borrowers to make variable-rate or adjustable-rate loan payments. The speed and absolute level of increase or decrease in interest rates can have a material impact on the net interest income and economic value of equity of the Bank depending on the asset liability profile at any point in time. In addition, different parts of the yield curve could change by different amounts causing the yield curve to steepen, flatten, or invert. The continued inversion of the shorter-end of the yield curve along with a relatively flat longer-end of the yield curve could further negative impact the Company’s earnings over time.

Changes in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s asset quality based on borrowers’ ability to repay at higher rates, loan origination volume, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Customers with adjustable-rate loans could see payments increase significantly upon repricing which could affect the borrower’s ability to service debt at higher rates. This interest rate risk can arise from FRB monetary policies, as well as other economic, regulatory, and competitive factors beyond our control.

Rising interest rates since 2022 have decreased the value of the Company’s held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities portfolio and certain fixed-rate loans and the Company would realize losses if it were required to sell such securities or loans to meet liquidity needs. As a result of inflationary pressures and the resulting rapid increases in interest rates since 2022, the trading value of previously issued government and other fixed income securities , as well as the value of certain fixed-rate loans, declined significantly.. These securities make up a majority of the securities portfolio of most banks in the U.S., including the Company’s, resulting in unrealized losses. Unaccreted unrealized losses that existed at the time securities were transferred to held-to maturity and unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities are reflected in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss). Changes to unrealized losses after securities were transferred to held-to-maturity and unrealized losses on loans are not reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss).

Challenges in the agricultural industry could have an adverse effect on our customers and their ability to make payments to us, particularly in view of severe weather events in California and disruptions involving international trade. Difficulties experienced by the agricultural industry have led to relatively high levels of nonperforming assets in previous economic cycles. This is due to the fact that a considerable portion of our borrowers are involved in, or are impacted to some extent by, the agricultural industry. While a great number of our borrowers are not directly involved in agriculture, they would likely be impacted by difficulties in the agricultural industry since many jobs in our market areas are ancillary to the regular production, processing, marketing and sale of agricultural commodities.

The markets for agricultural products can be adversely impacted by increased supply from overseas competition, a drop in consumer demand, tariffs, and numerous other factors. In recent periods in particular, retaliatory tariffs levied by certain countries in response to tariffs imposed by the US Government on imports from those countries have created a high degree of uncertainty and disruption in the California agricultural community, due to the level of goods that are exported. The ripple effect of any resulting drop in commodity prices could lower borrower income and depress collateral values.

Weather patterns are also of critical importance to row crop, tree fruit, and citrus production. A degenerative cycle of weather has the potential to adversely affect agricultural industries as well as consumer purchasing power and could lead to higher unemployment throughout the San Joaquin Valley. In recent years, California experienced the worst drought in its recorded history, and it is difficult to predict if the drought will resume and if it does how long it might last. Another looming issue that could have a major impact on the agricultural industry involves water availability and distribution rights. If the amount of water available to agriculture becomes increasingly scarce as a result of diversion to other uses or limitations on agricultural use, farmers may not be able to continue to produce agricultural products at a reasonable profit, which has the potential to force many out of business. Such conditions have affected and may continue to adversely affect our borrowers and, by extension, our business, and if general agricultural conditions decline our level of nonperforming assets could increase.

Another significant drop in oil prices could have an adverse impact on our customers and their ability to make payments to us, particularly in areas such as Kern County where oil production is a key economic driver. As we have experienced in the past, a drop in oil prices could lead to declines in property values and property taxes, particularly in Kern County, which is home to about three quarters of California’s oil production. The Company does not have direct exposure to oil producers, and our exposure via loans outstanding to borrowers involved in servicing oil companies totaled only $4.0 million at December 31, 2024. However, if cash flows are disrupted for our energy-related borrowers, or if other borrowers are indirectly impacted and/or non-oil property values decline, our level of nonperforming assets and loan charge-offs could increase. Furthermore, economic multipliers to a contracting oil industry include the prospects of a depressed residential housing market and a drop in commercial real estate values.

Negative developments affecting the banking industry, and resulting media coverage, could erode customer and investor confidence in the banking system. The high-profile bank failures involving Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank, and sale of First Republic Bank in 2023 generated significant market volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies and, in particular, regional and community banks like the Company. These market developments negatively impacted customer confidence in the safety and soundness of regional and community banks. As a result, customers may choose to maintain deposits with larger financial institutions or invest in higher yielding short-term fixed income securities, all of which could materially adversely impact the Company’s liquidity, loan funding capacity, net interest margin, capital, and results of operations. Events similar to this could adversely impact the market price and volatility of the Company’s common stock independent from the Company’s actual underlying financial performance.

We may not be able to continue to attract and retain banking customers, and our efforts to compete may reduce our profitability. The banking business in our market areas is highly competitive, which may limit our ability to attract and retain banking customers. In California generally, and in our service areas specifically, major banks dominate the commercial banking industry. Such banks have substantially greater lending limits, offer certain services we cannot offer directly, and often operate with economies of scale that result in relatively low operating costs. We also compete with numerous financial and quasi-financial institutions, including providers of financial services via the internet, for deposits and loans. Due to deposit declines from a higher rate environment, competition for deposits has become more fierce, and new deposits generally have a higher cost. Recent advances in technology and other changes have allowed parties to effectuate financial transactions that previously required the involvement of banks. For example, consumers can maintain funds in brokerage accounts or mutual funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits. Additionally, the use of blockchain and related technology may cause further disintermediation away from banks. Consumers can also complete transactions such as paying bills and transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as disintermediation, could result in the loss of customer deposits and the fee income generated by those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and access to lower cost deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, some customers continue to be concerned about the extent to which their deposits are insured by the FDIC. Customers may withdraw deposits in an effort to ensure that the amount they have on deposit with their bank is fully insured. The bank offers accounts to customers that provide multi-million-dollar FDIC insurance using the IntraFi network of banks to offer reciprocal fully FDIC insured accounts through the Insured Cash Sweep (“ICS”) or Certificate of Deposit Account Registry System (“CDARS”). At December 31, 2024, the Bank estimates it had uninsured deposits of $816 million, or 28% of total deposits. Decreases in deposits may adversely affect our funding costs and net income. Ultimately, competition can and does increase our cost of funds, reduces loan yields and drives down our net interest margin, thereby reducing profitability. Competition can also make it more difficult for us to continue increasing the size of our loan portfolio and deposit base and could cause us to rely more heavily on wholesale borrowings which are generally more expensive than retail deposits.

We may not be able to continue to attract and retain employees, and our efforts to compete for talent may reduce our profitability. The Company recognizes that community banking is based on relationships and a core part of the Company’s service strategy is to recruit and develop employees that build these relationships with customers, vendors, and other employees. In addition to offering a competitive base salary or wage, the company offers comprehensive benefits, including training. The Company continues to maintain a minimum wage above the California minimum wage in an effort to attract entry level workers and retain employees at all levels. In addition, exempt employees of the Company receive a minimum salary of twice the California minimum wage, which is well above the national requirements for such employees. When coupled with many exempt positions remaining remote and/or hybrid work arrangements, this assists with recruiting talent we would not otherwise be able to attract. The Company’s employees are critical to the Company’s ability to develop and grow relationships with its clients. However, we recognize that competition for talent by both banks and non-banks is fierce and that our overall expenses may be negatively affected by higher per employee costs or by higher-cost temporary staff or consultants. The competitive market for talent could also result in gaps of experience in certain areas or lower staffing levels which could result in a reduced ability to serve our customers.

The value of the securities in our investment portfolio may be negatively affected by market disruptions, adverse credit events or fluctuations in interest rates, which could have a material adverse impact on capital levels. Our available-for-sale investment securities are reported at their estimated fair values, and fluctuations in fair values can result from changes in market interest rates, rating agency actions, issuer defaults, illiquid markets, and limited investor demand, among other things. Under current accounting rules we directly increase or decrease accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity by the amount of the change in fair value, net of the tax effect. Because of the size of our fixed income bond portfolio relative to total assets, a relatively large increase in market interest rates, in particular, could result in a material drop in fair values and, by extension, our capital. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had total net other comprehensive gains of $4.7 million, net of tax, primarily as a result of a decline in unrealized losses in our securities portfolio. The Company has a significant amount of Collateralized Loan Obligations; a change in credit events, demand or other factors could decrease the spread to the index which could have a negative impact in the value of those bonds. Non-government and non-US agency investment securities that have an amortized cost in excess of their current fair value at the end of a reporting period are also evaluated for potential credit impairment. If such credit impairment is indicated, the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value of those securities will be recorded as a charge in our income statement, which could also have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and capital levels.

We are exposed to the risk of environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we obtain title. Approximately 78% of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2024, consisted of real estate loans. In the normal course of business, we may foreclose and take title to real estate collateral and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to those properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation, and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination or may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. These costs and claims could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Section 1.02 Risks Related to our Loans

Concentrations of real estate loans have negatively impacted our performance in the past and could subject us to further risks in the event of another real estate recession or natural disaster. Our loan portfolio is heavily concentrated in real estate loans, particularly commercial real estate. However, the overall concentration of commercial real estate loans has been reduced significantly since peaking at December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2024, 78.2% of our loan portfolio consisted of real estate loans, and a sizeable portion of the remaining loan portfolio had real estate collateral as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution. Loans on commercial buildings represented approximately 58.2% of all real estate loans, while construction/development and land loans were 0.2%, loans secured by residential properties accounted for 16.4%, and loans secured by farmland were 3.3% of real estate loans. The Company’s $19.7 million balance of nonperforming assets at December 31, 2024, is mostly comprised of one nonperforming operating line of credit collateralized with receivables from wine grape production and other assets.

In past recessionary periods, the residential real estate market experienced significant deflation in property values and foreclosures occurred at relatively high rates. While residential real estate values in our market areas appear to have stabilized, if they were to slide again, or if commercial real estate values were to decline materially, the Company could experience additional migration into nonperforming assets. An increase in nonperforming assets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations by reducing our income and increasing our expenses. Deterioration in real estate values might also further reduce the amount of loans the Company makes to businesses in the construction and real estate industry, which could negatively impact our organic growth prospects. Similarly, the occurrence of more natural disasters like those California has experienced recently, including fires, flooding, and earthquakes, could impair the value of the collateral we hold for real estate secured loans and negatively impact our results of operations.

Our commercial real estate, including construction and land development exposes us to increased lending risks. Commercial and agricultural real estate, construction and land development, and multi-family loans comprise approximately 61.9% of our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024, exposing the Company to certain risks if not properly managed overall and individually. Our concentration of commercial real estate loans peaked at December 31, 2020, and the concentration to capital and allowance has declined from 376% to 236% since such date.

In particular, office properties within commercial real estate have been stressed by the surge in interest rates combined with the increase in vacancies. In the next three years, $62.0 million, or 29.7%, of our office real estate loans have the ability to reprice. The potential inability of our borrowers to service debt at higher rates expose us to greater risk of loss. Commercial real estate and land development loans typically involve relatively large balances to a borrower or a group of related borrowers, and an adverse development with respect to a larger commercial loan relationship would expose us to greater risk of loss if not properly collateralized.

Moreover, banking regulators generally scrutinize concentrations of commercial real estate loans due to risks relating to the cyclical nature of the real estate market. The regulators require banks with relatively high levels of CRE loans to implement enhanced underwriting standards, internal controls, risk management policies and portfolio stress testing. If the CRE concentration risk is not properly managed, it could result in higher allowances for possible loan losses. Any required increase in our allowance for credit losses on loans could adversely affect our net income, and any requirement that we maintain higher capital levels could adversely impact financial performance measures including earnings per share and return on equity.

The ability to grow commercial real estate loans is dependent upon the Company’s ability to manage concentrations through recruitment of diversified lending teams, hiring of specialized support personnel including underwriters and portfolio managers, and the ability to identify and monitor emerging risks in the loan portfolio.

Repayment of our commercial loans is often dependent on the cash flows of the borrowers, which may be unpredictable, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. At December 31, 2024, we had $178.3 million, or 7.6% of total loans, in commercial loans (including SBA loans and agricultural production loans but excluding mortgage warehouse loans). Commercial lending involves risks that are different from those associated with real estate lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral being viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Our commercial loans are extended primarily based on the cash flows of the borrowers, and secondarily on any underlying collateral provided by the borrowers. A borrower’s cash flows may be unpredictable, and collateral securing those loans may fluctuate in value or be subject to other risks such as agricultural production and demand. Although commercial loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, or other business assets, the liquidation of such collateral in the event of default may be an insufficient source of repayment for multiple reasons, including uncollectible accounts receivable and obsolete or special-purpose inventories, among others.

Nonperforming assets adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and can take significant time to resolve. Our nonperforming loans may increase, which would negatively impact earnings, possibly in a material way depending on the severity. We do not record interest income on non-accrual loans, thereby adversely affecting income levels. Furthermore, when we receive collateral through foreclosures and similar proceedings, we are required to record the collateral at its fair market value less estimated selling costs, which may result in charges against our allowance for credit losses on loans if that value is less than the book value of the related loan. Additionally, our noninterest expense has risen materially in past adverse economic cycles due to the costs of reappraising adversely classified assets, write-downs on foreclosed assets resulting from declining property values, operating costs related to foreclosed assets, legal and other costs associated with loan collections, and various other expenses that would not typically be incurred in a normal operating environment. A relatively high level of nonperforming assets also increases our risk profile and may impact the capital levels our regulators believe is appropriate in light of such risks. We have utilized various techniques such as loan sales, workouts, and restructurings to manage our problem assets. Deterioration in the value of these problem assets, the underlying collateral, or in the borrowers’ performance or financial condition, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires a significant commitment of time from Bank staff, which can be detrimental to their performance of other responsibilities. There can be no assurance that we will avoid increases in nonperforming loans in the future.

We may experience credit losses in excess of our allowance for such losses. We endeavor to limit the risk that borrowers might fail to repay; nevertheless, losses can and do occur. At December 31, 2024, we established an allowance for estimated credit losses on loans in our accounting records based on:

• historical experience with our loans and those of peer banks;
• our evaluation of reasonable and supportable economic forecasts;
• consideration of the composition, including quality, mix and size of the overall loan portfolio;
• review of nonperforming loans and related reserve requirements
• expected timeline for repayment of existing loans, considering expected contractual cash flows in addition to expectations around prepayments; and
• evaluation of qualitative factors not given adequate consideration in the computation of quantitative reserves

The allowance for credit losses can be affected by changes in economic forecasts, especially national employment rates, gross national product, and housing price indices, changes in estimated loan prepayment speeds, actual levels of charge-offs, changes to the level of nonaccrual loans, and changes to management’s estimate of items not otherwise considered as part of the quantitative calculation of the allowance. At any given date, we maintain an allowance for credit losses on loans that we believe is adequate to absorb specifically identified expected losses as well as any other losses of principal which is not expected to be collected over the contractual life of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments. While we strive to carefully monitor credit quality and to identify loans that may become nonperforming, at any given time there may be loans in our portfolio that could result in losses but have not been identified as nonperforming or potential problem loans. We cannot be sure that we will identify deteriorating loans before they become nonperforming assets, or that we will be able to limit losses on loans that have been so identified. In addition, the FDIC and the DFPI, as part of their supervisory functions, periodically review our allowance for credit losses on loans. Such agencies may identify additional considerations for us to address with respect to our allowance for credit losses which may cause us to increase our allowance for credit losses.

Our use of appraisals in deciding whether to make a loan on or secured by real property does not ensure the value of the collateral. In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, we generally require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made, and an error in fact or judgment could adversely affect the reliability of the appraisal. In addition, events occurring after the initial appraisal may cause the value of the real estate to decrease. As a result of any of these factors the value of the collateral backing a loan may be less than supposed, and if a default occurs, we may not recover the entire outstanding balance of the loan via the liquidation of such collateral.

Section 1.03 Risks Related to our Management

We depend on our executive officers and key personnel to implement our business strategy and could be harmed by the loss of their services. We believe that our continued growth and success depends in large part upon the skills of our executive management team and other key personnel. The competition for qualified personnel in the financial services industry is intense, and the loss of key personnel or an inability to attract, retain or motivate key personnel could adversely affect our business. If we are not able to retain our existing key personnel or attract additional qualified personnel, our business operations could be impaired.

We may incur significant losses as a result of ineffective risk management processes and strategies. We seek to monitor and control our risk exposure through a comprehensive enterprise risk framework administered by our Chief Risk Officer with oversight by our Board of Directors. This includes establishing the Company’s Risk Appetite, performing an annual Enterprise Risk Assessment, and ongoing monitoring of key risk indicators. While we employ a broad and diversified set of risk monitoring and risk mitigation techniques, including performing an internal audit of our enterprise risk framework, those techniques and the judgements that accompany their application may not be effective and may not anticipate all material economic and financial outcome on the Company and its customers, or the specifics and timing of such outcomes.

Section 1.04 Risks Related to our Other Accounting Estimates

We may experience future goodwill impairment. In accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), we record assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair value with the excess of the purchase consideration over the net assets acquired resulting in the recognition of goodwill. We perform a goodwill evaluation at least annually to test for potential impairment. As part of our testing, we assess quantitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount using these quantitative factors, we must record a goodwill impairment charge based on that difference. Adverse conditions in our business climate, including a significant decline in future operating cash flows, a significant change in our stock price or market capitalization, or a deviation from our expected growth rate and performance may significantly affect the fair value of the Company and may trigger goodwill impairment losses, which could be materially adverse to our operating results and financial position. We cannot provide assurance that we will not be required to take an impairment charge in the future. Any impairment charge would have an adverse effect on our shareholders’ equity and financial results and could cause a decline in our stock price.

Changes in accounting standards may affect our performance. Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. From time to time the FASB and SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we report and record our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in a retrospective adjustment to prior financial statements.

There are risks resulting from the extensive use of models. We rely on quantitative models to measure risks and estimate certain financial values. Models may be used to measure interest rate and other market risks, predicting or estimating losses, assessing capital adequacy, assisting with identifying compliance risk, as well as to estimate the value of financial instruments and balance sheet items. Poorly designed or implemented models could result in business decisions made based on the use of models being adversely affected due to the inaccuracy of that information. Models are often based on historical experience to predict future outcomes and new experiences or events which are not part of historical experience could significantly increase model imprecision and reliability. Model inputs can also include information provided by third parties, such as economic forecasts or macroeconomic variables upon which we rely. Our reliance on models continues to increase as rules, guidance and expectations change including the model used in the determination of our allowance for credit losses.

Section 1.05 Risks Related to our Growth Strategy

Growing by acquisition entails integration and certain other risks, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if our expansion efforts are unsuccessful, or we fail to manage our growth effectively. In addition to organic growth and the establishment of de novo branches, we have also expanded through acquisitions of branches and whole institutions – most recently in 2018. We desire to reestablish this inorganic growth strategy, within our current footprint and/or via geographic expansion, but there are risks associated with any such expansion. Those risks include, among others, incorrectly assessing the asset quality of a bank acquired in a particular transaction, encountering greater than anticipated costs in integrating acquired businesses, facing resistance from customers or employees, being unable to profitably deploy assets acquired in the transaction, and regulatory compliance risks. To the extent we issue capital stock in connection with additional transactions, if any, these transactions and related stock issuances may have a dilutive effect on tangible book value per share. If our Company’s stock value is valued lower than peers, it could subject us to effectively paying more to acquire another institution or be unable to effectively match a peer offer for such institution. If the subsidiary’s CRA rating is downgraded to less than satisfactory in the future, it could negatively affect the Company’s acquisition strategy as the CRA requires the banking agencies to consider a financial institution’s efforts in meeting its community credit needs when evaluating applications for, among other things, domestic branches, mergers or acquisitions, or the formation of holding companies.

Our earnings, financial condition, and prospects after a merger or acquisition depend in part on our ability to successfully integrate the operations of the acquired company. We may be unable to integrate operations successfully or to achieve expected cost savings. Any cost savings which are realized may be offset by losses in revenues or other charges to earnings. There also may be business disruptions that cause us to lose customers or cause customers to remove their accounts from us and move their business to competing financial institutions. In addition, our ability to grow may be limited if we cannot make acquisitions. We compete with other financial institutions with respect to potential acquisitions. We cannot predict if or when we will be able to identify and attract acquisition candidates or make acquisitions on favorable terms.

Section 1.06 Legislative and Regulatory Risks

We are subject to extensive government regulation that could limit or restrict our activities which may include crypto currency and legalized marijuana business activities, which in turn may adversely impact our ability to increase our assets and earnings. We operate in a highly regulated environment and are subject to supervision and regulation by a number of governmental regulatory agencies, including the FRB, the DFPI and the FDIC. Regulations adopted by these agencies, which are generally intended to provide protection for depositors and customers rather than for the benefit of shareholders, govern a comprehensive range of matters relating to ownership and control of our shares, our acquisition of other companies and businesses, permissible activities for us to engage in, maintenance of adequate capital levels, and other aspects of our operations. These bank regulators possess broad authority to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law. Moreover, certain of these regulations contain significant punitive sanctions for violations, including monetary penalties, as well as imposing limitations on a bank’s ability to implement components of its business plan, such as expansion through mergers and acquisitions or the opening of new branch offices. In addition, changes in regulatory requirements may add costs associated with compliance efforts. Furthermore, government policy and regulation, particularly as implemented through the FRB, significantly affect credit conditions. Any increased regulatory examination scrutiny or new regulatory requirements could increase the Company’s expenses and affect the Company’s operations.

Our expenses could increase as a result of increases in FDIC insurance premiums or other regulatory assessments. The FDIC charges insured financial institutions a premium to maintain the DIF at a certain level. In the event that deteriorating economic conditions increase bank failures, the FDIC ensures payments of deposits up to insured limits from the DIF. In 2022, the FDIC announced an increase in rates in 2023, resulting in an increase in the Bank’s FDIC insurance assessments. For the year ended 2024 there were no increases in rates; however, there can be no assurance that the FDIC will not further increase assessment rates in the future or that the Bank will not be subject to higher assessment rates due to a change in its risk category, either of which could have an adverse effect on the Bank’s earnings.

Federal and state regulators periodically examine our business, and we may be required to remediate adverse examination findings. The FRB, the FDIC, and the DFPI periodically examine our business, including our compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, a banking agency were to determine that our financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that we were in violation of any law or regulation, they may take a number of different remedial actions as they deem appropriate. These actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to restrict our growth, to assess civil money penalties, to fine or remove officers and directors and, if it is concluded that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate our deposit insurance and place us into receivership or conservatorship. Any regulatory action against us could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions. The CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations prohibit discriminatory lending practices by financial institutions. The U.S. Department of Justice, federal banking agencies, and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A challenge to an institution’s compliance with fair lending laws and regulations, receiving a less than satisfactory CRA rating, or challenges related to other consumer protection laws could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion and restrictions on entering new business lines.

Private parties may also challenge an institution’s performance under consumer compliance laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, federal, state, and local laws have been adopted that are intended to eliminate certain lending practices considered “predatory.” These laws prohibit practices such as steering borrowers away from more affordable products, selling unnecessary insurance to borrowers, repeatedly refinancing loans and making loans without a reasonable expectation that the borrowers will be able to repay the loans irrespective of the value of the underlying property. It is our policy not to make predatory loans, but these laws create the potential for liability with respect to our lending and loan investment activities. They increase our cost of doing business and, ultimately, may prevent us from making certain loans and cause us to reduce the average percentage rate or the points and fees on loans that we do make.

We derive fee income from charging customers for fees that could be subject to increased scrutiny by the regulators. There has been increased scrutiny of certain fees, including overdrafts, late fees, and interchange fees, charged to consumers and/or businesses in recent years. Changes to the Company’s overdraft practices due to changes in regulations or rules impact the collection of overdraft or insufficient fund fees could negatively impact the Company’s earnings. In 2024, the Company recognized $5.5 million of income from overdraft fees, which could be impacted due to changes in the amount or method of how overdraft fees are charged. In addition, the Company has a significant level of income from money service businesses. Changes in regulatory oversight of money service businesses could negatively impact the number of money service businesses we serve and the related income from such customers.

Section 1.07 Risks Related to our Common Stock

You may not be able to sell your shares at the times and in the amounts you want if the price of our stock fluctuates significantly or the trading market for our stock is not active. The market price of our common stock could be impacted by a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. Although our stock has been listed on Nasdaq for many years and our trading volume has increased in recent periods, trading in our stock does not consistently occur in high volumes and the market for our stock cannot always be characterized as active. Thin trading in our stock may exaggerate fluctuations in the stock’s value, leading to price volatility in excess of that which would occur in a more active trading market. In addition, the stock market in general is subject to fluctuations that affect the share prices and trading volumes of many companies, and these broad market fluctuations could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Factors that could affect our common stock price in the future include but are not necessarily limited to the following:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating metrics and financial condition;
• changes to shares outstanding, including stock repurchases or stock issuances;
• other changes to tangible book value per share outside of operating earnings, including dividends, stock repurchases, issues of equity-based compensation, and changes to accumulated other comprehensive income;
• changes in revenue or earnings estimates or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts;
• failure to meet analysts’ revenue or earnings estimates;
• speculation in the press and social media, or investment community;
• strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;
• actions by shareholders;
• sales of our equity or equity-related securities, or the perception that such sales may occur;
• fluctuations in the trading volume of our common stock;
• fluctuations in the stock prices, trading volumes, and operating results of our competitors;
• market conditions in general and, in particular, for the financial services industry;
• proposed or adopted regulatory changes or developments;
• regulatory action against us;
• changes in perceptions around capital ratios;
• actual, anticipated, or pending investigations, proceedings, or litigation that involve or affect us; and
• domestic and international economic factors unrelated to our performance.

The stock market and, more specifically, the market for financial institution stocks, has experienced significant volatility over the past several years. As a result, the market price of our common stock has at times been unpredictable and could be in the future, as well. The capital and credit markets have also experienced volatility and disruption over the past several years, at times reaching unprecedented levels. In some cases, the markets have produced downward pressure on stock prices and adversely impacted credit availability for certain issuers without regard to the issuers’ underlying financial strength.

Future acquisitions may dilute shareholder ownership and value, especially tangible book value per share. We periodically evaluate opportunities to acquire other financial institutions and/or bank branches and could incorporate such acquisitions as part of our future growth strategy. Such acquisitions may involve cash, debt, and/or equity securities. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and, therefore, some dilution of our tangible book value per common share may occur in connection with any future acquisitions. To the extent we issue capital stock in connection with such transactions, the share ownership of our existing shareholders may be diluted on the date of such transaction.

The Company relies heavily on the payment of dividends from the Bank. At December 31, 2024, the holding company had $13.1 million in cash available. While this cash is sufficient to cover cash flow needs over the course of the next several quarters the Company’s long-term ability to meet debt service requirements and pay dividends depends on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company, as the Company has no other source of significant income. However, the Bank is subject to regulations limiting the amount of dividends it may pay. For example, the payment of dividends by the Bank is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to the capital adequacy guidelines issued by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. If (i) any capital requirements are increased; and/or (ii) the total risk-weighted assets of the Bank increase significantly; and/or (iii) the Bank’s income declines significantly, the Bank’s Board of Directors may decide or be required to retain a greater portion of the Bank’s earnings to achieve and maintain the required capital or asset ratios. This would reduce the amount of funds available for the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company. Further, one or more of the Bank’s regulators could prohibit the Bank from paying dividends if, in their view, such payments would constitute unsafe or unsound banking practices. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company is also limited by the California Financial Code. Whether dividends are paid, and the frequency and amount of such dividends will also depend on the financial condition and performance of the Bank and the decision of the Bank’s Board of Directors. Information concerning the Company’s dividend policy and historical dividend practices is set forth in Item 5 below under “Dividends.” However, no assurance can be given that our future performance will justify the payment of dividends in any particular year.

Your investment may be diluted because of our ability to offer stock to others, and from the exercise of stock options or issuance of restricted stock. The shares of our common stock do not have preemptive rights, which means that you may not be entitled to buy additional shares if shares are offered to others in the future. We are authorized to issue up to 24,000,000 shares of common stock, and as of December 31, 2024, we had 14,223,046 shares of common stock outstanding. Except for certain limitations imposed by Nasdaq, nothing restricts our ability to offer additional shares of stock for fair value to others in the future. Any issuances of common stock would dilute our shareholders’ ownership interests and may dilute the per share book value of our common stock. Furthermore, when our directors and officers exercise in-the-money stock options or receive restricted stock units, your ownership in the Company is diluted. As of December 31, 2024, there were outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of 239,600 shares of our common stock with an average exercise price of $26.50 per share. There were also 173,970 shares of restricted stock units outstanding which vest over periods ranging from one year to five years from initial issuance. At the same date there were an additional 306,374 shares available to grant under our 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, which replaced the Company’s 2017 Stock Incentive Plan.

The holders of our debentures have rights that are senior to those of our shareholders. In 2004 we issued $15,464,000 of junior subordinated debt securities due March 17, 2034, and in 2006 we issued an additional $15,464,000 of junior subordinated debt securities due September 23, 2036, in order to supplement regulatory capital. Moreover, the Coast Bancorp acquisition included $7,217,000 of junior subordinated debt securities due December 15, 2037. All of these junior subordinated debt securities are senior to the shares of our common stock. As a result, we must make interest payments on the debentures before any dividends can be paid on our common stock, and in the event of our bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of debt securities must be paid in full before any distributions may be made to the holders of our common stock. In addition, we have the right to defer interest payments on the junior subordinated debt securities for up to five years, during which time no dividends may be paid to holders of our common stock. In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to us, we may be unable to pay the amounts due to the holders of the junior subordinated debt securities and thus would be unable to declare and pay any dividends on our common stock.

Provisions in our articles of incorporation could delay or prevent changes in control of our corporation or our management. Our articles of incorporation contain provisions for staggered terms of office for members of the Board of Directors; no cumulative voting in the election of directors; and the requirement that our Board of Directors consider the potential social and economic effects on our employees, depositors, customers and the communities we serve as well as certain other factors, when evaluating a possible tender offer, merger or other acquisition of the Company. These provisions make it more difficult for another company to acquire us, which could cause our shareholders to lose an opportunity to be paid a premium for their shares in an acquisition transaction and reduce the current and future market price of our common stock.

Shares of any preferred stock issued in the future could have dilutive and other effects on our common stock. Our Articles of Incorporation authorize us to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which is presently outstanding. Although our Board of Directors has no present intention to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock, such shares could be authorized in the future. If such shares of preferred stock are made convertible into shares of common stock, there could be a dilutive effect on the shares of common stock then outstanding. In addition, shares of preferred stock may be provided a preference over holders of common stock upon our liquidation or with respect to the payment of dividends, in respect of voting rights, or in the redemption of our common stock. The rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions applicable to any series or preferred stock would be determined by resolution of our Board of Directors.

Section 1.08 Risks Related to the Business of Banking in General

If we are not able to successfully keep pace with technological changes in the industry, our business could be hurt. The financial services industry is constantly undergoing technological change, with the frequent introduction of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve clients and reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to respond to the needs of our clients by using technology to provide desired products and services and create additional operating efficiencies. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our clients. Failure to keep pace with technological change in the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, on our financial condition and results of operations.

Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer information, whether through a cyberattack, other breach of our computer systems or any other means, could severely harm our business. In the normal course of business we collect, process, and retain sensitive and confidential customer information. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors, or other similar events. Notably, cybersecurity risks for banking organizations have significantly increased in recent years because of new emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (“AI”), and the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions.

In recent periods there has been a rise in fraudulent electronic activity, security breaches, and cyber-attacks, including in the banking sector. Some financial institutions have reported breaches of their websites and systems which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to misappropriate sensitive or confidential information, destroy or corrupt data, disable or degrade service, disrupt operations and/or sabotage systems. These breaches can remain undetected for an extended period. Furthermore, our customers and employees have been, and will continue to be, targeted by parties using fraudulent e-mails and other communications that may appear to be legitimate messages sent by the Bank, in attempts to misappropriate passwords, card numbers, bank account information or other personal information or to introduce viruses or malware to personal computers. Information security risks for financial institutions have increased in part because of new technologies, mobile services and other web-based products used to conduct financial and other business transactions, as well as the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others.

The secure maintenance and transmission of confidential information, as well as the secure and reliable execution of transactions over our systems, are essential to protect us and our customers and to maintain our customers’ confidence. Despite our efforts to identify, contain and mitigate these threats through detection and response mechanisms, product improvement, the use of encryption and authentication technology, and customer and employee education, fraudulent attempts directed against us, our customers, and third party service providers remain a serious issue. The pervasiveness of cyber security incidents in general and the risks of cyber-crime are complex and continue to evolve, especially with emerging technologies such as AI, which may enhance the efforts of cyber threat actors.

We also face risks related to cyber-attacks and other security breaches in connection with debit card transactions, which typically involve the transmission of sensitive information regarding our customers through various third parties. Some of these parties have in the past been the target of security breaches and cyber-attacks, and because the transactions involve third parties and environments we do not control or secure, future security breaches or cyber-attacks affecting any of these third parties could impact us through no fault of our own, and in some cases we may have exposure and suffer losses for breaches or attacks relating to them. We also rely on third party service providers to conduct certain other aspects of our business operations and face similar risks relating to them. While we require regular security assessments from those third parties, we cannot be sure that their information security protocols are sufficient to withstand a cyber-attack or security breach.

Any cyber-attack or other security breach involving the misappropriation or loss of Company assets or those of its customers, or unauthorized disclosure of confidential customer information, could severely damage our reputation, erode confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, expose us to the risk of litigation and liability, disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on certain external vendors to provide products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations. These third-party vendors are sources of operational and informational security risk to us, including risks associated with cyber-attacks. If these vendors encounter a cyber-attack, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, we could be exposed to disruption of operations, loss of service or connectivity to customers, reputational damage, and litigation risk that could have a material adverse effect on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.

If our information systems were to experience a system failure, our business and reputation could suffer. We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. The computer systems and network infrastructure we use could be vulnerable to unforeseen problems. Our operations are dependent upon our ability to minimize service disruptions by protecting our computer equipment, systems, third-party relationships, and network infrastructure from physical damage due to fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, or a similar catastrophic event. We have protective measures in place to prevent or limit the effect of the failure or interruption of our information systems and will continue to upgrade our security technology and update procedures to help prevent such events. However, if such failures or interruptions were to occur, they could result in damage to our reputation, a loss of customers, increased regulatory scrutiny, or possible exposure to financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to risks associated with the adoption of new technologies such as AI. The Company or its third-party vendors, clients or counterparties may develop or incorporate AI technology in certain business processes, services or products. The legal and regulatory environment relating to AI is uncertain and rapidly evolving, and includes regulation targeted specifically at AI as well as provisions in intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, employment and other laws applicable to the use of AI. These evolving laws and regulations could require changes in the Company’s or third parties’ implementation of AI technology and increase the Company’s compliance costs and risk of non-compliance. While the Company does not deploy AI at this time for either customer or internal purposes, we continue to evaluate whether to implement AI in certain limited capacities and the risks associated with potential errors, inaccuracies of work product, privacy, intellectual property rights, the potential for bias, and cybersecurity.

We are subject to a variety of operational risks, including reputational risk, legal risk, compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, and the risk of clerical or record-keeping errors, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations. If personal, non-public, confidential, or proprietary customer information in our possession were to be mishandled or misused, we could suffer significant regulatory consequences, reputational damage, and financial loss. This could occur, for example, if information were erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, either by fault of our systems, employees, or counterparties, or where such information is intercepted or otherwise inappropriately taken by third parties.

Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and successfully remediated. Our necessary dependence upon automated systems to record and process transactions and our large transaction volume may further increase the risk that technical flaws or employee tampering or manipulation of those systems could result in losses that are difficult to detect. We also may be subject to disruptions of our operating systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control (for example, computer viruses or electrical or telecommunications outages, or natural disasters, disease pandemics or other damage to property or physical assets) which may give rise to disruption of service to customers and to financial loss or liability. We are further exposed to the risk that our external vendors may be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations (or will be subject to the same risk of fraud or operational errors by their employees) and to the risk that our (or our vendors’) business continuity and data security efforts might prove to be inadequate.

Fraud risk continues to evolve and impact our customers and our Bank. In particular, check fraud has reemerged as a key source of fraud in addition to debit card fraud, mobile banking fraud, account takeover, invoice fraud, and cyber fraud. Scams are often harder to detect as fraudsters deploy AI causing many customers to authorize transactions that they believe are legitimate. Thefts of credentials using social engineering and malicious emails or websites, continues to rise. Detecting and preventing fraud requires deploying additional resources and technologies, obtaining cooperation from other institutions, active monitoring of payment activities for suspicious activity, and training of employees and customers. In addition, liability for fraud remains uncertain for particular transactions.

In addition, the Company is named as a defendant in lawsuits from time-to-time. Even if the case has no basis, there are costs to defend, and the Company may determine that it should settle certain suits even if there is no liability. The costs of lawsuits, whether merited or not, have a negative impact on the Company’s expenses.

The occurrence of any of these risks could result in a diminished ability to operate our business (for example, by requiring us to expend significant resources to correct the defect), as well as potential liability to clients, reputational damage and regulatory intervention, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, perhaps materially.

We are subject to claims and litigation which could adversely affect our profitability or cause us reputational harm. The company, and certain of our directors or officers, may be involved, from time to time in litigation or investigations. If claims or legal actions, whether founded or unfounded, are not resolved favorably, they may result in significant financial liability. Although we establish accruals for legal matters as required and certain expenses and liabilities may be covered by insurance, the amount of any loss ultimately incurred in relation to legal claims and litigation may be substantially higher than the amounts accrued and/or insured.

We may be adversely affected by the financial stability of other financial institutions. Our ability to engage in routine transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and liquidity of other financial institutions. Financial institutions are often interconnected as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other business relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. Even if the transactions are collateralized, credit risk could exist if the collateral held by us cannot be liquidated at prices sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due to us. Any such losses could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risk Management and Strategy

Our cybersecurity risk management program, a critical component of our overall enterprise risk management program, is based on recognized cybersecurity industry frameworks and standards, including those of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Center for Internet Security Controls, regulatory guidance, and other industry standards. These frameworks provide a risk-based model for organizations to identify and manage cyber risks inherent to their business model.

Our objective for managing cybersecurity risk is to avoid or minimize the impacts of external threat events or other efforts to penetrate, disrupt or misuse our systems or information. Using people, processes, and technology, we employ a variety of preventative and detective tools designed to monitor, alert, contain, and/or block suspicious activity. We design and implement controls designed to mitigate cyber risk, including ongoing education and training for employees and customers, preparedness simulations and tabletop exercises, and recovery and resilience tests. We actively monitor email for malicious phishing email campaigns and monitor remote connections. Additionally, we maintain a third-party risk management program designed to identify, assess, and manage risks, including cybersecurity risks, associated with external service providers.

Our Incident Response Plan, coordinated through the Senior Information Security Officer, provides a documented framework for responding to actual or potential cybersecurity incidents, including timely notification and escalation. The Incident Response Plan includes key members of executive and senior leadership, facilitates coordination across multiple parts of our organization, and is evaluated regularly.

We perform regular assessments of our infrastructure, software systems, and network architecture, using internal cybersecurity experts and third-party specialists, and engage independent auditors to periodically review our cybersecurity program, including our process, systems, and control effectiveness, and provide recommendations to continuously strengthen our program. Additionally, management conducts both bottom-up and top-down enterprise risk assessments, which include cyber security risk, and continuously monitors industry and government threat intelligence to identify emerging risks and ensure continued program effectiveness.

Governance

The Senior Information Security Officer (ISO), along with both the Director of Information Technology (IT), and Director of Information Services are responsible for managing our cybersecurity risk program. The Director of IT and Director of Information Services report to the Chief Financial Officer and are responsible for designing and maintaining the company’s network security architecture, as well as the day-to-day management of key components of our cybersecurity risk program, including identity access management, vulnerability and patch management, intrusion prevention systems, and threat intelligence. The ISO reports to the Chief Risk Officer and provides guidance, oversight, monitoring, and challenge of first line activities. The ISO is responsible for the development and management of our information security program, which includes cybersecurity risk assessments, incident response, third-party risk management, and testing of first line activities.

Our Board of Directors and Board Risk Committee have delegated oversight authority to a management-level Risk Committee, which is comprised of executive and senior management leadership with cybersecurity technical and/or regulatory expertise. The Risk Committee meets quarterly and has primary responsibility and oversight for risk management strategies related to technology, information security, cybersecurity, fraud, privacy, business continuity, and resilience. The ISO and Director of IT present Information Security and Information Technology reporting, including updates on the external threat environment and our cybersecurity program, including our performance in identifying, preventing, detecting, mitigating, and remediating cybersecurity threats. This information is subsequently reported up to the Board Risk Committee.

The Board Risk Committee is responsible for oversight of the Company’s enterprise risk management program, which encompasses information technology, information security and cybersecurity. This includes management’s actions to identify, assess, mitigate, and remediate or prevent material cybersecurity issues and risks. The Board Risk Committee also has oversight of and establishment of risk appetite guidance through the approval of Policies and Programs including the information security and cybersecurity programs. Annual independent assessments of the Company’s cybersecurity program which are completed by external parties with the required expertise are also presented to the Board Risk Committee. The Chief Risk Officer and ISO report to the Board and/or Board Risk Committee on cybersecurity risks. Senior officers from IT or Information Security discuss cybersecurity matters that arise between Committee and Board meetings with the Chief Financial Officer and/or the Chief Risk Officer, who will share these with the Company’s Executive Officers and Board members, as appropriate.

The Company’s administrative headquarters is housed in a 37,000 square foot, three-story office building located at 86 North Main Street, Porterville, California, and our main office consists of a one-story brick building located at 90 N. Main Street, Porterville, California, adjacent to our administrative headquarters. The administrative headquarters, as well as five other branch offices, namely California City, Farmersville, Lompoc, San Luis Obispo, and Tulare are situated on unencumbered property owned by the Company. The remaining branches, as well as our technology center, loan production offices in Templeton, and remote ATM locations, are leased from unrelated parties. Management believes that existing back-office facilities are adequate to accommodate the Company’s operations for the foreseeable future.

This discussion presents Management’s analysis of the Company’s financial condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of operations for each year in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024. The discussion is best read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the notes related thereto presented elsewhere in this Form 10-K Annual Report (see Item 8 below).

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATMENTS

Statements contained in this report or incorporated by reference that are not purely historical are forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended, including the Company’s expectations, intentions, beliefs, or strategies regarding the future. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the Company’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. All forward-looking statements concerning economic conditions, growth rates, income, expenses, or other values which are included in this document are based on information available to the Company on the date noted, and the Company assumes no obligation to correct, revise, or update any such forward-looking statements. It is important to note that the Company’s actual results could materially differ from those in such forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Risk factors and the Company’s ability to manage that risk could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include but are not limited to those outlined previously in Item 1A.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and prevailing practices within the banking industry. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year’s balances to conform to classifications used in 2024. Actual results may differ from those estimates under divergent conditions.

Critical accounting estimates are those that involve the most complex and subjective decisions and assessments and have the greatest potential impact on the Company’s stated results of operations. In Management’s opinion, the Company’s critical accounting estimates deal primarily with the establishment of an allowance for credit losses on loans, as explained in detail in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements and in the “Credit Losses Expense on Loans” and “Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans” sections of this discussion and analysis. Critical accounting areas are evaluated on an ongoing basis to ensure that the Company’s financial statements incorporate the most recent expectations with regard to those areas.

The following table presents selected historical financial information concerning the Company, which should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere herein.

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

(1) Asset quality ratios are end of period ratios. Performance ratios are based on average daily balances during the periods indicated.

(2) For definitions and further information relating to regulatory capital requirements, see “Item 1, Business - Supervision and Regulation - Capital Adequacy Requirements” herein.

(3) The efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure and is a calculation of noninterest expense as a percentage of the sum of net interest income and noninterest income excluding net gains (losses) from securities and bank owned life insurance income.

Overview of the Results of Operations and Financial Condition

Results of Operations Summary

The Company recognized net income of $40.6 million in 2024 relative to $34.8 million in 2023 and $33.7 million in 2022. Net income per diluted share was $2.82 in 2024, as compared to $2.36 in 2023 and $2.24 for 2022. The Company’s return on average assets and return on average equity were 1.12% and 11.62%, respectively, in 2024, as compared to 0.94% and 11.30%, respectively, in 2023 and 0.97% and 10.66%, respectively, for 2022. The following is a summary of the major factors that impacted the Company’s results of operations for the years presented in the consolidated financial statements.

• Net interest income improved by 7% in 2024 over 2023, and by 3% in 2023 over 2022, due to a change in the mix of earning assets partially offset by an increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Average interest earning assets decreased $93.4 million in 2024 over 2023, due primarily to the strategic restructuring of our lower-yielding bond portfolio in the first quarter of 2024, partially offset by increases in loan balances. The average balance of investment securities decreased $285.1 million while average gross loan balances increased $161.5 million. We experienced an increase of $176.5 million in mortgage warehouse line utilization, and a $39.6 million increase in farmland loans. Higher cost average borrowed funds declined $153.6 million, enabled by the sale of lower-yielding bonds. The net interest margin in 2024 was 29 basis points higher than in 2023, as a result of the balance sheet restructuring.

The increase in average earning assets in 2023 over 2022 was due primarily to purchases of investment securities, augmented with increases in the average balance of loans. The average balance of investment securities increased $212.3 million while average gross loan balances increased $57.7 million. We experienced an increase of $22.4 million in real estate loans, $27.1 million increase in mortgage warehouse line utilization, and a $7.9 million increase in other commercial loans. The positive impact of average asset growth in 2023 along with a 100 basis points increase in yield was negatively impacted by a 161 basis points increase in yield on interest bearing liabilities due to a shift by our customers into higher cost certificates of deposits coupled with an increase in more expensive borrowed funds. The net interest margin in 2023 was 10 basis points lower than 2022.

• We recorded a credit loss expense on loans of $4.6 million in 2024, as compared to a $4.1 million expense in 2023 and $10.9 million expense in 2022. The $0.5 million increase in the credit loss expense for the year ending 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023 was due to an unfavorable increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated. This unfavorable increase was partially offset by the impact of lower net charge-offs, along with a favorable improvement in underlying economic forecasts used as part of the Company’s allowance for credit losses model. The Company's $6.8 million favorable decrease in credit loss expense on loans for the year ending 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, is primarily due to the impact of lower net charge-offs during the year ending 2023. The 2022 credit loss expense on loans arose from the impact of $11.5 million in net charge-offs during the year ending 2022. The elevated net charge-offs were mostly due to two loan relationships; one dairy loan relationship with total charge-offs of $8.7 million and a single office building loan relationship that was sold at a $1.9 million discount due to an increased risk of default that would have likely led to a prolonged collection period.
• Noninterest income increased by $1.1 million, or 4%, in 2024 over 2023, and decreased by $0.4 million, or 1%, in 2023 over 2022. The year over year increase in 2024 was mostly due to $1.1 million increase in service charges and a $0.9 million increase in bank-owned life insurance income. These two favorable improvements were partially offset by a $0.8 million decline in other noninterest income items.

The year over year decrease in 2023 was negatively impacted by 2022 events that did not recur in 2023, including $3.6 million in gains on the sale of other assets, and the $1.0 million recovery of prior period legal expenses. These unfavorable variances were partially offset by favorable fluctuations in income on bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) with underlying investments mapped directly to the Company’s deferred compensation plan. Also favorably impacting noninterest income was a $15.3 million gain on the sale of

Bank owned branch buildings (subsequently leased back), mostly offset by realizing a $14.5 million loss on a securities strategy which identified $196.7 million in available-for-sale securities sold in January 2024.

• Noninterest expense increased by $0.2 million, or 0.2%, in 2024 as compared to 2023, and increased by $7.9 million, or 9%, in 2023 over 2022. While operational efficiencies gained in 2024 from strategic decisions made by the Company in personnel expenses, and other noninterest expenses, helped contain noninterest expense, these positive variances were offset by increased occupancy costs as a result of the sale/leaseback transactions in the fourth quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024 resulting in a slight increase in noninterest expense in 2024.

The increase in noninterest expense in 2023 was due mostly to a $3.9 million increase in salary and benefits expense for new lending teams and management staff along with reduction in force severance payments as discussed in the quarterly comparison, an unfavorable variance in director’s deferred compensation expense which is linked to the favorable changes in bank-owned life insurance income, mentioned above in the discussion of noninterest income, a $0.8 million increase in FDIC assessment costs and $0.5 million increase in fraud losses primarily due to our debit card conversion from Mastercard to VISA earlier in the year.

• The Company recorded income tax provisions of $13.3 million, $11.6 million, and $11.3 million for the years ending 2024, 2023 and 2022 respectively, or approximately 25% of pre-tax income each year.

Financial Condition Summary

The Company’s assets totaled $3.6 billion at December 31, 2024, as compared to $3.7 billion at December 31, 2023. Total liabilities were $3.3 billion at December 31, 2024, as compared to $3.4 billion at the end of 2023, and shareholders’ equity totaled $357.3 million at December 31, 2024, as compared to $338.1 million at December 31, 2023. The following is a summary of key balance sheet changes during 2024.

• Total assets decreased by $115.5 million, or 3%. This was mostly a result of a $377.8 million decrease in investment securities, due to a balance sheet restructuring partially offset by a $241.3 million increase in gross loans.
• Investment securities decreased $377.8 million, or 28%. This decrease consisted primarily from the sale of bonds from the strategic securities transaction, in which lower yielding bonds were sold to paydown higher cost other borrowings, as well as other normal maturities and calls of investment securities.
• Gross loans increased $241.3 million, or 12%. This increase was a result of organic growth led by $210.4 million of growth of mortgage warehouse outstandings. The remaining growth came from a $32.2 million increase in commercial real estate loans, a $20.7 million increase in other commercial loans, and a $10.1 million increase in farmland loans, partially offset by a $30.6 million decline in residential real estate loans.
• Deposit balances increased $130.4 million, or 5%. Core non-maturity deposits increased by $12.0 million, or 1%, while customer time deposits decreased by $21.5 million, or 4%. Wholesale brokered deposits increased by $140.0 million, or 104%. As stated previously, the increase in brokered deposits was primarily to fund increases in the utilization of mortgage warehouse lines. Overall noninterest-bearing deposits as a percent of total deposits at December 31, 2024, decreased to 34.8%, as compared to 37.0% at December 31, 2023.
• Total capital increased by $19.2 million, or 6%, ending the year with a balance of $357.3 million. The increase in equity during the year ended December 31, 2024, was primarily due to $40.6 million in net income and a $4.7 million favorable swing in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) partially offset by $13.6 million in dividends paid, and $15.0 million in share repurchases. The remaining difference was related to stock options exercised and restricted stock activity during the year.

Results of Operations

The Company earns income from two primary sources. The first is net interest income, which is interest income generated by earning assets less interest expense on deposits and other borrowed money. The second is noninterest income, which primarily consists of customer service charges and fees but also includes non-customer sources such as BOLI and investment gains. The majority of the Company’s noninterest expense is comprised of operating costs that facilitate offering a full range of banking services to our customers.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income was $120.0 million in 2024 as compared to $112.4 million in 2023, and $109.6 million in 2022. This equates to increases of 7% in 2024, and 3% in 2023. The level of net interest income we recognize in any given period depends on a combination of factors including the average volume and yield for interest-earning assets, the average volume and cost of interest-bearing liabilities, and the mix of products which comprise the Company’s earning assets, deposits, and other interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is also impacted by the acceleration of net deferred loan fees and costs for loans paid off early, reversal of interest for loans placed on non-accrual status, and the recovery of interest on loans that had been on non-accrual and were paid off, sold, or returned to accrual status.

The following table shows average balances for significant balance sheet categories and the amount of interest income or interest expense associated with each category for each of the past three years. The table also displays calculated yields on each major component of the Company’s investment and loan portfolios, average rates paid on each key segment of the Company’s interest-bearing liabilities, and our net interest margin for the noted periods.

(dollars in thousands, unaudited)

(1) Average balances are obtained from the best available daily or monthly data and are net of deferred fees and related direct costs.

(2) Yields and net interest margin have been computed on a tax equivalent basis.

(3) Loans are gross of the allowance for possible credit losses. Net loan fees have been included in the calculation of interest income. Net loan (costs) fees and loan acquisition FMV amortization were $(1.4) million, $(1.0) million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

(4) Non-accrual loans are slotted by loan type and have been included in total loans for purposes of total interest earning assets.

(5) Net interest margin represents net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets (tax-equivalent).

The Volume and Rate Variances table below sets forth the dollar difference for the comparative periods in interest earned or paid for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and the amount of such change attributable to fluctuations in average balances (volume) or differences in average interest rates. Volume variances are equal to the increase or decrease in average balances multiplied by prior period rates, and rate variances are equal to the change in rates multiplied by prior period average balances. Variances attributable to both rate and volume changes, calculated by multiplying the change in rates by the change in average balances, have been allocated to the mix variance.

(dollars in thousands)

The 2024 favorable volume variance of $8.5 million is due to the favorable loan volume variance and favorable borrowed fund volume variance exceeding the unfavorable volume variances related to investments and deposits. The decline in investment volume and favorable reduction in borrowed funds was facilitated by the balance sheet restructuring strategy in late 2023. The favorable loan volume variance was due to loan growth in 2024, primarily from mortgage warehouse.

The 2024 favorable rate variance of $0.2 million is comprised mostly of favorable rate variances related to earning assets being mostly offset by unfavorable deposit and borrowed fund costs due to overall higher rates on assets being offset by higher funding rates. The 2024 unfavorable mix variance of $1.1 million is driven by lower investment balances, and higher loan balances, compounded by higher rates paid on interest bearing deposits. Some of this unfavorable mix was mitigated by the decrease in borrowed funds.

For 2023 as compared to 2022, net interest income was impacted by a favorable rate variance of $15.3 million, partially offset by an unfavorable mix variance of $11.0 million, and an unfavorable volume variance of $1.6 million. The 2023 versus 2022 favorable rate variance is due mostly to a 100 basis point increase in the yield on average earning assets, mostly in higher yielding floating rate commercial loan obligations (CLO), partially offset by a 161 basis point increase in interest expense on interest bearing liabilities. The 2023 versus 2022 unfavorable volume variance mostly is due to larger increases in borrowed funds and interest-bearing deposits over the increases in average earning assets. There was also an unfavorable mix variance of $11.0 million which was mostly from the shift of non or low interest bearing deposits into higher rate time deposits as customers became more rate sensitive and higher volumes of borrowed funds at higher rates than the increases in rates on new volumes of interest earning assets. Increases in higher yielding investment securities and an increase in usage of mortgage warehouse lines offset some of the unfavorable mix variance.

The Company’s net interest margin, which is tax-equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets, increased by 29 basis points to 3.66% in 2024 and declined by 10 basis points to 3.37% in 2023 as compared to 2022. The favorable variance in net interest margin was mostly caused by an increase in yield and volume of higher yielding interest earning assets over the decrease of volume on interest bearing liabilities in 2024 as compared to 2023. The net interest margin compression was mostly caused by an increase in rate and volume (mix) of higher cost of interest bearing liabilities over the increase of volume and yield (mix) on interest earning assets in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Rates paid on non-maturity deposits increased 41 basis points in 2024 over the same period in 2023, and increased 15 points in 2023 over the same period in 2022 as competition for deposits has increased with customers becoming more rate sensitive. Interest bearing demand deposits increased 146 basis points in 2024 over 2023 and increased 75 basis points in 2023 over 2022, an indication of the fierce competition for deposits industry wide. Money market accounts increased 96 basis points in 2024 over 2023 but increased 47 basis points in 2023 over 2022. The weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 16 points in 2024 over 2023 and increased 161 basis points in 2023 over 2022. Customer time deposit rates decreased 23 basis points in 2024 over 2023, but increased 285 basis points in 2023 over 2022, due partly to a time deposit product with a rate set to a spread to prime. The current spreads on our floating rate time deposits range from prime minus 500 basis points to prime minus 375 basis points subject to a floor. Three prime rate decreases in 2024, and two prime rate increases earlier in 2023, created rate variances on such accounts.

Rates paid on short-term borrowings, which are tied to short-term borrowing rates, increased 38 basis points during 2024 over 2023, and increased 167 basis points during 2023 over 2022. Rates paid on adjustable-rate trust preferred securities are tied to 3-month CME SOFR and increased 20 basis points during 2024 over 2023 and increased 358 basis points during 2023 over 2022.

During the year, adjustments to interest income occur due to the following adjustments: interest income recovered upon the resolution of nonperforming loans, the reversal of interest income when a loan is placed on non-accrual status, and accelerated fees or prepayment penalties recognized for early payoffs of loans. Such adjustments had no impact on interest income in 2024, totaled $0.9 million of additional interest income in 2023, and amounted to $1.6 million of interest reversals in 2022.

Credit Loss Expense and Provision for Loan Losses

Credit risk is inherent in the business of making loans. The Company sets aside an allowance for credit losses on loans, a contra-asset account, through periodic charges to earnings which are reflected in the income statement as the provision for credit losses on loans. The Company recorded credit loss expense on loans of $4.6 million in 2024, $4.1 million in 2023, and $10.9 million in 2022. The Company was subject to the adoption of the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") accounting method under FASB Accounting Standards Update 2016-03 and related amendments, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) and implemented the update on January 1, 2022. Upon implementation the Company recorded a $10.4 million pre-tax increase in the allowance for credit losses, which included a $0.9 million reserve for unfunded commitments as an adjustment to equity, net of deferred taxes. The Company’s $0.5 million increase in credit loss expense for the year ending 2024 over 2023, was due to a unfavorable increase in the allowance for credit losses on loans individually evaluated, partially offset by the impact of lower net loan charge-offs and a favorable improvement in underlying economic forecasts used as part of our allowance for credit losses model. There was a $6.8 million favorable decrease for the year ending 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 is primarily due to the impact of lower net charge-offs during the year ending 2023.

With the credit loss expense on loans recorded in 2024 we were able to maintain our allowance for credit losses on loans at a level that, in Management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb expected credit losses over the remaining contractual life on loans related to individually identified loans as well as expected credit losses over the remaining contractual life in the remaining loan portfolio. Specifically identifiable and quantifiable credit losses on loans are immediately charged off against the allowance. The Company experienced net loan charge offs of $3.3 million in 2024, $3.6 million in 2023, and $11.5 million in 2022. The provision for credit losses on loans for 2022 was elevated due to the impact of two loan relationships; one dairy loan relationship with total charge-offs of $8.7 million and a single office building loan relationship that was sold at a $1.9 million discount due to an increased risk of default that would have likely led to a prolonged collection period.

The Company’s policies for monitoring the adequacy of the allowance and determining loan amounts that should be charged off, and other detailed information with regard to changes in the credit allowance, are discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements and below under “Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.” The process utilized to establish an appropriate allowance for credit losses on loans can result in a high degree of variability in the Company’s provision for credit losses on loans, and consequently in our net earnings.

Noninterest Revenue and Operating Expense

The table below sets forth the major components of the Company’s noninterest revenue and operating expense for the years indicated, along with relevant ratios:

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Tax Equivalent

(2) The efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure and is a calculation of noninterest expense as a percentage of the sum of net interest income and noninterest income excluding net gains (losses) from securities and bank owned life insurance income.

Noninterest income increased $1.1 million, or 4%, in 2024 over 2023, and decreased $0.4 million, or 1%, in 2023 over 2022. Total noninterest income was 0.95% of average interest-earning assets in 2024 as compared to a ratio of 0.89% in 2023. The ratio increased in 2024 mostly due to noninterest income including service charges on deposit accounts increasing 4%, or $1.1 million, along with a decrease in interest-earning assets.

The principal component of the Company’s noninterest income, service charges on deposit accounts increased 5%, or $1.1 million, and were flat in 2023 as compared to 2022. This line item is primarily driven by the volumes of debit card transactions, overdraft transactions, and analysis fees which are driven primarily on the volume of cash orders by money service businesses. As a percent of average transaction account balances, service charge income was 1.6% in 2024, 1.4% in 2023, and 1.3% in 2022. Overdraft income on both consumer and corporate accounts totaled $5.5 million in 2024, $5.3 million in 2023; and $4.6 million (net of restitution related to NSF fees) in 2022. The Company stopped charging NSF fees in 2022.

Interchange income from debit cards (included in service charges on deposit accounts) was $8.3 million, and was mostly flat in 2024 over 2023, but decreased in 2023 over 2022 by $0.2 million. The unfavorable variance in 2023 was a result of a brand change later in the year from Mastercard to VISA.

BOLI income generally fluctuates based on the market due to the Company’s “separate account” BOLI being invested in assets that closely mirror investments choices of deferred compensation participants. There is also a part of BOLI that is “general account” and receives a standard crediting rate from the carrier which remains relatively stable year over year. However, the separate-account BOLI used to offset deferred compensation fluctuates significantly from year-to-year as many of our deferred compensation participants are invested in equity-index style funds. In the comparative years ending 2024 over 2023, BOLI income increased $0.9 million; however, in 2023 over 2022, BOLI income increased $2.8 million. The Company had $11.8 million invested in separate account BOLI at December 31, 2024. This separate account BOLI closely matched participant-directed investment allocations that can include equity, bond, or real estate indices, and are thus subject to gains or losses which often contribute to significant fluctuations in income (and associated expense accruals). Net gains on separate account BOLI totaled $1.7 million in 2024, and $0.9 million in 2023, as compared to net losses of $2.0 million in 2022. This resulted in a favorable variance of $0.8 million for the comparative years ending 2024 as compared to 2023, and $2.9 million for the comparative years ending 2023 as compared to 2022. As noted, gains and losses on separate account BOLI are related to expense accruals or reversals associated with participant gains and losses on deferred compensation balances, thus the overall net impact on taxable income tends to be minimal. The Company’s books also reflect a net cash surrender value for general account BOLI of $41.3 million and $41.7 million, respectively for the years ending December 31, 2024 and 2023. General account BOLI produces income that is used to help offset expenses associated with executive salary continuation plans, director retirement plans and other employee benefits. Interest credit rates on general account BOLI do not change frequently so the income has typically been fairly consistent with $1.0 million of general account BOLI income recorded for the year ending December 31, 2024, $0.9 million recorded for the year ending December 31, 2023, and $1.0 million recorded for the year ending December 31, 2022.

Gain on the sale of fixed assets for $3.8 million, and $15.3 million, for the years ending 2024, and 2023 respectively, was due to the sale of Bank owned branch buildings that were subsequently leased back. Both of these transactions and related gains were part of an overall balance sheet restructuring. A securities strategy identified $196.7 million in bonds yielding 2.61%, sold in January 2024 at a loss of $14.5 million. There were also $53.8 million in bonds sold during the first quarter of 2024, at a loss of $2.9 million. The proceeds from the securities strategy went to paydown a portion of other borrowed funds with an average rate of 5.52%. The Company also realized a $0.2 million and $0.4 million gain on the sale or call of securities during the years ending December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively, and, a $1.5 million gain for the same period in 2022 from a portfolio restructure to decrease effective duration, taking advantage of slight rallies in the Treasury market in early and late 2022.

The other category, decreased $0.8 million to $3.5 million in 2024, $2.8 million to $4.4 million in 2023 and increased to $7.2 million in 2022. The year over year decrease in 2024 over 2023, and in 2023 over 2022 was a result of events that did not recur in 2024 and 2023. For 2024 over 2023, the variance is mostly due to gain on life insurance proceeds while the variance for 2023 over 2022, was primarily due to a $3.6 million gain on the sale of other assets.

Total operating expense, or noninterest expense, increased slightly by $0.2 million, or 0.2%, in 2024 as compared to 2023, and by $7.9 million, or 9%, in 2023 as compared to 2022.

The largest component of noninterest expense, salaries, and employee benefits decreased $0.6 million, or 1% in 2024 as compared to 2023, and increased $3.9 million, or 8% in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease in 2024 was due to strategic decisions in 2023 that created operational efficiencies and reduced noninterest expense, as discussed below. The increase in 2023 was due to the strategic hiring of new loan production teams and certain management positions, and standard annual increases to our employee’s base compensation. Loan origination salaries that were deferred from current expense for recognition over the life of related loans totaled $3.0 million in 2024, $2.7 million in 2023, and $2.3 million in 2022.

Salaries and benefits were 56% of total operating expense in 2024, and 55% in 2023, and 2022. The number of full-time equivalent staff employed by the Company totaled 485 at the end of 2024, as compared to 489 at December 31, 2023, and 491 at December 31, 2022. The decrease for the years ending 2024, and 2023 in FTE was due to the reduction in force as several management positions were eliminated due to operational efficiencies.

Total rent and occupancy expense, including furniture and equipment costs, increased $2.2 million in 2024 as compared to 2023, and $0.4 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. The increase in 2024 was due to higher rent expense from the sale/leaseback transactions in the fourth quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024. The increase in 2023 was due to a one-time payment of $0.2 million for home office stipends for staff that work remotely and regular rent escalations.

Advertising and promotion costs decreased $0.8 million or 36%, in 2024, over 2023, and increased $0.5 million or 28%, in 2023, over 2022. The decrease in 2024 was a result of a change in the Company’s marketing strategy, while the increase in 2023 was mostly due to a $0.3 million increase in deposit program costs due to a deposit acquisition campaign.

Data processing costs increased $0.4 million, or 6% in 2024, as compared to 2023, and decreased by $0.4 million or 6% in 2023 as compared to 2022. The increase in 2024 was primarily from new loan origination software to better serve our customers and create operational efficiencies in the near term, along with increased costs for data storage. The decrease in 2023 was mostly from a $0.6 million decrease in core processing costs and lower internet banking costs, partially offset by higher Visa conversion costs. The Company renegotiated its core processing contract which resulted in overall savings.

Deposit services costs decreased by $0.4 million, or 4% in 2024 as compared to 2023, and decreased by $0.7 million or 8% in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease in 2024 was due to favorable variances in debit card processing and ATM networks costs, from a branding change to VISA from Mastercard in 2023. Deposit costs favorable variance in 2023, over 2022 were due to a decrease in deposit statement costs, and lower ATM network costs.

Loan services costs are comprised of loan processing costs, and net costs associated with foreclosed assets. Loan processing costs, which include expenses for property appraisals and inspections, loan collections, demand and foreclosure activities, loan servicing, loan sales, and other miscellaneous lending costs, decreased by $0.1 million or 11%, in 2024 as compared to 2023, and increased by $0.1 million or 9%, in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease in 2024 over 2023, as well as the increase in 2023 over 2022, was due to fluctuations in appraisal costs. Foreclosed assets costs are comprised of write-downs taken subsequent to reappraisals, OREO operating expense (including property taxes), and losses on the sale of foreclosed assets, net of rental income on OREO properties and gains on the sale of foreclosed assets. There were no expenses in 2024, $0.7 million expenses in 2023 and $0.1 million in expenses in 2022. These costs fluctuate based on market conditions of OREO relative to our holding value, the nature of the underlying properties and the volume of OREO properties in inventory. At the end of 2024, the Company had no OREO properties remaining in inventory.

The “other operating costs” category includes telecommunications expense, postage, and other miscellaneous costs. Telecommunications expense decreased $0.5 million, or 13%, in 2024, as compared to 2023, and was flat at $1.6 million in 2023, as compared to 2022. The decrease in 2024 was due to payments in 2023 that did not reoccur in 2024, mainly restitution payments made in 2023 to analysis customers, and hiring and recruiting costs.

Total Professional Services costs, which consists of legal and accounting, acquisition, directors fees, and other professional services costs, increased by $0.9 million, or 12%, in 2024 as compared to 2023, and $3.1 million in 2023, as compared to 2022. Legal and Accounting costs were flat in 2024, but increased $0.1 million, or 5% in 2023, as compared to 2022. The increase in 2024 was primarily due to an unfavorable variance in directors’ deferred compensation expense while the increase in 2023 was primarily from an increase in audit costs, which were previously outsourced. Directors’ costs increased $0.7 million, or 33%, in 2024 over 2023, and $2.1 million in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in deferred compensation expense which is linked to the favorable fluctuation in BOLI income. Other professional services costs include FDIC assessments and other regulatory expenses, and certain insurance costs among other things. This category increased $0.1 million, or 4%, in 2024 as compared to 2023, and $0.9 million or 46%, a decrease in interest-earning assets while in 2023, as compared to 2022. The increase in 2024 as compared to 2023, is primarily due to an increase in insurance and bond rating costs. The increase in 2023 was primarily from an increase in FDIC assessment expenses.

Employee deferred compensation expense accruals totaled $0.4 million in 2024, $0.2 million in 2023, and $0.1 million in 2022, and are included in “salaries and employee benefits’ noted above. Directors deferred compensation plan accruals totaled $1.6 million in 2024, $0.8 million in 2023, and $(1.1) million in 2022, and are included in “other professional services” above. As previously mentioned in our discussion of BOLI income, deferred compensation plan accruals are related to separate account BOLI income and losses and the net income impact of all income/expense accruals related to deferred compensation is usually minimal.

Stationery and supply costs were mostly unchanged both in 2024, as compared to 2023, and for 2023, as compared to 2022.

Sundry and teller costs were $1.2 million in 2024, $1.3 million in 2023, and $0.7 million in 2022. In 2024, as well as 2023 and 2022, debit card losses are elevated and consistent with the higher volume of debit card transactions. These debit card dispute and fraud costs increased in 2023 with our debit card conversion from Mastercard to Visa earlier in the year and declined 8% or $0.1 million in 2024.

The Company’s tax-equivalent overhead efficiency ratio was 60.8% in 2024, 63.9% in 2023, and 60.2% in 2022. The overhead efficiency ratio represents total noninterest expense divided by the sum of fully tax-equivalent net interest and noninterest income, with the provision for credit losses on loans and gains/losses excluded from the equation. The Company is continually working on efforts to control costs, as well as increase income which is the denominator of the equation.

Income Taxes

Our income tax provision was $13.3 million, or 24.7% of pre-tax income in 2024, $11.6 million, or 25.0% of pre-tax income in 2023, and $11.3 million, or 25.1% of pre-tax income in 2022. The tax accrual rate was lower in 2024 due to an increase in the net benefit from tax credits, but was higher in 2023 and in 2022 due to a lower proportion of non-taxable income to taxable income

The Company sets aside a provision for income taxes on a monthly basis. The amount of that provision is determined by first applying the Company’s statutory income tax rates to estimated taxable income, which is pre-tax book income adjusted for permanent differences, and then subtracting available tax credits. Permanent differences include but are not limited to tax-exempt interest income, BOLI income or loss, and certain book expenses that are not allowed as tax deductions. The Company’s investments in state, county and municipal bonds provided $6.7 million of federal tax-exempt income in 2024, $10.9 million in 2023, and $8.8 million in 2022. Moreover, in addition to life insurance proceeds of $0.2 million in 2024, $0.9 million in 2023 and $0.4 million in 2022, net increases in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance added $2.7 million to tax-exempt income in 2024, and $1.8 million to tax-exempt income in 2023, but reduced tax-exempt income by $1.0 million in 2022.

Our tax credits consist primarily of those generated by investments in low-income housing tax credit funds. We had a total of $25.4 million invested in low-income housing tax credit funds as of December 31, 2024, and $14.4 million as of December 31, 2023, which are included in other assets rather than in our investment portfolio. Those investments have generated substantial tax credits over the past few years, with about $1.8 million, $0.6 million, and $0.5 million in credits available for the for the tax years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The credits are dependent upon the occupancy level of the housing projects and income of the tenants and cannot be projected with certainty. Furthermore, our capacity to utilize them will continue to depend on our ability to generate sufficient pre-tax income. We plan to invest in additional tax credit funds in the future, but if the economics of such transactions do not justify continued investments, then the level of low-income housing tax credits will taper off in future years until they are substantially utilized by the end of 2036. That means that even if taxable income stayed at the same level through 2036, our tax accrual rate would gradually increase.

Financial Condition

Assets totaled $3.6 billion at December 31, 2024, a decrease of $115.5 million, or 3%, for the year. Assets decreased in 2024 mostly a result of a strategic balance sheet restructuring, substantially offset by loan growth in 2024. Investment securities declined $377.8 million, primarily from the sale of bonds from the strategic securities transaction that was part of the balance sheet restructuring, as well as other maturities and calls of investment securities. The decreases in investment securities were partially offset by a $241.3 million increase in gross loans, and a $22.1 million increase in cash on hand.

Deposits increased $130.4 million, or 5%. Total capital increased by $19.2 million, or 6%. The major components of the Company’s balance sheet are individually analyzed below, along with information on off-balance sheet activities and exposure.

Loan Portfolio

The Company’s loan portfolio represents the single largest portion of invested assets, substantially greater than the investment portfolio or any other asset category, and the quality and diversification of the loan portfolio are important considerations when reviewing the Company’s financial condition.

The Loan Distribution table that follows sets forth by loan type the Company’s gross loans outstanding and the percentage distribution in each category at the dates indicated. The balances for each loan type include nonperforming loans, if any, but do not reflect any deferred or unamortized loan origination, extension, or commitment fees, or deferred loan origination costs. Although not reflected in the loan totals below and not currently comprising a material part of our lending activities, the Company also occasionally originates and sells, or participates out portions of, loans to non-affiliated investors.

(dollars in thousands)

The Company’s loan balances increased $239.7 million, or 12% in 2024. The increase was primarily a result of a $210.4 million increase in mortgage warehouse utilization, $32.2 million increase in commercial real estate loans, $10.1 million increase in farmland loans, and a $20.7 million increase in other commercial loans. Negatively impacting these positive variances were loan paydowns and maturities in many categories despite solid loan production. In particular there was a $30.6 million decrease in residential real estate, a $0.8 million decrease in other construction, and $0.7 million decrease in consumer loans.

The increase in 2023 was primarily a result of a $50.6 million increase in mortgage warehouse utilization, $17.1 million increase in commercial real estate, and a $53.3 million increase in other commercial loans offset by a $46.1 million decrease in farmland, a $12.2 million decrease in other construction and a $25.4 million decrease in residential real estate. For 2022, the Company had $173.1 million in residential mortgage loan purchases which were designed as a bridge to organic loan growth with the hiring of loan production teams. These new loan production teams were hired to develop relationships within our footprint for both loans and deposits. These new loans provide additional diversification of the loan portfolio and are mostly floating rate loan products which complement the fixed rate real estate loans. As demonstrated by the expansion of the lending teams both in 2023 and 2022, management remains focused on organic loan growth which totaled $216.5 million and $185.3 million, respectively during the years ending 2024 and 2023. No assurance can be provided with regard to future net growth in aggregate loan balances given occasional surges in prepayments, fluctuations in mortgage warehouse lending and maintaining concentrations in certain sectors within our risk management parameters.

As a part of their regulatory oversight, the federal regulators have issued guidelines on sound risk management practices with respect to a financial institution’s concentrations in commercial real estate (“CRE”) lending activities. These guidelines were issued in response to the agencies’ concerns that rising CRE concentrations might expose institutions to unanticipated earnings and capital volatility in the event of adverse changes in the commercial real estate market. The guidelines identify certain concentration levels that, if exceeded, will expose the institution to additional supervisory analysis regarding the institution’s CRE concentration risk. The guidelines, as amended, are designed to promote appropriate levels of capital and sound loan and risk management practices for institutions with a concentration of CRE loans. In general, the guidelines, as amended, establish the following supervisory criteria as preliminary indications of possible CRE concentration risk: (1) the institution’s total construction, land development and other land loans represent 100% or more of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses loans; or (2) total CRE loans as defined in the regulatory guidelines represent 300% or more of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans, and the institution’s CRE loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the prior 36 month period. This ratio was 243% at December 31, 2023, and declined to 236% at December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2024, the Bank’s total construction, land development and other land loans represented 1% of Tier 1 risk-based capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans. The Bank believes that it does not have a concentration in CRE loans at December 31, 2024, above the prudential regulatory guidelines note above. The Bank and its board of directors have discussed the guidelines and believe that the Bank’s underwriting policies, management information systems, independent credit administration process, and monitoring of real estate loan concentrations are sufficient to address the risk management of CRE under the guidelines.

(dollars in thousands)

Rates on nonresidential loans longer than five years typically adjust starting before ten years and each five years thereafter. Included in the $471.2 million of loans due after 5 years through fifteen years are $150.7 million of adjustable-rate loans subject to periodic rate adjustments. Similarly, included in the $1.2 billion of loans that do not mature for more than fifteen years are $570.9 million of adjustable-rate loans subject to periodic rate adjustments. Generally, the Company’s contractual life of loans matches the loan’s amortization period, which is generally 25 years. For a comprehensive discussion of the Company’s liquidity position, balance sheet repricing characteristics, and sensitivity to interest rates changes, refer to the “Liquidity and Market Risk” section of this discussion and analysis.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company maintains commitments to extend credit in the normal course of business, as long as there are no violations of conditions established in the outstanding contractual arrangements.

Unused commitments, excluding mortgage warehouse and overdraft lines, were $256.9 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $203.6 million at December 31, 2023. Total line utilization, excluding mortgage warehouse and overdraft lines, was 57% at December 31, 2024, and 62% at December 31, 2023. Including mortgage warehouse utilization, overall utilization was 51% at December 31, 2024, as compared to 53% at December 31, 2023. Mortgage warehouse utilization increased to 51% at December 31, 2024, as compared to 36% at December 31, 2023. Due to new customer growth, total mortgage warehouse availability increased to $311.6 million at December 31, 2024, as compared to $204.5 million at December 31, 2023. The Bank increased the number of mortgage warehouse customers by 60% in 2024. This has facilitated an increase in outstanding balances in 2024 by $210.4 million, or 181%, to $326.4 million at December 31, 2024. It is not likely that all of those commitments will ultimately be drawn down. Unused commitments represented approximately 28% of gross loans outstanding at December 31, 2024, and 23% at December 31, 2023. Included in used commitments are undrawn letters of credit issued to customers totaling $5.0 million at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Off-balance sheet obligations pose potential credit risk to the Company, and a $0.7 million reserve for unfunded commitments is reflected as a liability in our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024, an increase of $0.2 million from the previous year. The unused commitments related to mortgage warehouse are unconditionally cancellable at any time. The effect on the Company’s revenues, expenses, cash flows and liquidity from the unused portion of the commitments to provide credit cannot be reasonably predicted because there is no guarantee that the lines of credit will ever be used. However, the “Liquidity” section in this Form 10-K outlines resources available to draw upon should we be required to fund a significant portion of unused commitments.

In addition to unused commitments to provide credit, the Company holds two letters of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco totaling $127.9 million as security for certain deposits and to facilitate certain credit arrangements with the Company’s customers. That letter of credit is backed by loans which are pledged to the FHLB by the Company. For more information regarding the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements, see Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 herein.

Contractual Obligations

At the end of 2024, the Company had contractual obligations for the following payments, by type and period due:

(dollars in thousands)

Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets (“NPAs”) are comprised of loans for which the Company is no longer accruing interest, and foreclosed assets which primarily consists of OREO.

The following table presents comparative data for the Company’s NPAs as of the dates noted:

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Loans deferred under the CARES act are not included in nonperforming loans above, nor are they included in the numerators used to calculate the ratios disclosed in the table.

NPAs totaled $19.7 million, or 0.8% of gross loans plus foreclosed assets at the end of 2024, as compared to $8.0 million, or 0.4% of gross loans plus foreclosed assets at the end of 2023. NPAs at the end of 2024 consist primarily of an operating line of credit collateralized with receivables from wine grape production and other assets with a balance of $16.3 million at December 31, 2024, and a current balance of $14.1 million, due to principal paydowns made by the customer during the month of January 2025. NPAs decreased $11.6 million, or 59% in 2023 over 2022.

Nonperforming loans secured by real estate comprised $5.1 million of total nonperforming loans at December 31, 2024, a decrease of $2.7 million, since December 31, 2023. Nonperforming loans secured by real estate at December 31, 2024, is primarily composed of two real estate loans secured by farmland, with a combined book balance of $5.1 million.

The Company had no foreclosed assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023. When the Company has foreclosed assets, they are periodically evaluated and written down to their fair value less expected disposition costs, if lower than the then-current carrying value.

Allowance for Credit Losses/Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for credit losses on loans, a contra-asset, is established through a provision for credit losses on loans. The allowance for credit losses on loans is at a level that, in Management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb expected credit losses on loans related to individually identified loans as well as expected credit losses in the remaining loan portfolio. Specifically identifiable and quantifiable losses are immediately charged off against the allowance; recoveries are generally recorded only when sufficient cash payments are received subsequent to the charge off. Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements provides a more comprehensive discussion of the accounting guidance we conform to and the methodology we use to determine an appropriate allowance for credit losses on loans. The Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans was $24.8 million, or 1.07% of gross loans at December 31, 2024, relative to $23.5 million, or 1.12% of gross loans at December 31, 2023. The increase in the allowance resulted from an increase in individual loan reserves, primarily as a result of a downgrade in the fourth quarter of 2024 of one agricultural loan relationship. This increase was partially offset by a 29 basis point decrease in historical loss rates that drive the quantitative reserves. At December 31, 2024, nonaccrual loans totaled $19.7 million compared to $8.0 million at December 31, 2023. All of the Company’s nonperforming assets are periodically reviewed and are either well-reserved based on current loss expectations or are carried at the fair value of the underlying collateral, net of expected disposition costs. The ratio of the allowance to nonperforming loans was 126% at December 31, 2024, relative to 294% at December 31, 2023, and 118% at December 31, 2022. As described above, a separate allowance of $0.7 million for potential losses inherent in unused commitments is included in other liabilities at December 31, 2024.

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses on loans of $4.6 million in 2024 as compared to $4.1 million in 2023, and $10.9 million in 2022. Our credit allowance for expected losses on individually identified loans increased $1.4 million, or 73%, during 2024, and increased $1.5 million, or 351%, during 2023. The allowance for expected losses inherent in the remaining portfolio decreased by $0.1 million, or 0.5%.

The following table sets forth the Company’s net charge-offs as a percentage to the average loan balances in each loan category, as well as other credit related ratios at or for the periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands, unaudited)

(1) Includes overdraft net charge-offs of $0.5 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Provided below is a summary of the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans for specific loan categories at the dates indicated. The allocation presented should not be viewed as an indication that charges to the allowance will be incurred in these amounts or proportions, or that the portion of the allowance allocated to a particular loan category represents the total amount available for charge-offs that may occur within that category.

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes mortgage warehouse lines

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans at December 31, 2024 represents Management’s best estimate of expected losses over the remaining contractual life of loans in the loan portfolio as of that date, but no assurance can be given that the Company will not experience substantial losses relative to the size of the allowance. Furthermore, fluctuations in credit quality, changes in economic conditions, updated accounting, or regulatory requirements, and/or other factors could induce us to augment or reduce the allowance.

Investments

The Company’s investments may at any given time consist of debt securities and marketable equity securities (together, the “investment portfolio”), investments in the time deposits of other banks, surplus interest-earning balances in our Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRBSF”) account, and overnight fed funds sold. Surplus FRBSF balances and fed funds sold to correspondent banks typically represent the temporary investment of excess liquidity. The Company’s investments serve several purposes: 1) they provide liquidity to even out cash flows from the loan and deposit activities of customers; 2) they provide a source of pledged assets for securing public deposits, bankruptcy deposits and certain borrowed funds which require collateral; 3) they constitute a large base of assets with maturity and interest rate characteristics that can be changed more readily than the loan portfolio, to better match changes in the deposit base and other funding sources of the Company; 4) they are another interest-earning option for surplus funds when loan demand is light; and 5) they can provide partially tax exempt income. Aggregate investments totaled $961.5 million, or 27% of total assets at December 31, 2024, as compared to $1.3 billion, or 36% of total assets at December 31, 2023. Approximately $197 million in investments, with an unrealized loss of $14.5 million, were identified with an intent to sell at December 31, 2023, and were sold in January 2024 as part of the balance sheet restructuring discussed above.

We had no federal funds sold at the end of the reporting periods, and interest-bearing balances held primarily in our FRBSF account totaled $19.7 million at December 31, 2024, as compared to $3.7 million at December 31, 2023. The average rate on the interest-bearing balances was 5.34% for 2024.

The Company’s investment securities portfolio had a book balance of $961 million at December 31, 2024, and $1.3 billion at December 31, 2023. The Company carries “available for sale” investments at their fair market values and “held to maturity” investments at amortized cost. We currently have the intent and ability to hold our investment securities to maturity, but the securities are all marketable. The expected effective duration was 1.47 years for available-for-sale investments and 5.98 years for held-to-maturity investments at December 31, 2024, as compared to 1.39 years for available-for-sale investments and 5.92 years for held-to-maturity investments at December 31, 2023. In early 2024, the Company initiated a strategic securities transaction by selling $196.7 million of bonds. These securities were identified as an intent to be sold at December 31, 2023. This transaction realized a $14.5 million loss in the fourth quarter of 2023. The average yield on these bonds was 2.61% and the proceeds were used to paydown short-term borrowings at an average rate of 5.52%. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company sold an additional $53.8 million in bonds, at a loss of $2.9 million. Both transactions were part of our strategic balance sheet restructuring and increased our earnings stream in 2024 by increasing net interest income as interest expense on borrowed funds was reduced by more than the reduction in interest income on the securities sold.

The following Investment Portfolio table reflects the carrying amount for each primary category of investment securities for the past three years:

(dollars in thousands)

Based on an analysis of its available for sale securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company determined their decline in value was unrelated to credit loss and was primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity.

The following points outline additional support for management’s conclusion that no amount of the unrealized loss of the securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 was attributable to credit deterioration and a risk of loss, requiring an allowance for credit losses.

• U.S. Government Agencies are supported by the full faith and creditworthiness of the U.S. Federal Government and the management did not consider a default, much less a loss on these securities to be a reasonable possibility as of either December 31, 2024, or December 31, 2023.
• Mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities (“GSEs”) carry an implicit guarantee by the U.S. Federal Government, as the GSEs can draw funds from the U.S. Federal Government up to a limit, with an implied ability to draw funds beyond the limit. Management did not consider a default, much less a loss on these securities to be a reasonable possibility as of either December 31, 2024, or December 31, 2023.
• Management routinely monitors third party credit grades of the municipal issuers in the Company’s state and political subdivisions portfolio and as of both December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, noted that all municipal securities in an unrealized loss position were either investment grade rated or guaranteed. On a quarterly basis management receives financial information from a third-party service in order to monitor the underlying issuer’s financial stability. In addition, management performs annual reviews of the underlying municipal issuers financial statements in order to evaluate stability and repayment capacity and has noted no

concerns with any of the bonds in the Company’s State and Local portfolio. As of both December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, management concluded that no allowance for credit losses was warranted on any of the Company’s municipal securities and the unrealized loss position of each of the securities reflected fluctuations in market conditions, primarily interest rates, since the time of purchase.

• The Company has invested in corporate debt issuances of other financial institutions. Various financial metrics of each of the issuing financial institutions are reviewed by management quarterly. These metrics include credit quality, reserve adequacy, profitability, and capital. Following review of the financial metrics available for each of the underlying institutions as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 management concluded that the unrealized loss position of these securities related primarily to the fluctuation in market conditions, including interest rates and other factors, from the date of purchase, and were not reflective of any credit concerns with the issuing financial institution affecting the subordinated debt. These bonds were subject to a credit review by the credit administration department prior to their purchase and are subject to ongoing quarterly reviews.
• The Company has invested exclusively in AA and AAA tranches of various collateralized loan obligations, which are securitizations of commercial loans. Each purchase is subject to a credit, concentration, and structure review by the credit administration department prior to their purchase and are subject to ongoing quarterly reviews. Management monitors the credit rating of these investments on a quarterly basis in addition to various performance metrics available through a third-party informational service. Following review of financial metrics as of both December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 management concluded that the unrealized loss position of these securities related exclusively to the fluctuation in market conditions, primarily interest rate spreads, from the date of purchase, and were not reflective of any credit concerns with the tranches comprising the Company’s investments.

In addition, the Company determined there was a $0.02 million credit loss expected on the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio at both December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, which was recorded as an allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities.

Investment securities that were pledged as collateral for Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings, repurchase agreements, public deposits and other purposes as required or permitted by law totaled $403.4 million at December 31, 2024 and $551.5 million at December 31, 2023, leaving $558.1 million in unpledged debt securities at December 31, 2024 and $787.8 million in unpledged debt securities at December 31, 2023. Securities that were pledged in excess of actual pledging needs and were thus available for liquidity purposes, if needed, totaled $242.2 million at December 31, 2024, and $383.0 million at December 31, 2023.

The table below groups the Company’s investment securities by their remaining time to maturity as of December 31, 2024, and provides weighted average yields for each segment.

Maturity and Yield of Held-to-Maturity Investment Portfolio

(dollars in thousands)

Cash and Due from Banks

Interest-earning cash balances were discussed above in the “Investments” section, but the Company also maintains a certain level of cash on hand in the normal course of business as well as non-earning deposits at other financial institutions. Our balance of cash and due from banks depends on the timing of collection of outstanding cash items (checks), the amount of cash held at our branches and our reserve requirement, among other things, and is subject to significant fluctuations in the normal course of business. While cash flows are normally predictable within limits, those limits are fairly broad and the Company manages its short-term cash position through the utilization of overnight loans to, and borrowings from, correspondent banks, including the FRBSF and the Federal Home Loan Bank. Should a large “short” overnight position persist for any length of time, the Company typically raises money through focused retail deposit gathering efforts or by adding brokered time deposits. If a “long” position is prevalent, we will let brokered deposits or other wholesale borrowings roll off as they mature, or we might invest excess liquidity into longer-term, higher-yielding bonds. The Company’s balance of noninterest earning cash and balances due from correspondent banks totaled $79.6 million, or 2% of total assets at December 31, 2024, and $73.7 million, or 2% of total assets at December 31, 2023. The average balance of non-earning cash and due from banks, which can be used to determine trends, was $49.8 million for 2024, $80.8 million for 2023 and $79.3 million for 2022.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated on our books at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and amortization. The cost of furniture and equipment is expensed as depreciation over the estimated useful life of the related assets, and leasehold improvements are amortized over the term of the related lease or the estimated useful life of the improvements, whichever is shorter.

The following Premises and Equipment table reflects the original cost, accumulated depreciation and amortization, and net book value of fixed assets by major category, for the years noted:

(dollars in thousands)

The net book value of the Company’s premises and equipment was 0.4% of total assets at December 31, 2024, and 0.5% of total assets at December 31, 2023. Depreciation and amortization included in occupancy and equipment expense totaled $1.9 million in 2024 and $2.2 million in 2023.

In January 2024, the Company sold two Bank owned buildings with a book value of $0.7 million, for a gain of $3.8 million and in December 2023, the Company sold 11 Bank owned branch buildings with a book value of $5.6 million, for a gain on sale of $15.3 million. These branch buildings were subsequently leased back to the Company and are reflected in footnote 6 of the Financial Statements.

Other Assets

Goodwill totaled $27.4 million at December 31, 2024, unchanged for the year and other intangible assets were $0.6 million, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 57%, as a result of amortization expense recorded on core deposit intangibles. The

Company’s goodwill and other intangible assets are evaluated annually for potential impairment following FASB guidelines and based on those analytics Management has determined that no impairment exists as of December 31, 2024.

The net cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies increased to $53.2 million at December 31, 2024, from $51.6 million at December 31, 2023, due to the favorable fluctuation in the underlying values of assets in the separate account BOLI policy. Refer to the “Noninterest Revenue and Operating Expense” section above for a more detailed discussion of BOLI and the income/expense it generates.

The remainder of other assets consists primarily of right-of-use assets tied to operating leases, accrued interest receivable, deferred taxes, investments in bank stocks, prepaid assets, investments in low-income housing credits, investments in SBA loan funds, and other miscellaneous assets. The total operating lease right-of-use asset recorded on the books is $34.4 million less accumulated amortization of $6.6 million. The bank stocks include Pacific Coast Bankers Bank (PCBB) stock (marked to market value annually) and restricted stock related to the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB SF) stock held in conjunction with our FHLB borrowings. Both the PCBB and FHLB SF stock is not deemed to be marketable or liquid. Our net deferred tax asset is evaluated as of every reporting date pursuant to FASB guidance, and we have determined that no impairment exists.

Deposits

Deposits represent another key balance sheet category impacting the Company’s net interest margin and profitability metrics. Deposits provide liquidity to fund growth in earning assets, and the Company’s net interest margin is improved to the extent that growth in deposits is concentrated in less volatile and typically less costly non-maturity deposits such as demand deposit accounts, NOW accounts, savings accounts, and money market demand accounts. Information concerning average balances and rates paid by deposit type for the past three fiscal years is contained in the Distribution, Rate, and Yield table located in the previous section under “Results of Operations–Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin.” A distribution of the Company’s deposits showing the period-end balance and percentage of total deposits by type is presented as of the dates noted in the following table:

(dollars in thousands)

Deposit balances reflected an increase of $130.4 million, or 5%, in 2024 and a decline of $84.9 million, or 3%, in 2023. The 2024 increase was mostly from brokered deposits as the Company primarily relies on brokered deposits to incrementally fund mortgage warehouse lending. The 2023 decline in deposits came primarily from a $175.1 million decrease in transaction accounts, an $80.4 million decrease in savings and money market accounts offset by an increase in customer time deposit balances of $155.5 million as customers moved their funds to higher interest-bearing type accounts and a $15.0 million increase in wholesale brokered deposits.

In 2024, noninterest bearing demand deposit balances declined $13.6 million, or 1%; while interest-bearing NOW and demand accounts increased by $53.8 million, or 10% , as customers again sought a higher rate on a portion of their deposits. Overall non-maturity deposits increased by $12.0 million, or 1%, to $2.1 billion at December 31, 2024.

Management is of the opinion that a relatively high level of core customer deposits is one of the Company’s key strengths, and we continue to strive for core deposit retention and growth, with a focus on small business and consumer deposits.

The following table presents the estimated deposits exceeding the FDIC insurance limit:

(dollars in thousands)

Included in the above, the estimated aggregate amount of time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit is $148.3 million. The following table presents the maturity distribution of the estimated uninsured time deposits:

(dollars in thousands)

See Liquidity and Market Risk Management below in this 10-K for a discussion on liquidity management the Company maintains to meet liquidity needs under unusual conditions such as uncommon deposit outflows of uninsured deposits.

Other Borrowings

The Company’s non-deposit other borrowings may, at any given time, include fed funds purchased from correspondent banks, borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, advances from the FRB, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. In addition, the Company has long-term debt and junior subordinated debentures. The Company uses short-term FHLB advances and fed funds purchased on uncommitted lines to support liquidity needs created by seasonal deposit flows, to temporarily satisfy funding needs from increased loan demand, and for other short-term purposes. The FHLB line is committed, but the amount of available credit depends on the level of pledged collateral.

Other borrowings decreased $280.5 million, or 78%, in 2024, due primarily to decreases in higher-cost short-term borrowings as a result of the overall balance sheet restructuring in early 2024. In early 2024, the Company sold approximately $233.2 million in bonds and used the proceeds to pay down overnight and short-term advances. At December 31, 2024, the Company had no overnight fed funds purchased, or short-term FHLB advances, compared to $130.0 million in overnight fed funds purchased and $150.5 million in short-term FHLB advances, respectively, at December 31, 2023. Long-term FHLB borrowings were $80 million at both December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023.

Repurchase agreements totaled $108.9 million at year-end 2024 relative to a balance of $107.1 million at year-end 2023. Repurchase agreements represent “sweep accounts,” where commercial deposit balances above a specified threshold are transferred at the close of each business day into non-deposit accounts secured by investment securities. The Company had junior subordinated debentures totaling $35.8 million at December 31, 2024, and $35.7 million December 31, 2023, in the form of long-term borrowings from trust subsidiaries formed specifically to issue trust preferred securities. The small increase resulted from the amortization of discount on junior subordinated debentures that were part of our acquisition of Coast Bancorp in 2016. Long term subordinated debt was $49.4 million at December 31, 2024, as compared to $49.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The small increase resulted from the amortization of debt issuance costs.

The details of the Company’s short-term borrowings are presented in the table below, for the years noted:

(dollars in thousands)

Other Noninterest Bearing Liabilities

Other liabilities are principally comprised of accrued interest payable, other accrued but unpaid expenses, and certain clearing amounts. The Company’s balance of other liabilities increased by $13.1 million, or 17%, during 2024. The primary reason for this increase was due to committed funds to a new Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Fund. Additionally, there was an increase in operating lease liabilities stemming from the sale leaseback transaction of two Bank-owned buildings discussed in “Premises and Equipment.”

Capital Resources

The Company had total shareholders’ equity of $357.3 million at December 31, 2024, as compared to $338.1 million at December 31, 2023. The increase of $19.2 million, or 6%, is due to $40.6 million in net income and a $4.7 million favorable swing in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) partially offset by $13.6 million in dividends paid, and $15.0 million in share repurchases. The remaining difference was related to stock options exercised and restricted stock activity during the year.

The Company uses a variety of measures to evaluate its capital adequacy, including the community bank leverage ratio, which are calculated separately for the Company and the Bank. Management reviews these capital measurements on a quarterly basis and takes appropriate action to help ensure that they meet or surpass established internal and external guidelines. As permitted by the regulators for financial institutions that are not deemed to be “advanced approaches” institutions, the Company has elected to opt out of the Basel III requirement to include accumulated other comprehensive income in risk-based capital.

The following table sets forth the Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios at the dates indicated:

At the end of 2024, as our Community Bank Leverage Ratio exceeded 9.0%, the Company and the Bank were both classified as “well capitalized,” the highest rating of the categories defined under the Bank Holding Company Act and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, and our regulatory capital ratios remained above the median for peer financial institutions. We do not foresee any circumstances that would cause the Company or the Bank to be less than “well capitalized,” although no assurance can be given that this will not occur. A more detailed table of regulatory capital ratios, which includes the capital amounts and ratios required to qualify as “well capitalized” as well as minimum capital ratios, appears in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 herein. For additional details on risk-based and leverage capital guidelines, requirements, and calculations and for a summary of changes to risk-based capital calculations which were recently approved by federal banking regulators, see “Item 1, Business – Supervision and Regulation – Capital Adequacy Requirements” and “Item 1, Business – Supervision and Regulation – Prompt Corrective Action Provisions” herein.

The Company also looks at the double leverage ratio, which is a measure of the reliance on the holding company’s borrowings that are injected into the subsidiary Bank as capital. As holding company borrowings are primarily serviced by the receipt of dividends from the subsidiary Bank, this ratio is monitored as well as cash at the holding company for purposes of servicing the cash needs at the holding company level. This ratio is calculated by dividing subsidiary Bank capital by the holding company/consolidated capital. The Company generally maintains a double leverage ratio of under 125%. The double leverage ratio was 118.8% at December 31, 2024, as compared to 121.2% at December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Market Risk Management

Liquidity

Liquidity management refers to the Company’s ability to maintain cash flows that are adequate to fund operations and meet other obligations and commitments in a timely and cost-effective manner. Detailed cash flow projections are reviewed by Management on a quarterly basis, with various stress scenarios applied to assess our ability to meet liquidity needs under unusual or adverse conditions. Liquidity ratios are also calculated and reviewed on a regular basis. While those ratios are merely indicators and are not measures of actual liquidity, they are closely monitored, and we are committed to maintaining adequate liquidity resources to draw upon should unexpected needs arise.

The Company, on occasion, experiences cash needs as the result of loan growth, deposit outflows, asset purchases or liability repayments. To meet short-term needs, we can borrow overnight funds from other financial institutions, draw advances via Federal Home Loan Bank lines of credit, or solicit brokered deposits if customer deposits are not immediately obtainable from local sources. Availability on lines of credit from correspondent banks and the FHLB totaled $1.1 billion at December 31, 2024. The Company was also eligible to borrow approximately $298.3 million at the Federal Reserve Discount Window based on pledged assets at December 31, 2024. Furthermore, funds can be obtained by drawing down excess cash that might be available in the Company’s correspondent bank deposit accounts, or by liquidating unpledged investments or other readily saleable assets. In addition, the Company can raise immediate cash for temporary needs by selling under agreement to repurchase those investments in its portfolio which are not pledged as collateral. As of December 31, 2024, unpledged debt securities plus pledged securities in excess of current pledging requirements comprised $794.3 million of the Company’s investment balances, as compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2023. Other sources of potential liquidity include but are not necessarily limited to any outstanding fed funds sold and vault cash. The Company has a higher level of actual balance sheet liquidity than might otherwise be the case since we utilize a letter of credit from the FHLB rather than investment securities for certain pledging requirements. That letter of credit, which is backed by loans pledged to the FHLB by the Company, totaled $127.9 million at December 31, 2024. Management is of the opinion that available investments and other potentially liquid assets, along with standby funding sources it has arranged, are more than sufficient to meet the Company’s current and anticipated short-term liquidity needs.

At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company had the following sources of primary and secondary liquidity (dollars in thousands):

The Company’s primary liquidity ratio and net loans to deposits ratio was 21% and 81%, respectively, at December 31, 2024, as compared to internal policy guidelines of “greater than 15%” and “less than 95%.” Other liquidity ratios reviewed periodically by Management and the Board include the Community Bank leverage ratio, net change in overnight position and wholesale funding to total assets (including ratios and sub-limits for the various components comprising wholesale funding). All ratios were within policy guidelines at December 31, 2024. Management closely watches all Company liquidity metrics and will take appropriate action if deemed necessary.

The holding company’s primary uses of funds include operating expenses incurred in the normal course of business, debt servicing, shareholder dividends, and stock repurchases. Its primary source of funds is dividends from the Bank since the holding company does not conduct regular banking operations. At December 31, 2024, the holding company maintained a cash balance of $13.1 million. Management anticipates the Bank will have sufficient earnings to provide dividends to the holding company to meet its funding requirements for the foreseeable future and the Bank is not subject to any regulatory restrictions for paying dividends to the holding company, other than the legal and regulatory limitations on dividend payments, as outlined in Item 5(c) Dividends in this Form 10-K.

Interest Rate Risk Management

Market risk arises from changes in interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and equity prices. The Company does not engage in the trading of financial instruments, nor does it have exposure to currency exchange rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily that of interest rate risk, and we have established policies and procedures to monitor and limit our earnings and balance sheet exposure to changes in interest rates. The principal objective of interest rate risk management is to manage the financial components of the Company’s balance sheet in a manner that will optimize the risk/reward equation for earnings and capital under a variety of interest rate scenarios.

To identify areas of potential exposure to interest rate changes, we utilize commercially available modeling software to perform monthly earnings simulations and calculate the Company’s market value of portfolio equity under varying interest rate scenarios. The model imports relevant information for the Company’s financial instruments and incorporates Management’s assumptions on pricing, duration, and optionality for anticipated new volumes. Various rate scenarios consisting of key rate and yield curve projections are then applied in order to calculate the expected effect of a given interest rate change on interest income, interest expense, and the value of the Company’s financial instruments. The rate projections can be shocked (an immediate and parallel change in all base rates, up or down), ramped (an incremental increase or decrease in rates over a specified time period), economic (based on current trends and econometric models) or stable (unchanged from current actual levels).

In addition to a stable rate scenario, which presumes that there are no changes in interest rates, we typically use at least eight other interest rate scenarios in conducting our rolling 12-month net interest income simulations: upward shocks of 100, 200, 300, and 400 basis points, and downward shocks of 100, 200, 300, and 400 basis points. Those scenarios may be supplemented, reduced in number, or otherwise adjusted as determined by Management to provide the most meaningful simulations in light of economic conditions and expectations at the time. Pursuant to policy guidelines, we generally attempt to limit the projected decline in net interest income relative to the stable rate scenario to no more than 10% for a 100 basis point (bp) interest rate shock, 15% for a 200 bp shock, 20% for a 300 bp shock, and 25% for a 400 bp shock.

The Company had the following estimated net interest income sensitivity profiles over one-year, without factoring in any potential negative impact on spreads resulting from competitive pressures or credit quality deterioration (dollars in thousands):

The instantaneous rate shock simulation for the period ending December 31, 2024, indicates that the Company is asset sensitive, with net interest income increasing in rising rate scenarios and declining in decreasing rate scenarios, with a continued drop in interest rates having the most substantial negative impact. The change in the magnitude of the Company’s asset sensitivity based on its interest rate risk model at December 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023, is due mostly to the decrease in the level of overnight borrowings both in Fed Funds purchased and overnight FHLB borrowings, which had an average rate of 5.52%. The decrease in these borrowings was facilitated by the sale of bonds in late 2023 and early 2024 having an average book yield of 2.61%. In addition, adding to our asset sensitivity, utilization on variable rate mortgage warehouse lines increased, $210.4 million, at December 31, 2024. The Company had approximately $311.6 million of unfunded mortgage warehouse lines at December 31, 2024. If rates decrease, it would be expected that a significant portion of the unfunded mortgage warehouse lines would become funded and thereby, mitigate the impact of lower rates on the balance sheet through higher utilization.

The instantaneous rate shock simulation for the period ending December 31, 2023, indicates that the Company was asset sensitive, with net interest income increasing in rising rate scenarios and declining in decreasing rate scenarios, with a continued drop in interest rates having the most substantial negative impact. The change in the magnitude of the Company’s asset sensitivity based on its interest rate risk model at December 31, 2023, as compared to December 31, 2022, is due mostly to the decrease in the level of overnight borrowings both in Fed Funds purchased and overnight FHLB borrowings. In addition, adding to our asset sensitivity, variable rate investment securities in the form of CLOs increased $72.3 million along with a change in the mix of fixed rate versus variable rate loans in 2023 as compared to 2022. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $155.0 million in overnight borrowings as compared to $219.0 million in overnight borrowings at December 31, 2022. The securities strategy enabled most of the overnight borrowings to be paid off in early January 2024, as mentioned earlier. The Company has approximately $204.5 million of unfunded mortgage warehouse lines at December 31, 2023.

In addition to the instantaneous simulations shown above, we run stress scenarios for the unconsolidated Bank modeling the possibility of no balance sheet growth, the potential runoff of “surge” core deposits which flowed into the Bank in the most recent economic cycle, and unfavorable movement in deposit rates relative to yields on earning assets (i.e., higher deposit betas). These stress tests are run primarily to determine what factors create the most risk to net interest income. When no balance sheet growth is incorporated and a stable interest rate environment is assumed, projected annual net interest income is about $9.4 million lower, or 7% than in our standard simulation. However, the stressed simulations reveal that the Company’s greatest potential pressure on net interest income would result from the declining rate scenarios, in which our net interest income could reduce by 11% in the event of a 300 basis point downward shock.

In addition to the stress tests, management also models scenario testing where rates are shocked gradually (i.e., a rate ramp) as well as three scenarios with the short-term and long-term rate curves moving in a non-parallel manner. These non-parallel scenarios include a bear flattener forecast with overnight rates moving up faster than the 10-Year Treasury, a bull flattener where the overnight rates stay the same and long-term rates fall, and a generally accepted economic forecast where overnight and 10-year rates change based on current economic forecasts. The rate ramp shows the Company as being less asset sensitive with less than a 1% increase in net interest income in a rising rate environment and less than half of the decline in a falling rate scenario. For the non-parallel scenarios, net interest income remains at or above the base case scenario of no rate changes. In other words, based on current economic forecasts, there would not be a significant change in net interest income as compared to our base case scenario.

The information concerning quantitative and qualitative disclosures of market risk called for by Item 305 of Regulation S-K is included as part of Item 7 above. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Market Risk Management.”

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13(a)–15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report (the “Evaluation Date”) have concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were adequate and effective to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries would be made known to them by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report was being prepared.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and that such information is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for the preparation, integrity, and reliability of the consolidated financial statements and related financial information contained in this annual report. The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and, as such, include some amounts that are based on judgments and estimates of Management.

Management has established and is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Management and directors of the Company; and

(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal control can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal control may vary over time. The system contains monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies identified.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. This assessment was based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. This assessment included controls over the preparation of regulatory financial statements in accordance with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s Instructions for Preparation of Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income, and in accordance with the Board of

Governors of the Federal Reserve System’s Instructions for Preparation of Financial Statements for Bank Holding Companies (Consolidated and Parent Company Only). Based on this assessment, Management believes that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024.

Management is responsible for compliance with the federal and state laws and regulations concerning dividend restrictions and federal laws and regulations concerning loans to insiders designated by the FDIC as safety and soundness laws and regulations. Management assessed compliance by the Company’s insured financial institution, Bank of the Sierra, with the designated laws and regulations relating to safety and soundness. Based on this assessment, Management believes that Bank of the Sierra complied, in all significant respects, with the designated laws and regulations related to safety and soundness for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 has been audited by RSM US LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their reports appearing above in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Changes in Internal Control

There were no significant changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting or in other factors in the fourth quarter of 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.