Fuelcell Energy Inc: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jul 31, 2018

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (including exhibits and any information incorporated by reference herein) contains both historical and forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The statements contained in this report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions and strategies for the future. When used in this report, the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “predicts,” “should,” “will”, “could”, “would”, “may”, “forecast”, and similar expressions and variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements relate to, among other things, the following: (i) the development and commercialization by FuelCell Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“FuelCell Energy”, “Company”, “we”, “us”, and “our”) of fuel cell technology and products and the market for such products; (ii) expected operating results such as revenue growth and earnings; (iii) our belief that we have sufficient liquidity to fund our business operations for the next 12 months; (iv) future funding under Advanced Technologies contracts; (v) future financing for projects including publicly issued bonds, equity and debt investments by investors and commercial bank financing; (vi) the expected cost competitiveness of our technology; and (vii) our ability to achieve our sales plans and cost reduction targets.

The forward-looking statements contained in this report are subject to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those forward-looking statements, including the risks contained in the section entitled “Part II - Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this report and the following: general risks associated with product development and manufacturing; general economic conditions; changes in the utility regulatory environment; changes in the utility industry and the markets for distributed generation, distributed hydrogen, and carbon capture configured fuel cell power plants for coal and gas-fired central generation; potential volatility of energy prices; availability of government subsidies and economic incentives for alternative energy technologies; rapid technological change; competition; market acceptance of our products; changes in accounting policies or practices adopted voluntarily or as required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States; factors affecting our liquidity position and financial condition; government appropriations; the ability of the government to terminate its development contracts at any time; the ability of the government to exercise “march-in” rights with respect to certain of our patents; our changing relationship with POSCO Energy, which may affect our ability to develop the market in Asia and deploy SureSource power plants; our ability to implement our strategy; our ability to reduce our levelized cost of energy and cost reduction strategy generally; our ability to protect our intellectual property; the risk that commercialization of our products will not occur when anticipated; our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations; our ability to service our long-term debt; our ability to increase the output and longevity of our power plants; and our ability to expand our customer base and maintain relationships with our largest customers and strategic business allies.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet any of our development or commercialization schedules; any of our new products or technology, once developed, will be commercially successful; our existing SureSource power plants will remain commercially successful; the government will appropriate the funds anticipated by us under our government contracts; the government will not exercise its right to terminate any or all of our government contracts; or we will be able to achieve any other result anticipated in any other forward-looking statement contained herein.

Investors are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our ability to control, and that actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors discussed herein.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is provided as a supplement to the accompanying financial statements and footnotes to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition and results of operations. The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, contract loss accruals, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets), income taxes and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results in future periods may differ from those estimates. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with information included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017 filed with the SEC. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Company”, “FuelCell Energy”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to FuelCell Energy, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All tabular dollar amounts are in thousands.

OVERVIEW

FuelCell Energy delivers efficient, affordable and clean solutions for the supply, recovery and storage of energy. We design, manufacture, undertake project development of, install, operate and maintain megawatt-scale fuel cell systems, serving utilities and industrial and large municipal power users with solutions that include both utility-scale and on-site power generation, carbon capture, local hydrogen production for transportation and industrial users, and long duration energy storage. Our plants are operating in more than 50 locations on three continents and have generated more than 8.0 million megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity.

We provide comprehensive turn-key power generation solutions to our customers, including installation of the power plants as well as operating and maintaining the plants under multi-year service agreements. We target large-scale power users with our megawatt-class installations. As a reference, one megawatt is adequate to continually power approximately 1,000 average sized U.S. homes. Our customer base includes utility companies, municipalities, universities, government entities and businesses in a variety of industrial and commercial enterprises. Our leading geographic markets are South Korea and the United States, and we are pursuing expanding opportunities in other countries in Asia and Europe.

Our value proposition is to enable economic value with clean and affordable fuel cell power plants that supply power where consumed. Our solutions are easy-to-site in populated areas as they are clean, operate quietly and without vibrations, and have only modest space requirements. Fuel cells use an electrochemical process to convert a fuel source into electricity and heat in a highly efficient process that emits virtually no pollutants as the fuel is not burned, generating power that is almost wholly absent of criteria pollutants such as nitrogen oxides that cause smog, sulfur oxides that contribute to acid rain, and particulate matter that can aggravate asthma. Locating power generation near the point of use reduces reliance on the transmission grid, leading to enhanced energy security and power reliability. Utilities can minimize or even avoid the cost of transmission or other infrastructure by adopting distributed generation, which saves their customers the cost of installing and maintaining transmission and also avoids the losses associated with transmitting electricity over great distances. Our power plants provide electricity priced competitively to grid-delivered electricity in certain high cost regions and our strategy is to continue to reduce costs, which we believe will lead to wider adoption.

Our products can also be configured for recovery and storage applications. We are developing Advanced Technologies which leverage our commercial platform and expertise. Our SureSource power plants utilize carbonate fuel cell technology, which is a very versatile type of fuel cell technology. Utilizing our core SureSource plants, we have developed and are commercializing both a tri-generation distributed hydrogen configuration that generates electricity, heat and hydrogen for industrial or transportation uses, and a carbon capture application for coal or gas-fired power plants. We also are developing and working to commercialize solid oxide fuel cells for adjacent sub-megawatt applications to the markets for our megawatt-class SureSource power plants as well as for energy storage applications. These applications are complementary to our core products, leverage our existing customer base, project development, sales and service expertise, and are large markets.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management evaluates the results of operations and cash flows using a variety of key performance indicators, including revenues compared to prior periods and internal forecasts, costs of our products and results of our cost reduction initiatives, and operating cash use. These are discussed throughout the “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” sections. Results of Operations are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).

Comparison of Three Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017

Revenues and Costs of revenues

Our revenues and cost of revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

25

Total revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 of $12.1 million reflects an increase of $1.8 million from $10.4 million for the same period in the prior year. Total cost of revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 increased by $1.2 million to $14.2 million from $13.0 million during the same period in the prior year. A discussion of the changes in product revenues, service and license revenues, generation revenues and Advanced Technologies contract revenues follows.

Product revenues

Our product revenues, cost of product revenues and gross loss for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Product revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 represents revenue related to engineering and construction services. This is compared to product revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2017, which included $0.05 million of power plant revenue and $0.6 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services.

Cost of product revenues decreased $0.2 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 to $4.1 million, compared to $4.3 million in the same period in the prior year. Overall gross loss from product revenues was $2.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to gross loss of $3.7 million in the comparable prior year period. Both periods were impacted by the under-absorption of fixed overhead costs due to low production volumes. Manufacturing variances, primarily related to low production volumes, totaled approximately $3.0 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to approximately $3.4 million for the three months ended July 31, 2017. For the three months ended July 31, 2018, the Company operated at an annualized production rate of approximately 25 MW. This is compared to the annual production rate of 13 MW in the same period in the prior year. Given the current level of backlog and awards, during the three months ended July 31, 2018, the Company began a production rate increase with the goal of reaching an annualized run-rate of 55 MW by April 2019.

Service and license revenues

Service and license revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 from service agreements and license fee and royalty agreements increased $0.7 million to $5.5 million from $4.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2017. Service agreement revenue increased from the three months ended July 31, 2017 primarily due to higher revenue from module replacements during the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to the same period in the prior year. Quarterly revenue recognition for service agreements is variable. For service agreements where we expect to have a module exchange during the term (generally service agreements in excess of five years), the costs of performance are not expected to be incurred on a straight-line basis, and therefore, a portion of the initial contract value related to the module exchange(s) is deferred and is recognized upon such module replacement event(s). Revenue from license, royalty and material management fees remain unchanged at $0.6 million for each of the three month periods ended July 31, 2018 and 2017.

Cost of service and license revenues increased $1.5 million to $6.0 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 from $4.5 million for the three months ended July 31, 2017. Service margins in the quarter were impacted by $1.2 million of costs related to the termination of a legacy sub MW service agreement in the quarter. Cost of service agreements includes maintenance and operating costs, module exchanges, and performance guarantees.

Overall gross loss from service and license revenues was $0.4 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018. The overall gross margin loss percentage was 8.1 percent for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to a gross margin of 7.4 percent in the prior year period. Service margins were negatively impacted by the costs incurred associated with a contract termination during the three months ended July 31, 2018.

Service revenue and cost from module exchanges is recognized at the time of the module exchange activity whereas the remaining portion of service revenue from service agreements is recognized ratably over the life of the service contract. As a result, quarterly revenue and gross profit related to module exchanges can fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Additional power plant installations would lead to growth in service revenue.

Generation revenues

Generation revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 from generation totaled $1.7 million which remains unchanged from revenue recognized for the three months ended July 31, 2017. Generation revenues for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 reflects revenue from electricity generated from the Company’s PPAs. Cost of generation revenues totaled $1.4 million in the three months ended July 31, 2018, compared to $1.5 million for the comparable prior year period. Cost of generation revenues included depreciation of approximately $1.1 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and July 31, 2017. The Company had 11.2 MW of operating power plants in its portfolio for both periods presented.

Advanced Technologies contract revenues

Advanced Technologies contract revenues and related costs for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Advanced Technologies contract revenue for the three months ended July 31, 2018 was $3.5 million, which reflects an increase of $0.3 million when compared to $3.2 million of revenue for the three months ended July 31, 2017. Advanced Technologies contract revenue was higher for the three months ended July 31, 2018 primarily due to the timing of project activity under existing contracts. Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues decreased $0.1 million to $2.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018, compared to $2.8 million for the same period in the prior year. Advanced Technologies contracts for the three months ended July 31, 2018 generated a gross profit of $0.8 million compared to a gross profit of $0.5 million for the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase in Advanced Technologies contract gross margin is related to the timing and mix of contracts being performed during the three months ended July 31, 2018.

Administrative and selling expenses

Administrative and selling expenses were $6.1 million and $6.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decrease from the prior year period relates to the timing of professional related expenditures due to business activities in the three months ended July 31, 2018.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased to $6.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to $5.4 million during the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase related to increased development efforts with respect to new products.

Loss from operations

Loss from operations for the three months ended July 31, 2018 was $14.5 million compared to $14.3 million for the three months ended July 31, 2017. The increase in the loss from operations was primarily a result of higher research and development expenses offset by a lower gross loss realized for the three months ended July 31, 2018.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 was $2.4 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Interest expense for both periods presented includes interest on the loan and security agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc. (“Hercules”), interest expense related to sale-leaseback transactions and interest for the amortization of the redeemable preferred stock of subsidiary fair value discount.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net, was income of $1.0 million for the three months ended July 31, 2018 compared to expense of $0.4 million for the same period in 2017. The income (expense) for both periods presented includes foreign exchange gains (losses) related to the remeasurement of the Canadian Dollar denominated preferred stock obligation of our U.S. Dollar functional currency Canadian subsidiary and income from refundable research and development tax credits.

(Provision) benefit for income taxes, net

We have not paid federal or state income taxes in several years due to our history of net operating losses, although we have paid foreign income and withholding taxes in South Korea. There was minimal income taxes recorded for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017. We manufacture products that are gross margin profitable on a per unit basis; however, we cannot estimate when production volumes will be sufficient to generate taxable domestic income. Accordingly, no additional tax benefit has been recognized for NOLs or other deferred tax assets as significant uncertainty exists surrounding the recoverability of these deferred tax assets.

Series C preferred stock deemed dividends

Installment conversions of the Series C Preferred Shares in which the conversion price was below the fixed initial conversion price of $1.84 per share resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares. Installment conversions during the three months ended July 31, 2018 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $0.9 million. There were no deemed dividends recorded for the three month period ended July 31, 2017 since the Series C Preferred Shares were not issued until September 2017. The deemed dividend represents the difference between the fair value of the common shares issued to settle the installment amounts and the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Shares.

Series B preferred stock dividends

Dividends recorded on the Series B Preferred Stock were $0.8 million for the three month periods ended July 31, 2018 and 2017.

Net loss attributable to common stockholders and loss per common share

Net loss attributable to common stockholders represents the net loss for the period less the preferred stock deemed dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock and the preferred stock dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock. For the three month periods ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, net loss attributable to common stockholders was $17.6 million and $17.8 million, respectively, and loss per common share was $0.20 and $0.31, respectively.

Comparison of Nine Months Ended July 31, 2018 and 2017

Revenues and Costs of revenues

Our revenues and cost of revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Total revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 of $71.6 million reflects an increase of $23.8 million from $47.8 million for the same period in the prior year. Total cost of revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 increased by $21.4 million to $69.6 million from $48.2 million during the same period in the prior year. A discussion of the changes in product revenues, service and license revenues, generation revenues and Advanced Technologies contract revenues follows.

Product revenues

Our product revenues, cost of product revenues and gross profit (loss) for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Product revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 included $39.9 million of power plant revenue and $3.2 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services. This is compared to product revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2017, which included $1.3 million of power plant revenue and $1.9 million of revenue related to engineering and construction services.

The increase in product revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 when compared to the prior year period was due to the 20 MW order from Hanyang Industrial Development Co., Ltd (“HYD”), pursuant to which we provided equipment to HYD for a fuel cell project with Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd. (“KOSPO”). Shipments began in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017 and were completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2018. The Company completed commissioning the plant in the third quarter of fiscal 2018. The Company also completed the sale of the City of Tulare SureSource 3000 power plant to NRG Yield during the second quarter of fiscal year 2018.

Cost of product revenues increased $32.7 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 to $44.2 million, compared to $11.5 million in the same period in the prior year. Overall gross loss from product revenues was $1.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 compared to gross loss of $8.4 million in the prior year comparable period. Gross loss decreased from the prior year period due to the favorable margins realized for the HYD contract and the sale of the City of Tulare SureSource 3000 power plant. Both periods were impacted by the under-absorption of fixed overhead costs due to low production volumes. For the nine months ended July 31, 2018, the Company operated at an annualized production rate of approximately 25 MW. This is compared to the annual production rate of 23.4 MW in the same period in the prior year. Given the current level of backlog and awards, during the three months ended July 31, 2018, the Company began a production rate increase with the goal of reaching an annualized run-rate of 55 MW by April 2019.

Service and license revenues

Service and license revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 from service agreements and license fee and royalty agreements decreased $11.5 million to $12.9 million from $24.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. Service agreement revenue decreased from the nine months ended July 31, 2017 primarily due to lower revenue from module replacements in the nine months ended July 31, 2018 as compared to the same period in the prior year. Revenue from license, royalty and material management fees decreased to $1.7 million for the nine month period ended July 31, 2018 from $2.1 million for the prior year period due to lower royalties recognized. The Company’s license and royalty agreements with POSCO Energy included a minimum royalty which expired in December 2016.

Cost of service and license revenues decreased $10.9 million to $11.9 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 from $22.9 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. Cost of service agreements includes maintenance and operating costs, module exchanges, and performance guarantees. The decrease over the prior year period relates to lower expenses associated with module replacements and lower operating costs in the nine months ended July 31, 2018.

Overall gross profit from service and license revenues was $0.9 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018. The overall gross margin percentage of 7.2 percent for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 compared to 6.0 percent in the prior year period. Service margins were positively impacted by lower maintenance costs during the nine months ended July 31, 2018.

Generation revenues

Generation revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 from generation totaled $5.3 million, compared to $5.4 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. Generation revenues for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 reflects revenue from electricity generated from the Company’s PPAs. Cost of generation revenues totaled $5.0 million in the nine months ended July 31, 2018, compared to $3.9 million for the comparable prior year period. The decrease in gross profit from generation revenues was primarily a result of the $0.5 million impairment of a 1.4 MW project in development that was terminated in the period and higher maintenance activities at certain installations that occurred in the first half of 2018. Cost of generation revenues included depreciation of approximately $3.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and July 31, 2017. The Company had 11.2 MW of operating power plants in its portfolio for both periods presented.

Advanced Technologies contract revenues

Advanced Technologies contract revenues and related costs for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

30

Advanced Technologies contract revenue for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 was $10.3 million, which reflects a decrease of $4.6 million when compared to $14.9 million of revenue for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. Advanced Technologies contract revenue was lower for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 primarily due to the timing of project activity under existing contracts. Cost of Advanced Technologies contract revenues decreased $1.4 million to $8.5 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018, compared to $9.9 million for the same period in the prior year. Advanced Technologies contracts for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 generated a gross profit of $1.8 million compared to a gross profit of $5.0 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. The decrease in Advanced Technologies contract gross margin is related to the timing and mix of contracts being performed during the nine months ended July 31, 2018, particularly a lower proportion related to private industry contracts.

Administrative and selling expenses

Administrative and selling expenses were $19.3 million and $18.8 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase from the prior year period relates to higher professional related expenditures and business development activities in the nine months ended July 31, 2018.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $15.4 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 compared to $16.2 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2017. The decrease from the prior year period is primarily due to timing of research and development activities related to new products.

Restructuring expense

Restructuring expense of $1.4 million was recorded for the nine months ended July 31, 2017, relating to personnel separation costs from the business restructuring that was undertaken to reduce costs and align production levels with business needs. There were no restructuring activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2018.

Loss from operations

Loss from operations for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 was $32.8 million compared to $36.8 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. The decrease in the loss from operations was primarily a result of the increased gross profit realized for the nine months ended July 31, 2018, lower operating expenses relating to decreased research and development expenses and the lack of restructuring expense. This was partially offset by an increase in administrative and selling expenses during the nine months ended July 31, 2018.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 was $6.6 million and $6.9 million, respectively. Interest expense for both periods presented includes interest on the loan and security agreement with Hercules, interest expense related to sale-leaseback transactions and interest for the amortization of the redeemable preferred stock of subsidiary fair value discount.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net, was income of $3.1 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 compared to expense of $0.3 million for the same period in 2017. The income (expense) for both periods presented includes foreign exchange gains (losses) related to the remeasurement of the Canadian Dollar denominated preferred stock obligation of our U.S. Dollar functional currency Canadian subsidiary. For the nine months ended July 31, 2018, a foreign exchange gain was realized on payments and unbilled receivable balances denominated in South Korean Won for the HYD contract. Both periods also included income from refundable research and development tax credits.

Benefit (provision) for income taxes

We have not paid federal or state income taxes in several years due to our history of net operating losses, although we have paid foreign income and withholding taxes in South Korea. The Company recorded an income tax benefit totaling $3.0 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 compared to income tax expense of $0.04 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2017. The income tax benefit for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 primarily related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) that was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 34% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, which resulted in a deferred tax benefit of $1.0 million primarily related to a reduction of the Company’s deferred tax liability for in process research and development (“IPR&D”). The Act also established an unlimited carryforward period for the NOL the Company anticipates generating in fiscal year 2018. This provision of the Act resulted in a reduction of the valuation allowance attributable to deferred tax assets at the enactment date by $2.0 million based on the indefinite life of the resulting NOL as well as the deferred tax liability for IPR&D.

Series C preferred stock deemed dividends

Installment conversions in which the conversion price was below the fixed initial conversion price of $1.84 per share resulted in a variable number of shares being issued to settle the installment amount and were treated as a partial redemption of the Series C Preferred Shares. Installment conversions during the nine months ended July 31, 2018 that were settled in a variable number of shares and treated as redemptions resulted in deemed dividends of $8.6 million. There were no deemed dividends recorded for the nine month period ended July 31, 2017 since the Series C Preferred Shares were not issued until September 2017. The deemed dividend represents the difference between the fair value of the common shares issued to settle the installment amounts and the carrying value of the Series C Preferred Shares.

Series B preferred stock dividends

Dividends recorded on the Series B Preferred Stock were $2.4 million for the nine month periods ended July 31, 2018 and 2017.

Net loss attributable to common stockholders and loss per common share

Net loss attributable to common stockholders represents the net loss for the period less the preferred stock deemed dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock and the preferred stock dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock. For the nine month periods ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, net loss attributable to common stockholders was $44.2 million and $46.3 million, respectively, and loss per common share was $0.56 and $1.01, respectively.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of July 31, 2018, we believe that our cash, cash equivalents on hand, cash flows from operating activities, availability under our loan facilities and access to the capital markets will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next twelve months.

We intend to maintain appropriate cash and debt levels based upon our expected cash requirements for operations, capital expenditures, construction of project assets and principal, interest and dividend payments. In the future, we may also engage in additional debt or equity financings, including project specific debt financings. We believe that, when necessary, we will have adequate access to the capital markets, although the timing and size of any financing will depend on multiple factors, including market conditions, future order flow and the need to adjust production capacity. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital at the times required or in the amounts required for the implementation of our business plan and strategy. In addition, our capital-intensive business model of building generation assets increases the risk that we will be unable to successfully implement our plans, particularly if we do not raise additional capital in the amounts required. If we are unable to raise additional capital at the times or in the amounts required, our growth potential may be adversely affected and we may have to modify our plans.

Cash and cash equivalents including restricted cash totaled $87.3 million as of July 31, 2018 compared to $87.4 million as of October 31, 2017. As of July 31, 2018:

• Unrestricted cash and cash equivalents was $48.7 million compared to $49.3 million as of October 31, 2017.
• Restricted cash and cash equivalents was $38.6 million, of which $5.3 million was classified as current and $33.3 million was classified as non-current, compared to $38.1 million of total restricted cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2017, of which $4.6 million was classified as current and $33.5 million was classified as non-current.

During fiscal year 2017, the Company completed an equity capital raise, which included the issuance of warrants. If all remaining warrants related to this equity offering are exercised in periods subsequent to July 31, 2018, the Company could receive additional cash proceeds of up to $18.5 million.

In addition to the cash and cash equivalents described above, the Company has $40.0 million of availability under its project finance loan agreement with NRG through FuelCell Finance, which can be used for project asset construction. Draws under the facility are subject to traditional project finance conditions precedent, including the existence of a PPA with the end-user of the power and customary project documentation, economic performance and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Projects must be located in the United States. There were no drawdowns or outstanding balances under the NRG loan agreement as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017.

The NRG facility expires on July 31, 2019, therefore, any draws under the facility would be considered short-term debt.

In addition, we have an effective shelf registration statement on file with the SEC for issuance of equity and debt securities.

On June 13, 2018, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with B. Riley FBR, Inc. and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. (together, the “Agents”) to create an at the market equity program under which the Company, from time to time, may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000 through the Agents. Under the Sales Agreement, the Agent making the sales will be entitled to a commission in an amount equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from such sales. During the three months ended July 31, 2018, the Company sold 5.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock at prevailing market prices under the Sales Agreement and raised approximately $6.7 million, net of approximately $0.4 million of fees.

On August 27, 2018, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. (the “Underwriter”), relating to an underwritten offering (the “Offering”) of the Company’s Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series D Preferred Stock” and, such shares, the “Series D Preferred Shares”). Subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Underwriting Agreement, the Underwriter agreed to purchase, and the Company agreed to sell, 30,680 Series D Preferred Shares, initially convertible into 22,231,884 shares of the Company’s common stock (without regard to any limitation on conversion set forth in the Series D Certificate of Designation) at an initial conversion price of $1.38 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Offering closed on August 29, 2018. The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Series D Preferred Stock, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, are expected to be approximately $25.4 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the Offering for working capital, project financing, and general corporate purposes.

The Company’s future liquidity will be dependent on obtaining a combination of increased order and contract volumes, increased cash flows from our generation and service portfolios and cost reductions necessary to achieve profitable operations. Our expanding development of large-scale turn-key projects in the United States requires liquidity and is expected to continue to have increasing liquidity requirements. A key element of our business model includes the development of turn-key projects and we may commence construction upon the execution of a multi-year PPA with an end-user that has a strong credit profile. Project development and construction cycles, which span the time between securing a PPA and commercial operation of the plant, vary substantially and can take years. As a result of these project cycles and strategic decisions to finance the construction of certain projects, we may need to make significant up-front investments of resources in advance of the receipt of any cash from the sale or long-term financing of such projects. These up-front investments may include using our working capital, availability under our construction financing facility or other project financing arrangements. We may choose to substantially complete the construction of a project before it is financed or sold to a project investor. Alternatively, we may choose to retain ownership of one or more of these projects after they become operational if we determine it would be of economic and strategic benefit to do so. If, for example, we cannot sell a project at economics that are attractive to us, we may instead elect to own and operate such project, generally until such time that we can sell such project at economically attractive terms. In markets where there is a compelling value proposition, we may also build one or more power plants on an uncontracted “merchant” basis in advance of securing long-term contracts for the project attributes (including energy, renewable energy credits and capacity). Delays in construction progress or in completing the sale of our projects that we are self-financing may impact our liquidity.

Our operating portfolio (11.2 MW as of July 31, 2018) contributes higher long-term cash flows to the Company than if these projects had been sold. These projects currently generate $7 - $8 million per year in annual revenue. The Company plans to continue to grow this portfolio while also selling projects to investors. As of July 31, 2018, the Company had an additional 22.5 MW under development and construction, which are expected to generate operating cash flows in future periods. These totals do not include the 39.8 MW Long Island Power Authority (“LIPA”) project awards or the 22.2 MW of projects awarded in Connecticut, which are not yet in backlog. Including the LIPA and Connecticut awards, the projects in process totaled 84.5 MW as of July 31, 2018. We expect these projects to generate an additional $70 - $80 million of annual recurring revenue once they become operational. Retaining long-term cash flow positive projects combined with our service fleet reduces reliance on new project sales to achieve cash flow positive operations. We have worked with financial institutions to secure long-term debt and sale-leasebacks for our project asset portfolio as well as NRG for construction period financing. As of July 31, 2018, we have financed four projects through sale-leaseback transactions. As of July 31, 2018, total financing obligations and debt outstanding related to project assets was $46.3 million. Our generation portfolio provides the Company with the full benefit of future cash flows.

The following table summarizes our operating portfolio as of July 31, 2018:

34

The following table summarizes projects in process as of July 31, 2018:

(1) On August 28, 2018, the Company closed on the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary which owns the power plant. For more information, refer to Note 19. “Subsequent Events” to our consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The Company had a contract backlog totaling approximately $793.2 million as of July 31, 2018. The Company also had project awards totaling an additional $1.1 billion, resulting in total backlog and awards of $1.9 billion as of July 31, 2018.

Following the end of the quarter, on August 28, 2018, the Company sold a project asset (Trinity College 1.4 MW) which had been previously classified as Generation backlog to AEP OnSite Partners, LLC, and American Electric Power Company, Inc. (together, “AEP OnSite Partners”). As a result of this sale, this project was removed from Generation backlog and classified as Product backlog and Services backlog. The Product backlog will be recognized as revenue in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018. The Services backlog will be recognized as recurring revenue over the term of our service agreement with AEP OnSite Partners, which is fifteen years.

Backlog by revenue category is as follows:

• Services backlog totaled $317.8 million as of July 31, 2018 compared to $184.3 million as of July 31, 2017. Services backlog includes future contracted revenue from routine maintenance and scheduled module exchanges for power plants under service agreements. During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018, backlog was added related to the KOSPO service agreement and the Trinity College 1.4 MW project now owned by AEP OnSite Partners.
• Generation backlog totaled $430.0 million as of July 31, 2018 compared to $202.3 million as of July 31, 2017. Generation backlog represents future contracted energy sales under contracted PPAs between the Company and the end-user of the power.
• Product sales backlog totaled $9.5 million as of July 31, 2018 compared to $1.7 million as of July 31, 2017. Product sales backlog primarily consists of the remaining scope of work on the Trinity College project, which was sold on August 28, 2018.
• Advanced Technologies contract backlog totaled $35.8 million as of July 31, 2018 compared to $48.8 million as of July 31, 2017.

Backlog represents definitive agreements executed by the Company and our customers. Projects with respect to which the Company intends to retain ownership are included in generation backlog, which represents future revenue under long-term PPAs. Projects sold to customers (and not retained by the Company) are included in product sales and service backlog. Project awards referenced by the Company are notifications that the Company has been selected, typically through a competitive bidding process, to enter into definitive agreements. These awards have been publicly disclosed. The Company is working to enter into definitive agreements with respect to these project awards and, upon execution of a definitive agreement with respect to a project award, that project award will become backlog. Project awards that were not included in backlog as of July 31, 2018 include the 39.8 MW LIPA project awards and the 22.2 MW of projects awarded in Connecticut (which are expected to become generation backlog). These awards in total represent approximately $1.1 billion of future revenue potential over the life of the projects, assuming the Company retains ownership of the projects. If the Company were to sell such projects, the backlog amount would be decreased (in an amount determined by the negotiated sales price at the time of sale) and would consist of product sales to be recognized over a one to two year period and service revenue to be recognized over a twenty year term.

Factors that may impact our liquidity in fiscal year 2018 and beyond include:

• Timing of project awards and factory production rate. The Company bids on large projects in diverse markets that can have long decision cycles and uncertain outcomes.
• As project sizes evolve, project cycle times may increase. We may need to make significant up-front investments of resources in advance of the receipt of any cash from the sale of our projects. These amounts include development costs, interconnection costs, posting of letters of credit, bonding or other forms of security, and incurring engineering, permitting, legal, and other expenses.
• The amount of accounts receivable as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $48.3 million ($8.9 million of which is classified as “Other assets”) and $81.3 million ($12.8 million of which is classified as “Other assets”), respectively. Included in accounts receivable as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $22.9 million and $38.3 million, respectively, of unbilled accounts receivable. Unbilled accounts receivable represents revenue that has been recognized in advance of billing the customer under the terms of the underlying contracts. Such costs have been funded with working capital and the unbilled amounts are expected to be billed and collected from customers once we meet the billing criteria under the contracts. Our accounts receivable balances may fluctuate as of any balance sheet date depending on the timing of individual contract milestones and progress on completion of our projects.
• The amount of total inventory as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $60.1 million and $74.5 million, respectively, which includes work in process inventory totaling $37.6 million and $54.4 million, respectively. As we continue to execute on our business plan, we must produce fuel cell modules and procure balance of plant (“BOP”) components in required volumes to support our planned construction schedules and potential customer contractual requirements. As a result, we may manufacture modules or acquire BOP in advance of receiving payment for such activities. This may result in fluctuations of inventory and use of cash as of any balance sheet date. The Company announced in July 2018 that it intends to increase its annual production rate to 55 MW from its current 25 MW run-rate, which represents a 120% increase in the Company’s annual production rate, to accommodate recent project awards.
• Cash and cash equivalents as of July 31, 2018 included $0.4 million of cash advanced by POSCO Energy for raw material purchases made on its behalf by the Company. Under an inventory procurement agreement that ensures coordinated purchasing from the global supply chain, the Company provides procurement services for POSCO Energy and receives compensation for services rendered. While POSCO Energy makes payments to us in advance of supplier requirements, quarterly receipts may not match disbursements.
• The amount of total project assets as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $89.7 million and $73.0 million, respectively. Project assets consist of capitalized costs for fuel cell projects that are either operating and producing revenue or under construction. Project assets as of July 31, 2018 consisted of $30.0 million of completed installations currently operating and $59.7 million of projects in development. As of July 31, 2018, we had 11.2 MW of our operating project assets that generated $5.3 million of revenue in the first nine months of fiscal 2018. Also, as of July 31, 2018, the Company had an additional 84.5 MW under development and construction some of which are expected to generate operating cash flows in fiscal year 2018. We expect this portfolio to continue to grow.
• Under the terms of certain contracts, the Company will provide performance security for future contractual obligations. As of July 31, 2018, we had pledged approximately $38.6 million of our cash and cash equivalents as collateral for performance security and for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contracts. This balance may increase with a growing backlog and installed fleet.
• For fiscal year 2018, we forecast capital expenditures in the range of $11.0 to $13.0 million compared to $12.4 million in fiscal year 2017. We have completed the first phase of our project to expand our 65,000 square foot manufacturing facility in Torrington, Connecticut by approximately 102,000 square feet for a total size of 167,000 square feet. Initially, this additional space will be used to enhance and streamline logistics functions through consolidation of satellite warehouse locations and will provide the space needed to reconfigure the existing production process to improve manufacturing efficiencies and realize cost savings. Investments in 2018 include adding module conditioning capacity to our Torrington facility. This is expected to result in logistics, time and cost savings as modules are currently shipped to our Danbury, Connecticut facility for conditioning.

Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents totaled $87.3 million as of July 31, 2018 compared to $87.4 million as of October 31, 2017. As of July 31, 2018, restricted cash and cash equivalents was $38.6 million, of which $5.3 million was classified as current and $33.3 million was classified as non-current, compared to $38.1 million total restricted cash and cash equivalents as of October 31, 2017, of which $4.6 million was classified as current and $33.5 million was classified as non-current.

The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flows:

(dollars in thousands)

The key components of our cash inflows and outflows were as follows:

Operating Activities – Net cash provided by operating activities was $29.3 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2018, compared to $57.8 million of net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended July 31, 2017.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 was primarily the result of decreases in accounts receivable of $33.1 million and inventories of $22.1 million, increases in accounts payable of $3.6 million and deferred revenue of $0.1 million and net non-cash adjustments of $10.7 million. Accounts receivable and inventory decreased primarily as a result of cash received and inventory delivered under the HYD contract. The amounts were offset by the net loss of $33.2 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018, a decrease in accrued liabilities of $4.5 million, and an increase in other assets of $2.5 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2017 was primarily the result of a net loss of $43.9 million and increases in accounts receivable of $9.3 million and inventory of $5.5 million and decreases in accounts payable of $8.1 million and accrual liabilities of $7.5 million. Inventory increased due to purchase commitments and quarterly production offset by usage of inventory. The amounts were offset by non-cash adjustments of $15.9 million.

Investing Activities – Net cash used in investing activities was $36.0 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2018, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $22.6 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2017.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 included a $28.4 million investment in project assets to expand our operating portfolio and $7.6 million for capital expenditures.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended July 31, 2017 resulted from capital expenditures of $10.5 million primarily relating to the Torrington facility expansion and project asset expenditures of $12.8 million to expand our operating portfolio offset by cash acquired from an asset acquisition of $0.6 million.

Financing Activities – Net cash provided by financing activities was $6.6 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2018, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $35.7 million during the nine months ended July 31, 2017.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended July 31, 2018 resulted from the receipt of $13.1 million under the amended Hercules loan and security agreement and net proceeds received of $10.0 million from warrant exercises and sales of our common stock under the Sales Agreement offset by cash payments of $13.1 million primarily relating to repayments under the Hercules loan and the payment of preferred dividends and the return of capital of $3.1 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended July 31, 2017 related to $17.9 million of net proceeds relating to the sale-leaseback transactions with PNC and net proceeds received of $28.5 million from open market sales of common stock, the equity offering and warrant exercises offset by the repayment of debt of $7.5 million and the payment of preferred dividends and return of capital of $3.1 million.

Sources and Uses of Cash and Investments

In order to consistently produce positive cash flow from operations, we need to increase order flow to support higher production levels, leading to lower costs on a per unit basis. We also continue to invest in new product and market development and, as a result, we are not consistently generating positive cash flow from our operations. Our operations are funded primarily through cash generated from product sales, service contracts, generation assets and Advanced Technologies contracts as well as sales of equity and equity linked securities and issuances of corporate and project debt. Please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017 for further details.

Commitments and Significant Contractual Obligations

A summary of our significant commitments and contractual obligations as of July 31, 2018 and the related payments by fiscal year are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Purchase commitments with suppliers for materials, supplies and services incurred in the normal course of business.

(2) The terms of the Class A Cumulative Redeemable Exchangeable Preferred Share Agreement (the “Series 1 Preferred Share Agreement”) require payments of (i) an annual amount of Cdn. $500,000 for dividends and (ii) an annual amount of Cdn. $750,000 as return of capital payments payable in cash. These payments will end on December 31, 2020. Dividends accrue at a 1.25 percent quarterly rate on the unpaid principal balance, and additional dividends will accrue on the cumulative unpaid dividends at a rate of 1.25 percent per quarter, compounded quarterly. On December 31, 2020, the amount of all accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series 1 Preferred Shares of Cdn. $21.1 million and the balance of the principal redemption price of Cdn. $4.4 million will be due to the holders of the Series 1 Preferred Shares. The Company has the option of making dividend payments in the form of common stock or cash under terms outlined in the Series 1 Preferred Share Agreement. For purposes of preparing the above table, the final balance of accrued and unpaid dividends due December 31, 2020 of Cdn. $21.1 million is assumed to be paid in the form of common stock and not included in this table.

(3) Future minimum lease payments on capital and operating leases.

(4) The amount represents payments due on sale-leaseback transactions of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, under their respective financing agreements with PNC. Lease payments under this facility are generally payable in fixed quarterly installments over a ten-year period.

(5) The Company entered into an agreement with a customer on June 29, 2016 that includes a fee for the purchase of the plants at the end of the term of the agreement. The fee is payable in installments over the term of the agreement.

(6) We pay $3.2 million in annual dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock. The $3.2 million annual dividend payment has not been included in this table as we cannot reasonably determine when or if we will be able to convert the Series B Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock. We may, at our option, convert these shares into the number of shares of our common stock that are issuable at the then prevailing conversion rate if the closing price of our common stock exceeds 150 percent of the then prevailing conversion price ($141 per share at July 31, 2018) for 20 trading days during any consecutive 30 trading day period.

In November 2016, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, FuelCell Finance, entered into a membership interest purchase agreement with GW Power LLC (“GWP”) whereby FuelCell Finance purchased all of the outstanding membership interests in New Britain Renewable Energy, LLC (“NBRE”) from GWP. GWP assigned the NBRE interest to FuelCell Finance free and clear of all liens other than a pledge in favor of Webster Bank, National Association (“Webster Bank”). FuelCell Finance assumed the debt outstanding with Webster Bank in the amount of $2.3 million. The term loan interest rate is 5.0% per annum and payments due on a quarterly basis commenced in January 2017. The balance outstanding as of July 31, 2018 was $1.3 million.

In April 2016, the Company entered into the Hercules Agreement for a loan with an aggregate principal amount of up to $25.0 million, subject to certain terms and conditions. The Company received an initial term loan advance on the date of closing of $15.0 million and an additional $5.0 million in September 2016. The loan was a 30 month secured facility. The term loan interest rate was previously 9.75% per annum and increased to 10.0% per annum during the three months ended January 31, 2018 as a result of the increase in the prime rate. In addition to interest, which is paid on a monthly basis, principal payments commenced on November 1, 2017 in equal monthly installments. The loan balance and all accrued and unpaid interest was due and payable by October 1, 2018. Under the terms of the Hercules Agreement, there was an end of term charge of $1.7 million also due on October 31, 2018 which was being accreted using the effective interest rate method.

The Hercules Agreement was amended on September 5, 2017, October 27, 2017 and March 28, 2018. The March 28, 2018 Amendment (the “Amendment”) allowed the Company to draw a term loan advance of $13.1 million. The aggregate amount outstanding, which includes the amount outstanding under the original Hercules Agreement of $11.9 million and the term loan advance under the Amendment, was $25.0 million as of July 31, 2018. The term loan maturity date is October 1, 2020, subject to extension upon the Company’s achievement of certain performance milestones. Payments for the aggregate amount outstanding are interest only for the initial 12-month period, followed by equal monthly installments of principal and interest until the term loan maturity date and the term loan interest rate was 10.15% per annum which increased to 10.40% during the three months ended July 31, 2018 as a result of the increase in the prime rate. The term loan interest rate is the greater of either (i) 9.90% plus the prime rate minus 4.50%, and (ii) 9.90%. The end of term charge of $1.7 million remains due on October 31, 2018, however, under the terms of the Amendment, it has been considered earned and has been fully accrued. An additional end of term charge of $0.9 million will be due on October 1, 2020, subject to extension upon the Company’s achievement of certain performance milestones. The end of term charge is being accreted over a 30-month term.

As collateral for obligations under the Hercules Agreement, as amended, the Company granted Hercules a security interest in FuelCell Energy, Inc.’s existing and thereafter-acquired assets except for intellectual property and certain other excluded assets. The collateral does not include assets held by FuelCell Finance or any project subsidiary thereof. The Company may continue to collateralize and finance its project subsidiaries through other lenders and partners. Under the Hercules Agreement, as amended, there is a minimum cash covenant which requires the Company to maintain an unrestricted cash balance in accounts subject to an account control agreement in favor of Hercules of at least the greater of (a) 75% of the outstanding loan balance plus (b) the amount of accounts payable (as defined under GAAP) not paid within 90 days of the date and payment was issued. The Hercules Agreement, as amended, contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default that entitle Hercules to cause our indebtedness under the agreement to become immediately due and payable.

The Hercules Agreement was further amended on August 29, 2018 in connection with the offering of the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock. See Note 19 “Subsequent Events” to our consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

In November 2015, the Company closed on a definitive Assistance Agreement with the State of Connecticut and received a disbursement of $10.0 million, which was used for the first phase of the expansion of our Torrington, Connecticut manufacturing facility. In conjunction with this financing, the Company entered into a $10.0 million Promissory Note and related security agreements securing the loan with equipment liens and a mortgage on its Danbury, Connecticut location. Pursuant to the terms of the loan, payment of principal is deferred for the first four years with principal payments beginning in November 2019. Monthly interest payments at a fixed rate of 2.0 percent per annum began in December 2015. The financing is payable over 15 years, and is predicated on certain terms and conditions, including the forgiveness of up to 50 percent of the loan principal if certain job retention and job creation targets are reached.

On April 17, 2017, the Company entered into an amendment to the Assistance Agreement extending certain of the job creation target dates until October 28, 2019. In addition, the Company may receive up to $10.0 million of non-refundable transferable tax credits if certain terms and conditions are met. Under the Assistance Agreement, as amended, the Company targeted employment of 703 Connecticut employees by October 2019. In connection with this amendment to the Assistance Agreement, in July 2018, the Company announced an increase in its annual production rate and committed to hire over 100 employees. As of July 31, 2018, the Company had 408 Connecticut employees. The Company cannot currently predict whether it will meet its target of employing 703 Connecticut employees by October 2019 or whether the time period for meeting this target will be extended. If the Company does not meet this target in the required time period, principal under the promissory note will be paid at an annual rate of $14.0 thousand for each employee under the 703 employee target.

The second phase of our manufacturing expansion, for which we will be eligible to receive an additional $10.0 million in low-cost financing from the State of Connecticut, will commence as demand supports. This includes adding manufacturing equipment to increase annual capacity from the current 100 MW to at least 200 MW. Plans for this phase also include the installation of a megawatt scale tri-generation fuel cell plant to power and heat the facility as well as provide hydrogen for the manufacturing process of the fuel cell components, and the creation of an Advanced Technologies Center for technology testing and prototype manufacturing. In addition, conditioning facilities which are the final stage of the fuel cell module manufacturing will be relocated to the Torrington facility from its current location at the Danbury, Connecticut headquarters. This is intended to reduce logistics costs. The total cost of both phases of the expansion could be up to $65.0 million over a five year period, including the proposed Advanced Technologies Center and tri-generation fuel cell power plant.

On July 30, 2014, the Company’s subsidiary, FuelCell Finance, entered into a Loan Agreement with NRG (the “NRG Agreement”). Pursuant to the NRG Agreement, NRG has extended a $40.0 million revolving construction and term financing facility to FuelCell Finance for the purpose of accelerating project development by the Company and its subsidiaries. FuelCell Finance and its subsidiaries may draw on the facility to finance the construction of projects through the commercial operating date of the power plants. FuelCell Finance has the option to continue the financing term for each project after the commercial operating date for a maximum term of five years per project. The interest rate is 8.5 percent per annum for construction-period financing and 8.0 percent thereafter. As of July 31, 2018, there was no outstanding balance on this facility.

In March 2013, we closed on a long-term loan agreement with the Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority, now known as the Connecticut Green Bank, totaling $5.9 million in support of the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park Project. The loan agreement carries an interest rate of 5.0 percent per annum and principal repayments will commence on the eighth anniversary of the project’s provisional acceptance date which is December 20, 2021. Outstanding amounts are secured by future cash flows from the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park contracts. The outstanding balance on the Connecticut Green Bank Note as of July 31, 2018 was $6.1 million.

In April 2008, we entered into a 10-year loan agreement with the Connecticut Development Authority allowing for a maximum amount borrowed of $4.0 million. As of July 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of $1.1 million on this loan. The interest rate is 5.0 percent per annum. Interest only payments commenced in January 2014 and the loan is collateralized by the assets procured under this loan as well as $4.0 million of additional machinery and equipment. Repayment terms required interest and principal payments through May 2018. However, the repayment terms were modified in April 2018, such that the remaining balance and interest will be paid on a monthly basis through December 2018.

We have pledged approximately $38.6 million of our cash and cash equivalents as performance security and for letters of credit for certain banking requirements and contracts. As of July 31, 2018, outstanding letters of credit totaled $2.3 million. These expire on various dates through April 2019. Under the terms of certain contracts, the Company will provide performance security for future contractual obligations. The restricted cash balance as of July 31, 2018 includes $15.0 million which was placed in a Grantor’s Trust account to secure certain Company obligations under the 15-year service agreement for the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park Project and is reflected as long-term restricted cash. The restrictions on the $15.0 million will be removed upon completion of the final module exchange at the Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park Project under the terms of the service agreement. The restricted cash balance as of July 31, 2018 also includes $17.5 million to support obligations of the power purchase and service agreements related to the PNC sale-leaseback transactions.

As of October 31, 2017, we had uncertain tax positions aggregating $15.7 million and have reduced our NOL carryforwards by this amount. Because of the level of NOLs and valuation allowances, unrecognized tax benefits, even if not resolved in our favor, would not result in any cash payment or obligation and therefore have not been included in the contractual obligation table under the heading “Commitments and Significant Contractual Obligations.”

In addition to the commitments listed in the table under the heading “Commitments and Significant Contractual Obligations,” we have the following outstanding obligations:

Power purchase agreements

Under the terms of our PPAs, customers agree to purchase power from our fuel cell power plants at negotiated rates. Electricity rates are generally a function of the customers’ current and estimated future electricity pricing available from the grid. We are responsible for all operating costs necessary to maintain, monitor and repair our fuel cell power plants. Under certain agreements, we are also responsible for procuring fuel, generally natural gas or biogas, to run our fuel cell power plants. In addition, under certain agreements, we are required to produce minimum amounts of power under our PPAs and we have the right to terminate PPAs by giving written notice to the customer, subject to certain exit costs. As of July 31, 2018, our operating portfolio was 11.2 MW.

Service and warranty agreements

We warranty our products for a specific period of time against manufacturing or performance defects. Our standard U.S. warranty period is generally fifteen months after shipment or twelve months after acceptance of the product. In addition to the standard product warranty, we have contracted with certain customers to provide services to ensure the power plants meet minimum operating levels for terms of up to twenty years. Pricing for service contracts is based upon estimates of future costs, which could be materially different from actual expenses. Refer to the Critical Accounting Policies included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2017 for additional details.

Advanced Technologies contracts

We have contracted with various government agencies and certain companies from private industry to conduct research and development as either a prime contractor or sub-contractor under multi-year, cost-reimbursement and/or cost-share type contracts or cooperative agreements. Cost-share terms require that participating contractors share the total cost of the project based on an agreed upon ratio. In many cases, we are reimbursed only a portion of the costs incurred or to be incurred on the contract. While government research and development contracts may extend for many years, funding is often provided incrementally on a year-by-year basis if contract terms are met and Congress authorizes the funds. As of July 31, 2018, Advanced Technologies contracts backlog totaled $35.8 million, of which $16.0 million is funded. Should funding be delayed or if business initiatives change, we may choose to devote resources to other activities, including internally funded research and development.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations, other than operating leases, which are not classified as debt. We do not guarantee any third-party debt. See Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other things, revenue recognition, contract loss accruals, excess, slow-moving and obsolete inventories, product warranty accruals, loss accruals on service agreements, share-based compensation expense, allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and in-process research and development intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets (including project assets), income taxes and contingencies. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary.

Our critical accounting policies are those that are both most important to our financial condition and results of operations and require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments on the part of management in their application, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. For a complete description of our critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2017 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

There have been no material changes in any of our critical accounting policies during the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018.

ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE UPDATE

See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of recent accounting guidance that is not yet effective.

Interest Rate Exposure

Cash is invested overnight with high credit quality financial institutions and therefore we are not exposed to market risk on our cash holdings from changing interest rates. Based on our overall interest rate exposure as of July 31, 2018, including all interest rate sensitive instruments, a change in interest rates of 1% would not have a material impact on our results of operations.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

As of July 31, 2018, approximately 2% of our total cash and cash equivalents were in currencies other than U.S. dollars (primarily the Euro, Canadian dollars and South Korean Won) and we have no plans of repatriation. The Company had sales and accounts receivable denominated in foreign currencies and had outstanding accounts receivable denominated in foreign currencies as of July 31, 2018. We make purchases from certain vendors in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Although we have not experienced significant foreign exchange rate losses to date, we may in the future, especially to the extent that we do not engage in currency hedging activities. The economic impact of currency exchange rate movements on our operating results is complex because such changes are often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. These changes, if material, may cause us to adjust our financing and operating strategies.

Derivative Fair Value Exposure

Series 1 Preferred Shares

The conversion feature and the variable dividend obligation of our Series 1 Preferred Shares are embedded derivatives that require bifurcation from the host contract. The aggregate fair value of these derivatives included within long-term debt and other liabilities as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $0.8 million. The fair value was based on valuation models using various assumptions, including historical stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and a credit spread based on the yield indexes of technology high yield bonds, foreign exchange volatility as the Series 1 Preferred Shares are denominated in Canadian dollars, and the closing price of our common stock. Changes in any of these assumptions would change the underlying fair value with a corresponding charge or credit to operations.

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures, which are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s periodic SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s periodic SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors before making an investment decision. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such cases, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

We have incurred losses and anticipate continued losses and negative cash flow.

We have transitioned from a research and development company to a commercial products manufacturer, services provider and developer. We have not been profitable since our year ended October 31, 1997. We expect to continue to incur net losses and generate negative cash flows until we can produce sufficient revenues and margins to cover our costs. We may never become profitable. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may be unable to sustain or increase our profitability in the future. For the reasons discussed in more detail below, there are substantial uncertainties associated with our achieving and sustaining profitability. We have, from time to time, sought financing in the public markets in order to fund operations and will continue to do so. Our future ability to obtain such financing could be impaired by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the price of our common stock and general market conditions.

Our cost reduction strategy may not succeed or may be significantly delayed, which may result in our inability to deliver improved margins.

Our cost reduction strategy is based on the assumption that increases in production will result in economies of scale. In addition, our cost reduction strategy relies on advancements in our manufacturing process, global competitive sourcing, engineering design, reducing the cost of capital and technology improvements (including stack life and projected power output). Failure to achieve our cost reduction targets could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We have debt outstanding and may incur additional debt in the future, which may adversely affect our financial condition and future financial results.

Our total consolidated indebtedness was $90.5 million as of July 31, 2018. This includes approximately $46.3 million of debt at our project finance subsidiaries and $44.2 million at the corporate level. The majority of our debt is long-term with $14.5 million due within twelve months as of July 31, 2018. We also have approximately $40 million of borrowing capacity under a revolving construction and term project financing facility. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal and interest or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or dilutive.

It is also possible that we may incur additional indebtedness in the future in the ordinary course of business. If new debt is added to current debt levels, the risks described above could intensify.

Our debt agreements contain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default that entitle the lenders to cause our indebtedness under such debt agreements to become immediately due and payable. In addition, our Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules Capital, Inc., as amended, contains a financial covenant whereby we are required to maintain an unrestricted cash balance in accounts subject to an account control agreement in favor of Hercules Capital, Inc. of 75% of the outstanding loan balance plus the amount of accounts payable not paid within 90 days of the invoice date. As of July 31, 2018, the outstanding loan balance under the Loan and Security Agreement, as amended, was $26.9 million, including accretion of an end-of-term payment. In connection with the third amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement in March 2018, we drew a term loan advance of $13.1 million, which resulted in an aggregate amount of outstanding term loan advances of $25.0 million as of July 31, 2018.

Our products compete with products using other energy sources, and if the prices of the alternative sources are lower than energy sources used by our products, sales of our products will be adversely affected. Volatility of electricity and fuel prices may impact sales of our products and services in the markets in which we compete.

Our power plants can operate on a variety of fuels including natural gas, renewable biogas, directed biogas and propane. If these fuels are not readily available or if their prices increase such that electricity produced by our products costs more than electricity provided by other generation sources, our products would be less economically attractive to potential customers. In addition, we have no control over the prices of several types of competitive energy sources such as oil, gas or coal or local utility electricity costs. Significant decreases (or short term increases) in the price of these fuels or grid delivered prices for electricity could also have a material adverse effect on our business because other generation sources could be more economically attractive to consumers than our products.

Financial markets worldwide have experienced heightened volatility and instability, which may have a material adverse impact on our Company, our customers and our suppliers.

Financial market volatility can affect both the debt, equity and project finance markets. This may impact the amount of financing available to all companies, including companies with substantially greater resources, better credit ratings and more successful operating histories than ours. It is impossible to predict future financial market volatility and instability and the impact on our Company, and it may have a materially adverse effect on us for a number of reasons, such as:

• The long term nature of our sales cycle can require long lead times between application design, order booking and product fulfillment. For this, we often require substantial cash down payments in advance of delivery. Our growth strategy assumes that financing will be available for our Company to finance working capital or for our customers to provide down payments and to pay for our products. Financial market issues may delay, cancel or restrict the construction budgets and funds available to our Company or our customers for the deployment of our products and services.
• Projects using our products are, in part, financed by equity investors interested in tax benefits as well as by the commercial and governmental debt markets. The significant volatility in the U.S. and international stock markets cause significant uncertainty and may result in an increase in the return required by investors in relation to the risk of such projects.
• If we, our customers and suppliers cannot obtain financing under favorable terms, our business may be negatively impacted.

Our contracted projects may not convert to revenue, and our project pipeline may not convert to contracts, which may have a material adverse effect on our revenue and cash flow.

Some of the orders we accept from customers require certain conditions or contingencies (such as permitting, interconnection or financing) to be satisfied, some of which are outside of our control. The time periods from receipt of a contract to installation may vary widely and are determined by a number of factors, including the terms of the customer contract and the customer’s site requirements. This could have an adverse impact on our revenue and cash flow.

We have signed product sales contracts, engineering, procurement and construction contracts (“EPC”), power purchase agreements (“PPAs”) and long-term service agreements with customers subject to contractual, technology and operating risks as well as market conditions that may affect our operating results.

We apply the percentage of completion revenue recognition method to certain product sales contracts which are subject to estimates. On a quarterly basis, we perform a review process to help ensure that total estimated contract costs include estimates of costs to complete that are based on the most recent available information. The percentage of completion for the customer contracts based on this cost analysis is then applied to the total customer contract values to determine the total revenue to be recognized to date.

In certain instances, we have executed PPAs with the end-user of the power or site host of the fuel cell power plant. We may then sell the PPA to a project investor or retain the project and collect revenue from the sale of power over the term of the PPA, recognizing electricity revenue as power is generated and sold.

We have contracted under long-term service agreements with certain customers to provide service on our products over terms up to 20 years. Under the provisions of these contracts, we provide services to maintain, monitor, and repair customer power plants to meet minimum operating levels. Pricing for service contracts is based upon estimates of future costs including future stack replacements. While we have conducted tests to determine the overall life of our products, we have not run certain of our products over their projected useful life prior to large-scale commercialization. As a result, we cannot be sure that our products will last to their expected useful life, which could result in warranty claims, performance penalties, maintenance and stack replacement costs in excess of our estimates and losses on service contracts.

Our ability to proceed with projects under development and complete construction of projects on schedule and within budget may be adversely affected by escalating costs for materials, labor and regulatory compliance, inability to obtain necessary permits, interconnections or other approvals on acceptable terms or on schedule and other factors. If any development project or construction is not completed, is delayed or is subject to cost overruns, we could become obligated to make delay or termination payments or become obligated for other damages under contracts, experience diminished returns or write off all or a portion of our investment in the project. Each of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our growing generation portfolio of operating assets exposes us to operational risks and commodity market volatility.

We have a growing portfolio of generation assets selling power under PPAs and utility tariff programs that exposes us to operational risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, lost revenues due to prolonged outages, replacement equipment costs, risks associated with facility start-up operations, failures in the availability or acquisition of fuel, the impact of severe adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, risks of property damage or injury from energized equipment, availability of adequate water resources and ability to intake and discharge water, use of new or unproven technology, fuel commodity price risk and fluctuating market prices, and lack of alternative available fuel sources.

We extend product warranties, which could affect our operating results.

We provide for a warranty of our products for a specific period of time against manufacturing or performance defects. We accrue for warranty costs based on historical warranty claim experience, however, actual future warranty expenses may be greater than we have assumed in our estimates. As a result, operating results could be negatively impacted should there be product manufacturing or performance defects in excess of our estimates.

Our products are complex and could contain defects and may not operate at expected performance levels which could impact sales and market adoption of our products or result in claims against us.

We develop complex and evolving products and we continue to advance the capabilities of the fuel cell stacks and are now producing stacks with a net rated power output of 350 kilowatts and an expected seven year life.

We are still gaining field operating experience with respect to our products, and despite experience gained from our growing installed base and testing performed by us, our customers and our suppliers, issues may be found in existing or new products. This could result in a delay in recognition or loss of revenues, loss of market share or failure to achieve broad market acceptance. The occurrence of defects could also cause us to incur significant warranty, support and repair costs, could divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, and could harm our relationships with our customers. The occurrence of these problems could result in the delay or loss of market acceptance of our products and would likely harm our business. Defects or performance problems with our products could result in financial or other damages to our customers. From time to time, we have been involved in disputes regarding product warranty issues. Although we seek to limit our liability, a product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming, could be costly to defend, and may hurt our reputation in the marketplace. Our customers could also seek and obtain damages from us for their losses. We have accrued liabilities for potential damages related to performance problems, however, actual results may be different than the assumptions used in our accrual calculations.

We currently face and will continue to face significant competition.

We compete on the basis of our products’ reliability, efficiency, environmental considerations and cost. Technological advances in alternative energy products or improvements in the electric grid or other sources of power generation, or other fuel cell technologies may negatively affect the development or sale of some or all of our products or make our products non-competitive or obsolete prior to or after commercialization. Other companies, some of which have substantially greater resources than ours, are currently engaged in the development of products and technologies that are similar to, or may be competitive with, our products and technologies.

Several companies in the U.S. are engaged in fuel cell development, although we are the only domestic company engaged in manufacturing and deployment of stationary carbonate fuel cells. Other emerging fuel cell technologies (and the companies developing them) include small or portable proton-exchange membrane (“PEM”) fuel cells (Ballard Power Systems, Plug Power, and increasing activity by numerous automotive companies including Toyota, Hyundai, Honda and GM), stationary phosphoric acid fuel cells (Doosan), stationary solid oxide fuel cells (LG/Rolls Royce partnership and Bloom Energy), and small residential solid oxide fuel cells (Ceres Power Holdings and Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd.). Each of these competitors has the potential to capture market share in our target markets. There are also other potential fuel cell competitors internationally that could capture market share.

Other than fuel cell developers, we must also compete with companies that manufacture more mature combustion-based equipment, including various engines and turbines, and have well-established manufacturing, distribution, and operating and cost features. Electrical efficiency of these products can be competitive with our SureSource power plants in certain applications. Significant competition may also come from gas turbine companies and large scale solar and wind technologies.

We derive significant revenue from contracts awarded through competitive bidding processes involving substantial costs and risks. Due to this competitive pressure, we may be unable to grow revenue and achieve profitability.

We expect a significant portion of the business that we will seek in the foreseeable future will be awarded through competitive bidding against other fuel cell technologies and other forms of power generation. The competitive bidding process involves substantial costs and a number of risks, including the significant cost and managerial time to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that may not be awarded to us and our failure to accurately estimate the resources and costs that will be required to fulfill any contract we win. In addition, following a contract award, we may encounter significant expense, delay or contract modifications as a result of our competitors protesting or challenging contracts awarded to us in competitive bidding. In addition, multi-award contracts require that we make sustained post-award efforts to obtain task orders under the contract. We may not be able to obtain task orders or recognize revenue under these multi-award contracts. Our failure to compete effectively in this procurement environment could adversely affect our revenue and/or profitability.

Unanticipated increases or decreases in business growth may result in adverse financial consequences for us.

If our business grows more quickly than we anticipate, our existing and planned manufacturing facilities may become inadequate and we may need to seek out new or additional space, at considerable cost to us. If our business does not grow as quickly as we expect, our existing and planned manufacturing facilities would, in part, represent excess capacity for which we may not recover the cost. In that circumstance, our revenues may be inadequate to support our committed costs and our planned growth, and our gross margins and business strategy would be adversely affected.

Our plans are dependent on market acceptance of our products.

Our plans are dependent upon market acceptance of, as well as enhancements to, our products. Fuel cell systems represent an emerging market, and we cannot be sure that potential customers will accept fuel cells as a replacement for traditional power sources. As is typical in a rapidly evolving industry, demand and market acceptance for recently introduced products and services are subject to a high level of uncertainty and risk. Since the distributed generation market is still evolving, it is difficult to predict with certainty the size of the market and its growth rate. The development of a market for our products may be affected by many factors that are out of our control, including:

• the cost competitiveness of our fuel cell products including availability and output expectations and total cost of ownership;
• the future costs of natural gas and other fuels used by our fuel cell products;
• customer reluctance to try a new product;
• the market for distributed generation and government policies that affect that market;
• local permitting and environmental requirements;
• customer preference for non-fuel based technologies; and
• the emergence of newer, more competitive technologies and products.

If a sufficient market fails to develop or develops more slowly than we anticipate, we may be unable to recover the losses we will have incurred in the development of our products and may never achieve profitability.

As we continue to expand markets for our products, we intend to continue offering power production guarantees and other terms and conditions relating to our products that will be acceptable to the marketplace, and continue to develop a service organization that will aid in servicing our products and obtain self-regulatory certifications, if available, with respect to our products. Failure to achieve any of these objectives may also slow the development of a sufficient market for our products and, therefore, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We are substantially dependent on a concentrated number of customers and the loss of any one of these customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We contract with a concentrated number of customers for the sale of products and for research and development contracts. There can be no assurance that we will continue to achieve the current level of sales of our products to our largest customers. Even though our customer base is expected to increase and our revenue streams to diversify, a substantial portion of net revenues could continue to depend on sales to a limited number of customers. Our agreements with these customers may be canceled if we fail to meet certain product specifications or materially breach the agreements, and our customers may seek to renegotiate the terms of current agreements or renewals. The loss of, or a reduction in sales to, one or more of our larger customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As our relationship with POSCO Energy Co., Ltd. (“POSCO Energy”) changes, we may not be able to succeed in our efforts to access the South Korean and Asian markets.

We have historically relied on POSCO Energy to develop and grow the South Korean and Asian markets for our products and services. We entered into manufacturing and technology transfer agreements with POSCO Energy in 2007, 2009 and 2012, each of which expires on October 31, 2027. The Cell Technology Transfer Agreement (“CTTA”) provides POSCO Energy with the technology rights to manufacture SureSource power plants in South Korea and the right to sell power plants throughout Asia. The CTTA requires POSCO Energy to pay to the Company a 3.0% royalty on POSCO Energy net product sales, as well as a royalty on scheduled fuel cell module replacements under service agreements for modules that were built by POSCO Energy and installed at plants in Asia under the terms of our Master Service Agreement with POSCO Energy. In March 2017, we entered into a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) with POSCO Energy to permit us to directly develop the Asian fuel cell business, including the right for us to sell SureSource solutions in South Korea and the broader Asian market. In June 2018, POSCO Energy advised us in writing that it was terminating the MOU effective July 15, 2018 and that it intends to exit the fuel cell business during 2018. Pursuant to the terms of the MOU, notwithstanding its termination, we will continue to execute on sales commitments in Asia secured in writing prior to July 15, 2018. We cannot predict the outcome of any discussions with POSCO Energy, the future status or scope of our relationship with POSCO Energy, whether our relationship with POSCO Energy will continue in the future, or whether we will become involved in mediation, arbitration, litigation or other proceedings with POSCO Energy. Any such proceedings could result in significant expense to us and adversely affect our business and financial condition, whether or not such proceedings are resolved in our favor. If we enter into new or amended agreements with POSCO Energy or any successor to POSCO Energy, those agreements may be on terms that are less favorable to us than our existing agreements. If our relationship with POSCO Energy ends, or continues on terms that are less favorable to us, our efforts to access the South Korean and Asian markets, which are complex markets, may not be successful or may be hindered or delayed.

If our goodwill and other intangible assets, long-lived assets, inventory or project assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.

We may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements should we determine that our goodwill, other intangible assets (i.e., in process research and development (“IPR&D”)), long-lived assets (i.e., property, plant and equipment), inventory, or project assets are impaired. Such a charge might have a significant impact on our reported financial position and results of operations.

As required by accounting rules, we review our goodwill for impairment at least annually as of July 31 or more frequently if facts and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit that has goodwill is less than its carrying value. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill might not be recoverable include a significant decline in projections of future cash flows and lower future growth rates in our industry. We review IPR&D for impairment on an annual basis as of July 31 or more frequently if facts and circumstances indicate the fair value is less than the carrying value. If the technology has been determined to be abandoned or not recoverable, we would be required to impair the asset. We review inventory and project assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. We consider a project commercially viable and recoverable if it is anticipated to be sellable for a profit, or generates positive cash flows, once it is either fully developed or fully constructed. If our projects are not considered commercially viable, we would be required to impair the respective project assets.

We have risks associated with high levels of inventory.

The amount of total inventory as of July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017 was $60.1 million and $74.5 million, respectively, which includes work in process inventory totaling $37.6 million and $54.4 million, respectively. We previously reduced our production rate and have been operating at a lower level for a period of time in order to deploy inventory to new projects and mitigate future increases in inventory. We recently announced that we are beginning to increase our production rate to prior levels. There is no guarantee, however, that we will be successful in deploying our existing inventory or the new inventory generated by increased production. In addition, there are risks that our inventory could lose some or all of its value due to technological obsolescence, shifts in market demand or other unexpected changes in industry conditions and circumstances. If we are unable to deploy our current inventory or new inventory consistent with our business plan, we may be required to sell it at a loss, abandon it or recycle it onto different products. These actions would result in a significant charge to earnings. Such a charge might have a significant impact on our financial position and results of operations.

Our advanced technologies contracts are subject to the risk of termination by the contracting party and we may not realize the full amounts allocated under the contracts due to the lack of Congressional appropriations.

A portion of our fuel cell revenues have been derived from long-term cooperative agreements and other contracts with the U.S. Department of Energy and other U.S. government agencies. These agreements are important to the continued development of our technology and our products. We also contract with private sector companies under certain advanced technologies contracts to develop strategically important and complementary offerings.

Generally, our government research and development contracts are subject to the risk of termination at the convenience of the contracting agency. Furthermore, these contracts, irrespective of the amounts allocated by the contracting agency, are subject to annual Congressional appropriations and the results of government or agency sponsored reviews and audits of our cost reduction projections and efforts. We can only receive funds under these contracts ultimately made available to us annually by Congress as a result of the appropriations process. Accordingly, we cannot be sure whether we will receive the full amounts awarded under our government research and development or other contracts. Failure to receive the full amounts under any of our government research and development contracts could materially and adversely affect our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

A negative government audit could result in an adverse adjustment of our revenue and costs and could result in civil and criminal penalties.

Government agencies, such as the Defense Contract Audit Agency, routinely audit and investigate government contractors. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure, and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards. If the agencies determine through these audits or reviews that we improperly allocated costs to specific contracts, they will not reimburse us for these costs. Therefore, an audit could result in adjustments to our revenue and costs.

Further, although we have internal controls in place to oversee our government contracts, no assurance can be given that these controls are sufficient to prevent isolated violations of applicable laws, regulations and standards. If the agencies determine that we or one of our subcontractors engaged in improper conduct, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, payments, fines, and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the government, any of which could materially affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The U.S. government has certain rights relating to our intellectual property, including the right to restrict or take title to certain patents.

Multiple U.S. patents that we own have resulted from government-funded research and are subject to the risk of exercise of “march-in” rights by the government. March-in rights refer to the right of the U.S. government or a government agency to exercise its non-exclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable worldwide license to any technology developed under contracts funded by the government if the contractor fails to continue to develop the technology. These “march-in” rights permit the U.S. government to take title to these patents and license the patented technology to third parties if the contractor fails to utilize the patents.

We are, from time to time depending on our overall employee count, classified for government contracting as a “Large Business”, which could adversely affect our rights to own future patents under Department of Energy (“DOE”)-funded contracts.

We are, from time to time depending on our overall employee count, classified as a “large business” under DOE contracts. This allows us to own the patents that we develop under new DOE contracts if we obtain a waiver from the DOE. A “large business” under applicable government regulations generally consists of more than 500 employees averaged over a one year period. We will not own future patents we develop as a large business under new contracts, grants or cooperative agreements funded by the DOE, unless we obtain a patent waiver from the DOE. Should we not obtain a patent waiver and outright ownership, we would nevertheless retain exclusive rights to any such patents, so long as we continue to commercialize the technology covered by the patents.

Our future success and growth is dependent on our market strategy.

We cannot assure you that we will enter into business relationships that are consistent with, or sufficient to support, our commercialization plans and our growth strategy or that these relationships will be on terms favorable to us. Even if we enter into these types of relationships, we cannot assure you that the business associates with whom we form relationships will focus adequate resources on selling our products or will be successful in selling them. Some of these arrangements have required or will require that we grant exclusive rights to certain companies in defined territories. These exclusive arrangements could result in our being unable to enter into other arrangements at a time when the business associate with whom we form a relationship is not successful in selling our products or has reduced its commitment to marketing our products. In addition, future arrangements may also include the issuance of equity and/or warrants to purchase our equity, which may have an adverse effect on our stock price and would dilute our existing stockholders. To the extent we enter into partnerships or other business relationships, the failure of these partners or other business associates to assist us with the deployment of our products may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We depend on third party suppliers for the development and supply of key raw materials and components for our products.

We use various raw materials and components to construct a fuel cell module, including nickel and stainless steel which are critical to our manufacturing process. We also rely on third-party suppliers for the balance-of-plant components in our products. Suppliers must undergo a qualification process, which takes four to twelve months. We continually evaluate new suppliers, and we are currently qualifying several new suppliers. There are a limited number of suppliers for some of the key components of our products. A supplier’s failure to develop and supply components in a timely manner or to supply components that meet our quality, quantity or cost requirements or our technical specifications, or our inability to obtain alternative sources of these components on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us could harm our ability to manufacture our SureSource products. In addition, to the extent the processes that our suppliers use to manufacture components are proprietary, we may be unable to obtain comparable components from alternative suppliers.

We do not know whether we will be able to maintain long-term supply relationships with our critical suppliers, or secure new long-term supply relationships, or whether such relationships will be on terms that will allow us to achieve our objectives. Our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed if we fail to secure long-term relationships with entities that will supply the required components for our SureSource products.

We depend on our intellectual property, and our failure to protect that intellectual property could adversely affect our future growth and success.

Failure to protect our existing intellectual property rights may result in the loss of our exclusivity or the right to use our technologies. If we do not adequately ensure our freedom to use certain technology, we may have to pay others for rights to use their intellectual property, pay damages for infringement or misappropriation, or be enjoined from using such intellectual property. We rely on patent, trade secret, trademark and copyright law to protect our intellectual property. In addition, we have licensed our carbonate fuel cell manufacturing intellectual property to POSCO Energy, and we depend on POSCO Energy to also protect our intellectual property rights as licensed. As of July 31, 2018, we, excluding our subsidiaries, had 92 U.S. patents and 123 patents in other jurisdictions covering our fuel cell technology (in certain cases covering the same technology in multiple jurisdictions), with patents directed to various aspects of our SureSource technology, SOFC technology, PEM fuel cell technology and applications thereof. As of July 31, 2018, we also had 35 patent applications pending in the U.S. and 118 patent applications pending in other jurisdictions. Our U.S. patents will expire between 2018 and 2035, and the current average remaining life of our U.S. patents is approximately 8.8 years. Our subsidiary, Versa Power Systems, Ltd., as of July 31, 2018, had 35 U.S. patents and 75 international patents covering the SOFC technology (in certain cases covering the same technology in multiple jurisdictions), with an average remaining U.S. patent life of approximately 6.1 years. As of July 31, 2018, Versa Power Systems, Ltd. also had three pending U.S. patent applications and 16 patent applications pending in other jurisdictions. In addition, our subsidiary, FuelCell Energy Solutions, GmbH, has license rights to use FuelCell Energy’s carbonate fuel cell technology, and, as of July 31, 2018, had two U.S. patents and seven patents outside the U.S. for carbonate fuel cell technology licensed from Fraunhofer IKTS.

Some of our intellectual property is not covered by any patent or patent application and includes trade secrets and other know-how that is not able to be patented, particularly as it relates to our manufacturing processes and engineering design. In addition, some of our intellectual property includes technologies and processes that may be similar to the patented technologies and processes of third parties. If we are found to be infringing third-party patents, we do not know whether we will be able to obtain licenses to use such patents on acceptable terms, if at all. Our patent position is subject to complex factual and legal issues that may give rise to uncertainty as to the validity, scope, and enforceability of a particular patent.

We cannot assure you that any of the U.S. or international patents owned by us or other patents that third parties license to us will not be invalidated, circumvented, challenged, rendered unenforceable or licensed to others, or that any of our pending or future patent applications will be issued with the breadth of claim coverage sought by us, if issued at all. In addition, effective patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection may be unavailable, limited or not applied for in certain foreign countries.

We also seek to protect our proprietary intellectual property, including intellectual property that may not be patented or able to be patented, in part by confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, inventors’ rights agreements with our subcontractors, vendors, suppliers, consultants, strategic business associates and employees. We cannot assure you that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach or that such persons or institutions will not assert rights to intellectual property arising out of these relationships. Certain of our intellectual property has been licensed to us on a non-exclusive basis from third parties that may also license such intellectual property to others, including our competitors. If our licensors are found to be infringing third-party patents, we do not know whether we will be able to obtain licenses to use the intellectual property licensed to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

If necessary or desirable, we may seek extensions of existing licenses or further licenses under the patents or other intellectual property rights of others. However, we can give no assurances that we will obtain such extensions or further licenses or that the terms of any offered licenses will be acceptable to us. The failure to obtain a license from a third party for intellectual property that we use at present could cause us to incur substantial liabilities, and to suspend the manufacture or shipment of products or our use of processes requiring the use of that intellectual property.

While we are not currently engaged in any intellectual property litigation, we could become subject to lawsuits in which it is alleged that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others or commence lawsuits against others who we believe are infringing our rights or violating their agreements to protect our intellectual property. Our involvement in intellectual property litigation could result in significant expense to us, adversely affecting the development of sales of the challenged product or intellectual property and diverting the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not that litigation is resolved in our favor.

Our future success will depend on our ability to attract and retain qualified management, technical, and other personnel.

Our future success is substantially dependent on the continued services and performance of our executive officers and other key management, engineering, scientific, manufacturing and operating personnel, particularly Arthur Bottone, our Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the services of any executive officer, including Mr. Bottone, or other key management, engineering, scientific, manufacturing and operating personnel, could materially adversely affect our business. Our ability to achieve our commercialization plans and to increase production at our manufacturing facility in the future will also depend on our ability to attract and retain additional qualified management, technical, manufacturing and operating personnel. Recruiting personnel for the fuel cell industry is competitive. We do not know whether we will be able to attract or retain additional qualified management, technical, manufacturing and operating personnel. Our inability to attract and retain additional qualified management, technical, manufacturing and operating personnel, or the departure of key employees, could materially and adversely affect our development, commercialization and manufacturing plans and, therefore, our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our inability to attract and retain sufficient management, technical, manufacturing and operating personnel to quickly increase production at our manufacturing facility when and if needed to meet increased demand may adversely impact our ability to respond rapidly to any new product, growth or revenue opportunities.

Our management may be unable to manage rapid growth effectively.

We recently announced an increase in our annual production. We may further rapidly expand our facilities and manufacturing capabilities, accelerate the commercialization of our products and enter a period of rapid growth, which will place a significant strain on our senior management team and our financial and other resources. Any expansion may expose us to increased competition, greater overhead, marketing and support costs and other risks associated with the commercialization of a new product. We would need to obtain sufficient backlog in order to maintain the use of the expanded capacity. Our ability to manage rapid growth effectively will require us to continue to secure adequate sources of capital and financing, improve our operations, improve our financial and management information systems and train, motivate and manage our employees. Difficulties in effectively managing issues presented by such a rapid expansion could harm our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be affected by environmental and other governmental regulation.

We are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to, among other things, land use, safe working conditions, handling and disposal of hazardous and potentially hazardous substances and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. In addition, it is possible that industry-specific laws and regulations will be adopted covering matters such as transmission scheduling, distribution, emissions, and the characteristics and quality of our products, including installation and servicing. These regulations could limit the growth in the use of carbonate fuel cell products, decrease the acceptance of fuel cells as a commercial product and increase our costs and, therefore, the price of our products. Accordingly, compliance with existing or future laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Utility companies may resist the adoption of distributed generation and could impose customer fees or interconnection requirements on our customers that could make our products less desirable.

Investor-owned utilities may resist adoption of distributed generation fuel cell plants as such plants are disruptive to the utility business model that primarily utilizes large central generation power plants and associated transmission and distribution. On-site distributed generation that is on the customer-side of the electric meter competes with the utility. Distributed generation on the utility-side of the meter generally has power output that is significantly less than central generation power plants and may be perceived by the utility as too small to materially impact its business, limiting its interest. Additionally, perceived technology risk may limit utility interest in stationary fuel cell power plants.

Utility companies commonly charge fees to larger, industrial customers for disconnecting from the electric grid or for having the capacity to use power from the electric grid for back up purposes. These fees could increase the cost to our customers of using our SureSource products and could make our products less desirable, thereby harming our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Several U.S. states have created and adopted, or are in the process of creating, their own interconnection regulations covering both technical and financial requirements for interconnection to utility grids. Depending on the complexities of the requirements, installation of our systems may become burdened with additional costs that might have a negative impact on our ability to sell systems. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has been working to create an interconnection standard addressing the technical requirements for distributed generation to interconnect to utility grids. Many parties are hopeful that this standard will be adopted nationally to help reduce the barriers to deployment of distributed generation such as fuel cells; however, this standard may not be adopted nationally thereby limiting the commercial prospects and profitability of our fuel cell systems.

We could be liable for environmental damages resulting from our research, development or manufacturing operations.

Our business exposes us to the risk of harmful substances escaping into the environment, resulting in personal injury or loss of life, damage to or destruction of property, and natural resource damage. Depending on the nature of the claim, our current insurance policies may not adequately reimburse us for costs incurred in settling environmental damage claims, and in some instances, we may not be reimbursed at all. Our business is subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws and regulations that govern environmental protection and human health and safety. We believe that our businesses are operating in compliance in all material respects with applicable environmental laws, however, these laws and regulations have changed frequently in the past and it is reasonable to expect additional and more stringent changes in the future.

Our operations may not comply with future laws and regulations and we may be required to make significant unanticipated capital and operating expenditures. If we fail to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations, governmental authorities may seek to impose fines and penalties on us or to revoke or deny the issuance or renewal of operating permits and private parties may seek damages from us. Under those circumstances, we might be required to curtail or cease operations, conduct site remediation or other corrective action, or pay substantial damage claims.

Our products use inherently dangerous, flammable fuels, operate at high temperatures and use corrosive carbonate material, each of which could subject our business to product liability claims.

Our business exposes us to potential product liability claims that are inherent in products that use hydrogen. Our products utilize fuels such as natural gas and convert these fuels internally to hydrogen that is used by our products to generate electricity. The fuels we use are combustible and may be toxic. In addition, our SureSource products operate at high temperatures and use corrosive carbonate material, which could expose us to potential liability claims. Although we have incorporated a robust design and redundant safety features in our power plants, have established comprehensive safety, maintenance, and training programs, follow third-party certification protocols, codes and standards, and do not store natural gas or hydrogen at our power plants, we cannot guarantee that there will not be accidents. Any accidents involving our products or other hydrogen-using products could materially impede widespread market acceptance and demand for our products. In addition, we might be held responsible for damages beyond the scope of our insurance coverage. We also cannot predict whether we will be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage on acceptable terms.

We are subject to risks inherent in international operations.

Since we market our products both inside and outside the U.S., our success depends in part on our ability to secure international customers and our ability to manufacture products that meet foreign regulatory and commercial requirements in target markets. Sales to customers located outside the U.S. accounts for a significant portion of our consolidated revenue. Sales to customers in South Korea represent the majority of our international sales. We have limited experience developing and manufacturing our products to comply with the commercial and legal requirements of international markets. In addition, we are subject to tariff regulations and requirements for export licenses, particularly with respect to the export of some of our technologies. We face numerous challenges in our international expansion, including unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and other geopolitical risks, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, longer accounts receivable requirements and collections, greater bonding and security requirements, difficulties in managing international operations, potentially adverse tax consequences, restrictions on repatriation of earnings and the burdens of complying with a wide variety of international laws. Any of these factors could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We source raw materials and parts for our products on a global basis, which subjects us to a number of potential risks, including the impact of export duties and quotas, trade protection measures imposed by the U.S. and other countries, potential for labor unrest, changing global and regional economic conditions and current and changing regulatory environments. Changes to these factors may have an adverse effect on our ability to source raw materials and parts in line with our current cost structure.

Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, we conduct our business and incur costs in the local currency of most countries in which we operate. As a result, we are subject to currency translation and transaction risk. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar could affect our net sales and cost of sales and could result in exchange gains or losses. We cannot accurately predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations.

We could also expand our business into new and emerging markets, many of which have an uncertain regulatory environment relating to currency policy. Conducting business in such markets could cause our exposure to changes in exchange rates to increase, due to the relatively high volatility associated with emerging market currencies and potentially longer payment terms for our proceeds. Our ability to hedge foreign currency exposure is dependent on our credit profile with financial institutions that are willing and able to do business with us. Deterioration in our credit position or a significant tightening of the credit market conditions could limit our ability to hedge our foreign currency exposure; and therefore, result in exchange gains or losses.

Exports of certain of our products are subject to various export control regulations and may require a license or permission from the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Energy or other agencies.

As an exporter, we must comply with various laws and regulations relating to the export of products, services and technology from the U.S. and other countries having jurisdiction over our operations. We are subject to export control laws and regulations, including the International Traffic in Arms Regulation “ITAR”, the Export Administration Regulation “EAR”, and the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, which generally prohibit U.S. companies and their intermediaries from exporting certain products, importing materials or supplies, or otherwise doing business with restricted countries, businesses or individuals, and require companies to maintain certain policies and procedures to ensure compliance. We are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act which prohibits improper payments to foreign governments and their officials by U.S. and other business entities. Under these laws and regulations, U.S. companies may be held liable for their actions and actions taken by their strategic or local partners or representatives. If we, or our intermediaries, fail to comply with the requirements of these laws and regulations, or similar laws of other countries, governmental authorities in the United States or elsewhere, as applicable, could seek to impose civil and/or criminal penalties, which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also subject to registration under the U.S. State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (“DDTC”). Due to the nature of certain of our products and technology, we must obtain licenses or authorizations from various U.S. government agencies such as DDTC or DOE, before we are permitted to sell such products or license such technology outside of the U.S. We can give no assurance that we will continue to be successful in obtaining the necessary licenses or authorizations or that certain sales will not be prevented or delayed. Any significant impairment of our ability to sell products or license technology outside of the U.S. could negatively impact our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

We depend on strategic relationships with third parties, and the terms and enforceability of many of these relationships are not certain.

We have entered into strategic relationships with third parties for the design, product development, sale and service of our existing products and products under development, some of which may not have been documented by a definitive agreement. The terms and conditions of many of these relationships allow for termination by the third parties. Termination of any of these relationships could adversely affect our ability to design, develop and distribute these products to the marketplace. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully negotiate and execute definitive agreements with any of these third parties, and failure to do so may effectively terminate the relevant relationship.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, which could harm our brand and operating results.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable and accurate financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. We have devoted significant resources and time to comply with the internal control over financial reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. In addition, Section 404 under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we assess, and that our auditors attest to, the design and operating effectiveness of our controls over financial reporting. Our compliance with the annual internal control report requirement for each fiscal year will depend on the effectiveness of our financial reporting and data systems and controls. Inferior internal controls could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock and our access to capital.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology, and disruptions, failures or security breaches of our information technology infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on our operations. In addition, increased information technology security threats and more sophisticated computer crime pose a risk to our systems, networks, products and services.

We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic and financial information and to manage a variety of business processes and activities, including production, manufacturing, financial, logistics, sales, marketing and administrative functions. Additionally, we collect and store data that is sensitive to us. Operating these information technology networks and systems and processing and maintaining this data, in a secure manner, are critical to our business operations and strategy. We depend on our information technology infrastructure to communicate internally and externally with employees, customers, suppliers and others. We also use information technology networks and systems to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements and to operate our fuel cell power plants. These information technology systems, many of which are managed by third parties or used in connection with shared service centers, may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers or other cybersecurity risks, telecommunication failures, user errors, natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other catastrophic events. If any of our significant information technology systems suffer severe damage, disruption or shutdown, and our disaster recovery and business continuity plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our product sales, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we could experience delays in reporting our financial results, or our fuel cell power plant operations may be disrupted, exposing us to performance penalties under our contracts with customers.

In addition, information technology security threats – from user error to cybersecurity attacks designed to gain unauthorized access to our systems, networks and data – are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Cybersecurity attacks may range from random attempts to coordinated and targeted attacks, including sophisticated computer crime and advanced persistent threats. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. Cybersecurity attacks could also include attacks targeting customer data or the security, integrity and/or reliability of the hardware and software installed in our products. We have experienced cybersecurity attacks that have resulted in unauthorized parties gaining access to our information technology systems and networks, and we could in the future experience similar attacks. However, to date, no cybersecurity attack has had a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. While we actively manage information technology security risks within our control, there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to mitigate all potential risks to our systems, networks and data. In addition to the direct potential financial risk as we continue to build, own and operate generation assets, other potential consequences of a material cybersecurity attack include reputational damage, litigation with third parties, disruption to systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption of data, diminution in the value of our investment in research, development and engineering, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs, which in turn could adversely affect our competitiveness, results of operations and financial condition. The amount of insurance coverage we maintain may be inadequate to cover claims or liabilities relating to a cybersecurity attack.

Litigation could expose us to significant costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are, or may become, party to various lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business, which may include lawsuits or claims relating to commercial liability, product recalls, product liability, product claims, employment matters, environmental matters, or other aspects of our business. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and although we may believe we have meaningful defenses in these matters, we may incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The costs of responding to or defending litigation may be significant and may divert the attention of management away from our strategic objectives. There may also be adverse publicity associated with litigation that may decrease customer confidence in our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. As a result, litigation may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our results of operations could vary as a result of changes to our accounting policies or the methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies.

The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies have a significant impact on our results of operations. Such methods, estimates and judgments are, by their nature, subject to substantial risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and factors may arise over time that could lead us to reevaluate our methods, estimates and judgments.

In future periods, management will continue to reevaluate its estimates for contract margins, service agreements, loss accruals, warranty, performance guarantees, liquidated damages and inventory valuation allowances. Changes in those estimates and judgments could significantly affect our results of operations and financial condition. We may also adopt changes required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the SEC.

Our stock price has been and could remain volatile.

The market price for our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and subject to extreme price and volume fluctuations in response to market and other factors, including the following, some of which are beyond our control:

• failure to meet commercialization milestones;
• failure to win contracts through competitive bidding processes;
• the loss of a major customer;
• variations in our quarterly operating results from the expectations of securities analysts or investors;
• downward revisions in securities analysts’ estimates or changes in general market conditions;
• changes in the securities analysts that cover us or failure to regularly publish reports;
• announcements of technological innovations or new products or services by us or our competitors;
• announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
• additions or departures of key personnel;
• investor perception of our industry or our prospects;
• insider selling or buying;
• demand for our common stock;
• general technological or economic trends; and
• changes in United States or foreign political environment and the passage of laws, including, tax, environmental or other laws, affecting the product development business.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of their stock, many companies have been the subject of securities class action litigation. If we became involved in securities class action litigation in the future, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Provisions of Delaware and Connecticut law and of our charter and by-laws and our outstanding securities may make a takeover more difficult.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and in Delaware and Connecticut corporate law may make it difficult and expensive for a third-party to pursue a tender offer, change in control or takeover attempt that is opposed by our management and board of directors. In addition, certain provisions of FCE Ltd.’s Series 1 Preferred Shares, our Series B Preferred Stock, our Series C Preferred Shares, and our Series D Preferred Shares could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. Public stockholders who might desire to participate in such a transaction may not have an opportunity to do so. These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of public stockholders to benefit from a change in control or change in our management and board of directors.

Our amended and restated by-laws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a judicial forum deemed favorable by the stockholder for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated by-laws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated by-laws, any action to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or amended and restated by-laws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that the stockholder finds favorable for disputes against us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated by-laws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The implementation of our business plan and strategy will require additional capital.

The implementation of our business plan and strategy requires additional capital. If we are unable to raise additional capital in the amounts required, or at all, we will not be able to successfully implement our business plan and strategy. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to raise such additional capital at the times required or in the amounts required for the implementation of our business plan and strategy. In addition, the recent change to a more capital-intensive business model increases the risks of our being able to successfully implement our plans, if we do not raise additional capital in the amounts required. If we are unable to raise additional capital, our business, operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We will need to raise additional capital, and such capital may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If we do raise additional capital utilizing equity, existing stockholders will suffer dilution. If we do not raise additional capital, our business could fail or be materially and adversely affected.

We will need to raise additional funds in debt and equity financings, and these funds may not be available to us when we need them or on acceptable terms, if at all. Such additional financings could be significant. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into shares of our common stock, into the public market, including shares of our common stock issued upon exercise of options or warrants, you could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of our then-existing capital stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If we cannot raise additional funds when we need them, our business and prospects could fail or be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if additional funds are not secured in the future, we will have to modify, reduce, defer or eliminate parts of our present and anticipated future projects.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock could affect the market price of our common stock.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into shares of our common stock, into the public market, including shares of our common stock issued upon exercise of options or warrants, or perceptions that those sales could occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital in the future.

We may be subject to actions for rescission or damages or other penalties in connection with certain sales of shares of our common stock in the open market.

Between August 2005 and April 2017, we sold shares of our common stock pursuant to a series of “at-the-market” sales plans. The shares sold pursuant to these sales plans represented a portion of the shares registered by us pursuant to shelf registration statements we filed with the SEC during this time period. While we reported the actual shares sold and proceeds, net of fees, of sales made during each fiscal quarter pursuant to the sales plans in our annual and quarterly reports on Forms 10-K and 10-Q, we did not file or deliver prospectus supplements at the time of or prior to making these sales. Accordingly, these sales may not have been in compliance with applicable federal and/or state securities laws, and the purchasers of such shares may have rescission rights or claims for damages. In addition, to the extent that these sales were not in compliance with applicable federal and/or state securities laws, we may be subject to penalties imposed by the SEC and/or state securities agencies. We have reported these sales to the SEC, and in response to our report, the SEC has opened an informal investigation of these sales. If purchasers successfully seek rescission and/or damages, and/or the SEC and/or state securities agencies impose financial penalties on us which are not covered by insurance, we may not have sufficient resources to make the necessary payments, and any such claims, damages or penalties could have a material adverse effect on our stock price, business prospects, results of operations, and financial condition. Although we believe we would have defenses to such claims or actions if brought, we are unable to predict the likelihood of any claims or actions being brought against us, or the amount of any damages or financial penalties which could be sought against us, or the extent to which any such financial exposure would be covered by insurance.

The rights of the Series 1 Preferred Shares and the Series B Preferred Stock could negatively impact our cash flows and could dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders.

The terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares issued by FCE Ltd. provide rights to the holder, Enbridge Inc. (“Enbridge”), which could negatively impact us.

The provisions of the Series 1 Preferred Shares require that FCE Ltd. make annual payments totaling Cdn. $1,250,000, including (i) annual dividend payments of Cdn. $500,000 and (ii) annual return of capital payments of Cdn. $750,000. These payments will end on December 31, 2020. Additional dividends accrue on cumulative unpaid dividends at a 1.25% quarterly rate, compounded quarterly, until payment thereof. On December 31, 2020 the amount of all accrued and unpaid dividends on the Series 1 Preferred Shares of Cdn. $21.1 million and the balance of the principal redemption price of Cdn. $4.4 million shall be paid to the holders of the Series 1 Preferred Shares. FCE Ltd. has the option of making dividend payments in the form of common stock or cash under the terms of the Series 1 Preferred Shares.

We are also required to issue common stock to the holder of the Series 1 Preferred Shares if and when the holder exercises its conversion rights. The number of shares of common stock that we may issue upon conversion could be significant and dilutive to our existing stockholders. For example, assuming the holder of the Series 1 Preferred Shares exercises its conversion rights after July 31, 2020 and assuming our common stock price is $1.30 (our common stock closing price on July 31, 2018), and an exchange rate of U.S. $1.00 to Cdn. $1.30 (exchange rate on July 31, 2018) at the time of conversion, we would be required to issue approximately 2,762,104 shares of our common stock.

The terms of the Series B Preferred Stock also provide rights to their holders that could negatively impact us. Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative dividends at the rate of $50 per share per year, payable either in cash or in shares of our common stock. To the extent the dividend is paid in shares, additional issuances could be dilutive to our existing stockholders and the sale of those shares could have a negative impact on the price of our common stock. A share of our Series B Preferred Stock may be converted at any time, at the option of the holder, into 7.0922 shares of our common stock (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of $141 per share), plus cash in lieu of fractional shares. Furthermore, the conversion rate applicable to the Series B Preferred Stock is subject to additional adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events.

We may not be able to make cash payments to redeem the Series C Preferred Shares and the Series D Preferred Shares.

We have the obligation to make bimonthly redemption payments on the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares commencing on November 1, 2017 and December 1, 2018, respectively. These mandatory redemption payments may each be made, at our option, in cash or in shares of our common stock or in a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, except that our right to make payment in shares of common stock is dependent upon our satisfying certain equity conditions. Among other things, these equity conditions include our continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market or another permitted exchange and our stock maintaining certain minimum average prices and trading volumes during the applicable measurement period. If we cannot satisfy the equity conditions, we will not be able to make our bimonthly mandatory redemption payments in stock, and we would be forced to make such bimonthly payments in cash. We may not have sufficient cash resources at the applicable time to make those cash payments, or to make such cash payments in full. In addition, certain such cash payments may not permitted under the terms of our existing or future indebtedness or may cause us to fail to satisfy financial maintenance covenants.

Further, any failure to pay any amounts due to the holders of the Series C Preferred Shares and/or the Series D Preferred Shares, as well as certain other “triggering events,” including, without limitation, our failure to timely deliver shares, our suspension of trading, our failure to keep reserved for issuance an adequate number of shares of common stock to cover conversion of the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares, and breaches of certain covenants that are not timely cured, where a cure period is permitted, would permit the holders of the Series C Preferred Shares and/or Series D Preferred Shares (as applicable) to require us to redeem such Series C Preferred Shares and/or Series D Preferred Shares (as applicable), in cash at a price equal to the greater of (i) 125% of the stated value of the Series C Preferred Shares or Series D Preferred Shares being redeemed, as the case may be, plus accrued dividends, if any, and (ii) the market value of the number of shares issuable on conversion of the Series C Preferred Shares or Series D Preferred Shares, as the case may be, valued at the greatest closing sales price during the period from the date immediately before the triggering event through the date we make the redemption payment. However, if we are actually delisted from The Nasdaq Global Market, without obtaining a listing on another national securities exchange, it would constitute a “triggering event” under the Series C Certificate of Designations and Series D Certificate of Designation and would also cause a failure of the equity conditions that must be satisfied in order for us to make redemptions payments in shares of our common stock. Thus, if we fail to maintain trading or listing, as applicable, or if for any other reason we are required to repurchase the Series C Preferred Shares and/or the Series D Preferred Shares in cash prior to maturity, no assurance can be given that we would have the cash or financial resources available to us to make such a payment, and such an acceleration could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares rank senior to our common stock with respect to payments upon liquidation, dividends, and distributions.

The rights of the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares rank senior to the obligations to our common stockholders. Upon our liquidation, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive $1,000.00 per share plus all accumulated and unpaid dividends. Until the holders of Series B Preferred Stock receive their Liquidation Preference in full, no payment will be made on any junior shares, including our Series C Preferred Shares, our Series D Preferred Shares, and shares of our common stock. Upon our liquidation, the holders of Series C Preferred Shares are entitled to receive an amount per Series C Preferred Share equal to the greater of (A) the stated value thereof on the date of such payment, plus accrued dividends, if any and (B) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such Series C Preferred Shares into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment. Upon our liquidation, the holders of Series D Preferred Shares are entitled to receive an amount per Series D Preferred Share equal to the greater of (A) the stated value thereof on the date of such payment, plus accrued dividends, if any and (B) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such Series D Preferred Shares into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment. Further, the holders of Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares have the right to participate in any payment of dividends or other distributions made to the holders of common stock to the same extent as if they had converted such preferred shares. The existence of senior securities such as the Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares could have an adverse effect on the value of our common stock.

Holders of the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares have rights that may restrict our ability to operate our business.

Under the Series C Certificate of Designations and Series D Certificate of Designation, we are subject to certain covenants that limit our ability to create new series of preferred stock, other than series junior to the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares with redemption occurring after the maturity date of the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares, and our ability to incur certain indebtedness. Such restrictions may have an adverse effect on our ability to operate our business while the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares are outstanding.

Our common stockholders may experience significant dilution upon the issuance of common stock upon conversion of or redemption payments under the Series C Preferred Shares and Series D Preferred Shares.

The issuance of common stock as mandatory redemption payments or upon conversion of some or all of the Series C Preferred Shares and/or Series D Preferred Shares will dilute the ownership interests of existing holders of shares of our common stock. As of July 31, 2018, the aggregate outstanding liquidation preference of the Series C Preferred Shares totaled $11.7 million. If this amount was converted into our common stock at its initial conversion price of $1.84, we would have issued 6,348,401 shares of common stock upon their conversion (without giving effect to any limitation on conversions). If this amount is converted into our common stock at the adjusted conversion price of $1.50, which adjusted conversion price became effective on August 27, 2018 in connection with the offering of our Series D Preferred Stock, we would issue 7,787,372 shares of common stock upon conversion (without giving effect to any limitation on conversions). This excludes the effect of any common stock we may issue in lieu of paying bimonthly redemption amounts in cash, which may be made at a price lower than the conversion price. The conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares is adjustable based on certain events, including in the event of a triggering event and in the event we effect a stock split, combination or similar transaction, to reflect the proportionate (adjusted) trading prices of our common stock before and after the effective date.

If the initial aggregate stated value of the Series D Preferred Shares is converted into our common stock at its initial conversion price, we would issue 22,231,884 shares of common stock upon conversion (without giving effect to any limitation on conversions). This excludes the effect of any common stock we may issue in lieu of paying bimonthly redemption amounts in cash, which may be made at a price lower than the initial conversion price. The initial conversion price of the Series D Preferred Shares is adjustable based on certain events, including in the event of a triggering event (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation), in the event we effect a stock split, combination or similar transaction, to reflect the proportionate (adjusted) trading prices of our common stock before and after the effective date, in the event we issue shares pursuant to our At Market Issuance Sales Agreement with B. Riley FBR, Inc. and Oppenheimer & Co., Inc. dated June 13, 2018, and in the event we issue any securities that are deemed variable price securities (as defined in the Series D Certificate of Designation).