CB Financial Services, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Jun 30, 2025

This discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements, notes and tables included in this report. For further information, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These statements are not historical facts, but rather statements based on the Company’s current expectations regarding its business strategies, intended results and future performance. Forward-looking statements are preceded by terms such as “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “intends” and similar expressions. Management’s ability to predict results or the effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Factors which could affect actual results include, but are not limited to, the following:

• General and local economic conditions;
• Changes in market interest rates, deposit flows, demand for loans, real estate values and competition;
• Competitive products and pricing;
• The ability of our customers to make scheduled loan payments;
• Loan delinquency rates and trends;
• Our ability to manage the risks involved in our business;
• Our ability to integrate the operations of businesses we acquire;
• Our ability to control costs and expenses;
• Inflation, market and monetary fluctuations;
• Changes in federal and state legislation and regulation applicable to our business;
• Actions by our competitors; and
• Other factors disclosed in the Company’s periodic reports as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. The Company assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as may be required by applicable law or regulation.

General

CB Financial Services is a bank holding company established in 2006 and headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. CB Financial’s business activity is conducted primarily through its wholly owned bank subsidiary, Community Bank.

The Bank is a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. The Bank operates from nine branches in Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in southwestern Pennsylvania and three offices in Marshall and Ohio Counties in West Virginia. The Bank also has a loan production office in Allegheny County, a corporate center in Washington County and an operations center in Greene County, all of which are in Pennsylvania. The Bank is a community-oriented institution offering residential and commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans as well as a variety of deposit products for individuals and businesses in its market area.

Overview

The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist in the understanding and evaluation of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction therewith. The detailed discussion focuses on our consolidated financial condition as of June 30, 2025, compared to the consolidated financial condition as of December 31, 2024 and the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Our results of operations depend primarily on our net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets and the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our results of operations also are affected by our provision for credit losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense. Noninterest income consists primarily of fees and service charges on deposit accounts, income from bank-owned life insurance and other income. Noninterest expense consists primarily of expenses related to salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, data processing, contracted services, legal and professional fees, advertising, deposit and general insurance and other expenses.

Financial institutions like us, in general, are significantly affected by economic conditions, competition, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the federal government. Lending activities are influenced by the demand for and supply of housing, competition among lenders, interest rate conditions, and funds availability. Our operations and lending are principally concentrated in the southwestern Pennsylvania and Ohio Valley market areas.

Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to financial measures presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we present certain non-GAAP financial measures. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information in understanding our underlying results of operations or financial position and our business and performance trends as they facilitate comparisons with the performance of other companies in the financial services industry. Non-GAAP adjusted items impacting the Company's financial performance are identified to assist investors in providing a complete understanding of factors and trends affecting the Company’s business and in analyzing the Company’s operating results on the same basis as that applied by management. Although we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding of our business and performance, they should not be considered an alternative to GAAP or considered to be more important than financial results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable with similar non-GAAP measures which may be presented by other companies. Where non-GAAP financial measures are used, the comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as the reconciliation to the comparable GAAP financial measure, can be found herein.

The interest income on interest-earning assets, net interest rate spread and net interest margin are presented on a fully tax-equivalent (“FTE”) basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans using the federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0%. We believe the presentation of net interest income on a FTE basis ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice.

The following table reconciles net interest income, net interest spread and net interest margin on a FTE basis for the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands)

30

Tangible book value per common share is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on tangible common equity divided by period-end common shares outstanding. We believe this non-GAAP measure serves as a useful tool to help evaluate the strength and discipline of the Company's capital management strategies and as an additional, conservative measure of the Company’s total value.

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

31

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Analysis

Assets

Total assets increased $36.4 million, or 2.5%, to $1.52 billion at June 30, 2025 compared to $1.48 billion at December 31, 2024.

Cash and Securities

• Cash and due from banks increased $14.9 million, or 30.1%, to $64.5 million at June 30, 2025, compared to $49.6 million at December 31, 2024.
• Securities increased $5.0 million, or 1.9%, to $267.2 million at June 30, 2025, compared to $262.2 million at December 31, 2024. The securities balance was primarily impacted by security purchases and an increase in the market value of the portfolio, partially offset by principal repayments on amortizing securities and the sale of equity securities.

Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) and Credit Quality

• Total loans increased $18.2 million, or 1.7%, to $1.11 billion at June 30, 2025 compared to $1.09 billion at December 31, 2024. This was driven by increases in commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans of $27.7 million and $26.2 million, respectively, partially offset by decreases in construction, consumer and residential real estate loans of $14.0 million, $13.1 million and $8.7 million, respectively. The decrease in consumer loans resulted from a reduction in indirect automobile loan production due to the discontinuation of this product offering as of June 30, 2023. This portfolio is expected to continue to decline as resources are allocated and production efforts are focused on more profitable commercial products. Excluding the $16.6 million decrease in indirect automobile loans, total loans increased $34.8 million, or 3.2%. Loan production totaled $97.0 million while $51.5 million of loans were paid off since December 31, 2024.
• The allowance for credit losses (ACL) was $9.7 million at June 30, 2025 and $9.8 million at December 31, 2024. As a result, the ACL to total loans was 0.88% at June 30, 2025 and 0.90% at December 31, 2024. The provision for credit losses recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was a net recovery of $32,000. The provision for credit losses - loans was a $68,000 recovery and was primarily due to a reduction of reserve required for individually assessed loans and changes in loan concentrations, partially offset by additional reserve required for overall loan growth and a change in qualitative factors relating to economic conditions. The provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments was $36,000 and was due to an increase in unfunded commitments and an increase in funding rates.
• Net charge-offs for the six months ended June 30, 2025 were $15,000. Net charge-offs for the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $50,000, or 0.01% of average loans on an annualized basis.
• Nonperforming loans, which include nonaccrual loans and accruing loans past due 90 days or more, were $1.8 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Nonperforming loans to total loans ratio was 0.16% at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Liabilities

Total liabilities increased $35.4 million, or 2.7%, to $1.37 billion at June 30, 2025 compared to $1.33 billion at December 31, 2024.

Deposits

• Total deposits increased $25.9 million, or 2.0%, to $1.31 billion as of June 30, 2025 compared to $1.28 billion at December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing demand, non interest-bearing demand and savings deposits increased $36.7 million, $10.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively while time deposits decreased $16.7 million and money market deposits decreased $6.3 million, respectively. This favorable change in the deposit mix was the result of an increased focus on building core banking relationships while strategically reducing time deposit-only relationships. Brokered time deposits totaled $79.0 million as of June 30, 2025 and $39.0 million as of December 31, 2024, all of which mature within three months and were utilized to fund the purchase of floating rate CLO securities. At June 30, 2025, FDIC insured deposits totaled approximately 61.0% of total deposits while an additional 14.8% of total deposits were collateralized with investment securities.

Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities

• Accrued interest payable and other liabilities increased $9.5 million, or 59.6%, to $25.5 million at June 30, 2025, compared to $16.0 million at December 31, 2024 primarily due to the purchase of $9.0 million of syndicated loans not yet settled.

Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ equity increased $984,000, or 0.7%, to $148.4 million at June 30, 2025, compared to $147.4 million at December 31, 2024. The key factors positively impacting stockholders’ equity were $5.9 million of net income for the current year, a $2.9 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss and $1.1 million of shares issued as a result of stock option exercises, partially offset by $6.8 million of treasury shares purchased under the stock repurchase program and the payment of $2.5 million in dividends since December 31, 2024.

Book value per common share (GAAP) was $29.84 at June 30, 2025 compared to $28.71 at December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.13. Tangible book value per common share (Non-GAAP) increased $1.06, or 4.0%, to $27.88 compared to $26.82 at December 31, 2024.

Consolidated Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Overview. Net income was $3.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $1.3 million compared to net income of $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Interest and Dividend Income. Net interest and dividend income increased $1.1 million, or 9.3%, to $12.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $11.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Net interest margin (GAAP) increased 36 basis points (bps) to 3.54% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to 3.18% for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Fully Tax Equivalent (FTE) net interest margin (Non-GAAP) increased 36 bps to 3.55% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to 3.19% for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Interest and Dividend Income

• Interest and dividend income decreased $179,000, or 0.9%, to $18.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $18.9 million the three months ended June 30, 2024.
• Interest income on loans increased $822,000, or 5.6%, to $15.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $14.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The average yield on loans increased 18 bps to 5.68% from 5.50% despite a 100bp reduction in the federal funds rate since September 2024. While this led to the downward repricing of variable and adjustable rate loans, the impact was negated by a reduction in lower yielding consumer loans due to the discontinuation of the indirect automobile loan product with the redeployment of those funds into higher yielding commercial loan products. The increase in the average yield caused a $489,000 increase in interest income on loans. Additionally, the average balance of loans increased $22.2 million to $1.10 billion from $1.08 billion, causing a $349,000 increase in interest income on loans.
• Interest income on taxable investment securities increased $16,000, or 0.6%, to $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 driven by a $18.5 million increase in average balances, partially offset by a 26 bp decrease in average yield. The increase in volume was driven by a $22.9 million increase in the average balance of collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) securities as the Bank executed a leverage strategy during 2024 to purchase these assets funded with cash reserves and brokered certificates of deposits. The decrease in the yield resulted from the reductions in the federal funds rates since September 2024.
• Interest income on interest-earning deposits at other banks decreased $982,000 to $331,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 driven by a 125 bp decrease in the average yield and a $67.7 million decrease in average balances. The decrease in the yield was primarily related to the reductions in the federal funds rate since September 2024.

Interest Expense

• Interest expense decreased $1.2 million, or 16.7%, to $6.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $7.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024.
• Interest expense on deposits decreased $1.3 million, or 19.0%, to $5.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $7.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. The cost of interest-bearing deposits declined 47 bps to 2.28% for the three months ended June 30, 2025 from 2.75% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 due to the change in the deposit mix and the recent Federal Reserve federal funds rate decreases. The decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits accounted for a $1.2 million reduction in interest expense. Average interest-bearing deposit balances decreased $27.2 million, or 2.6%, to $1.01 billion as of June 30, 2025 compared to $1.03 billion as of June 30, 2024, primarily as the Bank strategically reduced brokered deposits and time deposit only relationships. The decrease in average balances accounted for a $161,000 reduction in interest expense.

Average Balances and Yields. The following table presents information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income and dividends from average interest-earning assets, the total dollar amounts of interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, and the resulting average yields and costs. Average balances are derived from daily balances over the periods indicated. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan interest income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21.0% for the periods presented. As such, amounts will not agree to income as reported in the consolidated financial statements. The yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing annualized income or expense by the average balances of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.

(1) Annualized based on three months ended results.

(2) Net of the allowance for credit losses and includes nonaccrual loans with a zero yield and Loans Held for Sale if applicable.

(3) Refer to Explanation and Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this filing for the calculation of the measure and reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measure.

(4) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

(5) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(6) Net interest margin represents annualized net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21.0%. The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. The total column represents the sum of the prior columns.

Provision for Credit Losses. A provision for credit losses of $8,000 was recorded for the three months ended June 30, 2025. The provision for credit losses - loans was a $136,000 recovery and was primarily due to a reduction of reserve required for individually assessed loans and changes in loan concentrations, partially offset by additional reserve required for overall loan growth and a change in qualitative factors relating to economic conditions. The provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments was $144,000 and was due to an increase in unfunded commitments and an increase in funding rates. This compared to a net recovery of $36,000 recorded for the three months ended June 30, 2024 as the provision for credit losses - loans was $12,000 and was primarily due to an increase in the reserve required for individually assessed loans, partially offset by a decrease in loan balances while the provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments was a recovery of $48,000 and was due to a decrease in loss rates.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income increased $243,000, or 35.3%, to $931,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $688,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This resulted primarily from a $205,000 increase in service fees primarily related to corporate deposit and Individual Covered Health Reimbursement Arrangement accounts.

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense decreased $236,000, or 2.6%, to $8.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $9.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. Occupancy expense decreased $324,000 due to environmental remediation costs related to a construction project on one of the Bank’s office locations recognized only in 2024 and certain property management cost savings initiatives implemented in 2025. Intangible amortization decreased $264,000 as the Bank’s core deposit intangibles were fully amortized in 2024. Data processing expense decreased $250,000 due to costs associated with the implementation of a new loan origination system and financial dashboard platform during mid-2024. Pennsylvania shares tax expense decreased $154,000 due to $217,000 of refunds received on amended returns filed for prior years. Legal and professional fees decreased $91,000 primarily due to timing differences related to internal and external audit and tax services. These decreases were partially offset as salaries and benefits increased $663,000, or 15.0%, to $5.1 million primarily due to merit increases, revenue producing staff additions and higher insurance benefit costs, partially offset by savings realized due to the reduction in force implemented earlier this year. Equipment expense increased $74,000 due to higher depreciation expense associated with interactive teller machines, security system upgrades and other equipment placed into service in 2024.

Income Taxes. Income tax expense was $766,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $560,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2024. This change was primarily driven by a increase in pre-tax income to $4.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $3.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

Overview. Net income was $5.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $989,000 compared to $6.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Interest and Dividend Income. Net interest and dividend income increased $788,000, or 3.4%, to $23.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $23.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Net interest margin (GAAP) increased to 3.40% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to 3.27% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Net interest margin (FTE) (Non-GAAP) increased 14 bps to 3.42% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to 3.28% the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Interest and Dividend Income

• Interest and dividend income decreased $320,000, or 0.9%, to $36.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $36.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.
• Interest income on loans increased $512,000, or 1.7%, to $30.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $29.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The average yield on loans increased 9 bps to 5.59% for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to 5.50% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 resulting in a $485,000 increase in interest income on loans. The increase in loan yield has been driven by a reduction in lower yielding consumer loans due to the discontinuation of the indirect automobile loan product with the redeployment of those funds into higher yielding commercial loan products. The average balance of loans increased $4.8 million to $1.09 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1.08 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 resulting in a $61,000 increase in interest income on loans.
• Interest income on taxable investment securities increased $489,000, or 9.5%, to $5.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $5.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 driven by a $30.5 million increase in average balances, partially offset by a 9 bp decrease in the average yield. The increase in volume was driven by a $39.5 million increase in the average balance of CLO securities as the Company executed a leverage strategy to purchase these assets funded with brokered certificates of deposits. The increase in the volume resulted in a $604,000 increase in interest income. The decrease in the average yield resulted in a $115,000 decrease in interest income and was the result of reductions in the federal funds rates since September 2024.
• Interest income on interest-earning deposits at other banks decreased $1.3 million, to $789,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 as average balances decreased $40.8 million and the average yield decreased 109 bps. The volume decreased as cash was utilized to fund security purchases and loan originations while the average yield decrease resulted from reductions in the federal funds rate since September 2024.

Interest Expense

• Interest expense decreased $1.1 million, or 8.0%, to $12.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $13.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.
• Interest expense on deposits decreased $1.2 million, or 9.4%, to $11.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $13.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Declining market interest rates led to the repricing of interest-bearing demand, money market and time deposits and resulted in a 24 bp decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing deposits compared to the six months ended June 30, 2024. This accounted for a $1.2 million increase in interest expense.
• Interest expense on borrowed funds increased $115,000, or 14.2%, to $923,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $808,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The average balance of borrowed funds increased $5.6 million due to FHLB short-term advances utilized during the six months ended June 30, 2025. The increase in the average balance accounted for a $131,000 increase in interest expense.

Average Balances and Yields. The following table presents information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income and dividends from average interest-earning assets, the total dollar amounts of interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, and the resulting average yields and costs. Average balances are derived from daily balances over the periods indicated. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan interest income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21% for the periods presented. As such, amounts will not agree to income as reported in the consolidated financial statements. The yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing annualized income or expense by the average balances of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.

(1) Annualized based on six months ended results.

(2) Net of the allowance for credit losses and includes nonaccrual loans with a zero yield and Loans Held for Sale if applicable.

(3) Refer to Explanation and Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this filing for the calculation of the measure and reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measure.

(4) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

(5) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(6) Net interest margin represents annualized net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

Rate Volume Analysis. The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan and income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21%. The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. The total column represents the sum of the prior columns.

Provision for Credit Losses. The provision for credit losses was a recovery of $32,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The recovery was due to improvement of individually analyzed loans that required specific provision in prior periods, mainly offset by increases in loan balances. This compared to a recovery for credit losses of $73,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 due to a decrease in loan balances.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income decreased $886,000, or 34.0%, to $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Net gain on bank-owned life insurance claims decreased as a $915,000 gain was realized for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and net gain on disposal of premises and equipment decreased as a gain of $274,000 was realized during six months ended June 30, 2024 from the sale of one branch office location.

Partially offsetting these decreases, service fees increased $252,000, or 32.8%, to $1.0 million for six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to $769,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily related to increases in fees related to corporate deposit accounts, Individual Covered Health Reimbursement Arrangement (ICHRA) accounts and check card activity. Additionally, the net loss on equity securities decreased $141,000 to a loss of $69,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to a $197,000 loss for the six months ended June 30, 2024 which was primarily due to changes in the market value of equity securities, comprised mainly of bank stocks.

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $1.1 million, or 6.5%, to $18.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $17.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Salaries and benefits increased $2.1 million primarily due to $1.0 million of one-time non-recurring expense recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2025 associated with the previously announced reduction in force, merit increases, revenue producing staff additions and higher insurance and benefit costs. Additionally, equipment expense increased $140,000 due to higher depreciation expense associated with interactive teller machines, security system upgrades and other equipment placed into service during late 2024 and FDIC expense increased $89,000.

Partially offsetting these increases, amortization of intangible assets decreased $605,000 as the Bank’s core deposit intangible was fully amortized in 2024, occupancy expense decreased $323,000 primarily due to environmental remediation costs recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2024 related to a construction project on one of the Bank’s office location, Pennsylvania shares tax expense decreased $195,000 due to $242,000 of refunds received during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as a result of amended prior year returns, and data processing expense decreased $145,000 due to higher 2024 costs associated with the initial implementation of a new loan origination system.

Income Taxes. Income tax expense decreased $287,000 to $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The change between the periods was driven by a decrease pre-tax income to $7.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $8.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Other than loan commitments and standby and performance letters of credit, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a significant current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that are material to investors. Refer to Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this report for a summary of commitments outstanding as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Management

Liquidity. Liquidity is the ability to meet current and future financial obligations of a short-term nature. The Company’s primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments and maturities, calls and sales of securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are typically predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

The Company regularly adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon its assessment of expected loan demand, expected deposit flows, yields available on interest-earning deposits and securities, and the objectives of its asset/liability management program. Excess liquid assets are invested generally in interest-earning deposits with other banks and short- and intermediate-term securities. The Company believes that it had sufficient liquidity at June 30, 2025 to satisfy its short- and long-term liquidity needs.

The Company’s most liquid assets are cash and due from banks, which totaled $64.5 million at June 30, 2025. The levels of these assets depend on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. Unpledged securities, which provide an additional source of liquidity, totaled $100.9 million at June 30, 2025. In addition, at June 30, 2025, the Company had the ability to borrow up to $516.2 million from the FHLB of Pittsburgh, of which $494.3 million was available. The Company also has the ability to borrow up to $69.7 million from the FRB through its Borrower-In-Custody line of credit agreement and the Company also maintains multiple line of credit arrangements with various unaffiliated banks totaling $50.0 million as of both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, currently these credit arrangements have remained unused.

At June 30, 2025, $238.5 million, or 85.1% of total time deposits mature within one year. If these time deposits do not remain with the Company, the Company will be required to seek other sources of funds. Depending on market conditions, the Company may be required to pay higher rates on such deposits or other borrowings than it currently pays on these time deposits. The Company believes, however, based on past experience that a significant portion of its time deposits will remain with it, either as time deposits or as other deposit products. The Company has the ability to attract and retain deposits by adjusting the interest rates offered. At June 30, 2025, the Bank's current deposit portfolio is 61.0% insured by the FDIC, and with additional coverage of 14.8% from the Bank's investment securities; of the total deposits held at the Bank only 24.2% are uninsured.

We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position; therefore, we monitor our liquidity position on a daily basis. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments. The marginal cost of new funding, however, whether from deposits or borrowings from the FHLB, will be carefully considered as we monitor our liquidity needs. Therefore, in order to minimize our cost of funds, we may consider additional borrowings from the FHLB in the future.

CB Financial is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity to pay any dividends to its shareholders and for other corporate purposes. Its primary source of liquidity is dividend payments it receives from the Bank. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends to CB Financial is subject to regulatory limitations. At June 30, 2025, CB Financial (on an unconsolidated, stand-alone basis) had liquid assets of $9.8 million. The ability to pay future dividends or conduct stock repurchases may be limited under applicable banking regulations and regulatory policies due to expected losses for future periods and/or the inability to upstream funds from the Bank to the Company as a result of lower income or regulatory capital levels.

Capital Management. The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, each must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Under the Regulatory Capital Rules, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions (including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers), a banking organization must hold a capital conservation buffer comprised of common equity Tier I capital above its minimum risk-based capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets.

At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank was categorized as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.

The following table presents the Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and ratios, as well as the minimum amounts and ratios required to be well capitalized as of the dates indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)

40

Loan Credit Exposure

Refer to the "Lending Activities" section of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a description of each loan portfolio segment.

At June 30, 2025, the Company's loans totaled $1.11 billion, representing a $18.2 million, or 1.7%, increase compared to $1.09 billion at December 31, 2024.

The table below provides the composition of the loan portfolio:

(Dollars in thousands)

The Company's loan portfolio is a mix of consumer and commercial credits. Overall credit exposure and portfolio compensation is managed via a credit concentration policy. The policy designates specific loan types, collateral types and loan structures to be formally tracked and assigned maximum exposure limits as a percentage of capital. Commercial lending by asset class, specific limits for Commercial Real Estate ("CRE") project types, loans secured by residential real estate, large dollar exposures and designated high risk loan categories represent examples of specifically tracked components of our concentration management process. There are no identified concentrations that exceed the assigned exposure limits. Our concentration management policy is approved by the Company's Board of Directors and is used to ensure a high-quality, well diversified portfolio that is consistent with our overall objective of maintaining an acceptable level of risk.

The Company's CRE portfolio totaled $513.2 million at June 30, 2025, an increase of $27.7 million, or 5.7%, compared to December 31, 2024. CRE loans are concentrated in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

The tables below provides further detail of the composition of the CRE portfolio as of June 30, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Based on collateral value at the time of loan origination.

(Dollars in Thousands)

(1) Based on collateral value at the time of loan origination.

Management of Interest Rate Risk. The majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Consequently, the Company’s most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk and a principal part of its business strategy is to manage interest rate risk by reducing the exposure of net interest income to changes in market interest rates. Accordingly, the Company’s Board has established an Asset/Liability Management Committee, which is responsible for evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in the Company’s assets and liabilities, for determining the level of risk that is appropriate given the Company’s business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives; and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the Board. Senior management monitors the level of interest rate risk and the Asset/Liability Management Committee meets on a quarterly basis to review its asset/liability policies and position and interest rate risk position, and to discuss and implement interest rate risk strategies.

The Company monitors interest rate risk through the use of a simulation model. The quarterly reports developed in the simulation model assist the Company in identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling interest rate risk to ensure compliance within the Company’s policy guidelines. This quantitative analysis measures interest rate risk from both a capital and earnings perspective. With regard to earnings, movements in interest rates and the shape of the yield curve significantly influence the amount of net interest income that is recognized. Movements in market interest rates significantly influence the spread between the interest earned on our interest-earning assets and the interest paid on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our internal interest rate risk analysis calculates the sensitivity of our projected net interest income over a one year period utilizing a static balance sheet assumption through which incoming and outgoing asset and liability cash flows are reinvested into similar instruments. Product pricing and earning asset prepayment speeds are adjusted for each rate scenario.

With regard to capital, our internal interest rate risk analysis calculates the sensitivity of our economic value of equity (“EVE”) ratio to movements in interest rates. EVE represents the present value of the expected cash flows from our assets less the present value of the expected cash flows arising from our liabilities. EVE attempts to quantify our economic value using a discounted cash flow methodology while the EVE ratio reflects that value as a form of capital ratio. The degree to which the EVE ratio changes for any hypothetical interest rate scenario from its base case measurement is a reflection of an institution’s sensitivity to interest rate risk.

For both net interest income and capital at risk, our interest rate risk analysis calculates a base case scenario that assumes no change in interest rates. The model then measures changes throughout a series of interest rate scenarios representing immediate and permanent, parallel shifts in the yield curve up and down 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points with additional scenarios modeled where appropriate. The model requires that interest rates remain positive for all points along the yield curve for each rate scenario which may preclude the modeling of certain falling rate scenarios.

The table below sets forth, as of June 30, 2025, the estimated changes in EVE and net interest income at risk that would result from the designated instantaneous changes in market interest rates. Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Changes presented in the table below are within the policy limits approved by the Board of Directors.

(Dollars in thousands)

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurement. Modeling changes in EVE and net interest income require making certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the table presented assumes that the composition of the Company’s interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured, and assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the table provides an indication of the Company’s interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on EVE and net interest income and will differ from actual results. EVE calculations also may not reflect the fair values of financial instruments. For example, changes in market interest rates can increase the fair values of the Company’s loans, deposits and borrowings.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based upon their evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective for the purpose of ensuring that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act with the SEC (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (2) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

(b) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in such Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.