Capstone Energy Plus, Inc.: Form 10-K for the period ended Mar 31, 2025

Overview

Capstone has pioneered the future of low-emissions oil free power and energy technology for almost four decades. Our very low maintenance intervals allow for high availability rates, thus making us a leader of sustainable clean energy technology solutions worldwide. Our commitment to safety, innovation and operational excellence helps set the gold standard for holistic, sustainable energy solutions that deliver results. Capstone strives to be the first choice when energy matters. We do this by providing multi-faceted energy solutions in various formats. Our bespoke solutions help solve the “Energy Trilemma” of resiliency, affordability and sustainability. Capstone’s product portfolio not only showcases our core microturbine technology but also includes other products that help clients create a holistic, clean and flexible energy solution. These solutions can integrate into either a microgrid application or into a straight-forward distributed generation solution that can also recycle the waste heat from our microturbines into useful hot water, steam and/or chilled water.

We develop, manufacture, market, sell and service microturbine-based technology solutions for use in stationary distributed power generation (“simple cycle”) applications or in distribution networks. Our microturbine technology can be used as a standalone power solution or as Combined Heat and Power (“CHP”) cogeneration and Integrated Combined Heat and Power (“ICHP”) applications where the heat recovery module is directly integrated to the microturbine package, and Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (“CCHP”), also known as tri-generation.

We offer customers a range of commercial, industrial and utility scale options tailored to their specific needs ranging from 65 kilowatts (“kW”) to multiple megawatts (“MW”). Capstone also offers complimentary ancillary products to recycle waste energy into other useful applications. We also manufacture and supply system controllers that provide complete automated system control, including electrical load following and custom logic to protect against expensive local utility demand charges. These controllers include the legacy Capstone Logic Controllers (“CLC”) and the Capstone C1000S Series (refer to “—Products” for detailed discussion of our products) system controllers.

To help clients maintain confidence in the total cost of ownership in their investment, Capstone also offers factory protection plans (“FPP”) which provide planned and unplanned maintenance coverage. For those clients who may be more capital constrained or prefer to leverage their capital back into their own businesses, Capstone also provides financial solutions under our Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) offerings. Our EaaS offerings currently include four repeatable business models: (1) rental services, (2) Build, Own, Operate and Maintain (“BOOM”) and (3) power purchase agreement (“PPA”) solutions, and (4) “lease to own.”

Capstone products allow customers to produce power on-site in parallel with the local electric grid seamlessly due to our inverter-based technology, thus avoiding the addition and integration of large and costly switchgear lineups required to protect the grid. Our solutions can also run in stand-alone or “island mode” when no local electric grid is available. Several other technologies are available for use in providing “on-site power generation” or “distributed generation” but they lack the compact, high redundancy, simple installations and low maintenance intervals that Capstone microturbine products provide. Our built in or “Active Redundancy” in our C400, C600, C800, and C1000S Series (refer to “—Products” for detailed discussion of our products) systems and our low maintenance intervals are what drive our high availability factors. Reciprocating industrial engines (also known as internal combustion engines), solar photovoltaic power (“PV”), wind turbines and fuel cells can all play a role in distributed generation but are vastly different to the Capstone solution when considering redundancy, maintenance intervals, and capacity factors as all necessary components to create high available run time (“availability rate”). Due to its inverter-based technology and ability to generate power at any given time on a sustainable basis, our microturbines are one of the few technologies that can be the foundation/backbone of a set of interconnected distributed energy sources such as PV, wind, battery energy storage systems, fuel cells, etc. (a “local microgrid”). When a client’s overall sustainability and lower carbon footprint goals require integrated renewable energy and battery energy storage, operating these components in a microgrid fashion can be quite challenging due to frequently changing dynamics of the system. Capstone’s inverter-based microturbine technology is the stabilizing answer to this resiliency dilemma. This is the strength of the Capstone technology.

Our microturbine’s low maintenance intervals and fuel flexibility are optimal for remote applications where grid power either does not exist or lacks resiliency. For customers that do not have access to the local electric utility grid, microturbines provide cleaner, on-site power with fewer scheduled maintenance intervals and greater fuel flexibility than competing technologies. Examples of this are in the oil and gas space where utility power may take many years to reach the production areas; since our microturbines can run on many different types of gas, including gas with a higher amount of sulfur, known in the industry as “sour gas”, we are able to provide their local power needs and significantly reduce emissions versus flaring or traditional generation solutions used at the well head. We have provided Capstone microturbine energy systems designed for onshore and offshore oil and gas applications with product offerings ranging from 65 kW to one MW in electric power output, which can be deployed in arrays of multiple MWs.

For customers with access to the electric grid, microturbines provide an additional source of continuous, flexible, on-site power generation, thereby providing additional reliability and potential cost savings compared to the local utility. With our stand-alone feature, customers can produce their own energy in the event of a utility power outage and can use microturbines as their primary source of power for extended periods of time unlike traditional diesel standby generator sets. Because our microturbines also produce clean, usable heat energy, they provide economic advantages to customers that can benefit from the use of hot water, chilled water, air conditioning, steam and direct drying.

Our microturbine technology works well in remote applications where alternative fuels (e.g., biogas, LPG, butane, propane, LNG and now even 35% hydrogen blended natural gas) can be transported to the microturbine. For instance, remote island locations have found this solution to be very useful. This solution provides lower emissions, lower maintenance intervals, and needed redundancy and reliability when compared to a diesel technology alternative. In addition, our microturbines have been used to support battery charging stations for electric vehicles. The microturbine solution has become quite useful in areas where the utility is unable to support the electric demand from Electric Vehicle (“EV”) charging stations.

Our microturbines combine proprietary air bearing technology, advanced combustion technology, sophisticated power electronics, and advanced software controls to form efficient and ultra-low emission electricity and cooling and heat production systems. Because of our air bearing technology, our microturbines do not require lubricating oil, grease or traditional coolants, thus lowering the frequency of routine maintenance events whilst creating a cleaner and environmentally friendly option to alternative technologies.

Our microturbines can also be fueled by hydrogen on a 30% hydrogen / 70% natural gas mix. As part of our Research and Development (“R&D”) efforts, we are actively pursuing a microturbine running on 100% hydrogen. We have been able to demonstrate operation with 100% hydrogen in multiple lab locations and field trial with institutional industrial clients.

Our microturbines are sold primarily through global distributors and Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”). Distributors purchase our products for sale to end users and also provide service, application engineering, and installation support. Distributors also provide a variety of additional services, including engineering, application, and air permit support services in which the microturbines will be used, installation support of the products at the end users’ sites, commissioning the installed applications and providing post-commissioning service, including a FPP agreement. Our distributors perform as independent value-added resellers. OEMs integrate our products into their own product solutions.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) refers to our fiscal years ending March 31 as “Fiscal” years.

Products

Our microturbines are compact, lightweight and more environmentally friendly generators of electricity, heat, and cooling as compared to competing technologies. They operate on the same principle as a jet engine using a variety of commercially available fuels. For example, our microturbines can operate on low British Thermal Unit (“BTU”) gas, which is gas with lower energy content, and can also operate on sour gas. Examples of these fuel sources include methane from facilities such as wastewater treatment plants, landfills and anaerobic digesters. Our microturbines are capable of multi-fuel configurations, which provides competitive advantages in some of our selected vertical markets. The combustor system remains the same for all fuels except for the fuel injectors, which currently vary between multiple gaseous fuels.

Our microturbines incorporate four major design features: advanced combustion technology, proprietary air bearing technology, digital power electronics and proprietary remote monitoring systems.

• Our advanced combustion technology allows our microturbines to achieve low emissions. Our natural gas fueled C65, C200, C600, C800 and C1000S Series (as defined below) microturbines, when combined with catalyst and heat recovery, were certified by the California Air Resources Board as meeting its stringent 2007 emissions requirements—the same emissions standard used to certify fuel cells and the same emissions levels that a central power plant must satisfy. These low emission levels not only provide a more environmentally friendly product, but also simplify permitting requirements in several municipalities for continuously operated on-site power generation.
• Our proprietary air bearing system allows the microturbine’s single moving assembly to produce power without the need for typical petroleum-based lubrication. Air bearings use a high-pressure field of air rather than petroleum lubricants. This improves reliability and reduces maintenance such as oil changes.
• Our digital power electronics manage critical functions and monitor operations of the microturbine. Our electronic controls manage the microturbine’s speed, temperature and fuel flow and communication with external networks and building management systems. The digital power electronics coordinate with the grid when the units are operated in a grid connect mode and with the onboard battery when equipped for stand-alone mode. The digital power electronics also include the functionality of seamless transfer

capabilities, ensuring the end users’ critical loads do not experience any interruption to their operation in the event of a utility power outage. All control functions are performed digitally. Performance is optimized, resulting in low emissions, high reliability, and high efficiency over a variable power range.

• Our proprietary Capstone Remote Monitoring Software allows end users to operate and manage the microturbine remotely. This remote capability can provide end users with power generation flexibility and cost savings.

Our electronic controls manage microturbines using our proprietary software and advanced algorithms. The controls start the turbogenerator and manage its load, coordinate the functioning of the microturbine with the grid, manage the speed, fuel flow and exhaust temperature of the microturbine, convert the variable frequency, and provide digital communications to externally maintain and control the equipment.

The electrical output of our units can be combined in multiple unit configurations through our system controllers and a digital communications cable to serve larger installations requiring electrical loads of multiple MWs. Our products can operate connected to the electric utility grid as a current source, on a stand-alone basis as a voltage source, multi-packed to support larger loads as a “virtual single” unit and in dual mode, where the microturbine operates connected to the electric utility grid or operates independently.

Our 65 kW (“C65”), as well as our 200 kW (“C200”) and 400 kW (“C400”), 600 kW(“C600”), 800 kW (“C800”) and 1000 kW (“C1000S Series”) grid connect and stand-alone microturbines are listed by Underwriters Laboratories (“UL”) as meeting the UL 2200 stationary engine generator standards.

We continue to comply with the most stringent grid interconnection standards throughout the world. During Fiscal 2025, we completed certification activities for VDE 4110: 2023 on the C65 model, including real world type testing and developing simulation models for our customers to meet stringent medium voltage grid standards in Germany and Austria. This complements our offering of the already certified C200 and C1000 model family on the market. For our North American market, we recently completed certification activities according to UL1741 SB and IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces, thus enabling the C200 and C1000 family to meet the most stringent interconnection requirements such as in California and Hawaii. These standards streamline the process for connecting distributed generation systems to the grid. The benefits of achieving these standards include avoiding both costly external equipment procurement requirements and extensive site-by-site and utility-by-utility analysis.

We offer various accessories for our products, including rotary gas compressors with digital controls, integrated heat recovery modules for CHP applications, dual mode controllers that allow automatic transition between grid connect and stand-alone modes, batteries with digital controls for stand-alone or dual mode operations, system controllers for large multipack installations, protocol converters for Internet access, packaging options and miscellaneous parts such as frames, exhaust ducting, backflow dampers and installation hardware.

Power Generation Applications

Our C65 microturbine can produce enough heat to provide hot water to a 100-room hotel while also providing about one third of its typical electrical requirements. Our C200 microturbine is well suited for larger hotels, offices, commercial and industrial buildings, and wastewater treatment plants, among others. By packaging the C200 microturbine power modules into single enclosures which are available in multiple sizes and are built in similar dimensions to a standard shipping container, we have created an upgradable family of microturbine offerings from 400 kW up to 1000 kW, or 1 MW, in a compact footprint engineered to function as a single source of power. Our C1000S Series microturbines are well suited for utility substations, larger commercial and industrial facilities and remote oil and gas applications. Our 600 kW and 800 kW systems can be shipped in a five-bay configuration which allows the end-use customer to add one to two more 200 kW microturbines in the future to increase their total on-site power production from 600 kW to 1000 kW without any change to the existing site footprint, as the customer’s business power demands expand over time. Our combined C800 configuration (“C1600”) is designed to provide data centers with matching block power. When combined with our integrated cooling design, it repurposes existing power load for cooling into data hall revenue streams. We call this our

Energy Surplus Program (“Capstone ESP”) which provides data center operators with unique economic opportunities. The Capstone ESP can be scaled and sized to align with the data hall size.

Stationary power generation applications can vary greatly depending on load size and demand location. From small 2 kW back-up generators to several large 1,000 MW central generating facilities, stationary power systems can offer superior fuel efficiency for the customer while also meeting strict emissions regulations. Historically, power generation in developed countries such as the United States has been part of a regulated utility system. However, a number of developments related primarily to the deregulation of the utility industry as well as significant technological advances have helped to broaden the range of power supply options available to interested parties.

Our full line of microturbine energy solutions target multiple vertical markets worldwide, including energy efficiency, natural resources, renewable energy, critical power supply, microgrid and transportation products. Within these vertical markets, we focus on applications that we believe have the greatest near-term potential for the customer based on various factors such as energy load demand, available fuels, economic payback and, for some, government incentives. The critical power supply, microgrid and transportation product verticals do not currently generate significant revenues for us; however, we have experienced continued development in these verticals and remain focused on the development of applications in these verticals. We also target smaller sub segments that fall within these vertical markets that may not otherwise be considered for on-site generation.

Energy Efficiency—CHP/CCHP

Energy efficiency refers to the proper utilization of both electrical and thermal energies in the power production process. In such applications, our microturbines can maximize the availability of usable energy to provide a significant economic advantage to our customers while reducing their on-site emissions. CHP and CCHP can improve site economics by capturing the waste heat created from a single combustion process to increase the efficiency of the total system, from approximately 30% to approximately 85% for hot water and chilled water to as much as 90% or more for some steam and direct drying applications. Compared with more traditional, independent generation sources, the increase in operational efficiency also reduces greenhouse gas emissions through the displacement of other separate systems, which can also reduce operating costs and industrial waste.

When compared to on-site boilers, microturbines generally produce fewer commonly found air pollutants (“criteria pollutants”), such as nitrogen oxides (“NOx”), carbon monoxide (“CO”) and volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”). In fact, our CHP or CCHP system can displace local boiler emissions altogether. A high efficiency CHP or CCHP system can allow for reduced net utility costs for end users as well as improved fuel consumption. The most common uses for captured thermal energy include space heating and air conditioning, water heating and water chilling, direct-drying and steam for industrial applications. In CCHP applications, the microturbine exhaust drives an absorption chiller, which produces the chilled water necessary for air conditioning and local use. Organizations of all sizes have used the heat generated by our microturbines at the many different types of commercial and industrial applications they serve, including hotels and resorts, greenhouses, hospitals, and medical centers, as well as office buildings and large retail facilities.

During Fiscal 2025, we continued to develop our new hydrogen products with field testing of a prototype C65 operating on 100% hydrogen in the U.S. and Australia. We are continuing our research and development partnership with Argonne National Laboratory and utilizing their high-performance computing with AI technology and are optimizing higher hydrogen blend configurations, with the goal of creating a 100% hydrogen microturbine. Argonne National Laboratory is a national science and technology research laboratory operated by the University of Chicago Argonne, LLC for the United States Department of Energy. We continued collaboration with the University of California Irvine evaluating microturbine operation using hydrogen and other fuel blends. Capstone contributed to two American Society of Mechanical Engineers (“ASME”) Turbo Expo papers that presented work on C65 hydrogen fuel blends up to 100% and made plans for similar work on the C200 microturbine towards eventual production release. Capstone engaged several private partners to evaluate system optimizations to support alternatives to traditional hydrocarbon-based fuels through 100% hydrogen operation in the C200.

Natural Resources—Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Shale Gas & Mining

Our microturbines are installed in the natural resource market for use in both onshore and offshore applications, including exploration, production, compression, and transmission sites, as a highly efficient and reliable source of prime power. In some cases, these oil and gas or mining operations have no access to an electric utility grid and rely solely on power generated on-site. There are numerous locations, on a global scale, where the drilling, production, compression and transportation of oil and gas and other extraction and production processes create fuel byproducts, which are traditionally burned or released into the atmosphere. Our microturbines can turn these fuel byproducts, flare gas, or associated gas, into a useable fuel to provide prime power to these sites often displacing diesel generation.

The addressable market for our microturbines in the United States shale reserves industry is significant and is expected to grow as the demand for natural gas continues to rise in the U.S. and the export of natural liquified natural gas expands. The Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the Department of the Interior and other federal and state agencies continue to work to reduce the emission of hazardous air pollutants associated with natural gas development, including limitations on the flaring of excess gases. Our product sales in the natural resources market are driven by our microturbines’ reliability, emissions profile and ease of installation. However, any growth in the oil and gas sector within our natural resources market is primarily driven by oil prices.

The C65 and C200 microturbines can be configured to meet Class 1 Zone 2 hazardous location requirements for the natural resources market. Hazardous location requirements are met through third-party package ventilation changes for purging and pressurizing package air to avoid potential flammable mixtures as well as controls for emergency disconnect of fuel and electrical sources. The package can also be upgraded to stainless steel construction to withstand the often-corrosive offshore environments where these units are installed. Oil and gas customers often prefer power generation systems that offer low maintenance and high reliability in order to ensure uninterrupted production.

Renewable Energy

There is a growing transition to renewable energy sources and technologies on a global scale. Our microturbines run efficiently on renewable fuels such as methane and other biogases from landfills, wastewater treatment facilities and renewable natural gas. They also run efficiently on other small biogas applications like food processing plants, livestock farms and agricultural green waste operations. Microturbines can burn these renewable fuels with minimal emissions, thereby, and in some cases, avoiding the imposition of penalties incurred for pollution while simultaneously producing electricity from this “free” renewable fuel source for use at the site or in the surrounding areas. Our microturbines have demonstrated effectiveness in these smaller applications and may outperform conventional combustion engines in some situations, including when the gas contains a high amount of sulfur, as sulfur can contaminate combustion engines’ lube oil leading to equipment breakdowns and higher lifecycle costs.

We offer C65 and C200 stand-alone digester gas-fueled products to the renewable energy market segment. With these products, we can target many different types of renewable energy applications, including biogas producing facilities in third world countries and in remote locations that offer a valuable fuel source for the generation of electricity. The performance of our C65 digester gas system has been routinely evaluated to ensure that the combustion system is stable from zero to 100 percent power output, thereby providing unique flexibility in operating on variable loads. Minor controller changes have been implemented to increase stability at low power levels. The ability to convert this low BTU fuel to electricity, along with the high reliability and low maintenance features of this product, make it well suited for this market segment.

Critical Power Supply

Because of the potentially catastrophic consequences of system failure, momentary or otherwise, certain high-demand power users, including high technology, health care and information systems facilities, require higher levels of reliability in their power generation service. The majority of microturbine-based distributed generation installations have powered through hurricanes with little or no downtime. To meet these customer requirements, traditional solutions utilize Uninterruptible Power Supplies to protect critical loads from power disturbances along with back-up diesel generators for extended outages.

Microgrid

A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that acts as a single controllable energy entity with respect to the grid. Distributed energy resources typically include other dual-mode microturbines, reciprocating engines, PV, wind turbines, fuel cells and battery storage. Microgrids can be connected to larger electricity grids; however, in the event of a widespread outage, the microgrid will disconnect from the main grid and continue to operate independently to maintain the electricity supply to the homes and businesses that are connected to the microgrid’s electricity network. Our microturbines can meet the needs of microgrid end users by lowering their overall cost to operate and by providing versatile dispatchable technology that is fuel flexible and scalable enough to fit a wide variety of applications. Our distribution partners have also paired our microturbines with battery storage and EV chargers to offer vehicle charging solutions.

Additionally, we have our own programmable logic control system and sensors, which interface with other building automation systems and are a key aspect of monitoring a microgrid. The use of microgrids to serve local loads helps to reduce energy losses in transmission and distribution, further increasing the efficiency of the microgrid. We have been a part of numerous successful microgrid installations worldwide ranging from a wind turbine manufacturer, ski resort, university, industrial farm, utility software company, brewery and an electrical distribution utility. Our microturbines’ functionality is to ensure energy availability for advanced microgrids before, during and immediately after disasters, such as hurricanes. They may also help reduce electrical expenditure in the years following a disaster when electric utility rates may be increased to pay for the expenses for grid infrastructure repairs and improvements associated with these disasters.

Transportation

Our technology can also be used to support the EV market by providing power solutions to vehicle charging stations. Our products can fill a void in the EV market for vehicle charging capacity and charging convenience. Our customers have applied our products in EV applications for fleets and remote location charging stations, including on mobile trailers. We are continuing to pursue global EV charging opportunities to fill the demand for power in this market segment.

AI Data Center

The data center market is increasingly turning to on-site power generation, driven by factors like grid constraints, rising electricity costs and the need for faster deployment, resilience and control over power supply. This trend is evident in the growth of on-site power solutions, the level of capital investments in this space and the increasing number of data center projects utilizing them. Capstone is developing energy solutions for the data center market with on-site power generation and cooling, which is generated from the microturbine waste heat, resulting in overall system efficiency greater than 80%. Our solutions may be further enhanced by the application of AI-capable microgrid control systems which will provide optimized energy generation to meet real-time data center power and cooling demands for resilience and operational efficiency.

Sales and Marketing

We primarily sell and market our microturbine products, parts, rentals and services through our global network of authorized Capstone distributors and OEMs.

Our Sales and Marketing teams operate as one organization. Our teams are focused on developing and managing our existing worldwide distribution channel, growing our long-term rental fleet, and leading all marketing and advertising activities as we continue building our Company into a strong and recognizable worldwide brand. We continue to fulfill rental contracts by renting unused equipment previously sold to our customers and then re-renting them to our customers and selling rental assets to build additional capital to continue to refresh and grow the rental fleet. Our existing global distribution network remains our worldwide feet-on-the-ground and our local presence.

Our worldwide Capstone authorized distribution network was developed from the ground up and has become a valuable asset, because we can reach end use customers globally. Each of our distributors is a strategically placed independent partner that markets, sells, and provides applications engineering support for our products on our behalf. In addition, distributors provide remote monitoring services, warranty support, local spare parts support, customer training and long-term service support. Through our global distribution network, we offer a comprehensive FPP to perform regularly scheduled and unscheduled maintenance as needed. We provide factory and on-site training to certify all personnel that perform sales, applications, commissioning, and long-term service on our microturbines. Individuals who are certified are called Authorized Service Providers and must be employed by a distributor or an end user in order to perform work pursuant to an FPP. We offer to assist customers by reviewing their application and installation designs in relation to the technical requirements for proper operation of our products, such as electrical interconnections, load requirements, fuel type and pressure, cooling air flow and turbine exhaust routing. As part of the microturbine commissioning process, we also receive a checklist to confirm that the final installation adheres to our technical requirements before we accept our standard manufacturer warranty obligations. Our typical terms of sale include shipment of the products with title, care, custody, and control transferring at our dock, payment terms ranging from full payment in advance of shipment to payment in 90 days, and warranty periods of approximately 12 to 36 months from shipment depending on the product type. We typically do not have customer acceptance provisions in our agreements.

The Distributor Support System (“DSS program”) provides additional support for distributor business development activities, customer lead generation, brand awareness and tailored marketing services for each of our major geographic and market verticals. This program is funded by the distributors and was developed to provide improved worldwide distributor training, access to online documentation and technical publications, paperless service software, sales efficiency, website development, company branding and funding for increased strategic business-to-business marketing activities. The DSS program is owned and operated by Capstone Distributor Support Services Corporation (“CDSSC”), a related party, for the Company under a Services Agreement.

Our Geographic Markets

United States and Canada

We have distribution agreements with several companies throughout North America for the resale of our products. Many of these distributors serve multiple markets in their select geographic regions. The primary markets served in this region have been energy efficiency, renewable energy, natural resources, and EV charging products. The energy efficiency and natural resources vertical markets are expected to grow as a result of an increased domestic production of hydrocarbons, the low downstream price of natural gas, utility grid shortages due to rising electrification and EV charging demands, as well as public and regulatory acceptance and promotion of distributed generation.

In developing our sales opportunities, we have identified the need to address various requirements present in our target localities. These requirements include electric grid interconnection standards, gas utility connection requirements, emissions standards, building and fire safety codes and various inspections and approvals. The costs and scheduling ramifications of these various approvals, in conjunction with normal bidding process requirements and construction delays, can be significant to the completion of an installation. Our goal is to work with the applicable regulating entities to establish compliant standards for the installation of our microturbines so that costs and installation timelines are minimized for our customers.

Latin America

Our target markets in Latin America are energy efficiency, renewable energy, and natural resources. Oil and gas production projects continue to be a growing market in Latin America, where we have a number of installations, and there is a high degree of interest in EaaS options.

Energy reform in Mexico, for example, has opened new market opportunities for us by allowing competition among multiple players and enabling power generation companies to sell directly to consumers instead of only to the state-owned Federal Electricity Commission. Near-shoring of industrial manufacturing, grid power shortages and low-cost natural gas also drive interest in distributed generation solutions. Expansion of the generation capacity limit for the expedited interconnection permitting process allows for faster project commissioning timelines. Our strategy is to leverage our distribution network in Mexico across various market verticals.

South America constitutes a diverse group of markets that vary greatly in potential capture for us based on several factors, including the availability of oil and gas production and transmission, energy pricing and political and investment climate. The success of existing solutions in Colombia and a more recent initial long-term rental solution in the developing natural resources market in Argentina have driven interest in our solutions in numerous regional markets where government and corporate leaders are seeking to reduce flaring, increase efficiency and lower costs.

Asia and Australia

Our target markets in Asia and Australia are energy efficiency, renewable energy, and natural resources. Our historical sales in Southeast Asia and Australia have primarily been in the energy efficiency and the oil and gas markets. Other areas in Asia and the Pacific Rim offer attractive opportunities as well. Industrial manufacturing growth in Southeast Asia serving European and North American markets must adapt to new carbon-based regulations such as the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and public company green procurement policies that drive demand for energy efficiency and renewable solutions.

Middle East and Africa

Our target market in the Middle East and Africa is primarily oil and gas. This includes flare gas to power projects which are a particularly attractive market opportunity given the volume of gas being flared and the need for stable power in the region. Several countries have also committed to the World Bank’s Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative. Management has targeted distributors and customers involved in the capture and use of flare gas in the oil and gas market. However, the geopolitical environment in parts of this region is still volatile, which can have an impact on our sales. We are not currently impacted by the conflict in Israel/Gaza.

Europe

To address the European market, we are strengthening our relationships with existing and new distributors. We have upgraded our Integrated Remanufacturing Facility in the United Kingdom to make new and remanufactured parts readily available to our distributors. Europe has a history of extensive use of distributed generation technologies. We are also seeing a resurgence in oil and gas drilling in Europe to address the fuel shortage on the continent following the destruction of the Nord Steam gas pipeline. Following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, we re-evaluated our efforts in the Russian and the surrounding Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”) markets and have ceased exploring growth opportunities in sanctioned markets. There are opportunities in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan where oil and gas development continues. We do, however, continue to evaluate customer orders and comply with all laws and regulations upon acceptance and before shipment. Due to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the resulting economic impacts to the European and Russia region, revenue in the region was negatively impacted in Fiscal 2025.

Customers

Sales to E-Finity Distributed Generation, LLC (“E-Finity”), Lone Star Power Solutions (“Lone Star”) and Horizon Power Systems (“Horizon”), three of our domestic distributors, accounted for 13%, 12% and 11%, respectively, of our revenue for Fiscal 2025. Sales to Cal Microturbine and E-Finity accounted for 16% and 13%, respectively, of our revenue for Fiscal 2024. Additionally, Lone Star, and Optimal Group Australia (“Optimal”), one of our internation distributors, accounted for 18% and 10%, respectively, of net accounts receivable as of March 31, 2025. Supernova Energy Services SAS (“Supernova”), one of our international distributors, and Capstone Engineered Solutions (“CES”), one of our domestic distributors, accounted for 14% and 11%, respectively, of net accounts receivable as of March 31, 2024.

We recorded net credit loss expense of approximately $0.8 million during Fiscal 2025 and $0.4 million during Fiscal 2024.

Competition

The market for our products is highly competitive. Our microturbine energy systems compete with existing technologies such as reciprocating engines and with emerging distributed generation and storage technologies, including solar powered systems, wind powered systems, battery storage systems, linear generators, fuel cells and other microturbines. Many potential customers rely on the utility grid for their electrical power. Many of our distributed generation competitors are large, well established companies that derive competitive advantages from production economies of scale, worldwide presence, brand recognition and greater financial resources that they can devote to product development or promotion.

Often power purchased from the electric utility grid can be less costly than power produced by distributed generation technologies. Utilities may also charge fees to interconnect to their power grids. However, we can provide economic benefits to end users in instances where the waste heat from our microturbines have value (CHP and CCHP), where fuel costs are low (renewable energy/renewable fuels), where the costs of connecting to the grid may be high or impractical (such as remote power applications), where reliability and power quality are of critical importance, or in situations where peak shaving could be economically advantageous because of highly variable electricity prices. Because our microturbines can provide a reliable source of power, offer operational flexibility to meet varying load levels and can operate on multiple fuel sources, management believes we offer a level of flexibility not currently offered by other technologies such as reciprocating engines.

Reciprocating engine competitors have products and markets that are well developed and technologies that have been proven for some time. A reciprocating engine, also known as an internal combustion engine, is similar to those used in automotive applications. Reciprocating engines are popular for primary and backup power applications despite higher levels of emissions, noise and maintenance. These technologies, which in many cases have a lower up front cost than microturbines, are currently produced by Caterpillar Inc., Cummins Inc. (which entered into a joint venture with Eaton), Innio (who bought the General Electric gas engine business, which now includes Waukesha and Jenbacher gas engines), MAN SE, 2G Energy AG and Tecogen, Inc. (which now includes American DG Energy Inc.), among others.

Our products may also compete with other distributed generation and storage technologies, including solar powered systems, wind powered systems, battery energy storage systems, fuel cells, linear generations and fly wheels. Solar and wind powered systems produce no emissions and benefit from above-market contracts provided by state mandates. The main drawbacks to solar and wind powered systems are that they may not be dispatchable because of their dependence on weather conditions and the utility grid and high capital costs that can often make these systems uneconomical without government subsidies, depending upon geographic locale and application of the technology. While these systems may be paired with battery energy storage systems to operate more flexibly, affordable long duration utility scale energy storage solutions have yet to emerge. Although the market is still developing, a number of fuel cell and linear generator providers are also focused on markets similar to ours, including Ballard Power Systems Inc., Bloom Energy Corporation, Doosan Fuel Cell Co., Ltd. FuelCell Energy Inc., Plug Power Inc. and Mainspring Energy, Inc. Fuel cells and linear generators have slightly lower levels of NOx, CO, VOCs and other criteria pollutant emissions than our microturbines. However, with equivalent government incentives, microturbines would provide a better economic value to end users in most applications.

We also compete with other companies that offer microturbine products, including FlexEnergy and Ansaldo Energia S.p.A. (which manufactures the Turbec microturbine).

Overall, we compete with end users’ other options for electrical power and heat generation on the basis of our products’ abilities to:

• provide power when a utility grid is not available or goes out of service;
• reduce the total cost of purchasing electricity and fuel;
• improve electric power availability and provide high power quality;
• operate on multiple fuel types;
• reduce emissions (both criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases);
• simplify operation; and
• control maintenance costs and associated disposal of hazardous materials.

Governmental and Regulatory Impact

Our markets can be positively or negatively impacted by the effects of governmental and regulatory matters. We have systems installed in approximately 74 countries around the world, each of which has its own policies and regulatory framework, which are subject to change. We are affected not only by energy policies, laws, regulations, tariffs and incentives of governments in the markets in which we sell, but also by rules, regulations and costs imposed by utilities. Utility companies or governmental entities may place barriers on the installation or interconnection of our products with the electric grid. Further, utility companies may charge additional fees to customers that install on-site power generation, thereby reducing the electricity they take from the utility, or for having the capacity to use power from the grid for back-up or standby purposes. These types of restrictions, fees or charges could hamper the ability to install or effectively use our products or increase the cost to our potential customers for using our systems. This could make our systems less economical for our customers, thereby adversely affecting our sales and ultimately our revenue and profitability. In addition, utility rate reductions can make our products less competitive, which would have a material adverse effect on our operations. These costs, incentives and rules are not always the same as those faced by technologies with which we compete. However, rules, regulations, laws and incentives could also provide an advantage to our distributed generation solutions as compared with competing technologies if we are able to achieve required compliance in a lower cost, more efficient manner. Additionally, reduced emissions and higher fuel efficiency could help our customers combat the effects of climate change and lower their energy costs. Accordingly, we may benefit from increased government regulations that impose tighter emission standards, particularly on burning coal and fuel oil and fuel efficiency, as long as gas combustion technology solutions are not excluded.

Government funding can impact the rate of development of new technologies or improvements to existing technologies. We continue to engage with federal and state policymakers to support government programs that promote the deployment of our low emission and energy efficient products. Competing new technologies have historically received larger incentives and development funding than microturbines. However, the U.S. Department of Energy continues to fund the development and testing of distributed power generation with low carbon fuels, like hydrogen. Flexible CHP could provide additional generating capacity when grid demand increases, or renewable resources are not available. As more intermittent renewable resources are added to the electric grid, grid operators need access to additional dispatchable generation capacity to ensure an adequate and stable power supply. Capstone’s system controllers could provide this automated response capability to allow for participation in grid services markets, where permitted.

In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act update to the Federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for CHP and microturbines has transitioned to the “technology neutral” net-zero eligibility requirement. The ITC is thus no longer available for CHP projects powered by natural gas or biogas unless the project met safe harbor requirements by December 31, 2024. Bonus depreciation rules allow businesses to immediately deduct 40% of eligible property placed in service in calendar year 2025, ramping down to 20% by the end of 2026. At the state level, an expansion of natural gas pipeline infrastructure may provide pipeline compression station power opportunities. Efforts to incentivize building electrification over natural gas-fueled heat and power sources may inhibit sales. However, electricity demand spikes from building and vehicle electrification policies may also lead to higher electricity prices or delays in access to grid power thereby improving project economics for on-site distributed power generation whether through rental, EaaS or sales solutions.

In global markets, European governments expanded the share of renewable energy in Europe’s generation mix seeing lower prices, but overall demand has not yet returned to the levels prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Gas power declined for the fifth year in a row in the EU with continued volatility in gas pricing. This has negatively impacted industrial production, a key market for CHP solutions. Gas is still essential for energy security and, with Russian gas exports to Europe via Ukraine stopped at the start of 2025, LNG imports are still expected to support demand. The EU’s REPowerEU plan aims to accelerate the use of renewable hydrogen and other sustainable fuels to replace fossil fuels. Sales of our products to Europe are likely to remain dampened until greater certainty around gas pricing and supply. The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism may drive industrial manufacturers selling into the EU to adopt energy efficient practices over time to avoid penalties for larger carbon emissions on exports that compete with local European manufacturers. In the oil and gas market, production activities have grown as Europe seeks to fill the gap left by the loss of the Nord Stream pipeline, and many producers have committed to reduce methane emissions from their operations. Our systems’ low maintenance costs, reliability, and ability to run on a range of fuels could fit such producers’ needs and result in a positive impact on our sales.

Sourcing and Manufacturing

We are focused on improving our supply chain effectiveness, strengthening our manufacturing processes, and increasing operational efficiencies within our organization. Our manufacturing designs include the use of conventional technology, which has been proven in high-volume automotive and turbocharger production for many years. Some components used in the manufacture of our products are readily fabricated from commonly available raw materials or off-the-shelf items available from multiple supply sources; however, many items are custom made to meet our specifications that require longer lead time. We believe that in most cases, adequate capacity exists at our suppliers. We have several single source suppliers with long lead times which may be more challenging to transition to another supplier. We have an ongoing program to develop alternative back up suppliers for sole source parts wherever possible, but this has been challenging with low production volumes and increased pricing. We regularly reassess the adequacy and abilities of our suppliers to meet our future needs. We continue to evaluate and implement new systems designed to provide improved quality, reliability, service, greater efficiency, and lower supply chain costs.

During Fiscal 2025, we remained focused on mitigating supply chain issues, such as the costs of materials and delayed lead times, related to macroeconomic conditions. Localization of our immediate supply chain within the Southwest US, located in close proximity to our manufacturing facility in Van Nuys, California, can mitigate much of the global stressors associated with a typical geographically dispersed supply chain, as many of our suppliers shared similar experiences following the pandemic in the same magnitude we experienced in parallel. However, this also resulted in slightly higher prices based on US markets. As the global markets stabilize, we will look to low-cost countries for cost-saving opportunities. Global freight delays, tariffs and costs remain a concern from a supply perspective, but in many cases the reduced price, despite tariffs and shipping costs, still produces cost savings. For a discussion of the risks relating to the impact of changes to the tariff regime by the current U.S. presidential administration, refer to “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Financial Results.” To ensure component availability, we are right sizing our inventory to account for shipping times and variations in our customers’ ordering patterns. We are continuing to maintain proactive measures in the form of safety stocks and investigating dual sourcing potential partners to minimize interruptions to our supply chain. We experienced some supply chain disruptions in the second half of Fiscal 2024 and first half of Fiscal 2025 due primarily to the Chapter 11 filing and restructuring. These disruptions have since significantly improved.

We have substantially increased our focus on process controls and validations, supplier controls, distribution controls and providing our operations teams with the training and tools necessary to drive continuous improvement in product quality in Fiscal 2025. In addition, we remain focused on examining our operations and general business activities to identify cost improvement opportunities through operational effectiveness and the use of lean manufacturing processes. Our ability to leverage these capabilities may be affected by the current variability in our demand volumes and forecasting. Our demand volumes and forecasting could continue to be negatively impacted by the volatility of the global oil and gas markets, a strong U.S. dollar (making our products more expensive overseas), tariffs and/or import taxes, and ongoing global geopolitical tensions. Our strategy is to identify primary and secondary sources for critical components, both domestic and international, for when available to minimize production line down time due to unavailability of such parts, which could affect our ability to meet manufacturing schedules on build or a linear basis.

We have an approximately 42,300 square foot manufacturing footprint in our Van Nuys location in Southern California with production capacity of approximately 2,000 units per year, depending on product mix.

Research and Development (“R&D”)

In Fiscal 2025, we continued supporting business operational goals and enhancing our existing suite of products, focusing on alternative fuels and technologies, modernizing our key components, and continuing to secure certifications in the global evolution of grid interconnection requirements. We focused our engineering efforts on coordinating our product design and manufacturing processes to bring our products to market in a cost-effective, reliable and timely manner. For Fiscal 2025 and 2024, R&D expenses were $2.7 million and $2.5 million, representing approximately 3% of total revenue, respectively, for these fiscal years.

We continue to leverage our patented, multiple-fuel capable, pre-mixed, low emission injector for high flame speed fuel combustion. During Fiscal 2025, work progressed with our partners at Argonne National Laboratory and the University of California, Irvine (“UCI”) on the development of hydrogen-based technologies to support the growing decarbonization of energy production. We continued making advancements in hydrogen combustion through the cooperative research and development agreement with Argonne National Laboratory to perform design and manufacturability optimization of our fuel flexible microturbine system ranging from 70% natural gas/30% hydrogen blends to 100% hydrogen fuel operation using computational fluid dynamics, high performance AI computing and machine learning. The primary objective of this partnership is to optimize our engine design for minimizing NOx emissions while also maintaining high reliability when operating on hydrogen. We continue support of UCI through its Advanced Power and Energy Program, which works to evaluate microturbine operation using hydrogen and other fuel blends. Capstone contributed to two ASME Turbo Expo papers that presented work on C65 hydrogen fuel blends up to 100%, and we anticipate similar work on the C200 model towards eventual production release. Detailed design and testing on a C200 system is planned for Fiscal 2026. Similarly, Capstone is in discussions with several private partners to evaluate system optimizations to support alternatives to traditional hydrocarbon-based fuels.

As noted previously in our Products discussion above, we continue to comply with the most stringent grid interconnection standards throughout the world, completing multiple certifications during Fiscal 2025 (see Products for additional details). For Fiscal 2026, we will be dedicating resources to complete other global grid certifications, especially in markets such as Australia and Italy, as well as developing new controls for our C65 to achieve UL1741 SB certification and complement the C1000 family. We expect these certifications will enable all customers to produce clean, reliable power while supporting the energy grid with high speed, power-quality enhanced functionality.

During Fiscal 2025, a significant allocation of Engineering resources was strategically directed towards critical Cost Out and Design for Manufacturing and Assembly initiatives. These focused efforts yielded appreciable direct material cost improvements, achieved through innovative design modifications that carefully considered material selection, component integration and standardized parts. These cost reductions were realized without compromising the established high standards of product quality and performance. Capstone proactively formed interdisciplinary teams, comprising members from Engineering, Manufacturing, Procurement, and Customer Service, to meticulously analyze existing designs and minimize unnecessary part count. Simultaneously, we forged stronger partnerships with our key suppliers to collaboratively streamline fabrication processes and deploy lean manufacturing principles across the supply chain. This collaborative approach not only reduced waste in their production but also optimized our own assembly processes, resulting in a substantial lowering of our overall manufacturing costs.

Because of our reliable single moving assembly, the use of Capstone turbogenerators continues to be of interest to other companies in support of concentrated solar power, biomass, steam methane reforming, and novel external combustion technologies. We work closely with these external partners in the proper integration of Capstone hardware to ensure continued performance to meet project objectives and provide alternative solutions to reducing, and in some cases eliminating, carbon emissions.

Protecting our Intellectual Property Rights and Patents

We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, copyright, “know how”, trademark laws and contracts to protect our intellectual property rights. With a renewed focus on developing new microturbine system technologies that will provide us with a long-term competitive advantage, we actively evaluate our intellectual property portfolio, and we pursue and enhance patent and trade secret protections, as appropriate.

Human Capital

In accordance with its charter, our Compensation and Human Capital Committee is responsible for reviewing, monitoring, and providing recommendations to our Board on our workplace policies and practices, including corporate culture and employee engagement, talent management and leadership development, employee diversity and inclusion, ensuring a respectful workplace free of discrimination and harassment.

Diversity

We are committed to maintaining, and continuing to foster, our diverse and inclusive work environment. We recruit the best people for the job regardless of gender, ethnicity or other protected traits and it is our policy to promote inclusive, nondiscriminatory hiring and employment practices and fully comply with all laws applicable to discrimination in the workplace.

Workforce Statistics

As of March 31, 2025, we had 100 full-time employees and one part-time employee. As of March 31, 2024, we had 101 full-time employees and three part-time employees. No employees are covered by collective bargaining arrangements. We consider relations with our employees to be in good standing.

As of the end of the fiscal year, the Company employed a workforce with a diverse range of experience and tenure. The age distribution of employees skews toward mid-to-late career professionals, with the majority of employees falling within the 50–54, 55–59, and 60–64 age brackets. Specifically, 16% of employees are aged 50–54, 14% are aged 55–59, and 15% are aged 60–64. In contrast, younger employees under the age of 30 represent approximately 10% of the workforce.

This distribution reflects a highly experienced employee base, which brings valuable institutional knowledge and industry expertise. The Company recognizes the importance of maintaining a balanced workforce and is committed to succession planning, knowledge transfer, and development initiatives to ensure long-term organizational sustainability.

Bankruptcy, Receivership or Similar Proceeding

As previously reported in the Current Report on Form 8-K and the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K of Capstone Green Energy Corporation and its wholly owned direct subsidiaries, Capstone Turbine International, Inc. and Capstone Turbine Financial Services, LLC (the “Debtors”) filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the “Bankruptcy Court”) on September 28, 2023. The Chapter 11 proceedings were jointly administered under the caption In re Capstone Green Energy Corporation, Inc., et al.as Case No. 23-11634 (the “Chapter 11 Cases”). Concurrent with the petition, the Debtors (i) entered into the Transaction Support Agreement (“TSA”) with the pre-petition senior secured creditor, Broad Street Credit Holdings, LLC (“Broad Street”), and Goldman Sachs Specialty Lending Group, L.P. (the “Collateral Agent”) and (ii) file a Joint Prepackaged Chapter 11 Plan of Reorganization of Capstone Green Energy Corporation and its Debtor Affiliates (the “Plan of Reorganization”).

On October 24, 2023, in accordance with the TSA and the Plan, the Debtors filed a supplement to the Plan of Reorganization (the “Plan Supplement”) which included schedules for enterprise valuations, assumed and rejected executory contracts, among other updates. Additional updates were filed in early November 2023 for the completion of schedules and exhibits containing information including governance documents, service contracts and other asset listing materials. On November 14, 2023, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order confirming the Plan of Reorganization and the Debtors satisfied all conditions required for the Plan of Reorganization effectiveness and the Company emerged (the “Emergence”) from the Chapter 11 Cases on December 7, 2023 (the “Effective Date”).

In connection with the Plan of Reorganization, on December 7, 2023, the Company completed a series of transactions pursuant to which, among other things, Capstone Turbine International, Inc., a former wholly owned subsidiary of Capstone Green Energy Corporation, became a public company and was renamed Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc. as successor to Capstone Green Energy Corporation for purposes of SEC registration. Capstone Green Energy Corporation became a private company (the “Reorganized PrivateCo”) and a new subsidiary was formed called Capstone Green Energy LLC (the “Operating Subsidiary”). The Reorganized PrivateCo continues to own assets consisting of (i) all of the Company’s right, title, and interest in and to certain trademarks of the Company and (ii) assets owned by the Company relating to distributor support services ((i) and (ii) together, the “Retained Assets”) and certain income tax attributes that remained with Reorganized PrivateCo.

On June 13, 2025, the Bankruptcy Court issued its Final Decree and Order Closing Debtors’ Chapter 11 Cases and Terminating Services of Kroll Restructuring Administration LLC as Claims and Noticing Agent which, among other things, closed the Chapter 11 Cases for the Debtors with immediate effect.

Corporate Information

Reorganized PrivateCo was organized in 1988 as NoMac Energy Systems in the State of California and was reincorporated as Capstone Turbine Corporation on June 22, 2000, in the State of Delaware.

On April 21, 2021, Capstone Turbine Corporation filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company for the sole purpose of changing the company’s name to Capstone Green Energy Corporation effective as of 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time on April 22, 2021 (the “Corporate Name Change”). In addition, Capstone Green Energy Corporation amended and restated its Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of April 22, 2021, solely to reflect the Corporate Name Change.

In connection with our emergence from the Chapter 11 Cases, Capstone Green Energy Corporation was reorganized pursuant to the Plan of Reorganization and became a private company that continues to own the “Retained Assets” and certain tax attributes. Goldman Sachs owns 100% of this entity as a result of the reorganization. Capstone Turbine International, Inc., a former wholly owned subsidiary of Capstone Green Energy Corporation, which was incorporated in Delaware on June 10, 2004, became a publicly-traded company and was renamed Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc. In addition, Capstone Green Energy LLC was formed as a result of the Plan of Reorganization. All of the operating assets of former Capstone Green Energy Corporation and Capstone Turbine International, Inc. were then transferred to Capstone Green Energy, LLC. Goldman Sachs owns 37.5% of Capstone Green Energy Corporation, LLC, and 67.5% is owned by the Company.

Available Information

This Form 10-K, as well as our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and exhibits and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are made available free of charge on our Internet website (http://www.capstonegreenenergy.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. These filings are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov (http://www.sec.gov).

The following are risk factors that could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. These risk factors should be considered in connection with evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K because these factors could cause actual results, performance, and achievements to differ materially from those projected in forward-looking statements. Before you invest in our publicly traded securities, you should know that making such an investment involves some risks, including the risks described below. Additional risks of which we may not be aware or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations or our stock price. If any of the risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be negatively affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. In assessing these risks, investors should also refer to the other information contained in this Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and other documents filed by us from time to time.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.

• Risks Related to Our Emergence from Chapter 11 and Reorganization, such as those associated with the impact of emergence, our long-term liquidity requirements, our substantial indebtedness, comparable results, our current corporate structure and our business relationships.
• Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure, such as those associated to the fact that we are a holding company and the significant control that holders of our Preferred Units have over our Operating Subsidiary.
• Risks Related to Our Restatement, such as those related to the impact of the Restatement (as defined below) on investor confidence and our ability to raise capital in the future, stockholder litigation and the expenses incurred related to the remediation of material weaknesses identified by management.
• Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Finance Results, such as those associated with our ability to fund future operating requirements, that a sustainable market for microturbines may never develop, our lengthy sales cycle, changes to trade regulations, quotas, duties or tariffs, and sanctions, relationships with our OEMs and our distributors, customer concentration risk, product liability claims, our dependence upon the continuing service of management and key employees, and our vulnerability to interruption by fire, earthquake, riots, domestic and international instability, war, terrorism, geopolitical events and other events beyond our control.
• Risks Related to Our Product Offerings, such as those associated with our ability to successfully commercialize our products, our ability to produce our products as scheduled and budgeted, our dependence on our suppliers; commodity market factors; and our dependence in part on the oil and natural gas industry.
• Risks Related to Government Regulation and Pending Litigation, such as those associated with the highly regulated business environment in which we operate, export import controls, particularly with regard to China, Mexico and Canada and the legal proceedings in which we and certain of our current and former directors and officers are involved.
• Risks Related to Data, Security, and Intellectual Property, such as those associated with our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights and cybersecurity risks.
• Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock, such as those associated with the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting identified by management, and the likelihood that the market for the common stock will be limited and the price of our common stock will be highly volatile.

For a more complete discussion of the material risks facing our business, please see below.

Risks Related to Our Emergence from Chapter 11

There are significant risks related to our substantial indebtedness and our long-term liquidity requirements following our emergence from Chapter 11 and reorganization and the adequacy of our capital resources is difficult to predict at this time.

Following our emergence from Chapter 11 and reorganization, we are party to an Exit Note Purchase Agreement (the “Exit Note Purchase Agreement”), for an aggregated principal amount of $28.1 million, consisting of $21.1 million Exit Roll Up Notes, including accrued and unpaid interest, commitment fees and $7.0 million of Exit New Money Notes (together the “Notes”) subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Exit Note Purchase Agreement by and among the Operating Subsidiary, as the issuer, the Guarantors, Purchaser and the Collateral Agent.

The Exit Note Purchase Agreement also provides for a $10.0 million uncommitted incremental facility. As of March 31, 2025, we had $32.2 million in borrowings outstanding under the Notes, including accrued and unpaid interest, net of debt issuance costs. The Exit Roll Up Notes mature on December 7, 2026, and the Exit New Money Notes mature on December 7, 2025.

The Notes issued pursuant to the Exit Note Purchase Agreement are secured by a lien on substantially all of the present and future property and assets of Operating Subsidiary and each Guarantor, subject to customary exceptions and exclusions. The Exit Note Purchase Agreement also includes conditions precedent, representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, events of default, and other customary provisions, including financial covenants with respect to minimum consolidated liquidity and minimum consolidated adjusted EBITDA. See Note 12 Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

We believe there is a degree of risk that the consolidated liquidity and consolidated adjusted EBITDA financial covenants discussed below will not be satisfied as forecasted. We have secured, and may need to secure additional waivers of the covenants or an amendment to the Exit Note Purchase Agreement with the senior lender, but no assurance can be given that additional waivers or an amendment will be obtained. We have the right to cure an event of default for a breach of the consolidated adjusted EBITDA covenant with a prepayment on the Notes up to the amount that is required to achieve the minimum consolidated adjusted EBITDA covenant for the quarter. In the event the Company does not cure the breach, the requisite Purchaser may cause the Collateral Agent to enforce any and all liens and security interests created pursuant to the Collateral Documents and may enforce any and all rights and remedies available. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Exit Roll Up Notes, net of discount is classified as long term on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2025, and the Exit New Money Notes are classified as current liabilities on our balance sheet.

Our obligations under the Exit Note Purchase Agreement have important consequences, including the following:

• We may have difficulty obtaining additional financing to meet our requirements to repay the Notes at their respective maturities on December 7, 2025 and December 7, 2026 and to meet our requirements for operations, capital expenditures, and general corporate or other purposes. There is no assurance that we will be able to repay or refinance the Notes at or prior to their respective maturity dates (or upon acceleration based upon events of default).
• The Collateral Agent has a lien on substantially all of our assets under the Exit Note Purchase Agreement, securing our obligations under the Notes, may enforce any and all liens and security interests on the collateral we have used to secure the Notes, and we may forfeit our right to such collateral. A default leading to the Purchaser and the Collateral Agent accelerating the maturity of the indebtedness under the Notes would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition, and, if the Purchaser and the Collateral Agent exercise their rights and remedies, we could be forced to seek bankruptcy protection again.
• We were required to dedicate a portion of our cash flow to the payment of interest beginning in December 2024 on the Notes, which reduces the amount of funds available for operations, capital expenditures and future acquisitions.
• We are exposed to floating interest rate risk under the Exit Note Purchase Agreement, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly. All outstanding Notes bear interest at the Adjusted Term secured overnight financing rate (SOFR)rate plus 7% per annum. The Adjusted Term SOFR rate is a floating rate.

If we are unable to raise additional capital when required on acceptable terms, we may be required to file for bankruptcy protection again, go out of business, or suffer disruptions in our business.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s report contains an explanatory paragraph that expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

In connection with preparing the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, management evaluated whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raised substantial doubt about our ability to meet our obligations as they became due for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of our Fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements. Management assessed that there were such conditions and events, primarily our current cash position, lack of liquidity, limits to accessing capital and debt funding options. Management concluded, and our auditors agreed, that these conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date the financial statements are issued. The substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may negatively impact relationships with third parties with whom we do business, including customers, vendors and lenders, may impact our ability to raise additional capital for our business plan, and may lead us to seek bankruptcy protection again. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, holders of our securities might lose their entire investment.

Our actual financial results after emergence may not be comparable to our historical financial information or to our projections filed with the Bankruptcy Court.

As a result of the implementation of the Plan of Reorganization and the transactions contemplated thereby, our future results of operations, financial condition, and business may not be comparable to the results of operations, financial condition, and business reflected in our historical financial statements.

In connection with the disclosure statement, we filed with the Bankruptcy Court, and the hearing to consider confirmation of the Plan, we prepared projected financial information to demonstrate the feasibility of the Plan of

Reorganization and our ability to continue operations upon our emergence from Chapter 11. Those projections were prepared solely for the purpose of bankruptcy proceedings and have not been, and will not be, updated on an ongoing basis and should not be relied upon by investors. At the time they were prepared, the projections reflected numerous assumptions concerning our anticipated future performance with respect to prevailing and anticipated market and economic conditions that were and remain beyond our control and that may not materialize. Projections are inherently subject to substantial and numerous uncertainties and to a wide variety of significant business, economic, and competitive risks, and the assumptions underlying the projections and/or valuation estimates may prove to be wrong in material respects. Actual results may vary significantly from those contemplated by the projections. As a result, investors should not rely on these projections.

It may be difficult for us to attract and retain employees, including members of our senior management, as a result of our emergence from Chapter 11.

As a result of our emergence from Chapter 11, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain employees, including members of senior management. A loss of key personnel or material erosion of employee morale could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our ability to engage, motivate, and retain key employees or take other measures intended to motivate and incentivize key employees to remain with us following our emergence may be challenging given the uncertainties currently facing our business and changes we may make to our organizational structure to adjust to changing circumstances. The loss of members of our senior management team could impair our ability to execute our strategy and implement operational initiatives, which would be likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

There is currently limited public trading market for our common stock on the OTC market, and we cannot assure you that a more active trading market will develop for our common stock.

As a result of the implementation of the Plan of Reorganization and the transactions contemplated thereby, the stockholders of Capstone Green Energy Corporation received their pro rata share of 18,540,877 shares of common stock of Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc., par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”). As of this filing, the Company’s Common Stock trades on the Over the Counter (“OTC”) market under the ticker symbol CGEH, after becoming current in our annual and quarterly reports pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act (the “Reporting Obligations”). We cannot provide any assurance that the trading volume or price will increase with over-the-counter trading. Being listed on a more limited marketplace such as OTC, may have an adverse effect on the liquidity of the Common Stock, not only in terms of the number of shares that can be bought and sold at a given price, but also through delays in the timing of transactions and reduction in security analysts’ and the media’s coverage of our company. This may result in lower prices for the Common Stock than might otherwise be obtained and could also result in a larger spread between the bid and asked prices for the Common Stock.

Risks Related to our Corporate Structure

We are a holding company and will depend on dividends and distributions from our Operating Subsidiary to pay any dividends.

The Company is a holding company with assets consisting primarily of our investment in the Operating Subsidiary, of which Goldman Sachs owns a 37.5% non-dilutable equity interest. Our business operations are conducted primarily out of the Operating Subsidiary and certain of its subsidiaries. As a result, in addition to the restrictions on payment of dividends that apply under the terms of our existing indebtedness and the limited liability company agreement of Operating Subsidiary (the “Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement”), our ability to pay dividends, if any, will be dependent upon cash dividends and distributions or other transfers from the Operating Subsidiary. Payments to us from the Operating Subsidiary will be contingent upon its earnings and subject to any limitations on the ability of such entity to make payments or other distributions to us, including limitations contained in the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement.

Holders of the Preferred Units can exercise significant control over our Operating Subsidiary, which could limit our ability to influence the outcome of key corporate actions of our Operating Subsidiary.

Pursuant to the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement, the Operating Subsidiary may not undertake certain actions without the prior written approval of Goldman Sachs, such as among other things, incurring any new third-party indebtedness exceeding $5.0 million, declaring any distributions, conducting any public offering or acquiring any business.

In addition, pursuant to the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement, the Company, its subsidiaries and controlled affiliates may not, without the consent of the holders of a majority of the Preferred Units held by the Preferred Members (which, on the effective date of the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement is solely Capstone Distributor Support Services Corporation), engage in any business opportunities, make any investments or enter into any transactions, including any of the foregoing which are or would reasonably be expected to be within the scope of, or would reasonably be deemed to be beneficial to, the “Existing Business” (as defined in the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement) of the Operating Subsidiary.

Further, pursuant to the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement, at any time during the six-month period between December 7, 2029 and June 7, 2030, the Preferred Requisite Members may elect to have all, but not less than all, of the then outstanding Preferred Units redeemed. In such event, Operating Subsidiary must redeem all, but not less than all, of the Preferred Units, except Operating Subsidiary may not make such payment if (a) such payment is prohibited by Delaware Law or (b) Operating Subsidiary is, or by such payment would be, insolvent. The aggregate price for Preferred Units will be an amount equal to the greater of (i) the $10,449,863, plus declared but unpaid distributions, or (ii) the fair market value of the Preferred Units on an as-converted to Common Units basis at the time of such redemption.

The Preferred Member’s 37.5% equity interest in Operating Subsidiary is non-dilutable.

Risks Related to Our Restatement

We have restated our consolidated financial statements for prior annual and interim periods and have concluded two Audit Committee Investigations, all of which have affected and may continue to affect investor confidence, our stock price, our ability to raise capital in the future, our reputation with our customers, and our ability to timely file our periodic reports with the SEC, and has resulted in stockholder litigation against certain of our current and former directors and executives and may result in additional litigation in the future.

The Consolidated Financial Statements of Capstone Green Energy Corporation, the predecessor to our Operating Subsidiary, for prior annual and interim periods were restated (the “Restatement”). This Restatement was required to correct for the following: (i) the timing of revenue recognition related to bill-and-hold arrangements, including the removal of certain finance leases derived from bill-and-hold arrangements; (ii) the timing of recognizing certain expenses associated with factory protection plan contracts; and (iii) reclassification of term note payable, as well as other immaterial misstatements. Such Restatement:

• has had and may continue to have the effect of eroding investor confidence in us and our financial reporting and accounting practices and processes;
• has resulted in our failure to timely file our periodic reports with the SEC;
• has negatively impacted and may continue to negatively impact the trading of our common stock;
• has resulted in stockholder litigation against certain of our current and former directors and executives and may result in additional litigation;
• may make it more difficult, expensive, and time consuming for us to raise capital on acceptable terms, or at all;
• may make it more difficult for us to pursue transactions or implement business strategies that might otherwise be beneficial to our business; and
• may negatively impact our reputation with our customers.

In addition, based on information learned as part of the Restatement process, the Audit Committee commenced an investigation (the “FPP Investigation” and, together with the Revenue Recognition Investigation (as defined below), the “Audit Committee Investigations”) into FPP related practices. The Audit Committee Investigations were conducted with the assistance of outside counsel retained by the Audit Committee. Through the FPP Investigation, the Audit Committee identified evidence that, at times during the fiscal years covered in this Annual Report, former senior executives delayed shipment of available parts under the FPP and delayed recording the associated expense on the Company’s financial statements. The financial statement impact of such activity in prior reporting periods, if any, has been addressed through the Company’s Restatement. As part of the Restatement process, the Company corrected its accounting treatment of sales and FPP expenses so that bill-and-hold sales are recorded when all elements for revenue recognition as a bill-and-hold sale have been met and claims under the FPP program are recorded at the time a claim is received and accepted, as opposed to when the claim is satisfied.

Refer to Note 14— Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and to “Legal Proceedings” for information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved.

We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenses related to remediation of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, and any resulting litigation.

We have devoted substantial internal and external resources towards the Audit Committee Investigations and the Restatement and expect to continue to devote resources towards the implementation of enhanced procedures and controls over material weaknesses that resulted in the Restatement and the remediation of other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. Because of these efforts, we have incurred significant fees and expenses for legal, accounting, financial, and other consulting and professional services, as well as the implementation and maintenance of systems and processes that will need to be updated, supplemented, or replaced. We have made a number of remediation efforts in response to the Audit Committee Investigations. However, there can be no assurance that these steps will be successful. To the extent these steps are unsuccessful or incomplete, or we identify additional problems requiring remediation, we may be required to devote significant additional management time and incur significant additional expense. The incurrence of significant additional expense or the requirement that management devotes substantial time that could reduce the time available to execute on our business strategies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our access to the public markets to raise debt or equity capital depends on our ability to continue to timely file our periodic reports within the SEC limits.

The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2023 was filed nearly one year after its due date, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the first three quarters of Fiscal 2024 and the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2024, and the first quarter of Fiscal 2025 were not timely filed. Because these filings were not filed within the timeframes required by SEC rules, we will not be eligible to use a registration statement on Form S-3 that would allow us to continuously incorporate by reference our SEC reports into the registration statement, or to use “shelf” registration statements to conduct offerings, until approximately one year from the date we regain and maintain status as a current filer. To pursue an offering now, we are required to conduct the offering on an exempt basis, such as in accordance with Rule 144A, or file a registration statement on Form S-1. Using a Form S-1 registration statement for a public offering would likely take significantly longer than using a registration statement on Form S-3 and increase our transaction costs, and could, to the extent we are not able to conduct offerings using alternative methods, adversely impact our ability to raise capital or complete acquisitions of other companies in a timely manner.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Financial Results

A sustainable market for microturbines may never develop or may take longer to develop than we anticipate, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

Our products represent an alternative technology, and we do not know whether our targeted customers will accept our technology or will purchase our products in sufficient quantities or that our addressable market will grow sufficiently to allow our business to grow. To succeed, demand for our products must increase significantly in existing markets, and there must be strong demand for products that we introduce in the future. In addition, as part of our business strategy, we are focusing our marketing efforts on expanding our EaaS business and on the energy efficiency, renewable energy and natural resources markets. We may be unable to grow our business in these target markets. If a sustainable market fails to develop or develops more slowly than we anticipate, we may be unable to recover the losses we have incurred to develop our products, we may have further impairment of assets, and we may be unable to meet our operational expenses. The development of a sustainable market for our systems may be hindered by many factors, including some that are out of our control. Examples include:

• consumer reluctance to try an alternative product;
• regulatory requirements;
• reduced government investment in R&D of alternative power sources;
• the cost competitiveness of our microturbines;
• costs associated with the installation and commissioning of our microturbines;
• maintenance and repair costs associated with our microturbines;
• the future costs and availability of fuels used by our microturbines;
• consumer perceptions of our microturbines’ safety and quality;
• the emergence of newer, more competitive technologies and products;
• growth of the hybrid electric vehicle market;
• growth of the data center market and our ability to tailor our products to meet the unique demands of that market; and
• decreases in domestic and international incentives.

Product quality expectations may not be met, causing slower market acceptance or warranty cost exposure.

In order to achieve our goal of improving the quality and lowering the total costs of ownership of our products, we may require engineering changes. Such improvement initiatives may render existing inventories obsolete or excessive. Despite our continuous quality improvement initiatives, we may not meet customer expectations. Any significant quality issues with our products could have a material adverse effect on our rate of product adoption, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flow. Moreover, as we develop new configurations for our microturbines and as our customers place existing configurations in commercial use, our products may perform below expectations. Any significant performance below expectations could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flow and affect the marketability of our products.

We sell our products with warranties. There can be no assurance that the provision for estimated product warranty will be sufficient to cover our warranty expenses in the future. We cannot ensure that our efforts to reduce our risk through warranty disclaimers will effectively limit our liability. Any significant incurrence of warranty expense in excess of estimates could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition and cash flow. Further, we have at times undertaken programs to enhance the performance of units previously sold. As of March 31, 2025, the balance for the warranty reserve was $1.1 million. Any future product quality issues with our parts suppliers could lead to lengthy and costly litigation, even if the outcome is ultimately in our favor. In addition, such quality issues with any of our parts could lead us to fail to meet the product quality expectations of our own customers, which could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flow and affect the marketability of our products.

Our products involve a lengthy sales cycle, and we may not anticipate sales levels appropriately, which could impair our results of operations.

The sale of our products typically involves a significant commitment of capital by customers, which can result in the typical delays associated with large capital expenditures. For these and other reasons, the sales cycle associated with our products is typically lengthy and subject to several significant risks over which we have little or no control. We plan our production and inventory levels based on internal forecasts of customer demand, which is highly unpredictable and can fluctuate substantially. If sales in any period fall significantly below anticipated levels, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow would suffer. If demand in any period increases well above anticipated levels, we may have difficulties in responding, incur greater costs to respond, or be unable to fulfill the demand in sufficient time to retain the order, which would negatively impact our operations. In addition, our operating expenses are based on anticipated sales levels, and a high percentage of our expenses are generally fixed in the short term. As a result of these factors, a small fluctuation in timing of sales can cause operating results to vary materially from period to period.

Net product orders for Fiscal 2025 were $46.0 million and contributed to an ending backlog of $23.5 million at March 31, 2025. The book-to-bill ratio was 1.3:1 for Fiscal 2025. Book-to-bill ratio is the ratio of new orders we received to units shipped and billed during a period. However, because our backlog represents only the estimated amount of future product revenue to be recognized under negotiated contracts as shipments convert backlog to recognized revenue for accounting purposes, we may not be able to fully realize the revenue value reported in our backlog, and our backlog may not be indicative of future revenues. The timing of the backlog is based on the requirement date indicated by our customers. Based on historical experience, management expects that a significant portion of our backlog may not be shipped within the next 12 months. The timing of shipments is subject to change based on several variables (including customer deposits, payments, availability of credit and customer delivery schedule changes), most of which are not in our control and can affect the timing of our revenue.

If we do not effectively implement our sales, marketing, and service plans, our sales will not grow and our results of operations will suffer.

Our sales and marketing efforts may not achieve intended results and, therefore, may not generate the revenue we anticipate. As a result of our corporate strategies, we have decided to focus our resources on expanding our EaaS business and further developing selected vertical markets. We may change our focus to other markets or applications in the future. There can be no assurance that our focus or our near-term plans will be successful. If we are not able to address markets for our products successfully, we may not be able to grow our business, compete effectively or achieve profitability.

Changes to trade regulations, quotas, duties or tariffs, and sanctions caused by the changing U.S. and geopolitical environments or otherwise, may increase our costs or limit the amount of raw materials and products that we can import or may otherwise adversely impact our business.

While our production is located in the United States, a high percentage of our parts used in the production of our vehicles are sourced from China, Mexico and Canada. Further, our products contain a number of commodity materials from metals, which include steel, special high temperature alloys, copper, nickel, and molybdenum, to computer components. We import a significant volume of critical and limited source parts and raw materials which are subject to increasing tariffs. While we believe this is the best strategic business model, it also is more subject to risks associated with international trade conflicts including between the United States and such countries, particularly with respect to export and import controls and laws. For example, during the first quarter of 2025, the United States introduced trade policy actions that have increased import tariffs across a wide range of countries at various rates, including from certain jurisdictions from which we import parts. Such tariffs, if continued, will affect shipments from such jurisdictions.

The timeline, structure, and scope of any potential regulatory policies are uncertain, making it difficult for us to plan for or mitigate these risks effectively. In addition, we cannot predict what further action may be taken with respect to tariffs or trade relations between the U.S. and other governments. Any such changes could fundamentally alter the competitive and regulatory landscape in which we operate, and political tensions as a result of trade policies could reduce trade volume, investment, technological exchange, and other economic activities between major international economies, resulting in a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. There is a great deal of uncertainty as to how long these tariffs may be in place and regarding any further changes in tariff rates. We may not be able to have alternative sources for these materials, or the ability to pass these costs onto our customers, and our operating results may be negatively impacted.

Moreover, any new tariffs, or other changes in U.S. trade policy, could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries. Certain foreign governments have instituted or are considering imposing trade sanctions on certain U.S. goods. Others are considering the imposition of sanctions that will deny U.S. companies access to critical raw materials. A “trade war” of this nature or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact demand for our products, our costs, customers, suppliers and/or the U.S. economy or certain sectors thereof and, thus, to adversely impact our business.

The U.S. government imposes sanctions through executive orders restricting U.S. companies from conducting business activities with specified individuals and companies and requires export licenses for certain of such activities. Following Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in March 2022, we re-evaluated our efforts in the Russian and the surrounding CIS markets and have ceased exploring growth opportunities in such markets. We do, however, continue to evaluate customer orders and ensure that we are in compliance with all laws and regulations upon acceptance and before shipment. If we are unable to conduct business with new or existing customers or pursue opportunities with sanctioned countries, including Russia, our business, including our revenue, profitability, and cash flows, could be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to retain or develop relationships with OEMs or distributors in our targeted markets, in which case our sales would not increase as expected.

In order to serve certain of our targeted markets, we believe that we must ally ourselves with companies that have particular expertise or better access to those markets. We believe that retaining or developing relationships with strong OEMs (which to date have typically resold our products under their own brands or packaged our products with other products as part of an integrated unit) or distributors in these targeted markets can improve the rate of adoption as well as reduce the direct financial burden of introducing a new technology and creating a new market. We offer our OEMs and distributors stated discounts from the list price of the products they purchase. In the future, to attract and retain OEMs and distributors we may provide volume price discounts or otherwise incur significant costs that may reduce the potential revenue from these relationships. We may not be able to retain or develop appropriate OEMs and distributors on a timely basis, and we cannot provide assurance that the OEMs and distributors will focus adequate resources on selling our products or will be successful in selling them. In addition, some of the relationships may require that we grant exclusive distribution rights in defined territories. These exclusive distribution arrangements could result in our being unable to enter into other arrangements at a time when the OEM or distributor with whom we form a relationship is not successful in selling our products or has reduced its commitment to market our products. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to negotiate collaborative relationships on favorable terms or at all. Our inability to have appropriate distribution in our target markets may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

If any of our distributor relationships are not successful, we may terminate or choose not to renew the related distributor agreement, which may result in interference with the wind down of the relationship or the transition of end user service agreements and could potentially negatively impact our distribution channels or result in litigation costs or other expenses.

Successfully managing our distribution channels in an effort to reach various potential customer segments for our products and services is a complex process. Each of our distributors is a strategically placed independent partner that provides for the marketing and selling of our products and services on our behalf. If our distribution relationships are not successful, we may lose sales opportunities, customers, and revenues. Our agreements with our distribution partners require them to comply with performance conditions that are subject to interpretation, which could result in disagreements. At any given time, we may be in disputes with one or more distribution partners. See “We and certain of our current and former directors and officers are subject to various legal proceedings” and “Legal Proceedings” for information about the Company’s legal proceedings with Cal Microturbine. Any such dispute could result in lengthy and costly litigation, even if the outcome is ultimately in our favor. We cannot predict the outcome of any arbitration or litigation, the effect of any negative judgment against us or the amount of any settlement that we may enter into with such distribution partners. A contractual dispute with a distribution partner may result in our or our distribution partner seeking to terminate the related distribution agreement, even if such termination would be wrongful, which could harm our business or interfere with a previously agreed wind down of the relationship or transition of end user service agreements. Any prolonged disruptions of our distribution channels that results from the termination of one or more of our distributions or our failure to renew our distribution agreements with our desired distributors, could negatively affect our ability to effectively sell our products.

Increased credit loss expense or delays in collecting accounts receivable could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and results of operations.

Our accounts receivable balance, net of allowances, was $7 million and $6.6 million as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Our days sales outstanding (“DSO”) in accounts receivable at the end of Fiscal 2025 was 30 days, compared with 27 days at the end of Fiscal 2024. We recorded net credit loss expense of approximately $0.8 million and $0.4 million during Fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. No assurances can be given that future days sales outstanding will not increase and credit loss expense will not increase above current operating levels. Increased credit loss expense or delays in collecting accounts receivable could have a material adverse effect on results of operations and cash flows.

Loss of a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

E-Finity, Lone Star, and Horizon accounted for approximately 13%, 12% and 11%, respectively, of our revenue for Fiscal 2025. Additionally, Lone Star and Optimal accounted for 18% and 10%, respectively, of net accounts receivable as of March 31, 2025. The loss of any significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not achieve production cost reductions necessary to competitively price our products, which would adversely affect our sales.

We believe that we will need to reduce the unit production cost of our products over time to maintain our ability to offer competitively priced products. Our ability to achieve cost reductions will depend on our ability to develop low-cost design enhancements, to obtain necessary tooling and favorable supplier contracts and to increase sales volumes so we can achieve economies of scale. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to achieve any such production cost reductions. In fact, we have implemented two price increases in the past twenty months in reaction to increased costs. Our failure to achieve sufficient cost reductions could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We may incur costs and liabilities as a result of product liability claims.

We face a risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of our products is alleged to have resulted in injury or other damage. Although we currently maintain product liability insurance coverage, we may not be able to obtain such insurance on acceptable terms in the future, if at all, or obtain insurance that will provide adequate coverage against potential claims. Product liability claims can be expensive to defend and can divert the attention of management and other personnel for long periods of time, regardless of the ultimate outcome. A significant unsuccessful product liability defense could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we believe our business depends on the strong brand reputation we have developed. If our reputation is damaged, we may face difficulty in maintaining our market share and pricing with respect to some of our products, which could reduce our sales and profitability.

Operational restructuring may result in asset impairment or other unanticipated charges.

As a result of our corporate strategy, we have identified opportunities to outsource to third-party suppliers certain functions which we currently perform. We believe outsourcing can reduce product costs, improve product quality, and increase operating efficiency. These actions may not yield the expected results, and outsourcing may result in production delays or lower-quality products. Transitioning to outsourcing may cause certain of our affected employees to leave before the outsourcing is complete. This could result in a lack of the experienced in-house talent necessary to successfully implement the outsourcing effort. Further, depending on the nature of operations outsourced and the structure of agreements we reach with suppliers to perform these functions, we may experience impairment in the value of manufacturing assets related to the outsourced functions or other unanticipated charges, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Our success depends in significant part upon the continuing service of management, directors and other key personnel, and several key management and other employees have recently left Capstone.

Our success depends in significant part upon the continuing service of our executive officers, senior management, and sales and technical personnel. The failure of our personnel to execute our strategy or our failure to retain management and personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. We have suffered departures of directors, officers and other key personnel, including those in accounting/finance and information technology. These departures have placed additional strain on our remaining personnel, and we do not expect to replace all of the departed employees, so the increased burdens on the remaining personnel are expected to continue for the foreseeable future.

Our success, growth prospects, and ability to capitalize on market opportunities also depend to a significant extent on our ability to identify, hire, motivate, and retain qualified managerial personnel, including senior members of management. There can be no assurances that we can do so. Our growth may be constrained by resource limitations as competitors and customers compete for increasingly scarce human capital resources. The demand for skilled workers is currently high. We face an increasingly competitive labor market due to sustained labor shortages and are subject to inflationary pressures on employee wages and salaries which may increase labor costs. In addition, we have already experienced involuntary turnover due to increased commuting costs for our employees. Our competitors may be able to offer a work environment with higher compensation or more opportunities than we can. If we are unable to attract and retain a sufficient number of skilled personnel, our ability to successfully implement our business plan, grow our Company and maintain or expand our product offerings may be adversely affected, and the costs of doing so may increase.

In addition, our internal control systems rely on employees trained in the execution of the controls, particularly within our financial and accounting function. Loss of these employees or our inability to replace them with similarly skilled and trained individuals or new processes in a timely manner could adversely impact our internal control mechanisms further. See “Our management identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting and we determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of March 31, 2024, of which one material weakness remains unremediated as of March 31, 2025. If we fail to remediate the material weakness or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results may be affected, and such failure may adversely affect investor confidence and business operations” for a discussion of the material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, riots, domestic and international instability, war, terrorism, geopolitical events, pandemics and other events beyond our control.

Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, riots, domestic and international instability, war, terrorism, geopolitical events, pandemics and other events beyond our control. Our executive offices, manufacturing facility, and auxiliary inventory storage facility are located in Southern California. Because the Southern California area is located in an earthquake-sensitive area and because we have no redundancy facility located within or outside of Southern California, we are particularly susceptible to the risk of damage to, or total destruction of, our facilities in Southern California and the surrounding transportation infrastructure, which could affect our ability to make and transport our products. In addition, the greater Los Angeles area has experienced major fire danger and damage in the past five years, including most recently in January 2025, and may experience major fires in the future. While we take steps to mitigate the impact of severe weather and environmental and natural disasters, the frequency and severity of which may be impacted by climate change and other natural and manmade events, such events could result in severe disruption to our business operations at these facilities. The combination of high inflation, illegal immigration, the cost of living, and reduced spending on law enforcement in and around our location in Southern California poses an elevated risk of social disturbances and riots.

Domestic and international political and economic instability or volatility, geopolitical regional conflicts, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife, acts of war, public corruption, expropriation and other economic or political uncertainties could interrupt and negatively affect the performance of our services, sale of our products or other business operations. See “Changes to trade regulations, quotas, duties or tariffs, and sanctions caused by the changing U.S. and geopolitical environments or otherwise, may increase our costs or limit the amount of raw materials and products that we can import or may otherwise adversely impact our business” for a discussion of the impact of global trade policy and Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine on our business and results of operations. A slowdown in economic growth in some emerging markets could result in long sales cycles, greater risk of uncollectible accounts and longer collection cycles. Fluctuations or devaluations in currency values, especially in emerging markets, could have an adverse effect on us, our suppliers, logistics providers and manufacturing vendors. All of these factors could result in increased costs or decreased revenues, and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.

Activities necessary to integrate any future acquisitions may result in costs in excess of current expectations or be less successful than anticipated.

We may acquire other businesses in the future, and the success of these transactions will depend on, among other things, our ability to develop productive relationships with the corresponding distributors and to integrate assets and personnel, if any, acquired in these transactions and to apply our internal controls processes to these acquired businesses. Future acquisitions may require us to raise financing, including by issuing common stock that would dilute our current stockholders’ percentage ownership, assume or otherwise be subject to liabilities of an acquired company, record goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges, incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, incur large acquisition and integration costs, immediate write-offs, and restructuring and other related expenses, and become subject to litigation. The benefits of an acquisition may also take considerable time to develop, and we cannot be certain that any particular acquisition will produce the intended benefits in a timely manner or to the extent anticipated, or at all. We may experience difficulties integrating the operations, technologies, products, and personnel of an acquired company or be subjected to liability for the target’s pre-acquisition activities or operations as a successor in interest. Such integration may divert management’s attention from the normal daily operations of our business. Future acquisitions may also expose us to potential risks, including risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience, especially when competitors in such markets have stronger market positions, the possibility of insufficient revenues to offset the expenses we incur in connection with an acquisition and the potential loss of, or harm to, our relationships with employees, customers, consumers and suppliers as a result of integration of new businesses. If we are unable to fully benefit from anticipated synergies, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Product Offerings

We depend upon the development of new products and enhancements of existing products.

Our operating results depend on our ability to develop and introduce new products, enhance existing products, and reduce the costs to produce our products. The success of our products is dependent on several factors, including proper product definition, product cost, timely completion and introduction of products, differentiation of products from those of our competitors, meeting changing customer requirements, emerging industry standards, and market acceptance of our products. The development of new, technologically advanced products and enhancements is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation, as well as the accurate anticipation of technological and market trends. There can be no assurance that we will successfully identify new product opportunities, develop and bring new or enhanced products to market in a timely manner, successfully lower costs and achieve market acceptance of our products, or that products and technologies developed by others will not render our products or technologies obsolete or uncompetitive. We continued to expand and develop our new hydrogen products, which are commercially available running on a 30% hydrogen / 70% natural gas mix. Continued development towards a 100% hydrogen product will require a long-time horizon and a significant amount of financial resources. We do not currently have and there can be no assurance that we will develop the resources or financial ability to develop a 100% hydrogen product.

Our operating results are dependent, in large part, upon the successful commercialization of our products. Failure to produce our products as scheduled and budgeted could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We cannot be certain that we will deliver products ordered in a timely manner. We have limited production slots for our products. Any delays in production will increase our costs, reduce future production slots, and could significantly impact our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We may not be able to produce our products on a timely basis if we fail to correctly anticipate product supply requirements or if we suffer delays in production resulting from issues with our suppliers. Our suppliers may not supply us with a sufficient amount of components or components of adequate quality, or they may provide components at significantly increased prices.

Some of our components are currently available only from a single source or limited sources. We may experience delays in production if we fail to identify alternative suppliers or if any parts supply is interrupted, each of which could materially adversely affect our business and operations. In order to reduce manufacturing lead times and ensure adequate component supply, we enter into agreements with certain suppliers that allow them to procure inventories based upon criteria defined by us. If we fail to anticipate customer demand properly, an oversupply of parts could result in excess or obsolete inventories, which could adversely affect our business. Additionally, if we fail to correctly anticipate our internal supply requirements, an undersupply of parts could limit our production capacity. Our inability to meet volume commitments with suppliers could affect the availability or pricing of our parts and components. A reduction or interruption in supply, a significant increase in the price of one or more components, or a decrease in demand of our products could materially adversely affect our business and operations and could materially damage our customer relationships. Financial problems of suppliers on whom we rely could limit our supply of components or increase our costs. Also, we cannot guarantee that any of the parts or components that we purchase will be of adequate quality or that the prices we pay for the parts or components will not increase. Inadequate quality of products from suppliers could interrupt our ability to supply quality products to our customers in a timely manner. Additionally, defects in materials or products supplied by our suppliers that are not identified before our products are placed in service by our customers could result in higher warranty costs and damage to our reputation. We also outsource certain of our components internationally. As a result of outsourcing internationally, we may be subject to delays in delivery because of regulations associated with the import/export process, delays in transportation or regional instability.

Commodity market factors impact our costs and availability of materials.

Our products contain a number of commodity materials from metals, which include steel, special high temperature alloys, copper, nickel, and molybdenum, to computer components. The availability of these commodities could impact our ability to acquire the materials necessary to meet our production requirements. The cost of metals has historically fluctuated. The pricing could impact the costs to manufacture our products. During Fiscal 2024, we saw significant price increases in the cost of our commodity materials, and may continue to see price increases due to tariffs. If we are not able to acquire commodity materials at prices and on terms satisfactory to us or at all, our operating results may be materially adversely affected.

We operate in a highly competitive market among competitors that have significantly greater resources than we have, and we may not be able to compete effectively.

Overall, the market for our products is highly competitive. We compete with several technologies, including reciprocating engines, fuel cells, and solar power. Competing technologies may receive certain benefits, like governmental subsidies or promotion, or be able to offer consumer rebates or other incentives that we cannot receive or offer to the same extent. This could enhance our competitors’ abilities to fund research, penetrate markets, or increase sales. We also compete with other manufacturers of microturbines.

Our competitors include several well-known companies with histories of providing power solutions. They have substantially greater resources than we do and have established worldwide presence. Because of greater resources, some of our competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, and changes in customer requirements, to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products than we can or lobby for governmental regulations and policies to create competitive advantages vis-à-vis our products. We believe that developing and maintaining a competitive advantage will require continued investment by us in product development and quality, as well as attention to product performance, our product prices, our conformance to industry standards, manufacturing capability, and sales and marketing. In addition, current and potential competitors have established or may in the future establish collaborative relationships among themselves or with third parties, including third parties with whom we have business relationships. Accordingly, new competitors or alliances may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share.

Our business and financial performance depends in part on the oil and natural gas industry, where a continued movement towards clean energy and away from fossil fuels, as well as fluctuations in prices for oil and natural gas, may have an adverse effect on our revenue, cash flows, profitability, and growth.

Revenue in the oil and natural gas industry has been in decline for several years from historical highs, due to volatility in oil prices, as well as a movement towards clean energy and away from fossil fuels, which has impacted capital expenditures in the oil and natural gas industry. We continue to be impacted by the volatility of the global oil and gas industry. If prices were to decline and remain low for a sustained period, we would expect to see additional declines in our customers’ spending, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue. In addition, a worsening of these conditions may have a material adverse impact on certain of our customers’ liquidity and financial positions, resulting in further spending reductions, delays in the collection of amounts owing to us, and other similar adverse effects. Despite a recent increase in oil prices, we have not yet seen a corresponding significant increase in sales activity, primarily due to the customers in our natural resources market vertical not yet increasing their spend on capital expenditures that would include our microturbine products.

Our sales and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted by risks inherent in international markets.

As we expand in international markets, customers may have difficulty or be unable to integrate our products into their existing systems or may have difficulty complying with foreign regulatory and commercial requirements. As a result, our products may require redesign. Any redesign of our products may delay sales or cause quality issues. In addition, we may be subject to a variety of other risks associated with international business, including import/export restrictions, fluctuations in currency exchange rates and economic or political instability. In addition, doing business internationally subjects us to risks relating to political or social unrest, as well as corruption and government regulation, including laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, that impose stringent requirements on how we conduct our foreign operations.

We may not be able to develop sufficiently trained applications engineering, installation, and service support resources to serve our targeted markets.

Our ability to identify and develop business relationships with companies that can provide quality, cost effective application engineering, installation, and service can significantly affect our success. The application engineering and proper installation of our microturbines, as well as proper maintenance and service, are critical to the performance of the units. Additionally, we need to reduce the total installed cost of our microturbines to enhance market opportunities. Our inability to improve the quality of applications, installation and service while reducing associated costs could affect the marketability of our products.

Changes in our product components may require us to replace parts held at distributors.

We have entered into agreements with some of our distributors requiring that if we render parts obsolete in inventories they own and hold in support of their obligations to serve fielded microturbines, we are required to replace the affected stock at no cost to the distributors. As a result, it is possible that future changes in our product technology could involve increased costs, that may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow or financial position.

Utility companies or governmental entities could place barriers to our entry into the marketplace, and we may not be able to effectively sell our products.

Utility companies or governmental entities could place barriers on the installation of our products or the interconnection of our products with the electric grid. Further, they may charge additional fees to customers who install on-site generation or have the capacity to use power from the grid for back-up or standby purposes. These types of restrictions, fees or charges could hamper the ability to install or effectively use our products or increase the cost to our potential customers for using our systems. This could make our systems less desirable, thereby adversely affecting our revenue and other operating results. In addition, utility rate reductions can make our products less competitive, which would have a material adverse effect on our operations. The cost of electric power generation bears a close relationship to natural gas and other fuels. However, changes to electric utility tariffs often require lengthy regulatory approval and include a mix of fuel types as well as customer categories. Potential customers may perceive the resulting swings in natural gas and electric pricing as an increased risk of investing in on-site generation.

Risks Related to Pending Litigation and Government Regulation

We operate in a highly regulated business environment, and changes in regulation could impose significant costs on us or make our products less economical, thereby affecting demand for our microturbines.

Our products are subject to federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations, governing, among other things, emissions and occupational health and safety. Regulatory agencies may impose special requirements for the implementation and operation of our products or that may significantly affect or even eliminate some of our target markets. We may incur material costs or liabilities in complying with government regulations. In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving environmental and health and safety laws, regulations, requirements, and approvals that may be adopted or imposed in the future. We can provide no assurances that we will be able to obtain any such approvals in a timely manner, or at all. Non-compliance with applicable regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Furthermore, our potential utility customers must comply with numerous laws and regulations. The deregulation of the utility industry may also create challenges for our marketing efforts. For example, as part of electric utility deregulation, federal, state, and local governmental authorities may impose transitional charges or exit fees, which would make it less economical for some potential customers to switch to our products.

Concerns regarding climate change may lead to additional international, national, regional and local legislative and regulatory responses. Various stakeholders, including legislators and regulators, shareholders, and non-governmental organizations, are continuing to look for ways to reduce GHG emissions. Increased input costs, such as fuel, utility, transportation, and compliance-related costs, could increase our operating costs.

We and certain current and former directors and officers are subject to various legal proceedings.

We were previously involved in a SEC investigation and certain current and former directors and officers are currently involved in stockholder litigation related to our Restatement, and we and our directors and officers may be named as defendants in other types of legal proceedings in the future.

On March 13, 2024, Cal Microturbine, a distributor of the Company, submitted a demand for arbitration before the American Arbitration Association seeking, among other things, approximately $24.5 million in damages and alleging that the Company breached its distributor agreement with Cal Microturbine and committed fraud in allowing another company, Capstone Engineered Solutions, to sell, rent and service turbines in Cal Microturbine’s exclusive territory under the distribution agreement. On August 18, 2024, Cal Microturbine amended its complaint and reduced its damage claim to $18.8 million. See “Legal Proceedings” for discussion of this and other legal proceedings faced by the Company.

These current and future matters may result in significant liabilities and diversion of our management’s time, attention, and resources. Given the uncertain nature of litigation generally, we are not able in all cases to estimate the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome in these matters. In view of these uncertainties, the outcome of these matters may result in charges in excess of any established reserves and, to the extent available, liability insurance. Protracted litigation, including any adverse outcomes, may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, any significant judgment or settlement amount may require us to incur additional indebtedness, adversely affect our liquidity, and ability to service our indebtedness, or require us to restructure or amend the terms of our indebtedness.

Risks Related to Data, Security, and Intellectual Property

Our business could be negatively impacted if we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property rights or if third parties claim that we are in violation of their intellectual property rights.

We view our intellectual property rights as important assets. We seek to protect our intellectual property rights through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as licensing and confidentiality agreements. These protections may not prove to be adequate to prevent third parties from using our intellectual property without our authorization, breaching any confidentiality agreements with us, copying or reverse engineering our products, or developing and marketing products that are substantially equivalent to or superior to our own. The unauthorized use of our intellectual property by others could reduce our competitive advantage and harm our business. If it became necessary for us to litigate to protect these rights, any proceedings could be burdensome and costly and we may not prevail. We cannot guarantee that any patents, issued or pending, will provide us with any competitive advantage or will not be challenged by third parties. A number of our issued patents have less than ten years remaining life. Moreover, the expiration of our patents may lead to increased competition with respect to certain products. In addition, we cannot be certain that we do not or will not infringe third parties’ intellectual property rights. Any such claim, even if it is without merit, may be expensive and time consuming to defend, subject us to damages, cause us to cease making, using or selling certain products that incorporate the disputed intellectual property, require us to redesign our products, divert management time and attention and/or require us to enter into costly royalty or licensing arrangements.

We face security and cybersecurity risks related to our electronic processing of sensitive and confidential business and product data. If we are unable to protect our data or the data of our customers, a security breach could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business.

As a manufacturer of high technology commercial products, we face security and cybersecurity threats, as well as the potential for business disruptions associated with information technology failures or cybersecurity attacks. Given the nature of our business, we collect, process, and retain sensitive and confidential customer and associated data, in addition to proprietary business information. Our business, including our turbines and related energy assets, may be vulnerable to a data compromise, computer viruses, physical and electronic break-ins and manipulations and similar disruptions, which may not be prevented by our efforts to secure our computer systems and assets, which include vulnerability scans and patching, network firewalls, identity and access management, data encryption, intrusion detection and prevention devices. Our cybersecurity efforts may not be able to prevent rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks, and a successful breach of our computer systems could result in the misappropriation of personal, payment or sensitive business information, as well as, among other things, unfavorable publicity, litigation by affected parties, damage to sources of competitive advantage, disruptions to our operations, loss of customers, financial obligations for damages related to the theft or misuse of such information, and costs to remediate such security vulnerabilities, any of which could have a substantial impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Both the frequency and magnitude of cyberattacks is expected to increase and attackers are becoming more sophisticated. Geopolitical tensions or conflicts, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the conflict in Israel or increasing tension with China, may create a heightened risk of cybersecurity attacks. To the extent artificial intelligence capabilities improve and are increasingly adopted, they may be used to identify vulnerabilities and craft increasingly sophisticated cybersecurity attacks. Vulnerabilities may be introduced from the use of artificial intelligence by us, our customers or third parties. In addition, we rely on associates, contractors, and other third parties that may attempt to circumvent our security measures in order to obtain such information and may purposefully or inadvertently cause a breach involving such information. A security breach involving confidential and proprietary data or the fleet of turbines we have deployed across the globe for our customers could damage our reputation and our ability to retain existing customers or gain new customers and impact the competitive advantages derived from our R&D efforts, the usefulness of our products and services, and ultimately our stock price. In addition, we may incur material liabilities and remediation costs as a result of a security breach, and our insurance may not be sufficient to cover the impact to the business. Moreover, evolving privacy laws in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere, including the adoption by the European Union of the General Data Protection Regulation, which became effective May 2018, establish new individual privacy rights and impose increased obligations on companies handling personal data. Consequently, we may incur significant costs related to prevention and compliance with laws regarding the protection and unauthorized disclosure of personal information. Further, a greater number of our employees are working remotely, which could expose us to greater risks related to cybersecurity and our information technologies systems.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our management identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting and we determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of March 31, 2024, of which one material weakness remains unremediated as of March 31, 2025. If we fail to remediate the material weakness or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results may be affected, and such failure may adversely affect investor confidence and business operations.

In connection with our review of our financial statements leading to the Restatement and in the course of preparing our financial statements for Fiscal 2024, we identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We identified material weaknesses related to (i) an inappropriate tone at the top established by certain former senior executives, (ii) our lack of sufficient qualified professionals with an appropriate level of accounting and internal control knowledge, training and experience, (iii) our failure to perform a sufficient review of accounting policies to ensure ongoing adherence with U.S. GAAP, (iv) our failure to design and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting for systems, products, parts, and accessories sales subject to bill and hold arrangements with customers and (v) our failure to design and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting related to the proper accounting, presentation and disclosure for FPP service contracts, including the cost recognition of parts and labor associated with FPP service contracts.

To address our material weaknesses, we made changes to our program and controls as set forth in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures.” We have been able to remediate all but one of the five original material weaknesses. In the course of preparing our financial statements for Fiscal 2025, we identified the following material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting: our failure to design and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting relating to the proper accounting, presentation and disclosure for FPP service contracts, including the cost recognition of parts and labor associated with FPP service contracts. We will not be able to remediate this final material weakness unless the proposed steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. We cannot assure you that the measures we plan to take will in fact be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting or that such measures will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses, and our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future.

If we are unable to remediate this material weakness and otherwise implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements and satisfy our public reporting obligations within required time periods, could be adversely affected. If we identify any new material weaknesses in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the prices of our securities may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

Future issuances or sales of our Common Stock or exercises by holders of any warrants we may issue could lower our stock price and dilute the interests of existing stockholders.

We may issue additional shares of our Common Stock in the future. The issuance of a substantial amount of our Common Stock could have the effect of substantially diluting the interests of our current stockholders. Further, the Preferred Units issued pursuant to the Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement are non-dilutable, and therefore, any issuances of Common Stock will have an even greater dilutive effect in respect of our current stockholders’ indirect equity interests in the Operating Subsidiary. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock, or anticipation of any such sales, could cause the trading price of our Common Stock to decline or make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise desire.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of our Common Stock or the availability of additional shares of our Common Stock for sale will have on the market and trading price of our Common Stock. If any of our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, or if the public perceives that such sales could occur, this could have an adverse impact on the market and trading price of our securities, even if there is no relationship between such sales and the performance of our business.

The market price of our Common Stock is likely to be highly volatile and you could lose all or part of your investment in our securities.

There is limited trading activity for our Common Stock in the OTC market. An investment in our securities is risky, and stockholders could lose their investment in our securities or suffer significant losses and wide fluctuations in the market value of their investment. Even with the commencement of trading of our Common Stock on the OTC market, the market price of our Common Stock is likely to be highly volatile. Given the continued uncertainty surrounding many variables that may affect our business, and the industry in which we operate, our ability to foresee results for future periods is limited. This variability could affect our operating results and thereby adversely affect our stock price. Many factors that contribute to this volatility are beyond our control and may cause the market price of our Common Stock to change, regardless of our operating performance. Factors that could cause fluctuation in our stock price may include, among other things:

• actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;
• the limited market for our Common Stock;
• market sentiment toward alternative energy stocks in general or toward us;
• changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;
• conditions or trends in our industry or the overall economy;
• loss of one or more of our significant customers;
• errors, omissions, or failures by third parties in meeting commitments to us;
• changes in the market valuations or earnings of our competitors or other technology companies;
• announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, divestitures, joint ventures, or other strategic initiatives;
• announcements of significant market events, such as power outages, regulatory changes, or technology changes;
• changes in the estimation of the future size and growth rate of our market;
• future equity financings;
• the failure to produce our products on a timely basis in accordance with customer expectations;
• the inability to obtain necessary components on time and at a reasonable cost;
• litigation or disputes with customers or business partners;
• capital commitments;
• additions or departures of key personnel;
• the trading volume of our Common Stock;
• developments relating to litigation or governmental investigations; and
• decreases in or continued low levels of oil, natural gas and electricity prices.

Market conditions may result in volatility in the level of, and fluctuations in, market prices of stocks generally and, in turn, our Common Stock. Global financial markets have experienced extreme disruption in recent years, including, among other things, extreme volatility in securities prices.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against the Company. Certain of our current and former directors and officers are involved in stockholder litigation related to our Restatement, and we and our directors and officers may be named as defendants in other types of legal proceedings in the future. Refer to “Legal Proceedings” This type of litigation, regardless of whether we prevail on the underlying claim, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially harm our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as Delaware law, may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition at a premium price.

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, could discourage, delay, or prevent unsolicited proposals to merge with or acquire us, even though such proposals may be at a premium price or otherwise beneficial to you. These provisions include authorization by our Board of Directors (the “Board”) to issue shares of preferred stock, on terms the Board determines in its discretion, without stockholder approval, and the following provisions of Delaware law that restrict many business combinations.

Additionally, we are governed by Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may restrict mergers or combinations with significant stockholders (those owning 15% or more of voting stock) without prior Board approval for a specified period. These provisions may discourage takeover attempts, reduce the appeal of our Common Stock to investors, and result in a lower market price for our shares than might otherwise occur.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends. We have never paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our securities will likely depend on whether the price of our Common Stock increases.

We have not paid cash dividends on any of our capital stock to date and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, our ability to distribute dividends is subject to restrictions that apply under the terms of our existing indebtedness and Capstone Green Energy LLC Agreement. Refer to “We are a holding company and will depend on dividends and distributions from our Operating Subsidiary to pay any dividends.” As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Consequently, in the foreseeable future, you will likely only experience a gain from your investment in our securities if the price of our Common Stock increases.

We use, store and process data for and about our customers, employees, partners and suppliers. We have implemented a cybersecurity risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risks from cybersecurity threats to this data and our systems and business operations, including vetting and managing third-party service providers with comprehensive due diligence, continuous monitoring and strict compliance with industry standards. In addition, we provide cybersecurity awareness training to our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management, including training on best practices for data privacy and security. Our enterprise risk management program considers cybersecurity threat risks alongside other Company risks as part of our overall risk assessment process.

The Board is responsible for overseeing assessments of major risks facing the Company and for reviewing options to mitigate these risks. It has delegated oversight responsibility for information security matters to the Audit Committee, Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and our internal information technology (“IT”) resources. Our Director of IT manages our internal team of security professionals, as well as our third-party IT service providers, which provides 24/7 security monitoring. The personnel comprising our IT team include a certified information system security professional and other professionals with many years of experience across a variety of technological sub-specialties.

Our CFO oversees our cybersecurity risk management, including appropriate risk mitigation strategies, systems, processes, and controls, and receives updates from IT and our third-party IT service providers on cybersecurity and information security matters. The CFO communicates with the Audit Committee and the Board periodically regarding the state of our cybersecurity risk management, current and evolving threats and recommendations for changes. We have also implemented a cyber incident response plan that provides a protocol to report certain incidents to the CFO with the goal of timely assessment of such incidents, determining applicable disclosure requirements and communicating with the Audit Committee and the Board for timely and accurate reporting of any material cybersecurity incident. The incident response plan is reviewed and tested in the annual cybersecurity desktop exercise.

As of the date of this report, we are not aware of any material risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For additional discussion of our cybersecurity-related risks, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

Our principal corporate offices, administrative, sales and marketing, R&D and support facilities consist of approximately 79,000 square feet of leased office space, warehouse space and assembly, test space and manufacturing facility for our recuperator cores located at 16640 Stagg Street in Van Nuys, California. This lease has a term of thirty-seven (37) calendar months, which commenced March 2023 and will be terminating in March 2026. We also lease 18,449 square feet of office and manufacturing facilities located at Unit 800 & 810 Fareham Reach, Fareham Road, Gosport,

Hampshire, United Kingdom. These leases will expire in May 2037. Management believes these facilities are adequate for our current needs.

The Company is from time to time a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. In addition, the Company and certain of its former and current directors and officers are a party to several material legal proceedings, which are described below. The outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. If one or more legal matters were to be resolved against the Company in a reporting period for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, the Company’s financial condition and operating results for that reporting period could be materially adversely affected.

Capstone Turbine Corporation v. Turbine International, LLC.

On February 3, 2020, Capstone Turbine Corporation filed suit against its former distributor, Turbine International, LLC (“Turbine Intl.”), in the Superior Court of California alleging breach of contract relating to the parties’ prior distributor relationship (which terminated at the end of March 2018) and Turbine Intl.’s failure to satisfy its payment obligations under certain financial agreements, namely an accounts receivable agreement and promissory note in favor of Capstone. The Company subsequently modified its complaint to include Turbine Intl. guarantors as defendants. The Company was seeking approximately $4.8 million in compensatory damages, along with injunctive relief and attorney’s fees, interest, and costs. In 2024, the Court ordered default judgments first against Turbine International and then against the other defendants. The default judgement in the amount of approximately $7.3 million, which included pre-judgement interest and costs of the suite, was entered and placed on the docket in June 2025. The Company has prevailed in this proceeding. The ability of Capstone to collect on the judgement is unclear, as the defendants are overseas or without U.S.-based assets, therefor we have not recorded a receivable as of March 31, 2025.

SEC Investigation

In June 2023, prior to the issuance of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board commenced an Investigation into certain accounting and internal control matters of the Company, principally focused on certain revenue recognition matters (the “Revenue Recognition Investigation”), and self-reported its findings to the Division of Enforcement of the SEC. Following the self-report, the SEC Enforcement Division commenced an investigation into the circumstances surrounding the restatement of the Company’s quarterly and annual financial statements (the “SEC Investigation”). The Audit Committee further self-reported its findings pursuant to an investigation into FPP related practices to the SEC. The Company cooperated with the SEC in connection with its investigation. On June 10, 2025, the SEC Division of Enforcement notified the Company that it closed its investigation with no action taken against the Company.

Cal Microturbine Arbitration

On March 13, 2024, Cal Microturbine, a current distributor of the Company, filed a complaint before the American Arbitration Association, seeking approximately $24.5 million in damages and alleging that the Company breached the Distributor Agreement between the parties and committed fraud by allowing another company, to sell, rent and service turbines in Cal Microturbine’s exclusive territory. On August 18, 2024, Cal Microturbine amended its complaint and reduced its damages claim to $18.8 million. On September 9, 2024, the Company filed a counterclaim against Cal Microturbine for $20.0 million, alleging various violations of the Distributor Agreement. On September 27, 2024, Cal Microturbine provided the second amendment to its complaint and increased its damages to $25.0 million. The parties have completed selection of a three-person arbitration panel and a hearing date is scheduled for September 2025. The parties engaged in mediation in November and December 2024, and they are currently in settlement discussions. Discovery was scheduled to begin in November 2024 but has been stayed due to ongoing settlement discussions. On December 8, 2024, the Company issued a notice of intent to terminate the Distributor Agreement with Cal Microturbine due to the alleged violations by Cal Microturbine. In February 2025, Cal Microturbine filed an action in California state court seeking a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) to preclude the Company from terminating the Distributor Agreement. Due to ongoing settlement discussions and extensions of the termination date during those discussions, the court has refrained from scheduling a TRO hearing. The Company has not recorded a liability as of March 31, 2025, as a loss is neither probable nor estimable.

Spitzer v. Flexon, Jamison, Juric, Robinson, and Hencken

On October 13, 2023, a putative securities class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, captioned Spitzer v. Flexon, et al., Case No. 2:23-cv-08659, naming certain of the Company’s current and former directors and officers as defendants. The suit alleges various claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Rule 10b-5 based on allegedly false and misleading statements and allegedly inadequate disclosure regarding the Company’s business, operations and prospects and the circumstances leading up to the restatement of the Company’s quarterly and annual financial statements. The suit is purportedly brought on behalf of persons and entities that purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s securities between June 14, 2021, and September 22, 2023, and seeks to recover unspecified compensatory damages and other relief, including attorney’s fees. The Company is not a named respondent in this matter and has not engaged legal counsel.

The parties reached agreement on a settlement amount and on April 4, 2025, the parties filed an unopposed motion for the court to approve settlement and notice procedures. A preliminary hearing date was held on June 5, 2025, and a final settlement hearing date has been set for November 13, 2025. Expenses up to the $1.3 million insurance deductible amount have either been incurred or accrued.

Mark Estrada and Ricardo Montalvo, vs. Capstone Green Energy LLC and Erick Kim.

In August 2024, two filings were made by lawyers on behalf of current and former non-exempt Capstone employees against Capstone and one supervisory employee. Both filings allege various pay violations. The first action filed with the Superior Court of the State of California, requested that the Court certify the employees as a Class. Capstone has arbitration agreements in place with those current and former employees, agreements which include a class action waiver. Accordingly, Capstone moved that the Court compel arbitration, which Plaintiffs opposed. At a hearing in January 2025, the Court determined that the arbitration agreements were enforceable. Then in April 2025, the Court determined that the employees were not entitled to exemption from the enforcement of the arbitration agreements under the Federal Arbitration Act. The second filing was made with the Labor Development Workforce Agency. While Plaintiffs are positioned to pursue that claim privately under the Private Attorney General Act, they have not yet filed suit. The Company has not recorded a liability as of March 31, 2025, as a loss is neither probable nor estimable.

DV Energy, LLC vs Capstone Green Energy Holdings, Inc, Capstone Turbine Corporation, Capstone Green Energy Corporation, and Capstone Green Energy, LLC.

On August 26, 2024, DV Energy, LLC (“DV Energy”), a Capstone distributor in Russia, filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles to recover a $0.7 million parts deposit, along with interest and legal fees. Among other things, DV Energy alleges breach of contract associated with a product order that Capstone was unable to deliver due to the imposition of U.S. sanctions following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The Company disputes DV Energy’s claim. DV Energy is also an unsecured creditor in the Chapter 11 Cases of the Company’s predecessors but opted to file the complaint in the state court as well. The Bankruptcy Court placed pre-conditions on closure of the Chapter 11 Cases. In April 2025, the Company filed motions with the Bankruptcy Court to deposit funds with the Registry of the Court pending the outcome of the state court litigation and to close the Chapter 11 Cases. At a hearing on June 5, 2025, the Bankruptcy Court granted the Company’s motion to deposit funds with the Registry of the Court in the amount of $0.8 million as a security pending the outcome of the state court litigation. The Company is in the process of depositing funds with the Registry of the Court, and on June 13, 2025, the Bankruptcy Court issued its Final Decree and Order Closing Debtors’ Chapter 11 Cases and Terminating Services of Kroll Restructuring Administration LLC as Claims and Noticing Agent which amount other things, closed the Chapter 11 Cases for the Debtors with immediate effect. The value of the DV Energy deposit is recorded in the Company’s financial statements as a current liability as of March 31, 2025.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed under “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A (Risk Factors) in this Form 10-K. The following section is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information, including our financial statements and the notes thereto, which appears elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Recent Developments

Refer to Note 3— Chapter 11 Proceedings and Emergence in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of our voluntary filing under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, our emergence therefrom and our delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq. Refer to Note 12— Debt for details regarding our Exit Note Purchase Agreement and Note 14— Commitments and Contingencies for details regarding our Service Agreements and the Trademark Licensing Agreement.

Overview

We are the market leader in microturbine energy systems based on the number of microturbines sold annually and total installed base. Generally, power purchased from the electric utility grid is less costly than power produced by distributed generation technologies in simple cycle mode. Utilities may also charge fees to interconnect with their power grids. However, when considering and including the waste heat from our microturbine (CHP and CCHP) the economic benefit improves significantly. Further, our highly efficient, low emission, resilient technology can produce thermal energy at a lower carbon footprint. These benefits can be enhanced when fuel costs are low, where the costs of connecting to the grid may be high or impractical (such as remote power applications or new grid services need to be provided), where reliability and power quality are of critical importance, or in situations where peak shaving could be economically advantageous because of highly variable electricity prices. Our microturbines are an inverter-based technology and can be interconnected to other distributed energy resources to form “microgrids” (also called “distribution networks”) located within a specific geographic area and provide power to a group of buildings. Because our microturbines can provide a reliable source of power and can operate on multiple fuel sources, management believes they help solve the “Energy

Trilemma” of resiliency, sustainability and affordability. Management also believes our products and services offer a level of flexibility not currently offered by other technologies such as reciprocating engines. We are currently exploring energy conversion options for the smaller end of the power spectrum.

For Fiscal 2025, net revenue was $85.6 million compared to $91.2 million for Fiscal 2024, a 6% decrease from the prior year. Product and accessories revenue declined $8.9 million, or 18% primarily due to a decrease in sales resulting from distributor hesitancy post emergence from Chapter 11 and our reorganization. The decrease in product and accessories revenue was offset, in part, by an increase in rental revenue of $3.1 million, or 27%, due to higher utilization of our rental fleet compared to the prior year. Cost of goods sold totaled $62.3 million in Fiscal 2025 compared to $76.9 million in Fiscal 2024, a 19% decrease due to cost efficiencies, and decreased sales. Gross profit was $23.3 million in Fiscal 2025 compared to $14.3 million in Fiscal 2024, a 63% increase from the prior year, primarily due to higher margins on rental units, cost efficiencies, and improved margins on product and accessory sales.

During Fiscal 2025, we had net loss of $7.2 million and our basic and diluted net loss per share was $0.38, compared to a $7.4 million net income and $0.39 net income per share, in Fiscal 2024, a 197% decrease from the prior year. The $14.6 million decrease in net income (loss) was primarily due to the Fiscal 2024 gain on extinguishment of debt and reorganization items, net, of $32.5 million. Excluding the Fiscal 2024 gain on extinguishment of debt and reorganization items, net, net income improved by $17.9 million. Refer to Note 3— Chapter 11 Proceedings and Emergence in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our outstanding indebtedness and the post emergence financing.

In the energy efficiency market, we continue to expand our market presence in hotels, office buildings, hospitals, retail and industrial applications globally and it has become the leading market segment in Fiscal 2025, accounting for 51% of product revenue. The renewable energy market is fueled by landfill gas, biodiesel and biogas from sources such as food processing, agricultural waste and livestock manure. Our product sales in the oil and gas and other natural resources market is driven by our microturbines’ reliability, emissions profile and ease of installation. Given the volatility of the oil and gas market, our business strategy is to ensure diversification by also targeting projects within the energy efficiency and renewable energy markets.

We continue to focus on improving our products based on customer input, building brand awareness and new channels to market by developing a diversified network of strategic distribution partners. Our focus is on products and solutions that provide near-term opportunities to drive repeatable business rather than discrete projects for niche markets. In addition, management closely monitors operating expenses and strives to improve manufacturing efficiencies while simultaneously lowering direct material costs and increasing average selling prices. The key drivers to our success are higher average selling prices, lower direct material costs, positive new order flow, reduced cash usage and expansion of the Energy-as-a-Service (“EaaS”) business.

An overview of our direction, targets and key initiatives are as follows:

1. Our industry-leading, highly efficient, low-emission, resilient microturbine energy systems offer scalable solutions in addition to a broad range of customer-tailored solutions. We target specific market verticals for these products.

Focus on Vertical Markets. Within the distributed generation markets that we serve, we focus on vertical markets that we identify as having the greatest near-term potential. In our primary products and applications (energy efficiency, natural resources, renewable energy, critical power supply, microgrid and transportation products), we identify specific targeted vertical market segments. Within each of these segments, we identify what we believe to be the critical factors to success and base our plans on those factors. Given the volatility of the oil and gas market, we have refocused our business strategy to target projects within the energy efficiency market.

The following table summarizes our percentage or product revenues by vertical markets for which we had product revenues for the periods presented:

Energy Efficiency—CHP/CCHP

Energy efficiency refers to the proper utilization of both electrical and thermal energies in the power production process. In such applications, our microturbines can maximize the availability of usable energy to provide a significant economic advantage to customers while reducing their on-site emissions. Combined Heat and Power (“CHP”) and Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (“CCHP”) can improve site economics by capturing the waste heat created from a single combustion process to increase the efficiency of the total system, from approximately 30% to approximately 85% for hot water and chilled water to as much as 90% or more for certain steam and direct drying applications. Compared with more traditional, independent generation sources, the increase in operational efficiency also reduces greenhouse gas emissions through the displacement of other separate systems, which can also reduce operating costs and industrial waste.

Natural Resources—Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Shale Gas & Mining

Our microturbines are installed in the natural resource market for use in both onshore and offshore applications, including oil and gas exploration, production, and at compression and transmission sites as a highly efficient and reliable source of power. In some cases, these oil and gas or mining operations have no electric utility grid and rely solely on power generated on-site. There are numerous locations, on a global scale, where the drilling, production, compression and transportation of natural resources and other extraction and production processes create fuel byproducts, which are traditionally burned or released into the atmosphere. Our microturbines can turn these fuel byproducts, such as flare gas, or sour gas, into a useable fuel to provide prime power to these sites.

Renewable Energy

There is a growing transition to renewable energy sources and technologies on a global scale. Our microturbines run efficiently on renewable fuels such as methane and other biogases from landfills, wastewater treatment facilities and renewable natural gas. They also run efficiently on other small biogas applications like food processing plants, livestock farms and agricultural green waste operations. Microturbines can burn these renewable fuels with minimal emissions, thereby, in some cases, avoiding the imposition of penalties incurred for pollution while simultaneously producing electricity from this “free” renewable fuel source for use at the site or in the surrounding areas. Our microturbines have demonstrated effectiveness in these smaller applications and may outperform conventional combustion engines in some situations, including when the gas contains a high amount of sulfur, as the sulfur can contaminate combustion engines’ lube oil, leading to equipment breakdowns and higher lifecycle costs.

Microgrid

Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that act as a single controllable energy entity with respect to the grid. Distributed energy resources typically include other dual-mode microturbines, reciprocating engines, solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, fuel cells and battery storage. Microgrids can be connected to larger electricity grids; however, in the event of a widespread outage, the microgrid will disconnect from the main grid and continue to operate independently to maintain the electricity supply to the homes and businesses that are connected to the microgrid’s electricity network. Our microturbines can meet the needs of microgrid end users by lowering their overall cost to operate and by providing a versatile dispatchable technology that is fuel flexible and scalable enough to fit a wide variety of applications. We have seen continued development in the microgrid market segment.

Transportation

Our technology can also be used to support the Electric Vehicle (“EV”) market by providing power solutions to charge vehicles. Our products can fill a void in the EV market for vehicle charging capacity and convenience. Our customers have applied our products in EV applications for fleets and remote location charging stations. We are continuing to pursue global EV charging opportunities to fill the demand for power in this market segment.

Backlog

Net product orders were approximately $46.0 million and $20.1 million for Fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. Ending backlog was approximately $23.5 million at March 31, 2025 compared to $14.2 million at March 31, 2024. The book-to-bill ratio was 1.3:1 and 0.4:2 for Fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. Book-to-bill ratio is the ratio of new orders we received to units shipped and billed during a period.

The timing of the backlog is based on the requirement date indicated by our customers and part availability. However, based on historical experience, management expects that a significant portion of our backlog may not be shipped within the next 12 months. Additionally, the timing of shipments is subject to change based on several variables (including customer deposits, payments, availability of credit and customer delivery schedule changes), most of which are not within our control and can affect the timing of our revenue. As a result, management believes the book-to-bill ratio demonstrates the current demand for our products in the given period.

2. Sales and Distribution Channels. We seek out distributors that have business experience and capabilities to support our growth plans in our target markets. A significant portion of our revenue is derived from sales to distributors that resell our products to end users. We have a total of 53 distributors, Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”) and national accounts. In the United States and Canada, we currently have 8 distributors, OEMs and national accounts. Outside of the United States and Canada, we currently have 45 distributors, OEMs and national accounts. We continue to refine our distribution channels to address our specific targeted markets.

3. Service. As part of our EaaS business line, we provide services primarily through our global distribution network. Together with our global distribution network, we offer a comprehensive factory protection plan (“FPP”) for a fixed fee to perform regularly scheduled and unscheduled maintenance as needed. We provide factory and on-site training to certify all personnel that are allowed to perform service on our microturbines. FPPs are generally paid quarterly in advance.

4. Product Robustness and Life Cycle Maintenance Costs. We continue to invest in enhancements that relate to high performance and high reliability. An important element of our continued innovation and product strategy is to focus on the engineering of our product hardware and electronics to make them work together more effectively and deliver improved microturbine performance, reliability and low maintenance costs to our customers.

5. New Product Development. Our new product development strategy focuses on meeting the specific needs of our target vertical markets. Our C65, C200, C600, C800, and C1000S Series microturbines will continue to be our foundational product lines. Our research and development efforts are primarily directed at enhancing the features and capabilities of these existing products.

To bolster power resilience, we are developing Direct Current (“DC”) output power solutions utilizing our core microturbine technology. This advancement will broaden our applications, allowing our microturbine solutions to be deployed in markets such as EV charging without requiring synchronization with traditional high-voltage Alternating Current (“AC”) utility grids. This offering will also provide a bridge during the rigorous process of grid interconnect certification from nationally recognized test laboratories.

We are also collaborating with industry leaders to create autonomous power solutions. These solutions are designed to anticipate overload conditions and proactively supplement insufficient grid resources with readily available microturbine power. Additionally, we are accelerating the development of onboard remote monitoring systems that are designed to ensure reliable power service and asset telemetry through cloud-based features, significantly improving the user experience.

We are committed to advancing our hydrogen product line. In March 2022, we launched a commercially available hydrogen-based combined heat and power (CHP) product capable of operating safely on a 30% hydrogen / 70% natural gas mixture. Building on this progress, we are currently testing a 100% hydrogen gas combustion system through our research and development partnership with Argonne National Laboratory. Following the successful operation of the C65 model, we are now working towards qualifying a 100% hydrogen-fueled C200 engine.

6. Cost and Core Competencies. We believe that the core competencies of our products are our recuperator design air bearing technology, advanced combustion technology and sophisticated power electronics to form efficient and ultra-low emission electricity and cooling and heat production systems. Our core intellectual property is contained within our air bearing technology. We continue to review avenues for cost reduction by sourcing from the best value supply chain option. In order to utilize manufacturing facilities and technology more effectively, we are focused on continuous improvements in manufacturing processes. Additionally, considerable effort is being directed to manufacturing cost reduction through process improvement, product design, advanced manufacturing technology, supply management and logistics. Management expects to be able to lower our costs as product volumes increase.

Our manufacturing designs include the use of conventional technology, which has been proven in high-volume automotive and turbocharger production for many years. Many components used in the manufacture of our products are readily fabricated from commonly available raw materials or off-the-shelf items available from multiple supply sources; however, certain items are custom made to meet our specifications and require longer lead times. We believe that in most cases, adequate capacity exists at our suppliers and that alternative sources of supply are available or could be developed within a reasonable period of time; however, it may be more challenging to transition to another supplier from single source suppliers with long lead times. We regularly reassess the adequacy and abilities of our suppliers to meet our future needs.

We believe that effective execution in each of these key areas will be necessary to leverage our promising technology and early market leadership into achieving positive cash flow with growing market presence and improving financial performance.

We currently occupy warehouse and office space in Van Nuys, California with a production capacity of approximately 2,000 units per year, depending on product mix.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses and related disclosures of contingent liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including but not limited to those related to credit losses, inventories, warranty obligations, redeemable noncontrolling interest valuation and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates and assumptions which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (2) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. In addition, there are other items within our financial statements that require estimation but are not deemed critical as defined above. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our financial statements.

• Our inventories are valued at the lower of cost (determined on a first in first out basis) or net realizable value. We routinely evaluate the composition of our inventories and identify slow-moving, excess, obsolete or otherwise impaired inventories. Inventories identified as impaired are evaluated to determine if write-downs are required. Included in this assessment is a review for obsolescence as a result of engineering changes in our product. Future product enhancement and development may render certain inventories obsolete, resulting in additional write-downs of inventories. In addition, inventories are classified as current or long-term based on our sales forecast and, in part, based on our projected usage for warranty claims and service. A change in forecast could impact the classification of inventories.
• The process for estimating the ultimate collection of accounts receivable involves significant assumptions and judgments. The determination of the contractual life of accounts receivable, the aging of outstanding receivables, as well as the historical collections and write-offs, and future assumptions about the collectability are all integral parts of the estimation process related to reserves for expected credit losses and the establishment of contractual allowances. Accounts receivable are analyzed on a quarterly basis to assess the adequacy of reserves for expected credit losses. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are typically non-interest bearing. We maintain allowances for estimated credit losses resulting from this analysis. We evaluate all accounts aged over 60 days past payment terms. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates or if other conditions arise that result in an impairment of their ability or intention to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Refer to Note 2— Basis of Presentation, Significant Accounting Policies and Going Concern in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
• The Company accounts for noncontrolling interests in the consolidated Operating Subsidiary, which represent the equity interests held by a related party. Refer to Note 3— Chapter 11 Proceedings and Emergence for details on the formation of the Operating Subsidiary. The noncontrolling interests in the consolidated Operating Subsidiary are redeemable and are presented as temporary equity in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Refer to Note 10— Temporary Equity for details of the noncontrolling interests. The Company uses the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method to attribute the earnings of the consolidated Operating Subsidiary between the controlling and noncontrolling interests. Under the HLBV method, the amounts reported as noncontrolling interests in the consolidated Operating Subsidiary on the Consolidated Balance Sheets represent the amounts then noncontrolling interests would hypothetically receive at each balance sheet reporting date under the liquidation provisions of the governing agreements assuming the net assets of the consolidated Operating Subsidiary were liquidated at recorded amounts and

distributed between the controlling and noncontrolling interest in accordance with the governing documents. We separately remeasure and adjust the noncontrolling interest for changes in the redemption value as needed at the end of each period. We measure the maximum redemption value, which is based on our Common Stock value at period end. Refer to Note 10 – Temporary Equity for more information.

Results of Operations

Year Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended March 31, 2024

The following table summarizes our revenue by geographic markets (in millions):

Revenue. Revenue for Fiscal 2025 decreased $5.6 million, or 6%, to $85.6 million from $91.2 million for Fiscal 2024. The change in revenue for Fiscal 2025 compared to Fiscal 2024 included a decrease in revenue of $7.0 million from the European markets. The overall decrease in revenue was offset, in part, by increases in revenue of $0.6 million from the United States and Canadian markets, $0.3 million from the Middle East and African markets, $0.3 million from the Latin American markets, and $0.2 million from the Asia and Australia markets. The decrease in Europe was primarily due to continued instability and higher natural gas costs resulting in a decrease in product deliveries in Fiscal 2025 compared to Fiscal 2024. The increases in the United States and Canada, Latin America and Asia and Australia were primarily attributable to an increase in our EaaS long-term rental services during Fiscal 2025.

The following table summarizes our revenue (revenue amounts in millions):

For Fiscal 2025, revenue from microturbine products and accessories decreased $8.9 million, or 18%, to $40.2 million from $49.1 million for Fiscal 2024. The $8.9 million decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in megawatts shipped during Fiscal 2025 compared to the same period last year, due to a decrease in sales due to emergence from Chapter 11 and our reorganization. Megawatts shipped were 26.7 megawatts and 40.5 megawatts during Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, respectively. Average revenue per megawatt shipped was approximately $1.4 million and $1.2 million during Fiscal 2025 and Fiscal 2024, respectively, primarily due to the effect of previously announced product price increases and sale of rental units. The timing of shipments is variable and based on several factors (including customer deposits, payments, availability of credit and delivery schedule changes), most of which are not within our control and can affect the timing of revenue recognition.

Parts and service revenue, which are part of our EaaS business line and includes revenue from our parts shipments, FPP contracts, and other service revenue, for Fiscal 2025 was consistent year over year, with an increase $0.2 million, or 1%, to $30.9 million from $30.7 million for Fiscal 2024.

Rentals revenue for Fiscal 2025 increased $3.1 million, or 27%, to $14.5 million from $11.4 million for Fiscal 2024. This increase was driven by a 4% increase in rental utilization and increased rental prices.

Sales to E-Finity Distributed Generation (“E-Finity”), Lone Star Power Solutions (“Lone Star”), Horizon Power Systems (“Horizon”) accounted for 13%, 12% and 11%, respectively, of our revenue for Fiscal 2025. Sales to Cal Microturbine and E-Finity accounted for 16% and 13%, respectively, of our revenue for Fiscal 2024.

Gross Profit. Cost of goods sold includes direct material costs, production and service center labor and overhead, inventory charges and provision for estimated product warranty expenses. Gross profit was approximately $23.3 million, or 27% of revenue, for Fiscal 2025, compared to gross profit of $14.3 million, or 16% of revenue, for Fiscal 2024. The increase of $9.0 million during Fiscal 2025 compared to Fiscal 2024 was primarily the result of an increase in rental revenue margins, increase in service revenue margins and increase in product pricing. During Fiscal 2025 we realized price increases announced in the prior year and started to implement cost-out initiatives, which includes negotiating better pricing with vendors and vendor selection.

The following table summarizes our gross profit (in millions except percentages):

The improvement of $3.2 million in product and accessories gross profit during Fiscal 2025 compared to Fiscal 2024 was primarily due to higher product pricing, improved cost efficiencies and product mix in Fiscal 2025.

Product and accessories gross margin as a percentage of product and accessories revenue improved to 2% during Fiscal 2025 from negative 4% during Fiscal 2024, primarily due to higher margin product revenue in Fiscal 2025. Parts and service gross margin as a percentage of parts and service revenue increased to 56% for Fiscal 2025 compared to 47% for Fiscal 2024 primarily due to increased parts sales within the US market, service agreement pricing and overhead costs absorption in Fiscal 2025. Rentals gross margin as a percentage of rentals revenue increased to 35% for Fiscal 2025 compared to 19% for Fiscal 2024 primarily due to increased rental pricing and timing of maintenance costs in Fiscal 2025.

Research and Development (“R&D”) Expenses. R&D expenses for Fiscal 2025 and 2024 were $2.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and was 3% of revenue in Fiscal 2025.

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses. SG&A expenses for Fiscal 2025 decreased $6.0 million to $26.2 million from $32.2 million for Fiscal 2024, and was 31% of revenue in Fiscal 2025. The net decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily a result of decreases of approximately $4.1 million in legal fees, $1.6 million in stock-based compensation expense, $1.3 million in decreased event sponsorship and one-time contract settlement, and $0.5 million other, partially offset by an increase of $1.5 million of bonus expense.

Other Income. Other income for Fiscal 2025 increased to $2.3 million from $0.7 million in Fiscal 2024. The increase in other income was primarily due to a full year of CDSSC service fees.

Interest Income. Interest income for Fiscal 2025 increased to $0.2 million from $0.1 million in Fiscal 2024. The increase in interest income was primarily due to interest income from a sales-type lease in Fiscal 2025.

Interest Expense. Interest expense for Fiscal 2025 decreased to $3.9 million from $5.5 million in Fiscal 2024. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to a lower average debt balance during Fiscal 2025 due to the Fiscal 2024 restructuring. See Liquidity and Capital Resources below for additional discussion on our interest expense.

Income Tax Provision. Income tax expense increased from $14,000 during Fiscal 2024 to $175,000 during Fiscal 2025. Income tax expense incurred was related to state taxes. The effective income tax rate of (2.5%) differs from the federal and state blended rate primarily as a result of maintaining a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets.

At March 31, 2025, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $5.7 million and $3.8 million, respectively, which may be utilized to reduce future taxable income, subject to any limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. We provided a valuation allowance for 100% of our net deferred tax asset of $2.3 million at March 31, 2025 as the realization of the benefits of these favorable tax attributes in future income tax returns is not deemed more likely than not. Similarly, at March 31, 2024, the net deferred tax asset had a 100% valuation allowance.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

Our cash requirements depend on many factors, including the execution of our business strategy and plan. Our cash balance increased $6.6 million during Fiscal 2025, compared to a decrease of $10.8 million during Fiscal 2024. The increase in cash during Fiscal 2025 was primarily due to cash generated by operating activities, partially offset by cash used in investing and financing activities.

Operating Activities During Fiscal 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was $7.7 million, consisting of net loss for the period of $7.2 million, offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.9 million and non-cash adjustments (primarily representing depreciation and amortization, non-cash lease expense, and paid-in-kind interest expense) of $13.0 million.

During Fiscal 2024, net cash used by operating activities was $27.7 million, consisting of a net income for the period of $7.4 million less changes in operating assets and liabilities of $12.5 million, further reduced by non-cash adjustments (primarily representing non-cash reorganization items, net, depreciation and amortization, non-cash lease expense, stock-based compensation expense and paid-in-kind interest expense) of $22.5 million.

The increase in net cash provided in operating activities during Fiscal 2025, compared to Fiscal 2024 was primarily driven by the Fiscal 2024 $35.3 million non-cash reorganization items, net, which included our gain on debt extinguishment.

The following is a summary of the significant sources (uses) of cash from operating activities (in millions):

(1) Primarily represents non-cash reorganization items, net (in Fiscal 2024), depreciation and amortization, non-cash lease expense, stock-based compensation expense and paid-in-kind interest expense.

The $1.5 million increase in use of cash in accounts receivable resulted from the timing of sales in the last quarter of Fiscal 2025, compared to Fiscal 2024. The $7.7 million decrease in use of cash in inventory compared to Fiscal 2024 was primarily the result of higher shipments of units in Fiscal 2024 and the focused management of raw material levels during Fiscal 2025. The $1.3 million increase in use of cash for lease receivable is due to a sales-type lease contract in Fiscal 2025 in connection with a product sale. The $11.4 million increase of cash provided by accounts payable resulted from the payment of past due accounts in Fiscal 2024 and $3.9 million increase in the use of cash by accrued expenses was primarily due to payments to vendors net of increased accruals related to restructuring during Fiscal 2024, compared to Fiscal 2025. The $1.2 million increase cash used from prepaid and other assets is primarily the result of usage of prepaid inventory during Fiscal 2025. The $16.9 million change in other operating assets and liabilities during Fiscal 2025, compared to Fiscal 2024, was primarily driven by the decrease in deferred revenue of $14.4 million primarily driven by increases of shipments in Fiscal 2024 compared to Fiscal 2025, lowering attributable customer deposits, decrease in DSS program deferred revenue and a $2.6 million decrease in FPP liability due to fulfillment of open claims.

Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities was $0.9 million and $4.7 million during Fiscal 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to fewer additions to our rental fleet during Fiscal 2025.

Financing Activities During Fiscal 2025, we used approximately $0.2 million in cash from financing activities compared to cash generated during Fiscal 2024 of approximately $21.6 million. The funds generated from financing activities during Fiscal 2024 were primarily the result of $12.0 million of funding under the DIP facility, $7.0 million of funding under the Exit Facility, net of issuance fees of $0.2 million and $3.0 million received from the issuance of additional pre-petition senior secured notes under the A&R Note Purchase Agreement (defined below), offset by $0.2 million cash used for finance lease payments. Refer to Note 3— Chapter 11 Proceedings and Emergence in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Note 12— Debt for further discussion of the outstanding debt and post emergence financing.

Debt Refer to Note 12— Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to our notes.

Lease Commitments Refer to Note 13— Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to our leases.

Going Concern In connection with preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, management evaluated whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raised substantial doubt about our ability to meet our obligations as they became due for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of our Fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements. As of March 31, 2025, we had cash of $8.7 million and a working capital deficit of $16.5 million. We incurred a loss from operations of $5.6 million and generated cash from operating activities of $7.7 million during Fiscal 2025. The principal and accrued interest on the Exit New Money Note are due and payable on December 7, 2025.

Management evaluated these conditions in relation to our ability to meet our obligations as they become due. Our ability to continue current operations and to execute on management’s plan is dependent on our ability to generate cash flows.

On September 28, 2023, we filed for a prepackaged financial restructuring with our Senior Lender, Goldman Sachs under the U.S. Chapter 11 Bankruptcy laws. We emerged from Bankruptcy on December 7, 2023, and effected a financial and organizational restructuring. Refer to Note 3— Chapter 11 Proceedings and Emergence in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

In spite of these efforts and given our current cash position, limits to accessing capital and debt funding options, and the obligation for the payment of the Exit New Money Note, there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern and our ability to meet our financial obligations as they become due over the next twelve months from the date of issuance of our financial statements as of, and for the period ended March 31, 2025.

Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Refer to Note 2— Basis of Presentation, Significant Accounting Policies and Going Concern in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding new accounting standards.

As a “smaller reporting company,” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide information required by this Item.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.

In connection with the preparation of this Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in and pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of March 31, 2025, due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.

Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position and consolidated results from operations and cash flows for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, and our financial condition as of each such date and have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our CEO and CFO and effected by our Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that:

• Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;
• Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and
• Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2025 because of the material weakness described below.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual and interim financial statements will not be detected or prevented on a timely basis. The following material weakness was identified:

• We did not design and maintain effective controls over financial reporting related to the proper accounting, presentation and disclosure for FPP service contracts, including controls relating to the relevant information technology systems used in this process.

Management’s Remediation Plan

Management, with the direction and oversight of the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors, is engaged in remediation actions to address the material weakness described above. The Company’s remediation actions include, but are not limited to the following:

• Management has reviewed and refined the Company’s current accounting memorandums related to FPP service contracts to address the proper financial reporting considerations. Additionally, management is enhancing the design of and implementing controls over financial reporting for FPP service contracts, including controls over the Information Technology systems specifically used in Company’s process for receiving notice of FPP claims.

We believe these measures will remediate the material weakness, but management is assessing the need for any additional steps to remediate the underlying causes that gave rise to this weakness. The material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. There is no assurance that additional remediation steps will not be necessary.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Throughout the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company undertook remediation measures related to certain previously reported material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. We completed these remediation measures in the quarter ended March 31, 2025, including testing of the design and operating effectiveness of the related controls.

Specifically, we undertook the following remediation measures:

• We reinforced the Company’s tone at the top through employee meetings, CEO letters, management training and enhanced communication of the Company’s values and expected business conduct to Company personnel directly from senior leadership;
• We enhanced our quarterly disclosure committee meetings to require additional communication of business activities to the appropriate finance and accounting personnel and to our Board and Audit Committee as required;
• We hired additional accounting and compliance personnel as necessary to maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements;
• We implemented a process to periodically review and update accounting policies; and
• We reviewed and refined our accounting memorandums related to product, parts, and accessories sales to address the proper financial reporting considerations. Additionally, we enhanced the design of and implemented controls over financial reporting for systems, products, parts, and accessories sales subject to bill and hold arrangements with customers.

As a result, we have concluded that the previously reported material weaknesses related to the above items have been remediated. However, the completion of remediation procedures for these material weaknesses does not provide assurance that our modified controls will continue to operate properly or that our financial statements will be free from error. We continue to undertake remediation measures related to the remaining material weakness disclosed in the Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting section above.

Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the most recent fiscal quarter that were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13d-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent limitations of the Effectiveness of Internal Control

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the internal control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations of any internal control system, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected.