Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.: Form 10-Q for the period ended Sep 30, 2025

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, as well as the audited financial statements and the related notes thereto, the discussion under "Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Part I, Item 1. Business” sections included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Annual Report"). Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, such as information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and the impact of macroeconomic factors on our business, financial results and financial condition includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many important factors, including those set forth in the "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" section of our Annual Report and in the "Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" section of this Quarterly Report, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a medical technology company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative, minimally invasive solutions for patients with obstructive sleep apnea ("OSA"). Our proprietary Inspire system is the first and only FDA, European Union ("EU") Medical Devices Regulation ("MDR"), and Japan Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency-approved neurostimulation technology of its kind that provides a safe and effective treatment for patients with moderate to severe OSA. We have developed a novel, closed-loop solution that continuously monitors a patient’s breathing and delivers mild hypoglossal nerve stimulation to maintain an open airway. Inspire therapy is indicated for patients with moderate to severe OSA who do not have significant central sleep apnea and do not have a complete concentric collapse of the airway at the soft palate level.

We sell our Inspire system to hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers ("ASCs") in the U.S. and in select countries in Europe and Japan through a direct sales organization and we sell our Inspire system in Singapore and Hong Kong through distributors. Our direct sales force engages in sales efforts and promotional activities primarily focused on ENT physicians and sleep centers. In addition, we highlight our compelling clinical data and value proposition to increase awareness and adoption amongst referring physicians. We build upon this top-down approach with strong direct-to-consumer marketing initiatives to create awareness of the benefits of our Inspire system and drive interest through patient empowerment. We believe this outreach helps to educate thousands of patients on our Inspire therapy.

Although our sales and marketing efforts are directed at patients and physicians because they are the primary users of our technology, we consider the hospitals and ASCs where the procedure is performed to be our customers, as they are the purchasing agents of our Inspire system. Our customers are reimbursed according to the coding and correlated payment by various third-party payors, such as commercial payors and government healthcare programs. Our Inspire system is currently covered on a per-patient basis for patients insured by commercial payors, under Local Coverage Determinations for patients insured by Medicare and Medicare Advantage, and under U.S. government contract for patients who are treated by the Veterans Health Administration. As of November 3, 2025, we have secured positive coverage policies with many U.S. commercial payors, including all large national commercial insurers, covering more than 300 million lives in the U.S. In addition, all seven Medicare Administrative Contractors provide coverage of Inspire therapy when certain coverage criteria are met.

Reimbursement in other countries can often be established through a combination of private (commercial insurance) and public funding sources, or at the hospital level through innovation budgets.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, 95.7% of our revenue was derived in the U.S. and 4.3% was derived outside of the U.S. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

We rely on third-party suppliers to manufacture our Inspire system and its components. Many of these suppliers are currently single source suppliers. Currently, all of our manufacturing is done in the U.S. and most components for our Inspire system are sourced in the U.S. We have experienced supply disruptions in the past.

We typically seek to maintain higher levels of inventory to protect ourselves from supply interruptions, and, as a result, we are subject to the risk of inventory obsolescence, excess, and expiration, which could lead to inventory impairment charges. For example, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a charge of $2.1 million for excess component parts related to our Inspire IV system.

Our products are shipped directly to our U.S. customers and to our Singapore and Hong Kong distributors on a purchase order basis, primarily by a third-party vendor with a facility in Tennessee, although we do ship some products from our facility in Minnesota. Warehousing and shipping operations for our European customers are handled by a third-party vendor with a facility located in the Netherlands, and warehousing and shipping operations for our Japanese customers are handled by a third-party with a facility in Japan. Customers do not have the right to return a non-defective product, nor do we place product on consignment. Our sales representatives do not maintain trunk stock.

Since our inception in 2007, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our Inspire system, private placements of our convertible preferred securities, amounts borrowed under our former credit facility, and equity offerings of our common stock. We have devoted significant resources to research and development activities related to our Inspire system, including clinical and regulatory initiatives to obtain marketing approval, and sales and marketing activities. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we generated revenue of $224.5 million with a gross margin of 85.8% and had a net income of $9.9 million compared to revenue of $203.2 million with a gross margin of 84.1% and a net income of $18.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we generated revenue of $642.9 million with a gross margin of 84.9% and had a net income of $9.3 million compared to revenue of $563.1 million with a gross margin of 84.5% and a net income of $18.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Our accumulated deficit as of September 30, 2025 was $282.6 million.

We have invested heavily in product development. Our research and development activities have been centered on driving continuous improvements to our Inspire therapy. We have also made significant investments in clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our Inspire therapy and to support regulatory submissions. We continue to make investments in research and development efforts to develop our future generations of Inspire systems and support our future regulatory submissions for expanded indications and for new markets such as additional European countries and the Asia Pacific region. For example, in August 2024, we received approval from the FDA for our next generation Inspire V system ("Inspire V,") which we fully launched in the U.S. in May 2025.

Beginning late in the first quarter and continuing into the third quarter of 2025, in connection with awareness gained during our ongoing limited market release of the Inspire V system, we observed that some patients and physicians were delaying Inspire therapy until Inspire V is available at their location. Although Inspire V was fully launched in the U.S. in May 2025, an implanting physician and center must meet training, contracting, and onboarding criteria prior to purchasing and implanting Inspire V. We expect to continue to see patients delay Inspire therapy until centers meet these criteria and Inspire V is available at their location through the end of 2025 or early 2026. Additionally, beginning late in the first quarter and continuing into the third quarter of 2025, we observed that some of our customers were using their existing inventory of our Inspire IV system ("Inspire IV") prior to purchasing Inspire V systems. We continued to observe this during the remainder of the third quarter and into the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2025. While we cannot quantify the impact at this time or predict if these patterns may change, we anticipate that the occurrence of patients and physicians delaying Inspire therapy and the destocking by some of our customers of their existing Inspire IV inventory may impact our consolidated revenue until Inspire V is fully available at our customer locations and our customers have used their existing Inspire IV inventory, which we expect to primarily occur in the remainder of 2025 and early 2026. We have continued to make Inspire IV systems available in the U.S. since the Inspire V launch and expect to continue to make Inspire IV systems available moving forward as inventory levels allow, and outside the U.S., subject to our receiving the appropriate regulatory clearances for Inspire V in foreign markets.

Our direct-to-consumer marketing program's goals are therapy awareness, connecting patients with providers, and supporting the patient through their path to Inspire from start to finish. Our investments in advertising are designed to increase patient awareness and encourage them to visit our website. On our website, patients can explore educational materials and videos about sleep apnea, learn about the benefits of Inspire therapy, find physician and clinical site contact information, and stay informed about community awareness events. We also use the Inspire Sleep app as a valuable tool for patient education. Moving forward, we plan to refine and optimize our outreach strategies, with an emphasis on expanding digital advertising efforts to reach more qualified patients. We expect our direct-to-consumer expenditures to increase significantly over 2024 levels during the remainder of 2025.

We have a call center which we refer to as the Inspire Advisor Care Program. The primary purpose of this program is to assist patients with making a connection with a qualified healthcare provider based on their specific needs. In 2022, we initiated a digital scheduling program to facilitate and streamline patient access to care. We intend to continue to enhance and expand this scheduling capability during the remainder of 2025.

We also continue to make significant investments in our sales and marketing by increasing our direct-to-consumer marketing efforts in existing and new markets and increasing the number of U.S., European, and Japanese sales representatives and sales support personnel. As of September 30, 2025, we had 336 U.S. sales territories and 268 field clinical representatives, as compared with 335 U.S. sales territories and 230 field clinical representatives as of December 31, 2024.

Since 2023, glucagon-like peptide 1 ("GLP-1s"), a class of drug indicated for diabetes and obesity, has continued to gain popularity as a weight-loss drug. In late 2024, Zepbound (tirzepatide), which was FDA approved for weight loss in 2023, was also FDA approved for treatment of OSA in patients with obesity and moderate to severe OSA. If GLP-1s are used to treat OSA in an indication for which Inspire therapy is approved, demand for our Inspire system for patients with that indication could be reduced. OSA is a multifactorial disease with many independent factors including age, gender, weight, and neck circumference. Inspire is designed to address antero-posterior airway collapse, also known as tongue base collapse. In contrast, patients with a higher BMI are subject to a larger neck circumference and present predominantly with lateral-wall collapse. A combination of tongue base collapse and lateral wall collapse is identified as a complete concentric collapse of the upper airway. Inspire is contraindicated for complete concentric collapse. In 2024, Eli Lilly and Company ("Lilly") published results from its SURMOUNT-OSA trial demonstrating a 50.7% reduction in Apnea-Hypopnea Index ("AHI") for patients in the therapy arm of the study using tirzepatide, a GLP-1 injection, and that 43% of participants treated with tirzepatide at the highest dose met criteria for disease resolution. In this context, "disease resolution" means achieving an AHI of fewer than 5 events per hour, or an AHI of 5 to 14 events per hour and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale ("ESS") score of ≤10. ESS is a standard questionnaire designed to assess excessive daytime sleepiness. Given a baseline AHI of 50.3, and based on these results, we believe that most patients enrolled in the study will continue to have residual moderate to severe OSA that will require treatment and fall within Inspire’s FDA-approved indication. While weight loss may help reduce a patient’s AHI and other OSA symptoms, numerous other studies have shown that weight loss alone will not resolve OSA for the vast majority of patients. We expect GLP-1s may help patients address their lateral wall collapse, making them a potential candidate for Inspire therapy to the extent they also have tongue base collapse. Based on our ongoing ADHERE patient registry, the average BMI of patients treated with Inspire therapy is 29 and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines recommend weight loss prior to surgery for patients with BMI over 35 and nonsurgical solutions for patients with BMI over 40. In October 2025, we conducted a survey of over 200 sleep physicians to better understand their treatment paradigm for OSA since the introduction of GLP-1s. The survey findings suggest that some physicians will prescribe a GLP-1 to patients prior to considering Inspire therapy. The survey findings also suggest that, with the availability of GLP-1s to treat OSA, the number of patients seeking diagnosis and treatment for OSA is increasing. We believe that some of these patients will see a reduction in their BMI into our indication, and that some of those patients will not have their OSA fully resolved and will require further treatment. This reinforces our belief that the overall number of patients eligible for Inspire therapy will increase due to the availability of GLP-1s, although there can be no assurance of such benefit at this time.

Macroeconomic Environment

The global economy continues to experience increased inflationary pressures and market instability. Higher interest rates and capital costs, higher shipping costs and new or increased tariffs, regulatory changes, including changes to government funding of entitlement programs, increased costs of labor, international conflicts and terrorism, and weakening foreign currency exchange rates are creating additional economic challenges. These conditions may cause our customers to decrease or delay orders for our products.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We derive primarily all of our revenue from the sale of our Inspire system to hospitals and ASCs in the U.S. and in select countries in Europe and the Asia Pacific region. We recognize revenues from sales of our Inspire system when the customer obtains control of the product, which occurs at a point in time, either upon shipment of the product or receipt of the product, depending on shipment terms.

Our revenue has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate, from quarter to quarter due to a variety of factors. For example, we have historically experienced seasonality in our first and fourth quarters. We have also previously experienced adverse impacts on our revenue due to the prior delay in obtaining EU MDR approval of our silicone-based leads and foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, we believe our revenue growth has been adversely impacted by lack of ENT surgeon capacity. If such impacts continue, our revenue growth may be further adversely impacted.

Our business has grown rapidly in recent years, resulting in substantially increased revenues, and we expect that our business will continue to grow. However, our revenue growth rate has generally decelerated in recent periods, and it may continue to do so as a result of the difficulty of maintaining growth rates as our revenues increase to higher levels.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin

Cost of goods sold consists primarily of acquisition costs for the components of the Inspire system, overhead costs, scrap, and inventory obsolescence, warranty replacement costs, as well as distribution-related expenses such as logistics and shipping costs, net of shipping costs charged to customers. The overhead costs include the cost of material procurement, depreciation expense for manufacturing equipment, amortization of internal-use software, and operations and quality supervision and management personnel, including employee compensation, stock-based compensation, supplies, and travel. We expect cost of goods sold to increase or decrease in absolute dollars primarily as, and to the extent, our revenue grows or declines, respectively.

We calculate gross margin as gross profit divided by revenue. Our gross margin has been and we expect it will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including manufacturing costs, the average selling price of our Inspire system, the implementation of cost-reduction strategies, inventory obsolescence costs, which generally occur when new generations of our Inspire system are introduced, and to a lesser extent the sales mix between the U.S. and countries outside of the U.S., as our average selling price in the U.S. tends to be higher than in other countries. Our gross margin may increase slightly to the extent our production volumes increase and we receive discounts on the costs charged by our contract manufacturers, thereby reducing our per unit costs, and when we implement price increases on our products, thereby increasing our revenue. On the other hand, our gross margin may decrease slightly to the extent our yields decrease, or materials and labor prices increase due to supply chain issues and inflation, thereby increasing our per unit costs. However, our gross margin may also fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to seasonality and foreign currency exchange rates.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development ("R&D") expenses consist primarily of product development, engineering, clinical studies to develop and support our products, regulatory expenses, quality assurance, testing, consulting services, prelaunch inventory, and other costs associated with the next generation versions of the Inspire system and SleepSync™, a cloud-based patient management system. These expenses include employee compensation, including stock-based compensation, supplies, materials, consulting, and travel expenses related to research and development programs. Additionally, these expenses include clinical study management, payments to clinical investigators, data management and travel expenses for our various clinical studies.

We expense prelaunch inventory as R&D expense in the period incurred unless objective and persuasive evidence exists that regulatory approval and subsequent commercialization of a product candidate is probable, and we also expect future economic benefit from the sales of the product candidate to be realized.

We expect R&D expenses to increase in the future as we develop next generation versions of our Inspire system and SleepSync™ and continue to expand our clinical studies to further expand positive coverage policies from private commercial payors in the U.S. and enter into new markets including additional European countries and the Asia Pacific region. We expect R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue to vary over time depending on the level and timing of initiating new product development efforts and new clinical development activities.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses consist primarily of compensation for personnel, including base salaries, stock-based compensation expense and commissions related to our sales organization, finance, information technology, human resources, and legal functions, as well as spending related to marketing, sales operations, and training and reimbursement personnel. Other SG&A expenses include training physicians, travel expenses, advertising, direct-to-consumer promotional programs, conferences, trade shows and consulting services, professional services fees, audit fees, insurance costs and general corporate expenses, including facilities-related expenses.

We expect SG&A expenses to continue to increase as we expand our commercial infrastructure to both drive and support our planned growth in revenue and as we increase our headcount and expand administrative personnel to support our growth and operations as a public company including finance, legal, and human resources personnel and information technology services. Additionally, we anticipate an increase in our stock-based compensation expense with grants of restricted stock units, performance stock units, and shares of our common stock purchased pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net consists primarily of interest and dividend income, minimal interest expense, the impacts of foreign currency transactions and remeasurements, gains and losses on investments, and an impairment charge related to a strategic investment.

Seasonality

Historically, we have experienced seasonality in our first and fourth fiscal quarters, and we expect this trend to continue. In the U.S., we have experienced, and may in the future experience, higher sales in the fourth quarter as a result of patients having paid their annual insurance deductibles in full, thereby reducing their out-of-pocket costs. Conversely, in the first quarter, many U.S. patients' insurance deductibles reset, requiring more out-of-pocket costs, which negatively impacts our sales during this period. We have also begun to experience some seasonality during summer months in the U.S. and Europe, which we believe is attributable to the postponement of elective surgeries due to summer vacation plans of physicians and patients.

Results of Operations

(in thousands, except percentages)

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

Revenue increased $21.3 million, or 10.5%, to $224.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $203.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. These results reflect an increase in sales of our Inspire system of $18.6 million in the U.S. and an increase of $2.7 million outside of the U.S. compared to the same prior year period. Overall revenue growth was primarily due to increased market penetration, and, we believe, increased physician and patient awareness of our Inspire system, partially offset by ENT surgeon capacity constraints and some U.S. patients and physicians delaying Inspire therapy until Inspire V is available at their location or while they trial GLP-1 medications.

Revenue information by region is summarized as follows:

(in thousands, except percentages)

Revenue generated in the U.S. was $214.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $18.6 million, or 9.5%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. Revenue growth in the U.S. was primarily due to increased market penetration, and, we believe, increased physician and patient awareness of our

Inspire system, partially offset by ENT surgeon capacity constraints and some patients and physicians delaying Inspire therapy until Inspire V is available at their location or while they trial GLP-1 medications.

Revenue generated outside of the U.S. was $10.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $2.7 million, or 37.3%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024. Revenue growth outside the U.S. was primarily due to increased market penetration, and, we believe, increased physician and patient awareness of our Inspire system.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin

Cost of goods sold decreased $0.6 million, or 1.9%, to $31.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $32.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Gross margin was 85.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 84.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was higher primarily due to increased sales volume as well as increased sales mix of the Inspire V system, which is less expensive to manufacture and therefore has a higher gross margin than the Inspire IV system.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased $1.9 million, or 7.2%, to $24.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $26.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This change was primarily due to a decrease of $5.3 million in ongoing research and development costs, primarily with respect to our next generation versions of the Inspire neurostimulator, our physician programmer, and our SleepSync™ platform, and a decrease of $0.1 million in regulatory submissions and clinical studies expenses, partially offset by an increase of $3.5 million in compensation and employee-related expenses, mainly as a result of increased headcount and stock-based compensation expense.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses increased $28.5 million, or 21.8%, to $158.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $130.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The primary drivers of this change were an increase of $16.7 million in marketing costs, mainly for advertising, and $9.7 million in compensation, including salaries, commissions, stock-based compensation, and other employee-related expenses, mainly as a result of increased headcount. In addition, general corporate costs increased $1.7 million primarily due to legal fees, computer equipment and software expense, and depreciation expense. Travel expenses also increased $0.4 million.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net decreased by $2.1 million, or 35.0%, to $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The change was primarily due to a decrease of $1.9 million in interest and dividend income due to lower cash, cash equivalents, and investment balances. Also contributing to the decrease were foreign currency translation and remeasurement gains, which decreased by $0.2 million.

Income Taxes

We recorded a provision for income taxes of approximately $3.6 million and $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. This $1.8 million increase was primarily due to an increase in federal taxes.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

Revenue increased $79.8 million, or 14.2%, to $642.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $563.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was attributable to a $75.7 million increase in sales of our Inspire system in the U.S and an increase of $4.1 million outside of the U.S. Overall revenue growth was primarily due to increased market penetration, and, we believe, increased physician and patient awareness of our Inspire system, partially offset by ENT surgeon capacity constraints and some U.S. patients and physicians delaying Inspire therapy until Inspire V is available at their location or while they trial GLP-1 medications.

Revenue information by region is summarized as follows:

(in thousands, except percentages)

Revenue generated in the U.S. was $615.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $75.7 million, or 14.0%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Revenue growth in the U.S. was primarily due to increased market penetration, and, we believe, increased physician and patient awareness of our Inspire system, partially offset by ENT surgeon capacity constraints and some patients and physicians delaying Inspire therapy until Inspire V is available at their location or while they trial GLP-1 medications.

Revenue generated outside of the U.S. was $27.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $4.1 million, or 17.2%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Revenue growth outside the U.S. was primarily due to increased market penetration, and, we believe, increased physician and patient awareness of our Inspire system.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin

Cost of goods sold increased $10.2 million, or 11.7%, to $97.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $87.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to product costs associated with the higher sales volume of our Inspire system experienced during the first nine months of 2025, and to a lesser extent, the $2.1 million charge associated with excess components related to Inspire IV.

Gross margin decreased to 84.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from 84.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was higher primarily due to increased sales volume as well as increased sales mix of the Inspire V system, which is less expensive to manufacture and therefore has a higher gross margin than the Inspire IV system, partially offset by the excess inventory component charges discussed above.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased $5.6 million, or 6.6%, to $78.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $83.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This change was primarily due to a decrease of $16.6 million in ongoing research and development costs, primarily with respect to our next generation versions of the Inspire neurostimulator, our physician programmer, and our SleepSync™ platform, partially offset by an increase of $10.5 million in compensation and employee-related expenses, mainly as a result of increased headcount and stock-based compensation expense, and an increase of $0.5 million in regulatory submissions and clinical studies expenses and quality compliance fees.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses increased $74.6 million, or 19.2%, to $462.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $388.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The primary driver of this change was an increase of $45.2 million in compensation, including salaries, commissions, stock-based compensation, and other employee-related expenses, mainly as a result of increased headcount. In addition, marketing costs increased $18.4 million, mainly for advertising, and general corporate costs increased $7.0 million, primarily due to legal fees, depreciation expense, computer equipment and software expense, and consulting fees. Also contributing to the increase were travel expenses, which increased by $4.0 million.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net decreased by $7.1 million, to $10.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $17.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The change was primarily due to a decrease of $4.2 million in interest and dividend income due to lower cash, cash equivalents and investment balances and an impairment charge of $4.0 million on one of our strategic investments which occurred in the quarter ended June 30, 2025, partially offset by an increase of $1.1 million in foreign currency translation and remeasurement gains.

Income Taxes

We recorded a provision for income taxes of $6.0 million and $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. This $2.5 million increase was primarily due to an increase in federal taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe our balance sheet and liquidity as of November 3, 2025 provides us with flexibility, and that our cash, cash equivalents, and investments will satisfy our operating needs and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months.

Our liquidity and capital structure are evaluated regularly within the context of our annual operating and strategic planning processes. We consider the liquidity necessary to fund our operations, which includes working capital needs, investments in research and development, property, plant, and equipment, and other operating costs. Our sources of capital include sales of our Inspire system and registered offerings of our common stock.

As of September 30, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale debt securities of $410.9 million, a decrease of $105.6 million from $516.5 million as of December 31, 2024. Working capital totaled $475.6 million as of September 30, 2025, a decrease of $66.7 million from December 31, 2024. We define working capital as current assets less current liabilities. The decrease in working capital was primarily due to the following factors:

• a $85.6 million decrease in short-term available-for-sale investments and a $37.3 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents primarily due to the share repurchases made during the first and third quarters under our share repurchase programs, as well as inventory purchases and the payment of taxes on net share settlements of equity awards, partially offset by proceeds from sales of the Inspire system, proceeds from the exercise of stock options, interest and dividend income, and the increase in long-term available for sale investments;
• a $20.6 million increase in accounts payable due primarily to the timing of vendor invoices; and
• a $1.8 million increase in accrued expenses.

The decrease in working capital was partially offset by the following factors:

• a $61.7 million increase in inventory balances, as we increased inventory levels to support higher sales and the launch of Inspire V;
• a $14.9 million increase in accounts receivable, primarily due to higher sales which occurred during September 2025; and
• a $2.1 million increase in prepaid expense and other current assets.

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital for the purpose of funding operations while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk or decreasing availability. To achieve these objectives, our investment policy allows us to maintain a portfolio of certain types of debt securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies, corporations with investment-grade credit ratings, or commercial paper and money market funds issued by the highest quality financial and non-financial companies. At September 30, 2025, we had $178.1 million in U.S. government securities, $63.0 million in money market funds, $98.1 million in corporate debt securities, and $21.9 million in commercial paper. See Note 2 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for additional information on our investments.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our SG&A expenditures increased significantly over the prior year levels, and we anticipate further increases during 2025. Our SG&A expenditures, primarily for increasing headcount and advertising, may exceed any associated increases in revenues, and therefore would reduce our cash flow from operations. We also anticipate R&D expenses will increase during the remainder of 2025, primarily related to the ongoing development of the SleepSync™ platform and next generation products.

We spent $27.8 million on purchases of property and equipment in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, mainly on manufacturing equipment and tooling for Inspire V, development of our SleepSync™ platform, and computer hardware and software. We anticipate further capital expenditures in 2025, primarily for additional manufacturing equipment and our SleepSync™ platform, computer hardware and software, and leasehold improvements on our corporate office buildings.

As of September 30, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and investments, which totaled $410.9 million as of September 30, 2025, together with cash flows from operations, will provide liquidity sufficient to meet our cash needs and fund our operations and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. There can be no assurance, however, that our business will continue to generate cash flows at the same levels achieved in prior periods.

Beyond the next 12 months, our cash requirements will depend extensively on the extent of market acceptance of our Inspire system. Our long-term cash requirements also will be significantly impacted by the level of our investment in commercialization, entry and expansion into new markets, whether we make strategic acquisitions, whether we repurchase more shares of our common stock, and competition. We cannot accurately predict our long-term cash requirements at this time. An extended period of global supply chain and economic disruption could materially affect our business, results of operations, access to sources of liquidity, and financial condition. We may seek additional sources of liquidity and capital resources through equity or debt financings, such as additional securities offerings or through borrowings under a new credit facility. There can be no assurance that such transactions will be available to us on favorable terms, if at all.

Cash Flows

The following table presents a summary of our cash flow for the periods indicated:

(in thousands)

Operating Activities

The net cash provided by operating activities was $64.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and consisted of a net income of $9.3 million, non-cash charges of $115.7 million, and an increase in net operating assets of $60.5 million. The non-cash charges consisted primarily of stock-based compensation, which increased mainly as a result of the accelerated recognition of stock-based compensation expense for employees who are retirement eligible in accordance with implementation of changes to the treatment of equity awards under the Inspire Medical Systems, Inc. 2018 Incentive Award Plan upon the holder's death, disability, or retirement, and granting more equity awards to a greater number of employees as compared to the same prior-year period. The remainder of the non-cash charges included depreciation and amortization expense which increased with additional purchases of property and equipment, an impairment of a strategic investment, accretion of investment discount on our available-for-sale investments, a change in the provision for estimated credit losses, and other, net. Operating assets include inventories, which increased as we continue to build inventory levels to support higher sales and the launch of Inspire V, and accounts receivable, which increased primarily due to higher sales which occurred during September 2025. Operating assets also include prepaid expenses and other current assets which increased slightly. Operating liabilities include accounts payable, which increased generally due to the timing of vendor invoice payments, and accrued expenses, which increased slightly.

The net cash provided by operating activities was $61.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and consisted of net income of $18.3 million, non-cash charges of $83.6 million, and an increase in net operating assets of $40.8 million. The non-cash charges consisted primarily of stock-based compensation, which increased mainly as a result of granting more equity awards to a greater number of employees as compared to the same prior-year period. The remainder of the non-cash charges included accretion of investment discount due to higher investment balances, depreciation and amortization expense which increased with additional purchases of property and equipment, the benefit for estimated credit losses related primarily to accounts receivable with three healthcare systems, and other non-cash expenses. Operating assets include inventories, which increased as supply chain constraints eased and we increased inventory on hand to support higher sales, and accounts receivable, which decreased due to collections on the higher sales volume we typically experience late in the fourth quarter. Operating assets also include prepaid expenses and other current assets, which increased primarily due to a prepayment to a supplier for inventory components and accrued interest income. Operating liabilities include accounts payable, which decreased generally due to reduced direct-to-consumer marketing and research and development spend in the third quarter of 2024, and accrued expenses.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $33.4 million and consisted primarily of proceeds from sales or maturities of investments of $248.7 million, partially offset by the purchase of investments of $177.4 million and the purchases of property and equipment of $27.8 million, mainly on manufacturing equipment and tooling for Inspire V, development of our SleepSync™ platform, and computer hardware and software, as well as $10.1 million for the purchase of strategic investments.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $116.9 million and consisted primarily of the purchase of investments of $337.5 million and the purchases of property and equipment of $32.1 million, mainly for testing systems and production equipment for our next generation Inspire system, our SleepSync™ platform, computer hardware and software, and leasehold improvements, partially offset by the proceeds from sales or maturities of investments of $252.8 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $135.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and consisted primarily of share repurchases of $125.0 million under our share repurchase authorizations and the payment of $22.4 million of taxes paid on net share settlement of equity awards, partially offset by $9.0 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $3.3 million in proceeds from the sale of common stock from our Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP").

Net cash provided by financing activities was $17.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and consisted of $23.4 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $3.4 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock from our ESPP, partially offset by $9.0 million of taxes paid on net share settlement of equity awards.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

There have been no material changes to our short-term and long-term anticipated cash requirements under contractual obligations from those described in our Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies and estimates are described in "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" contained in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes to those critical accounting policies and estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements is included in Note 2 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report.

Interest Rate Risk

The risk associated with fluctuating interest rates is primarily limited to our cash equivalents which are carried at quoted market prices and our short-term investments. We do not currently use or plan to use financial derivatives in our investment portfolio. A hypothetical 1% change in interest rates would have impacted interest and dividend income on our consolidated financial statements by approximately $2.9 million and $3.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Credit Risk, Foreign Currency Risk, and Inflation Risk

For market risks related to changes in credit, foreign currency, and inflation, refer to Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” contained in Part II of our Annual Report. Our exposure to these risks has not materially changed from those disclosed in our Annual Report, other than as described below.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our cash, cash equivalents, and investments were maintained with financial institutions which we believe have sufficient assets and liquidity to conduct their operations in the ordinary course of business with little or no credit risk to us, however our cash balances were in excess of insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of institutions where our cash is held. In the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where we maintain our cash and cash equivalents, there can be no assurance that we will be able to access uninsured funds in a timely manner or at all.

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, refers to controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at the reasonable assurance level, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

For a discussion of our potential risks and uncertainties, see the information in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, other than the following:

Our financial results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations have in the past and may in the future vary significantly and future period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter or period should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly and annual financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside our control and, as a result, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. Such factors may include, for example, seasonal variations in our sales or required postponements of elective surgical procedures effected during a health crisis, as was the case with COVID-19. We generally experience and may in the future experience higher sales in the U.S. during the fourth quarter as a result of patients having paid their annual insurance deductibles in full, thereby reducing their out-of-pocket costs. Alternatively, in the first quarter, many U.S. patients' insurance deductibles reset, requiring more out-of-pocket costs, which negatively impacts our sales during this period.

Other factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results include, but are not limited to:

• changes in coverage policies by third-party payors that affect the reimbursement of procedures using our products;
• challenges experienced by patients in obtaining positive coverage and reimbursement decisions from payers, including necessary prior authorization approvals in advance of treatment;
• timing of new product offerings, acquisitions, licenses or other significant events by us or our competitors;
• patients opting to delay implants of our devices in advance of the commercial launch of new products or product generations;
• unanticipated pricing pressure;
• the hiring, retention, and continued productivity of our sales representatives;
• our ability to expand the geographic reach of our sales and marketing efforts;
• our ability to obtain regulatory clearance, approval, or certification for any products in development or for our current products for additional indications or in additional countries outside the U.S.;
• results of clinical research and studies on our existing products and products in development;
• delays in receipt of anticipated purchase orders; and
• positive or negative coverage in the media or clinical publications of our products or products of our competitors or our industry.

Beginning late in the first quarter and continuing into the third quarter of 2025, in connection with awareness gained during our ongoing limited market release of the Inspire V system, we observed that some patients and physicians were delaying Inspire therapy until Inspire V is available at their location. Although Inspire V was fully launched in the U.S. in May 2025, an implanting physician and center must meet training, contracting, and onboarding criteria prior to purchasing and implanting Inspire V. We expect to continue to see patients delay Inspire therapy until centers meet these criteria and Inspire V is available at their location through the end of 2025 or early 2026. Additionally, beginning late in the first quarter and continuing into the third quarter of 2025, we observed that some of our customers were using their existing inventory of our Inspire IV system ("Inspire IV") prior to purchasing Inspire V systems. We continued to observe this during the remainder of the third quarter and into the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2025. While we cannot quantify the impact at this time or predict if these patterns may change, we anticipate that the occurrence of patients and physicians delaying Inspire therapy and the destocking by some of our customers of their existing Inspire IV inventory may impact our consolidated revenue until Inspire V is fully available at our customer locations and our customers have used their existing Inspire IV inventory, which we expect to primarily occur in the remainder of 2025 and early 2026.

Because our quarterly and annual results may fluctuate, period-to-period comparisons may not be the best indication of the underlying results of our business and should only be relied upon as one factor in determining how our business is performing. These fluctuations may also increase the likelihood that we will not meet our forecasted performance, which could negatively affect the market price for our common stock.